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Myszka M, Mucha O, Podkalicka P, Waśniowska U, Dulak J, Łoboda A. Sodium hydrosulfide moderately alleviates the hallmark symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mdx mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 955:175928. [PMID: 37507045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an incurable disease caused by mutations in the X-linked DMD gene that encodes a structural muscle protein, dystrophin. This, in turn, leads to progressive degeneration of the skeletal muscles and the heart. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the pleiotropic agent with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic activities, could be considered a promising therapeutic factor for DMD. In this work, we studied the effect of daily intraperitoneal administration of the H2S donor, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, 100 μmol/kg/day for 5 weeks) on skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius, diaphragm and tibialis anterior) pathology in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, characterized by decreased expression of H2S-generating enzymes. NaHS reduced the level of muscle damage markers in plasma (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and osteopontin). It lowered oxidative stress by affecting the GSH/GSSG ratio, up-regulating the level of cytoprotective heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and down-regulating the NF-κB pathway. In the gastrocnemius muscle, it also increased angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) and its receptor (Kdr) expression, accompanied by the elevated number of α-SMA/CD31/lectin-positive blood vessels. The expression of fibrotic regulators, like Tgfβ, Col1a1 and Fn1 was decreased by NaHS in the tibialis anterior, while the level of autophagy markers (AMPKα signalling and Atg genes), was mostly affected in the gastrocnemius. Histological and molecular analysis showed no effect of H2S donor on regeneration and the muscle fiber type composition. Overall, the H2S donor modified the gene expression and protein level of molecules associated with the pathophysiology of DMD, contributing to the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Myszka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Prof. St. Łojasiewicz 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Mucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Paulina Podkalicka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Urszula Waśniowska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łoboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
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Osteopontin and Ki-67 expression in World Health Organization graded canine meningioma. J Comp Pathol 2023; 201:41-48. [PMID: 36706466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a matrix protein involved in tumour initiation and progression. In human meningioma, OPN has been correlated with World Health Organization (WHO) grade, brain invasion and recurrence. The aim of this study was to investigate OPN as a possible malignancy marker in canine meningioma by correlating its expression to WHO grade and proliferative activity as measured by the Ki-67 labelling index (LI). Thirty-five formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine meningioma samples were classified according to the current human WHO classification. Evaluation of OPN expression was performed by immunohistochemical (IHC) labelling and calculation of the OPN intensity score (IS), OPN IHC score and Allred score. The scores were compared with WHO grades, Ki-67 LI, location and invasiveness. Nineteen meningiomas were graded as WHO grade I (54.3%), nine as grade II (25.7%) and seven as grade III (20.0%). Twenty-six tumours were located intracranially, four were retrobulbar and five were spinal meningiomas. In all specimens OPN expression was detected in moderate to high degrees. Neither the OPN scores nor the Ki-67 LIs were correlated with WHO grades. However, the OPN IS and OPN IHC score were significantly higher in WHO grade I samples compared with grade II samples (P <0.05). The OPN IS and OPN IHC score were significantly lower in meningioma samples that invaded surrounding tissues (P = 0.01 and 0.019, respectively). The results indicate a generally high expression of OPN in canine meningioma independent of WHO grade. Further research into the role of OPN as a possible therapeutic target or predictor of recurrence is warranted.
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Abstract
Understanding how macrophages promote myocardial repair can help create new therapies for infarct repair. We aimed to determine what mechanisms underlie the reparative properties of macrophages. Cytokine arrays revealed that neonatal cardiac macrophages from the injured neonatal heart secreted high amounts of osteopontin (OPN). In vitro, recombinant OPN stimulated cardiac cell outgrowth, cardiomyocyte (CM) cell-cycle re-entry, and CM migration. In addition, OPN induced nuclear translocation of the cytoplasmatic yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and upregulated transcriptional factors and cell-cycle genes. Significantly, by blocking the OPN receptor CD44, we eliminated the effects of OPN on CMs. OPN also activated the proliferation and migration of non-CM cells: endothelial cells and cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro. Notably, the significant role of OPN in myocardial healing was demonstrated by impaired healing in OPN-deficient neonatal hearts. Finally, in the adult mice, a single injection of OPN into the border of the ischemic zone induced CM cell-cycle re-entry, improved scar formation, local and global cardiac function, and LV remodelling 30 days after MI. In summary, we have shown, for the first time, that recombinant OPN activates cell-cycle re-entry in CMs. In addition, recombinant OPN stimulates multiple cardiac cells and improves scar formation, LV remodelling, and regional and global function after MI. Therefore, we propose OPN as a new cell-free therapy to optimize infarct repair.
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Stephenson MC, Krishna L, Pannir Selvan RM, Tai YK, Kit Wong CJ, Yin JN, Toh SJ, Torta F, Triebl A, Fröhlich J, Beyer C, Li JZ, Tan SS, Wong CK, Chinnasamy D, Pakkiri LS, Lee Drum C, Wenk MR, Totman JJ, Franco-Obregón A. Magnetic field therapy enhances muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics and attenuates systemic ceramide levels following ACL reconstruction: Southeast Asian randomized-controlled pilot trial. J Orthop Translat 2022; 35:99-112. [PMID: 36262374 PMCID: PMC9574347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic disruption commonly follows Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. Brief exposure to low amplitude and frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) has been shown to promote in vitro and in vivo murine myogeneses via the activation of a calcium–mitochondrial axis conferring systemic metabolic adaptations. This randomized-controlled pilot trial sought to detect local changes in muscle structure and function using MRI, and systemic changes in metabolism using plasma biomarker analyses resulting from ACLR, with or without accompanying PEMF therapy. Methods 20 patients requiring ACLR were randomized into two groups either undergoing PEMF or sham exposure for 16 weeks following surgery. The operated thighs of 10 patients were exposed weekly to PEMFs (1 mT for 10 min) for 4 months following surgery. Another 10 patients were subjected to sham exposure and served as controls to allow assessment of the metabolic repercussions of ACLR and PEMF therapy. Blood samples were collected prior to surgery and at 16 weeks for plasma analyses. Magnetic resonance data were acquired at 1 and 16 weeks post-surgery using a Siemens 3T Tim Trio system. Phosphorus (31P) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) was utilized to monitor changes in high-energy phosphate metabolism (inorganic phosphate (Pi), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr)) as well as markers of membrane synthesis and breakdown (phosphomonoesters (PME) and phosphodiester (PDE)). Quantitative Magnetization Transfer (qMT) imaging was used to elucidate changes in the underlying tissue structure, with T1-weighted and 2-point Dixon imaging used to calculate muscle volumes and muscle fat content. Results Improvements in markers of high-energy phosphate metabolism including reductions in ΔPi/ATP, Pi/PCr and (Pi + PCr)/ATP, and membrane kinetics, including reductions in PDE/ATP were detected in the PEMF-treated cohort relative to the control cohort at study termination. These were associated with reductions in the plasma levels of certain ceramides and lysophosphatidylcholine species. The plasma levels of biomarkers predictive of muscle regeneration and degeneration, including osteopontin and TNNT1, respectively, were improved, whilst changes in follistatin failed to achieve statistical significance. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry revealed reductions in small molecule biomarkers of metabolic disruption, including cysteine, homocysteine, and methionine in the PEMF-treated cohort relative to the control cohort at study termination. Differences in measurements of force, muscle and fat volumes did not achieve statistical significance between the cohorts after 16 weeks post-ACLR. Conclusion The detected changes suggest improvements in systemic metabolism in the post-surgical PEMF-treated cohort that accords with previous preclinical murine studies. PEMF-based therapies may potentially serve as a manner to ameliorate post-surgery metabolic disruptions and warrant future examination in more adequately powered clinical trials. The Translational Potential of this Article Some degree of physical immobilisation must inevitably follow orthopaedic surgical intervention. The clinical paradox of such a scenario is that the regenerative potential of the muscle mitochondrial pool is silenced. The unmet need was hence a manner to maintain mitochondrial activation when movement is restricted and without producing potentially damaging mechanical stress. PEMF-based therapies may satisfy the requirement of non-invasively activating the requisite mitochondrial respiration when mobility is restricted for improved metabolic and regenerative recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Stephenson
- Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Corresponding author. Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Tahir Foundation Building, 13-03, MD1, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549.
| | - Lingaraj Krishna
- Division of Sports Medicine and Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rina Malathi Pannir Selvan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Kit Tai
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Corresponding author. Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228.
| | - Craig Jun Kit Wong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Naixin Yin
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi-Jie Toh
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Precision Medicine Translational Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Christian Beyer
- Centre Suisse d'électronique et de Microtechnique, CSEM SA, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Jing Ze Li
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sara S. Tan
- Division of Sports Medicine and Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chun-Kit Wong
- Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duraimurugan Chinnasamy
- National University Hospital, Department of Rehabilitation Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Leroy Sivappiragasam Pakkiri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chester Lee Drum
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Precision Medicine Translational Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John J. Totman
- Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Academic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore,NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Corresponding author. Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228.
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English KG, Reid AL, Samani A, Coulis GJF, Villalta SA, Walker CJ, Tamir S, Alexander MS. Next-Generation SINE Compound KPT-8602 Ameliorates Dystrophic Pathology in Zebrafish and Mouse Models of DMD. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102400. [PMID: 36289662 PMCID: PMC9598711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive, X-linked childhood neuromuscular disorder that results from loss-of-function mutations in the DYSTROPHIN gene. DMD patients exhibit muscle necrosis, cardiomyopathy, respiratory failure, and loss of ambulation. One of the major driving forces of DMD disease pathology is chronic inflammation. The current DMD standard of care is corticosteroids; however, there are serious side effects with long-term use, thus identifying novel anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic treatments for DMD is of high priority. We investigated the next-generation SINE compound, KPT-8602 (eltanexor) as an oral therapeutic to alleviate dystrophic symptoms. We performed pre-clinical evaluation of the effects of KPT-8602 in DMD zebrafish (sapje) and mouse (D2-mdx) models. KPT-8602 improved dystrophic skeletal muscle pathologies, muscle architecture and integrity, and overall outcomes in both animal models. KPT-8602 treatment ameliorated DMD pathology in D2-mdx mice, with increased locomotor behavior and improved muscle histology. KPT-8602 altered the immunological profile of the dystrophic mice, and reduced circulating osteopontin serum levels. These findings demonstrate KPT-8602 as an effective therapeutic in DMD through by promotion of an anti-inflammatory environment and overall improvement of DMD pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G. English
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology at Children’s of Alabama the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Andrea L. Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology at Children’s of Alabama the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Adrienne Samani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology at Children’s of Alabama the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Gerald J. F. Coulis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92967, USA
| | - S. Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92967, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew S. Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology at Children’s of Alabama the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- UAB Civitan International Research Center (CIRC), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- UAB Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence:
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Riddell DO, Hildyard JCW, Harron RCM, Wells DJ, Piercy RJ. Longitudinal assessment of blood-borne musculoskeletal disease biomarkers in the DE50-MD dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:354. [PMID: 35600245 PMCID: PMC9111359 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17398.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscle wasting disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Due to their phenotypic similarity to human patients, large animal models are invaluable tools for pre-clinical trials. The DE50-MD dog is a relatively new model of DMD, and carries a therapeutically-tractable mutation lying within the hotspot for human patients, making it especially valuable. Prior to conducting therapeutic trials using this novel animal model, it is essential to establish a panel of viable biomarkers. Methods: We evaluated a panel of blood-borne biomarkers of musculoskeletal disease in the DE50-MD dog. Venous blood samples were obtained monthly throughout an 18-month study period in DE50-MD (N=18) and wild-type (WT) control (N=14) dogs. A panel of potential plasma/serum biomarkers of DMD was measured and their theoretical utility in future clinical trials determined using sample size calculations. Results: Compared to WT dogs, DE50-MD dogs had substantially higher circulating creatine kinase (CK) activities, myomesin-3 (MYOM3), and the dystromiRs miR-1, miR-133a and miR-206, but significantly lower serum myostatin concentrations. An age-associated pattern, similar to that observed in DMD patients, was seen for CK and MYOM3. Sample size calculations suggested that low cohort sizes (N≤3) could be used to detect up to a 50% improvement in DE50-MD results towards WT levels for each biomarker or a combination thereof (via principal component analysis); as few as N=3 animals should enable detection of a 25% improvement using a combined biomarker approach (alpha 0.05, power 0.8). Conclusions: We have established a panel of blood-borne biomarkers that could be used to monitor musculoskeletal disease or response to a therapeutic intervention in the DE50-MD dog using low numbers of animals. The blood biomarker profile closely mimics that of DMD patients, supporting the hypothesis that this DMD model would be suitable for use in pre-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique O. Riddell
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
| | - John C. W. Hildyard
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
| | - Rachel C. M. Harron
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
| | - Dominic J. Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
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Riddell DO, Hildyard JCW, Harron RCM, Wells DJ, Piercy RJ. Longitudinal assessment of blood-borne musculoskeletal disease biomarkers in the DE50-MD dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:354. [PMID: 35600245 PMCID: PMC9111359 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17398.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscle wasting disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Due to their phenotypic similarity to human patients, large animal models are invaluable tools for pre-clinical trials. The DE50-MD dog is a relatively new model of DMD, and carries a therapeutically-tractable mutation lying within the hotspot for human patients, making it especially valuable. Prior to conducting therapeutic trials using this novel animal model, it is essential to establish a panel of viable biomarkers. Methods: We evaluated a panel of blood-borne biomarkers of musculoskeletal disease in the DE50-MD dog. Venous blood samples were obtained monthly throughout an 18-month study period in DE50-MD (N=18) and wild-type (WT) control (N=14) dogs. A panel of potential plasma/serum biomarkers of DMD was measured and their theoretical utility in future clinical trials determined using sample size calculations. Results: Compared to WT dogs, DE50-MD dogs had substantially higher circulating creatine kinase (CK) activities, myomesin-3 (MYOM3), and the dystromiRs miR-1, miR-133a and miR-206, but significantly lower serum myostatin concentrations. An age-associated pattern, similar to that observed in DMD patients, was seen for CK and MYOM3. Sample size calculations suggested that low cohort sizes (N≤3) could be used to detect up to a 50% improvement in DE50-MD results towards WT levels for each biomarker or a combination thereof (via principal component analysis); as few as N=3 animals should enable detection of a 25% improvement using a combined biomarker approach (alpha 0.05, power 0.8). Conclusions: We have established a panel of blood-borne biomarkers that could be used to monitor musculoskeletal disease or response to a therapeutic intervention in the DE50-MD dog using low numbers of animals. The blood biomarker profile closely mimics that of DMD patients, supporting the hypothesis that this DMD model would be suitable for use in pre-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique O. Riddell
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
| | - John C. W. Hildyard
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
| | - Rachel C. M. Harron
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
| | - Dominic J. Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW10TU, UK
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Mucha O, Podkalicka P, Kaziród K, Samborowska E, Dulak J, Łoboda A. Simvastatin does not alleviate muscle pathology in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2021; 11:21. [PMID: 34479633 PMCID: PMC8414747 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-021-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an incurable disease, caused by the mutations in the DMD gene, encoding dystrophin, an actin-binding cytoskeletal protein. Lack of functional dystrophin results in muscle weakness, degeneration, and as an outcome cardiac and respiratory failure. As there is still no cure for affected individuals, the pharmacological compounds with the potential to treat or at least attenuate the symptoms of the disease are under constant evaluation. The pleiotropic agents, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, known as statins, have been suggested to exert beneficial effects in the mouse model of DMD. On the other hand, they were also reported to induce skeletal-muscle myopathy. Therefore, we decided to verify the hypothesis that simvastatin may be considered a potential therapeutic agent in DMD. Methods Several methods including functional assessment of muscle function via grip strength measurement, treadmill test, and single-muscle force estimation, enzymatic assays, histological analysis of muscle damage, gene expression evaluation, and immunofluorescence staining were conducted to study simvastatin-related alterations in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Results In our study, simvastatin treatment of mdx mice did not result in improved running performance, grip strength, or specific force of the single muscle. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, markers of muscle injury, were also unaffected by simvastatin delivery in mdx mice. Furthermore, no significant changes in inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis were noted. Despite the decreased percentage of centrally nucleated myofibers in gastrocnemius muscle after simvastatin delivery, no changes were noticed in other regeneration-related parameters. Of note, even an increased rate of necrosis was found in simvastatin-treated mdx mice. Conclusion In conclusion, our study revealed that simvastatin does not ameliorate DMD pathology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13395-021-00276-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Podkalicka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kaziród
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Lab, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łoboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Kuraoka M, Aoki Y, Takeda S. Development of outcome measures according to dystrophic phenotypes in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan. Exp Anim 2021; 70:419-430. [PMID: 34135266 PMCID: PMC8614006 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked lethal muscle disorder characterized by primary muscle degeneration. Therapeutic strategies for DMD have been extensively explored, and some are in the stage of human clinical trials. Along with the development of new therapies, sensitive outcome measures are needed to monitor the effects of new treatments. Therefore, we investigated outcome measures such as biomarkers and motor function evaluation in a dystrophic model of beagle dogs, canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan (CXMDJ). Osteopontin (OPN), a myogenic inflammatory cytokine, was explored as a potential biomarker in dystrophic dogs over the disease course. The serum OPN levels of CXMDJ dystrophic dogs were elevated, even in the early disease phase, and this could be related to the presence of regenerating muscle fibers; as such, OPN would be a promising biomarker for muscle regeneration. Next, accelerometry, which is an efficient method to quantify performance in validated tasks, was used to evaluate motor function longitudinally in dystrophic dogs. We measured three-axis acceleration and angular velocity with wireless hybrid sensors during gait evaluations. Multiple parameters of acceleration and angular velocity showed notedly lower values in dystrophic dogs compared with wild-type dogs, even at the onset of muscle weakness. These parameters accordingly decreased with exacerbation of clinical manifestations along with the disease course. Multiple parameters also indicated gait abnormalities in dystrophic dogs, such as a waddling gait. These outcome measures could be applicable in clinical trials of patients with DMD or other muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuki Kuraoka
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University.,Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
| | - Yoshitsugu Aoki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
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Age-Dependent Dysregulation of Muscle Vasculature and Blood Flow Recovery after Hindlimb Ischemia in the mdx Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050481. [PMID: 33925757 PMCID: PMC8145677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by a lack of functional dystrophin, is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration. Interestingly, dystrophin is also expressed in endothelial cells (ECs), and insufficient angiogenesis has already been hypothesized to contribute to DMD pathology, however, its status in mdx mice, a model of DMD, is still not fully clear. Our study aimed to reveal angiogenesis-related alterations in skeletal muscles of mdx mice compared to wild-type (WT) counterparts. By investigating 6- and 12-week-old mice, we sought to verify if those changes are age-dependent. We utilized a broad spectrum of methods ranging from gene expression analysis, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence imaging to determine the level of angiogenic markers and to assess muscle blood vessel abundance. Finally, we implemented the hindlimb ischemia (HLI) model, more biologically relevant in the context of functional studies evaluating angiogenesis/arteriogenesis processes. We demonstrated that both 6- and 12-week-old dystrophic mice exhibited dysregulation of several angiogenic factors, including decreased vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) in different muscle types. Nonetheless, in younger, 6-week-old mdx animals, neither the abundance of CD31+α-SMA+ double-positive blood vessels nor basal blood flow and its restoration after HLI was affected. In 12-week-old mdx mice, although a higher number of CD31+α-SMA+ double-positive blood vessels and an increased percentage of skeletal muscle ECs were found, the abundance of pericytes was diminished, and blood flow was reduced. Moreover, impeded perfusion recovery after HLI associated with a blunted inflammatory and regenerative response was evident in 12-week-old dystrophic mice. Hence, our results reinforce the hypothesis of age-dependent angiogenic dysfunction in dystrophic mice. In conclusion, we suggest that older mdx mice constitute an appropriate model for preclinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of vascular-based therapies aimed at the restoration of functional angiogenesis to mitigate DMD severity.
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11
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Howard ZM, Lowe J, Blatnik AJ, Roberts D, Burghes AHM, Bansal SS, Rafael-Fortney JA. Early Inflammation in Muscular Dystrophy Differs between Limb and Respiratory Muscles and Increases with Dystrophic Severity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:730-747. [PMID: 33497702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic, degenerative, striated muscle disease exacerbated by chronic inflammation. Mdx mice in the genotypic DMD model poorly represent immune-mediated pathology observed in patients. Improved understanding of innate immunity in dystrophic muscles is required to develop specific anti-inflammatory treatments. Here, inflammation in mdx mice and the more fibrotic utrn+/-;mdx Het model was comprehensively investigated. Unbiased analysis showed that mdx and Het mice contain increased levels of numerous chemokines and cytokines, with further increased in Het mice. Chemokine and chemokine receptor gene expression levels were dramatically increased in 4-week-old dystrophic quadriceps muscles, and to a lesser extent in diaphragm during the early injury phase, and had a small but consistent increase at 8 and 20 weeks. An optimized direct immune cell isolation method prevented loss of up to 90% of macrophages with density-dependent centrifugation previously used for mdx flow cytometry. Het quadriceps contain higher proportions of neutrophils and infiltrating monocytes than mdx, and higher percentages of F4/80Hi, but lower percentages of F4/80Lo cells and patrolling monocytes compared with Het diaphragms. These differences may restrict regenerative potential of dystrophic diaphragms, increasing pathologic severity. Fibrotic and inflammatory gene expression levels are higher in myeloid cells isolated from Het compared with mdx quadriceps, supporting Het mice may represent an improved model for testing therapeutic manipulation of inflammation in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Howard
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeovanna Lowe
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anton J Blatnik
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Deztani Roberts
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Arthur H M Burghes
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shyam S Bansal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Jill A Rafael-Fortney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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12
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Cappellari O, Mantuano P, De Luca A. "The Social Network" and Muscular Dystrophies: The Lesson Learnt about the Niche Environment as a Target for Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071659. [PMID: 32660168 PMCID: PMC7407800 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscle stem cells niche is essential in neuromuscular disorders. Muscle injury and myofiber death are the main triggers of muscle regeneration via satellite cell activation. However, in degenerative diseases such as muscular dystrophy, regeneration still keep elusive. In these pathologies, stem cell loss occurs over time, and missing signals limiting damaged tissue from activating the regenerative process can be envisaged. It is unclear what comes first: the lack of regeneration due to satellite cell defects, their pool exhaustion for degeneration/regeneration cycles, or the inhibitory mechanisms caused by muscle damage and fibrosis mediators. Herein, Duchenne muscular dystrophy has been taken as a paradigm, as several drugs have been tested at the preclinical and clinical levels, targeting secondary events in the complex pathogenesis derived from lack of dystrophin. We focused on the crucial roles that pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines play in triggering muscle necrosis after damage and stimulating satellite cell activation and self-renewal, along with growth and mechanical factors. These processes contribute to regeneration and niche maintenance. We review the main effects of drugs on regeneration biomarkers to assess whether targeting pathogenic events can help to protect niche homeostasis and enhance regeneration efficiency other than protecting newly formed fibers from further damage.
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13
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Barthélémy I, Hitte C, Tiret L. The Dog Model in the Spotlight: Legacy of a Trustful Cooperation. J Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 6:421-451. [PMID: 31450509 PMCID: PMC6918919 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-190394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dogs have long been used as a biomedical model system and in particular as a preclinical proof of concept for innovative therapies before translation to humans. A recent example of the utility of this animal model is the promising myotubularin gene delivery in boys affected by X-linked centronuclear myopathy after successful systemic, long-term efficient gene therapy in Labrador retrievers. Mostly, this is due to unique features that make dogs an optimal system. The continuous emergence of spontaneous inherited disorders enables the identification of reliable complementary molecular models for human neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). Dogs’ characteristics including size, lifespan and unprecedented medical care level allow a comprehensive longitudinal description of diseases. Moreover, the highly similar pathogenic mechanisms with human patients yield to translational robustness. Finally, interindividual phenotypic heterogeneity between dogs helps identifying modifiers and anticipates precision medicine issues. This review article summarizes the present list of molecularly characterized dog models for NMDs and provides an exhaustive list of the clinical and paraclinical assays that have been developed. This toolbox offers scientists a sensitive and reliable system to thoroughly evaluate neuromuscular function, as well as efficiency and safety of innovative therapies targeting these NMDs. This review also contextualizes the model by highlighting its unique genetic value, shaped by the long-term coevolution of humans and domesticated dogs. Because the dog is one of the most protected research animal models, there is considerable opposition to include it in preclinical projects, posing a threat to the use of this model. We thus discuss ethical issues, emphasizing that unlike many other models, the dog also benefits from its contribution to comparative biomedical research with a drastic reduction in the prevalence of morbid alleles in the breeding stock and an improvement in medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Barthélémy
- U955 - IMRB, Team 10 - Biology of the neuromuscular system, Inserm, UPEC, EFS, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christophe Hitte
- CNRS, University of Rennes 1, UMR 6290, IGDR, Faculty of Medicine, SFR Biosit, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Tiret
- U955 - IMRB, Team 10 - Biology of the neuromuscular system, Inserm, UPEC, EFS, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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14
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Grounds MD, Terrill JR, Al-Mshhdani BA, Duong MN, Radley-Crabb HG, Arthur PG. Biomarkers for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: myonecrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/2/dmm043638. [PMID: 32224496 PMCID: PMC7063669 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.043638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal, X-linked disease that causes severe loss of muscle mass and function in young children. Promising therapies for DMD are being developed, but the long lead times required when using clinical outcome measures are hindering progress. This progress would be facilitated by robust molecular biomarkers in biofluids, such as blood and urine, which could be used to monitor disease progression and severity, as well as to determine optimal drug dosing before a full clinical trial. Many candidate DMD biomarkers have been identified, but there have been few follow-up studies to validate them. This Review describes the promising biomarkers for dystrophic muscle that have been identified in muscle, mainly using animal models. We strongly focus on myonecrosis and the associated inflammation and oxidative stress in DMD muscle, as the lack of dystrophin causes repeated bouts of myonecrosis, which are the key events that initiate the resultant severe dystropathology. We discuss the early events of intrinsic myonecrosis, along with early regeneration in the context of histological and other measures that are used to quantify its incidence. Molecular biomarkers linked to the closely associated events of inflammation and oxidative damage are discussed, with a focus on research related to protein thiol oxidation and to neutrophils. We summarise data linked to myonecrosis in muscle, blood and urine of dystrophic animal species, and discuss the challenge of translating such biomarkers to the clinic for DMD patients, especially to enhance the success of clinical trials. Summary: This Review discusses biomarkers in blood and urine linked to myonecrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, to enhance development of therapies for DMD, and the challenges to be overcome for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda D Grounds
- School of Human Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jessica R Terrill
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Basma A Al-Mshhdani
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Marisa N Duong
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hannah G Radley-Crabb
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Peter G Arthur
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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15
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Hightower RM, Reid AL, Gibbs DE, Wang Y, Widrick JJ, Kunkel LM, Kastenschmidt JM, Villalta SA, van Groen T, Chang H, Gornisiewicz S, Landesman Y, Tamir S, Alexander MS. The SINE Compound KPT-350 Blocks Dystrophic Pathologies in DMD Zebrafish and Mice. Mol Ther 2020; 28:189-201. [PMID: 31628052 PMCID: PMC6952030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked muscle wasting disease that is caused by the loss of functional dystrophin protein in cardiac and skeletal muscles. DMD patient muscles become weakened, leading to eventual myofiber breakdown and replacement with fibrotic and adipose tissues. Inflammation drives the pathogenic processes through releasing inflammatory cytokines and other factors that promote skeletal muscle degeneration and contributing to the loss of motor function. Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs) are a class of compounds that function by inhibiting the nuclear export protein exportin 1 (XPO1). The XPO1 protein is an important regulator of key inflammatory and neurological factors that drive inflammation and neurotoxicity in various neurological and neuromuscular diseases. Here, we demonstrate that SINE compound KPT-350 can ameliorate dystrophic-associated pathologies in the muscles of DMD models of zebrafish and mice. Thus, SINE compounds are a promising novel strategy for blocking dystrophic symptoms and could be used in combinatorial treatments for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylie M Hightower
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrea L Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Devin E Gibbs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Widrick
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Louis M Kunkel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jenna M Kastenschmidt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hua Chang
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA 02459, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthew S Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Genetics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Civitan International Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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16
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Matsumoto H, Kohara R, Sugi M, Usui A, Oyama K, Mannen H, Sasazaki S. The non-synonymous mutation in bovine SPP1 gene influences carcass weight. Heliyon 2019; 5:e03006. [PMID: 31879711 PMCID: PMC6920195 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat quality in beef cattle is controlled by genetic factors. SPP1 (secreted phosphoprotein 1) gene, coding a multifunctional cytokine with diverse biological functions, is the candidate gene influencing carcass traits. In this study, we tried to discover DNA polymorphisms associated with beef quality in bovine SPP1 gene, so that two SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the promoter region and one SNP in the CDS (coding sequence) region were identified. Although the formers were predicted to alter SPP1 expression, they did not show any effects on the traits. On the contrary, statistical analysis revealed that g.58675C > T, a non-synonymous mutation from threonine to methionine in the conservative region, had a significant effect on carcass weight. Carcass weight of the animals with C/T allele (473.9 ± 6.0 kg) was significantly heavier than that of the C/C homozygotes (459.2 ± 2.8 kg). Because SPP1 gene functions in skeletal muscle cells as a positive regulator, the non-synonymous mutation might influence muscle development and remodeling, resulting in increased carcass weight of the C/T animals. Our results indicate that the SNP can be applied as a DNA marker for the improvement of beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kohara
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Azumi Usui
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Kenji Oyama
- Food Resources Education and Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kasai, Hyogo, 675-2103, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mannen
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Sasazaki
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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17
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Shibasaki H, Imamura M, Arima S, Tanihata J, Kuraoka M, Matsuzaka Y, Uchiumi F, Tanuma SI, Takeda S. Characterization of a novel microRNA, miR-188, elevated in serum of muscular dystrophy dog model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211597. [PMID: 30699200 PMCID: PMC6353185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Several miRNAs are exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle and participate in the regulation of muscle differentiation by interacting with myogenic factors. These miRNAs can be found at high levels in the serum of patients and animal models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is expected to be useful as biomarkers for their clinical conditions. By miRNA microarray analysis, we identified miR-188 as a novel miRNA that is elevated in the serum of the muscular dystrophy dog model, CXMDJ. miR-188 was not muscle-specific miRNA, but its expression was up-regulated in skeletal muscles associated with muscle regeneration induced by cardiotoxin-injection in normal dogs and mice. Manipulation of miR-188 expression using antisense oligo and mimic oligo RNAs alters the mRNA expression of the myogenic regulatory factors, MRF4 and MEF2C. Our results suggest that miR-188 is a new player that participates in the gene regulation process of muscle differentiation and that it may serve as a serum biomarker reflecting skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michihiro Imamura
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Arima
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tanihata
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsuki Kuraoka
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Kuraoka M, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Tachimori H, Kato N, Shibasaki H, Shin A, Aoki Y, Kimura E, Takeda S. Accelerometric outcomes of motor function related to clinical evaluations and muscle involvement in dystrophic dogs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208415. [PMID: 30533017 PMCID: PMC6289438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked muscle disorder characterized by primary muscle degeneration. Patients with DMD reveal progressive muscle weakness leading to ambulatory dysfunction. Novel outcome measures are needed for more sensitive evaluation of therapeutic effects in clinical trials. Multiple parameters of acceleration and angular velocity are used as efficient indicators to quantify the motion of subjects, and these parameters have been recently applied for evaluation of motor function in DMD. In the present study, we evaluated gait in a dystrophic dog model, CXMDJ, by measuring three-axial acceleration and angular velocity over the course of months. Hybrid sensors were placed on the dorsal thoracic and lumbar regions of dogs to detect a wide range of acceleration (±8 G) and angular velocity (±1000 degrees per second). Multiple parameters showed lower values in dystrophic dogs compared to wild-type (WT) dogs, and declined over the course of months. Acceleration magnitude (AM) at the thoracic region in dystrophic dogs was prominently lower compared with WT dogs, even at the age of 2 months, the onset of muscle weakness, whereas AM at the lumbar region drastically declined throughout the disease course. The angular velocity index in the vertical direction in the lumbar region increased in dystrophic dogs, suggesting waddling at the girdle. These parameters also accordingly decreased with exacerbation of clinical manifestations and a decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity. The AM of dystrophic dogs was analyzed with magnetic resonance imaging to look for a correlation with crus muscle involvement. Results showed that acceleration and angular velocity are multifaceted kinematic indices that can be applied to assess outcomes in clinical trials for hereditary neuromuscular disorders including DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuki Kuraoka
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisateru Tachimori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kato
- Research Center for Medical and Health Data Science, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiko Shin
- School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Aoki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - En Kimura
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin’ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Boulanger Piette A, Hamoudi D, Marcadet L, Morin F, Argaw A, Ward L, Frenette J. Targeting the Muscle-Bone Unit: Filling Two Needs with One Deed in the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2018; 16:541-553. [PMID: 30225627 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the progressive skeletal and cardiac muscle dysfunction and degeneration is accompanied by low bone mineral density and bone fragility. Glucocorticoids, which remain the standard of care for patients with DMD, increase the risk of developing osteoporosis. The scope of this review emphasizes the mutual cohesion and common signaling pathways between bone and skeletal muscle in DMD. RECENT FINDINGS The muscle-bone interactions involve bone-derived osteokines, muscle-derived myokines, and dual-origin cytokines that trigger common signaling pathways leading to fibrosis, inflammation, or protein synthesis/degradation. In particular, the triad RANK/RANKL/OPG including receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), along with osteoprotegerin (OPG), regulates bone matrix modeling and remodeling pathways and contributes to muscle pathophysiology in DMD. This review discusses the importance of the muscle-bone unit in DMD and covers recent research aimed at determining the muscle-bone interactions that may eventually lead to the development of multifunctional and effective drugs for treating muscle and bone disorders regardless of the underlying genetic mutations in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Boulanger Piette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Dounia Hamoudi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Laetitia Marcadet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Françoise Morin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Anteneh Argaw
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Leanne Ward
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jérôme Frenette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Evaluation of potential effects of Plastin 3 overexpression and low-dose SMN-antisense oligonucleotides on putative biomarkers in spinal muscular atrophy mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203398. [PMID: 30188931 PMCID: PMC6126849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating motor neuron disorder caused by homozygous loss of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene and insufficient functional SMN protein produced by the SMN2 copy gene. Additional genetic protective modifiers such as Plastin 3 (PLS3) can counteract SMA pathology despite insufficient SMN protein. Recently, Spinraza, an SMN antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that restores full-length SMN2 transcripts, has been FDA- and EMA-approved for SMA therapy. Hence, the availability of biomarkers allowing a reliable monitoring of disease and therapy progression would be of great importance. Our objectives were (i) to analyse the feasibility of SMN and of six SMA biomarkers identified by the BforSMA study in the Taiwanese SMA mouse model, (ii) to analyse the effect of PLS3 overexpression on these biomarkers, and (iii) to assess the impact of low-dose SMN-ASO therapy on the level of SMN and the six biomarkers. METHODS At P10 and P21, the level of SMN and six putative biomarkers were compared among SMA, heterozygous and wild type mice, with or without PLS3 overexpression, and with or without presymptomatic low-dose SMN-ASO subcutaneous injection. SMN levels were measured in whole blood by ECL immunoassay and of six SMA putative biomarkers, namely Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP), Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4), Tetranectin (C-type Lectin Family 3 Member B, CLEC3B), Osteopontin (Secreted Phosphoprotein 1, SPP1), Vitronectin (VTN) and Fetuin A (Alpha 2-HS Glycoprotein, AHSG) in plasma. RESULTS SMN levels were significantly discernible between SMA, heterozygous and wild type mice. However, no significant differences were measured upon low-dose SMN-ASO treatment compared to untreated animals. Of the six biomarkers, only COMP and DPP4 showed high and SPP1 moderate correlation with the SMA phenotype. PLS3 overexpression neither influenced the SMN level nor the six biomarkers, supporting the hypothesis that PLS3 acts as an independent protective modifier.
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Murphy S, Zweyer M, Mundegar RR, Swandulla D, Ohlendieck K. Proteomic serum biomarkers for neuromuscular diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:277-291. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1429923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Murphy
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Margit Zweyer
- Department of Physiology II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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Nghiem PP, Kornegay JN, Uaesoontrachoon K, Bello L, Yin Y, Kesari A, Mittal P, Schatzberg SJ, Many GM, Lee NH, Hoffman EP. Osteopontin is linked with AKT, FoxO1, and myostatin in skeletal muscle cells. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:1119-1127. [PMID: 28745831 PMCID: PMC5690863 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Osteopontin (OPN) polymorphisms are associated with muscle size and modify disease progression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We hypothesized that OPN may share a molecular network with myostatin (MSTN). Methods: Studies were conducted in the golden retriever (GRMD) and mdx mouse models of DMD. Follow‐up in‐vitro studies were employed in myogenic cells and the mdx mouse treated with recombinant mouse (rm) or human (Hu) OPN protein. Results: OPN was increased and MSTN was decreased and levels correlated inversely in GRMD hypertrophied muscle. RM‐OPN treatment led to induced AKT1 and FoxO1 phosphorylation, microRNA‐486 modulation, and decreased MSTN. An AKT1 inhibitor blocked these effects, whereas an RGD‐mutant OPN protein and an RGDS blocking peptide showed similar effects to the AKT inhibitor. RMOPN induced myotube hypertrophy and minimal Feret diameter in mdx muscle. Discussion: OPN may interact with AKT1/MSTN/FoxO1 to modify normal and dystrophic muscle. Muscle Nerve56: 1119–1127, 2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Nghiem
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4458, USA
| | - Joe N Kornegay
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4458 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4458, USA
| | | | - Luca Bello
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ying Yin
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Akanchha Kesari
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Priya Mittal
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Gina M Many
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, USA
| | - Norman H Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, USA
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SPP1 genotype and glucocorticoid treatment modify osteopontin expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy cells. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:3342-3351. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Marsolier J, Laforet P, Pegoraro E, Vissing J, Richard I. 1st International Workshop on Clinical trial readiness for sarcoglycanopathies 15-16 November 2016, Evry, France. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:683-692. [PMID: 28521973 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marsolier
- Généthon, INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | | | | | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Généthon, INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France.
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Miyatake S, Shimizu-Motohashi Y, Takeda S, Aoki Y. Anti-inflammatory drugs for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: focus on skeletal muscle-releasing factors. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2745-58. [PMID: 27621596 PMCID: PMC5012616 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an incurable and a progressive muscle wasting disease, is caused by the absence of dystrophin protein, leading to recurrent muscle fiber damage during contraction. The inflammatory response to fiber damage is a compelling candidate mechanism for disease exacerbation. The only established pharmacological treatment for DMD is corticosteroids to suppress muscle inflammation, however this treatment is limited by its insufficient therapeutic efficacy and considerable side effects. Recent reports show the therapeutic potential of inhibiting or enhancing pro- or anti-inflammatory factors released from DMD skeletal muscles, resulting in significant recovery from muscle atrophy and dysfunction. We discuss and review the recent findings of DMD inflammation and opportunities for drug development targeting specific releasing factors from skeletal muscles. It has been speculated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs targeting specific inflammatory factors are more effective and have less side effects for DMD compared with steroidal drugs. For example, calcium channels, reactive oxygen species, and nuclear factor-κB signaling factors are the most promising targets as master regulators of inflammatory response in DMD skeletal muscles. If they are combined with an oligonucleotide-based exon skipping therapy to restore dystrophin expression, the anti-inflammatory drug therapies may address the present therapeutic limitation of low efficiency for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouta Miyatake
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimizu-Motohashi
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Aoki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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