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Perez-Gutierrez L, Li P, Ferrara N. Endothelial cell diversity: the many facets of the crystal. FEBS J 2024; 291:3287-3302. [PMID: 36266750 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner lining of blood vessels and play crucial roles in angiogenesis. While it has been known for a long time that there are considerable differences among ECs from lymphatic and blood vessels, as well as among arteries, veins and capillaries, the full repertoire of endothelial diversity is only beginning to be elucidated. It has become apparent that the role of ECs is not just limited to their exchange functions. Indeed, a multitude of organ-specific functions, including release of growth factors, regulation of immune functions, have been linked to ECs. Recent years have seen a surge into the identification of spatiotemporal molecular and functional heterogeneity of ECs, supported by technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), lineage tracing and intersectional genetics. Together, these techniques have spurred the generation of epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic signatures of ECs. It is now clear that ECs across organs and in different vascular beds, but even within the same vessel, have unique molecular identities and employ specialized molecular mechanisms to fulfil highly specialized needs. Here, we focus on the molecular heterogeneity of the endothelium in different organs and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Perez-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pin Li
- Department of Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Napoleone Ferrara
- Department of Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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2
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Zhang Y, Wu Z, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Huang Q, Zhang M, Li S, Wang D, Li N, Chi Y, Liu Y. Mesenteric Lymphatic B Cells Migrate to the Intestine and Aggravate DSS-Induced Colitis via the CXCR5-CXCL13 Axis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:322. [PMID: 38785804 PMCID: PMC11117591 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still unknown. Mesenteric lymphatics (MLs), which are closely related to the intestine in both anatomy and physiology, have been suggested to be involved in IBD. In the present study, we aim to investigate the effects of ML immune cells on IBD and explore the potential associated mechanisms. Acute colitis was induced in rats using dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS). Mesenteric lymphangiogenesis, ML stenosis, and dilation were observed, with an increased proportion of MLB cells in DSS-induced colitis rats. The adoptive transfer of B cells isolated from ML (MLB) was employed to investigate their effects on colitis. MLB cells derived from DSS-induced colitis rats exhibited a higher propensity to migrate to the intestine. The proportion of colonic T cells was altered, along with the aggravated colitis induced by the adoptive transfer of MLB cells derived from DSS-induced colitis rats. RNA sequencing revealed increased Cxcr5 expression in MLB cells from colitis rats, while real-time PCR indicated an upregulation of its ligand Cxcl13 in the colon of colitis rats. These findings suggest that MLB cells may migrate to the intestine and aggravate colitis. In summary, colonic T cells respond to MLB cells from colitis rats, and MLB cells aggravate DSS-induced colitis via the CXCR5-CXCL13 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qinghe Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (D.W.); (N.L.)
| | - Yaming Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Xiamen University Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen 361001, China;
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China;
| | - Menglei Zhang
- Department of Animal Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (M.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuolei Li
- Department of Animal Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (M.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (D.W.); (N.L.)
| | - Na Li
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (D.W.); (N.L.)
| | - Yujing Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (D.W.); (N.L.)
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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3
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McCright J, Yarmovsky J, Maisel K. Para- and Transcellular Transport Kinetics of Nanoparticles across Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1160-1169. [PMID: 37851841 PMCID: PMC10923144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have received significant attention as drug delivery targets, as they shuttle materials from peripheral tissues to the lymph nodes, where adaptive immunity is formed. Delivery of immune modulatory materials to the lymph nodes via lymphatic vessels has been shown to enhance their efficacy and also improve the bioavailability of drugs when delivered to intestinal lymphatic vessels. In this study, we generated a three-compartment model of a lymphatic vessel with a set of kinematic differential equations to describe the transport of nanoparticles from the surrounding tissues into lymphatic vessels. We used previously published data and collected additional experimental parameters, including the transport efficiency of nanoparticles over time, and also examined how nanoparticle formulation affected the cellular transport mechanisms using small molecule inhibitors. These experimental data were incorporated into a system of kinematic differential equations, and nonlinear, least-squares curve fitting algorithms were employed to extrapolate transport coefficients within our model. The subsequent computational framework produced some of the first parameters to describe transport kinetics across lymphatic endothelial cells and allowed for the quantitative analysis of the driving mechanisms of transport into lymphatic vessels. Our model indicates that transcellular mechanisms, such as micro- and macropinocytosis, drive transport into lymphatics. This information is crucial to further design strategies that will modulate lymphatic transport for drug delivery, particularly in diseases like lymphedema, where normal lymphatic functions are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob McCright
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jenny Yarmovsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Katharina Maisel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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4
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Randolph G, Erlich E, Czepielewski R, Field R, Dunning T, Saleh L, Hoofnagle M, Tumanov A, Guilak F, Brestoff J. Distinct roles for LTalpha3 and LTalpha1beta2 produced by B cells contribute to their multi-faceted impact on ileitis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3962916. [PMID: 38464070 PMCID: PMC10925464 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3962916/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
B lymphocytes may facilitate chronic inflammation through antibody production or secretion of cytokines, including lymphotoxin (LT)-a 1 b 2 associated with development of lymphoid tissue. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) characterize human and murine ileitis by suppressing outflow from the ileum. Here, we show that B cell-derived secretory IgA protected against ileal inflammation, whereas B cell-derived LTa guarded against ileitis-associated loss of body mass. We initially hypothesized this protection resulted from formation of TLS that suppressed lymphatic outflow and thereby restrained systemic spread of inflammatory signals, but B cell-selective deletion of LTb did not exacerbate weight loss, despite eliminating TLS. Instead, weight loss driven by the cachectic cytokine TNF was exacerbated when LTa 3 , another ligand for TNF receptors, was selectively neutralized. Thus, B cells' multi-faceted impact on ileitis includes generating secretory IgA, expressing LTa 1 b 2 to drive formation of TLS, and producing LTa 3 for protecting against weight loss in the presence of TNF.
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5
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Zhou YW, Ren Y, Lu MM, Xu LL, Cheng WX, Zhang MM, Ding LP, Chen D, Gao JG, Du J, Jin CL, Chen CX, Li YF, Cheng T, Jiang PL, Yang YD, Qian PX, Xu PF, Jin X. Crohn's disease as the intestinal manifestation of pan-lymphatic dysfunction: An exploratory proposal based on basic and clinical data. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:34-49. [PMID: 38293325 PMCID: PMC10823898 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is caused by immune, environmental, and genetic factors. It can involve the entire gastrointestinal tract, and although its prevalence is rapidly increasing its etiology remains unclear. Emerging biological and small-molecule drugs have advanced the treatment of CD; however, a considerable proportion of patients are non-responsive to all known drugs. To achieve a breakthrough in this field, innovations that could guide the further development of effective therapies are of utmost urgency. In this review, we first propose the innovative concept of pan-lymphatic dysfunction for the general distribution of lymphatic dysfunction in various diseases, and suggest that CD is the intestinal manifestation of pan-lymphatic dysfunction based on basic and clinical preliminary data. The supporting evidence is fully summarized, including the existence of lymphatic system dysfunction, recognition of the inside-out model, disorders of immune cells, changes in cell plasticity, partial overlap of the underlying mechanisms, and common gut-derived fatty and bile acid metabolism. Another benefit of this novel concept is that it proposes adopting the zebrafish model for studying intestinal diseases, especially CD, as this model is good at presenting and mimicking lymphatic dysfunction. More importantly, the ensuing focus on improving lymphatic function may lead to novel and promising therapeutic strategies for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Miao-Miao Lu
- Endoscopy Center, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People’s Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei-Xin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Shangcheng District People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin-Ping Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Guo Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ci-Liang Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yun-Fei Li
- Women’s Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Women’s Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng-Lei Jiang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Da Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng-Xu Qian
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- Women’s Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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6
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Bernier-Latmani J, González-Loyola A, Petrova TV. Mechanisms and functions of intestinal vascular specialization. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20222008. [PMID: 38051275 PMCID: PMC10697212 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20222008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal vasculature has been studied for the last 100 years, and its essential role in absorbing and distributing ingested nutrients is well known. Recently, fascinating new insights into the organization, molecular mechanisms, and functions of intestinal vessels have emerged. These include maintenance of intestinal epithelial cell function, coping with microbiota-induced inflammatory pressure, recruiting gut-specific immune cells, and crosstalk with other organs. Intestinal function is also regulated at the systemic and cellular levels, such that the postprandial hyperemic response can direct up to 30% of systemic blood to gut vessels, while micron-sized endothelial cell fenestrations are necessary for nutrient uptake. In this review, we will highlight past discoveries made about intestinal vasculature in the context of new findings of molecular mechanisms underpinning gut function. Such comprehensive understanding of the system will pave the way to breakthroughs in nutrient uptake optimization, drug delivery efficiency, and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Tatiana V. Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Kappel-Latif S, Kotagiri P, Schlager L, Schuld G, Walterskirchen N, Schimek V, Sewell G, Binder C, Jobst J, Murthy S, Messner B, Dabsch S, Kaser A, Lyons PA, Bergmann M, Stift A, Oehler R, Unger LW. Altered B-Cell Expansion and Maturation in Draining Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Inflamed Gut in Crohn's Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:662-666. [PMID: 38147955 PMCID: PMC10958343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kappel-Latif
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Prasanti Kotagiri
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Schlager
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor Schuld
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalie Walterskirchen
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Schimek
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gavin Sewell
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Binder
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Jobst
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Supriya Murthy
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Messner
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Dabsch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Stift
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas W Unger
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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8
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Summers B, Kim K, Lu TM, Houghton S, Trivedi A, Quintero JR, Cala-Garcia J, Pannellini T, Polverino F, Lis R, Reed HO. Lymphatic Dysfunction Models an Autoimmune Emphysema Phenotype of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.31.564938. [PMID: 37961242 PMCID: PMC10635025 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.31.564938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease that is characterized by many clinical phenotypes. One such phenotype of COPD is defined by emphysema, pathogenic lung tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs), and autoantibody production. We have previously shown that lymphatic dysfunction can cause lung TLO formation and lung injury in mice. We now sought to uncover whether underlying lymphatic dysfunction may be a driver of lung injury in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced COPD. We found that lung TLOs in mice with lymphatic dysfunction produce autoantibodies and are associated with a lymphatic endothelial cell subtype that expresses antigen presentation genes. Mice with underlying lymphatic dysfunction develop increased emphysema after CS exposure, with increased size and activation of TLOs. CS further increased autoantibody production in mice with lymphatic dysfunction. B-cell blockade prevented TLO formation and decreased lung injury after CS in mice with lymphatic dysfunction. Using tissue from human COPD patients, we also found evidence of a lymphatic gene signature that was specific to patients with emphysema and prominent TLOs compared to COPD patients without emphysema. Taken together, these data suggest that lymphatic dysfunction may underlie lung injury in a subset of COPD patients with an autoimmune emphysema phenotype.
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9
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Tsounis EP, Aggeletopoulou I, Mouzaki A, Triantos C. Creeping Fat in the Pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease: An Orchestrator or a Silent Bystander? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:1826-1836. [PMID: 37260352 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the phenomenon of hypertrophied adipose tissue surrounding inflamed bowel segments in Crohn's disease has been described since 1932, the mechanisms mediating the creeping fat formation and its role in the pathogenesis of the disease have not been fully unraveled. Recent advances demonstrating the multiple actions of adipose tissue beyond energy storage have brought creeping fat to the forefront of scientific research. In Crohn's disease, dysbiosis and transmural injury compromise the integrity of the intestinal barrier, resulting in an excessive influx of intraluminal microbiota and xenobiotics. The gut and peri-intestinal fat are in close anatomic relationship, implying a direct reciprocal immunologic relationship, whereas adipocytes are equipped with an arsenal of innate immunity sensors that respond to invading stimuli. As a result, adipocytes and their progenitor cells undergo profound immunophenotypic changes, leading to adipose tissue remodeling and eventual formation of creeping fat. Indeed, creeping fat is an immunologically active organ that synthesizes various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, profibrotic mediators, and adipokines that serve as paracrine/autocrine signals and regulate immune responses. Therefore, creeping fat appears to be involved in inflammatory signaling, which explains why it has been associated with a higher severity or complicated phenotype of Crohn's disease. Interestingly, there is growing evidence for an alternative immunomodulatory function of creeping fat as a second barrier that prevents an abnormal systemic inflammatory response at the expense of an increasingly proliferating profibrotic environment. Further studies are needed to clarify how this modified adipose tissue exerts its antithetic effect during the course of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios P Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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10
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Yang M, Che Y, Li K, Fang Z, Li S, Wang M, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Luo L, Wu C, Lai X, Wang W. Detection and quantitative analysis of tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:779-795. [PMID: 37701955 PMCID: PMC10500099 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphoid formations within tumor tissue, with mainly B and T cell populations forming the organic aggregates. The presence of TLSs in tumors has been strongly associated with patient responsiveness to immunotherapy regimens and improving tumor prognosis. Researchers have been motivated to actively explore TLSs due to their bright clinical application prospects. Various studies have attempted to decipher TLSs regarding their formation mechanism, structural composition, induction generation, predictive markers, and clinical utilization. Meanwhile, the scientific approaches to qualitative and quantitative descriptions are crucial for TLS studies. In terms of detection, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC), multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF), and 12-chemokine gene signature have been the top approved methods. However, no standard methods exist for the quantitative analysis of TLSs, such as absolute TLS count, analysis of TLS constituent cells, structural features, TLS spatial location, density, and maturity. This study reviews the latest research progress on TLS detection and quantification, proposes new directions for TLS assessment, and addresses issues for the quantitative application of TLSs in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yurou Che
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Kezhen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zengyi Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Simin Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yiyao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xin Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China.
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, China.
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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11
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Mehrara BJ, Radtke AJ, Randolph GJ, Wachter BT, Greenwel P, Rovira II, Galis ZS, Muratoglu SC. The emerging importance of lymphatics in health and disease: an NIH workshop report. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171582. [PMID: 37655664 PMCID: PMC10471172 DOI: 10.1172/jci171582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system (LS) is composed of lymphoid organs and a network of vessels that transport interstitial fluid, antigens, lipids, cholesterol, immune cells, and other materials in the body. Abnormal development or malfunction of the LS has been shown to play a key role in the pathophysiology of many disease states. Thus, improved understanding of the anatomical and molecular characteristics of the LS may provide approaches for disease prevention or treatment. Recent advances harnessing single-cell technologies, clinical imaging, discovery of biomarkers, and computational tools have led to the development of strategies to study the LS. This Review summarizes the outcomes of the NIH workshop entitled "Yet to be Charted: Lymphatic System in Health and Disease," held in September 2022, with emphasis on major areas for advancement. International experts showcased the current state of knowledge regarding the LS and highlighted remaining challenges and opportunities to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak J. Mehrara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea J. Radtke
- Lymphocyte Biology Section and Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brianna T. Wachter
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Greenwel
- Division of Digestive Diseases & Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and
| | - Ilsa I. Rovira
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zorina S. Galis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Selen C. Muratoglu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Shu W, Wang Y, Li C, Zhang L, Zhuoma D, Yang P, Yan G, Chen C, Ba Y, Du P, Wang X. Single-cell Expression Atlas Reveals Cell Heterogeneity in the Creeping Fat of Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:850-865. [PMID: 36715181 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creeping fat (CrF) has been recognized to play a positive role in Crohn's disease (CD) progression, yet the cellular compositions within mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) and their potential mechanism in CrF formation are poorly understood. METHODS Analysis of 10X single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 67 064 cells from 3 pairs of surgically resected samples of CrF and their uninvolved MAT. The results were validated in another cohort with 6 paired MAT samples by immunofluorescence. RESULTS All samples manifested excellent consistency and repeatability in our study, and 10 cell types from the transcriptome atlas, including 20 clusters, were identified. In CrF, a specific vascular endothelial cell subpopulation highly expressing lipoprotein lipase was first identified, with a significantly increased proportion. This vascular endothelial cell subpopulation manifested robust peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) transcription activity and an upregulated PPAR signaling pathway and was involved in lipid metabolism and the antibacterial response. A novel fibroblast subpopulation (FC3) with remarkable GREM1 and RFLNB expression was identified and validated to predominantly accumulate in the CrF. The FC3 was annotated as inflammation-associated fibroblasts, which are characterized by inflammatory responses and the regulation of Smad phosphorylation related to intestinal fibrosis. The trajectory of fibroblasts revealed their pro-inflammatory and profibrotic conversion tendency during CrF formation with corresponding gene dynamics. Additionally, we unprecedently dissected the different origins and functions of 6 macrophage subclusters within the myeloid compartment. CONCLUSIONS Our results uncover the cellular heterogeneity in the MAT of CD and the role of these various cellular compositions in CrF development. This comprehensive understanding of CrF provides future directions for in-depth research on and potential targets for MAT-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chuanding Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Deji Zhuoma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pengyu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guorong Yan
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Chunqiu Chen
- Center for Difficult and Complicated Abdominal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yongbing Ba
- OE Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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14
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Yin Y, Xie Y, Ge W, Li Y. Creeping fat formation and interaction with intestinal disease in Crohn's disease. United European Gastroenterol J 2022; 10:1077-1084. [PMID: 36507842 PMCID: PMC9752293 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Creeping fat (CrF), also known as fat wrapping, is a significant disease characteristic of Crohn's disease (CD). The transmural inflammation impairs intestinal integrity and facilitates bacteria translocation, aggravating immune response. CrF is a rich source of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines with complex immune microenvironment. The inflamed and stricturing intestine is often wrapped by CrF, and CrF is associated with greater severity of CD. The large amount of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as adipocytes in CrF promote fibrosis in the affected intestine by secreting large amount of pro-fibrotic cytokines, adipokines, growth factors and fatty acids. CrF is a potential therapeutic target for CD treatment and a promising bio-marker for predicting response to drug therapy. This review aims to summarize and update the clinical manifestation and application of CrF and the underlying molecular mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Department of General SurgeryNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of General SurgeryNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of General SurgeryNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yi Li
- Department of General SurgeryJinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingChina
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15
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Cifarelli V, Peche VS, Abumrad NA. Vascular and lymphatic regulation of gastrointestinal function and disease risk. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159207. [PMID: 35882297 PMCID: PMC9642046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vascular and lymphatic systems in the gut regulate lipid transport while restricting transfer of commensal gut microbiota and directing immune cell trafficking. Increased permeability of the endothelial systems in the intestine associates with passage of antigens and microbiota from the gut into the bloodstream leading to tissue inflammation, the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and ultimately to abnormalities of systemic metabolism. Recent studies show that lipid metabolism maintains homeostasis and function of intestinal blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, BECs and LECs, respectively. This review highlights recent progress in this area, and information related to the contribution of the lipid transporter CD36, abundant in BECs and LECs, to gastrointestinal barrier integrity, inflammation, and to gut regulation of whole body metabolism. The potential role of endothelial lipid delivery in epithelial tissue renewal after injury and consequently in the risk of gastric and intestinal diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Cifarelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Vivek S Peche
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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16
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Scallan JP, Jannaway M. Lymphatic Vascular Permeability. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022; 12:a041274. [PMID: 35879102 PMCID: PMC9380735 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels have a regulated permeability to fluid and solutes, which allows for the delivery of nutrients and signaling molecules to all cells in the body, a process essential to life. The lymphatic vasculature is the second network of vessels in the body, making up part of the immune system, yet is not typically thought of as having a permeability to fluid and solute. However, the major function of the lymphatic vasculature is to regulate tissue fluid balance to prevent edema, so lymphatic vessels must be permeable to absorb and transport fluid efficiently. Only recently were lymphatic vessels discovered to be permeable, which has had many functional implications. In this review, we will provide an overview of what is known about lymphatic vascular permeability, discuss the biophysical and signaling mechanisms regulating lymphatic permeability, and examine the disease relevance of this new property of lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Melanie Jannaway
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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17
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Xiong S, Whitehurst CE, Li L, Heo GS, Lai CW, Jain U, Muegge BD, Espenschied ST, Musich RJ, Chen M, Liu Y, Liu TC, Stappenbeck TS. Reverse translation approach generates a signature of penetrating fibrosis in Crohn's disease that is associated with anti-TNF response. Gut 2022; 71:1289-1301. [PMID: 34261752 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibrosis is a common feature of Crohn's disease (CD) which can involve the mesenteric fat. However, the molecular signature of this process remains unclear. Our goal was to define the transcriptional signature of mesenteric fibrosis in CD subjects and to model mesenteric fibrosis in mice to improve our understanding of CD pathogenesis. DESIGN We performed histological and transcriptional analysis of fibrosis in CD samples. We modelled a CD-like fibrosis phenotype by performing repeated colonic biopsies in mice and analysed the model by histology, type I collagen-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) and global gene expression. We generated a gene set list of essential features of mesenteric fibrosis and compared it to mucosal biopsy datasets from inflammatory bowel disease patients to identify a refined gene set that correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS Mesenteric fibrosis in CD was interconnected to areas of fibrosis in all layers of the intestine, defined as penetrating fibrosis. We found a transcriptional signature of differentially expressed genes enriched in areas of the mesenteric fat of CD subjects with high levels of fibrosis. Mice subjected to repeated colonic biopsies showed penetrating fibrosis as shown by histology, PET imaging and transcriptional analysis. Finally, we composed a composite 24-gene set list that was linked to inflammatory fibroblasts and correlated with treatment response. CONCLUSION We linked histopathological and molecular features of CD penetrating fibrosis to a mouse model of repeated biopsy injuries. This experimental system provides an innovative approach for functional investigations of underlying profibrotic mechanisms and therapeutic concepts in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Charles E Whitehurst
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chin-Wen Lai
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Umang Jain
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian D Muegge
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Ryan J Musich
- Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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18
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Role of tertiary lymphoid organs in the regulation of immune responses in the periphery. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:359. [PMID: 35689679 PMCID: PMC9188279 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are collections of immune cells resembling secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) that form in peripheral, non-lymphoid tissues in response to local chronic inflammation. While their formation mimics embryologic lymphoid organogenesis, TLOs form after birth at ectopic sites in response to local inflammation resulting in their ability to mount diverse immune responses. The structure of TLOs can vary from clusters of B and T lymphocytes to highly organized structures with B and T lymphocyte compartments, germinal centers, and lymphatic vessels (LVs) and high endothelial venules (HEVs), allowing them to generate robust immune responses at sites of tissue injury. Although our understanding of the formation and function of these structures has improved greatly over the last 30 years, their role as mediators of protective or pathologic immune responses in certain chronic inflammatory diseases remains enigmatic and may differ based on the local tissue microenvironment in which they form. In this review, we highlight the role of TLOs in the regulation of immune responses in chronic infection, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cancer, and solid organ transplantation.
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19
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Liu Q, Zhang X, Ko HM, Stocker D, Ellman J, Chen J, Hao Y, Bhardwaj S, Liang Y, Cho J, Colombel JF, Taouli B, Harpaz N. Constrictive and Hypertrophic Strictures in Ileal Crohn's Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:e1292-e1304. [PMID: 34400338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Strictures in Crohn's disease (CD) are classically attributed to fibromuscular hypertrophy of the intestinal wall. We have identified and characterized CD-related ileal strictures that result instead from mural constriction (ie, reduced external circumference). METHODS Twenty-four strictures and internal controls from 17 adults with obstructive CD were analyzed by cross-sectional morphometry. RESULTS The stricture-to-control circumference ratios (CRs) ranged from 0.53 to 1.7. Six strictures with CR ≥1.0, designated hypertrophic, had concentrically thickened walls, mean 3-fold increases in cross-sectional area and stainable fibromucular tissue, and high transmural inflammation scores. In contrast, 18 strictures with CR <1.0, designated constrictive, had thin, pliant walls, cross-sectional areas and stainable fibromuscular tissue comparable with control values, and low transmural inflammation scores. Eight mildly constrictive strictures also showed mild fibromuscular mural expansion that fell short of statistical significance. Twelve of 18 constrictive strictures (67%) occurred multiply (2-4 strictures per specimen) in contrast with hypertrophic strictures, all of which occurred singly (P = .01). Constriction correlated quantitatively with circumferential serosal fat wrapping (P = .003) and was associated with myenteric lymphocytic plexitis (P = .02). Disease duration was shortest among subjects with constrictive strictures and correlated with increasing circumference (CR ≤0.8, 6.3 ± 6.2 years; CR >0.8, 8.7 ± 6.4 years; and CR ≥1.00, 13.7 ± 5.0 years, respectively; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Constrictive ileal strictures in CD differ pathologically and clinically from hypertrophic strictures, featuring little or no fibromuscular mural expansion, frequent multiplicity, and earlier onset. Mesenteric fat wrapping and myenteric plexitis may contribute to their pathogenesis. Pathologic manifestations of constriction and hypertrophy can coexist, suggesting that stricture heterogeneity may be shaped in part by the dynamics of constrictive and hypertrophic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Huaibin Mabel Ko
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Stocker
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jordan Ellman
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joyce Chen
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yansheng Hao
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Swati Bhardwaj
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yuanxin Liang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Judy Cho
- Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jean Frederic Colombel
- Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Bachir Taouli
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Noam Harpaz
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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20
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Singla B, Aithabathula RV, Kiran S, Kapil S, Kumar S, Singh UP. Reactive Oxygen Species in Regulating Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Function. Cells 2022; 11:1750. [PMID: 35681445 PMCID: PMC9179518 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is pivotal for immunosurveillance and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing vessels, has both physiological and pathological roles. Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms regulating lymphangiogenesis have opened a new area of research on reparative lymphangiogenesis for the treatment of various pathological disorders comprising neurological disorders, cardiac repair, autoimmune disease, obesity, atherosclerosis, etc. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the various cell types serve as signaling molecules in several cellular mechanisms and regulate various aspects of growth-factor-mediated responses, including lymphangiogenesis. The ROS, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, play both beneficial and detrimental roles depending upon their levels and cellular microenvironment. Low ROS levels are essential for lymphangiogenesis. On the contrary, oxidative stress due to enhanced ROS generation and/or reduced levels of antioxidants suppresses lymphangiogenesis via promoting lymphatic endothelial cell apoptosis and death. In this review article, we provide an overview of types and sources of ROS, discuss the role of ROS in governing lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function, and summarize the role of lymphatics in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Singla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Ravi Varma Aithabathula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Sonia Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Shweta Kapil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children′s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
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21
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Role of Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation in Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101692. [PMID: 35626729 PMCID: PMC9139870 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of lipids and interstitial fluid and regulating the immune cell development and functions. Developmental anomaly-induced lymphatic dysfunction is associated with various pathological conditions, including lymphedema, inflammation, and cancer. Most lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are derived from a subset of endothelial cells in the cardinal vein. However, recent studies have reported that the developmental origin of LECs is heterogeneous. Multiple regulatory mechanisms, including those mediated by signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic pathways, are involved in lymphatic development and functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the epigenetic regulation of transcription is critical for embryonic LEC development and functions. In addition to the chromatin structures, epigenetic modifications may modulate transcriptional signatures during the development or differentiation of LECs. Therefore, the understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development and function of the lymphatic system can aid in the management of various congenital or acquired lymphatic disorders. Future studies must determine the role of other epigenetic factors and changes in mammalian lymphatic development and function. Here, the recent findings on key factors involved in the development of the lymphatic system and their epigenetic regulation, LEC origins from different organs, and lymphatic diseases are reviewed.
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22
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Schwärzler J, Mayr L, Vich Vila A, Grabherr F, Niederreiter L, Philipp M, Grander C, Meyer M, Jukic A, Tröger S, Enrich B, Przysiecki N, Tschurtschenthaler M, Sommer F, Kronberger I, Koch J, Hilbe R, Hess MW, Oberhuber G, Sprung S, Ran Q, Koch R, Effenberger M, Kaneider NC, Wieser V, Keller MA, Weersma RK, Aden K, Rosenstiel P, Blumberg RS, Kaser A, Tilg H, Adolph TE. PUFA-Induced Metabolic Enteritis as a Fuel for Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1690-1704. [PMID: 35031299 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) globally emerges with Westernization of lifestyle and nutritional habits. However, a specific dietary constituent that comprehensively evokes gut inflammation in human inflammatory bowel diseases remains elusive. We aimed to delineate how increased intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in a Western diet, known to impart risk for developing CD, affects gut inflammation and disease course. We hypothesized that the unfolded protein response and antioxidative activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which are compromised in human CD epithelium, compensates for metabolic perturbation evoked by dietary PUFAs. METHODS We phenotyped and mechanistically dissected enteritis evoked by a PUFA-enriched Western diet in 2 mouse models exhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress consequent to intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletion of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) or Gpx4. We translated the findings to human CD epithelial organoids and correlated PUFA intake, as estimated by a dietary questionnaire or stool metabolomics, with clinical disease course in 2 independent CD cohorts. RESULTS PUFA excess in a Western diet potently induced ER stress, driving enteritis in Xbp1-/-IEC and Gpx4+/-IEC mice. ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs activated the epithelial endoplasmic reticulum sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) by toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) sensing of oxidation-specific epitopes. TLR2-controlled IRE1α activity governed PUFA-induced chemokine production and enteritis. In active human CD, ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs instigated epithelial chemokine expression, and patients displayed a compatible inflammatory stress signature in the serum. Estimated PUFA intake correlated with clinical and biochemical disease activity in a cohort of 160 CD patients, which was similarly demonstrable in an independent metabolomic stool analysis from 199 CD patients. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for the concept of PUFA-induced metabolic gut inflammation which may worsen the course of human CD. Our findings provide a basis for targeted nutritional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schwärzler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arnau Vich Vila
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Niederreiter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maureen Philipp
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Moritz Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Almina Jukic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Tröger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Enrich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicole Przysiecki
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrecht University Kiel and Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany
| | - Irmgard Kronberger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jakob Koch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael W Hess
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Oberhuber
- INNPATH, Innsbruck Medical University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Sprung
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Qitao Ran
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Effenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicole C Kaneider
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Wieser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus A Keller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrecht University Kiel and Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrecht University Kiel and Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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23
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Camell CD. Adipose tissue microenvironments during aging: Effects on stimulated lipolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159118. [PMID: 35131468 PMCID: PMC8986088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a critical organ for nutrient sensing, energy storage and maintaining metabolic health. The failure of adipose tissue homeostasis leads to metabolic disease that is seen during obesity or aging. Local metabolic processes are coordinated by interacting microenvironments that make up the complexity and heterogeneity of the adipose tissue. Catecholamine-induced lipolysis, a critical pathway in adipocytes that drives the release of stored triglyceride as free fatty acid after stimulation, is impaired during aging. The impairment of this pathway is associated with a failure to maintain a healthy body weight, core body-temperature during cold stress or mount an immune response. Along with impairments in aged adipocytes, aging is associated with an accumulation of inflammation, immune cell activation, and increased dysfunction in the nervous and lymphatic systems within the adipose tissue. Together these microenvironments support the initiation of stimulated lipolysis and the transport of free fatty acid under conditions of metabolic homeostasis. However, during aging, the defects in these cellular systems result in a reduction in ability to stimulate lipolysis. This review will focus on how the immune, nervous and lymphatic systems interact during tissue homeostasis, review areas that are impaired with aging and discuss areas of research that are currently unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Camell
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
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24
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Yin Y, Zhu ZX, Li Z, Chen YS, Zhu WM. Role of mesenteric component in Crohn’s disease: A friend or foe? World J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 13:1536-1549. [PMID: 35070062 PMCID: PMC8727179 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i12.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a complex and relapsing gastrointestinal disease with mesenteric alterations. The mesenteric neural, vascular, and endocrine systems actively take part in the gut dysbiosis-adaptive immunity-mesentery-body axis, and this axis has been proven to be bidirectional. The abnormalities of morphology and function of the mesenteric component are associated with intestinal inflammation and disease progress of CD via responses to afferent signals, neuropeptides, lymphatic drainage, adipokines, and functional cytokines. The hypertrophy of mesenteric adipose tissue plays important roles in the pathogenesis of CD by secreting large amounts of adipokines and representing a rich source of proinflammatory or profibrotic cytokines. The vascular alteration, including angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, is concomitant in the disease course of CD. Of note, the enlarged and obstructed lymphatic vessels, which have been described in CD patients, are likely related to the early onset submucosa edema and being a cause of CD. The function of mesenteric lymphatics is influenced by endocrine of mesenteric nerves and adipocytes. Meanwhile, the structure of the mesenteric lymphatic vessels in hypertrophic mesenteric adipose tissue is mispatterned and ruptured, which can lead to lymph leakage. Leaky lymph factors can in turn stimulate adipose tissue to proliferate and effectively elicit an immune response. The identification of the role of mesentery and the crosstalk between mesenteric tissues in intestinal inflammation may shed light on understanding the underlying mechanism of CD and help explore new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Ming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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25
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Czepielewski RS, Erlich EC, Onufer EJ, Young S, Saunders BT, Han YH, Wohltmann M, Wang PL, Kim KW, Kumar S, Hsieh CS, Scallan JP, Yang Y, Zinselmeyer BH, Davis MJ, Randolph GJ. Ileitis-associated tertiary lymphoid organs arise at lymphatic valves and impede mesenteric lymph flow in response to tumor necrosis factor. Immunity 2021; 54:2795-2811.e9. [PMID: 34788601 PMCID: PMC8678349 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangitis and the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in the mesentery are features of Crohn's disease. Here, we examined the genesis of these TLOs and their impact on disease progression. Whole-mount and intravital imaging of the ileum and ileum-draining collecting lymphatic vessels (CLVs) draining to mesenteric lymph nodes from TNFΔARE mice, a model of ileitis, revealed TLO formation at valves of CLVs. TLOs obstructed cellular and molecular outflow from the gut and were sites of lymph leakage and backflow. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) neutralization begun at early stages of TLO formation restored lymph transport. However, robustly developed, chronic TLOs resisted regression and restoration of flow after TNF neutralization. TNF stimulation of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells reprogrammed responses to oscillatory shear stress, preventing the induction of valve-associated genes. Disrupted transport of immune cells, driven by loss of valve integrity and TLO formation, may contribute to the pathology of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma C Erlich
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily J Onufer
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shannon Young
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yong-Hyun Han
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mary Wohltmann
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter L Wang
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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26
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Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Heterogeneity and Functional Diversity of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111976. [PMID: 34769408 PMCID: PMC8584409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) line the lymphatic vasculature and play a central role in the immune response. LECs have abilities to regulate immune transport, to promote immune cell survival, and to cross present antigens to dendritic cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA) technology has accelerated new discoveries in the field of lymphatic vascular biology. This review will summarize these new findings in regard to embryonic development, LEC heterogeneity with associated functional diversity, and interactions with other cells. Depending on the organ, location in the lymphatic vascular tree, and micro-environmental conditions, LECs feature unique properties and tasks. Furthermore, adjacent stromal cells need the support of LECs for fulfilling their tasks in the immune response, such as immune cell transport and antigen presentation. Although aberrant lymphatic vasculature has been observed in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, the knowledge on LEC heterogeneity and functional diversity in these diseases is limited. Combining scRNA sequencing data with imaging and more in-depth functional experiments will advance our knowledge of LECs in health and disease. Building the case, the LEC could be put forward as a new therapeutic target in chronic inflammatory diseases, counterweighting the current immune-cell focused therapies.
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27
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The role of adropin, HIF-1α and apelin biomarkers in the diagnosis of acute mesentaric ischemia. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 51:223-227. [PMID: 34775196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The absence of a specific biomarker for acute mesenteric ischemia diagnosis results in a delay in diagnosis and treatment, as well as a high mortality rate. The current research examined whether the proteins adropin, HIF-1α, and apelin may be used to help in the early detection of acute mesenteric ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 patients with acute mesenteric ischemia, 20 patients with abdominal pain, and 20 healthy controls were included in the study. The levels of adropin, HIF-1, and apelin in the serum were determined using the ELISA method. RESULTS Adropin concentrations were significantly higher in the acute mesenteric ischemia group than in the abdominal pain and healthy control groups (p < 0.05). HIF-1α levels were considerably greater in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia compared to both the abdominal pain group and the healthy control group (p < 0.05). There was no difference in apelin levels between the acute mesenteric ischemia and abdominal pain groups (p > 0.05). HIF-1α was found to be moderate (AUC: 0.705) and adropin was found to be a weak biomarker (AUC: 0.692) in the ROC analysis for acute mesenteric ischemia. CONCLUSION In this study of 20 patients with acute mesenteric ischemia, we found adropin and HIF-1α levels to be increased compared to patients with abdominal pain who did not have acute mesenteric ischemia.
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28
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Rockson SG. Comorbidity and Lymphatic Disease: The Lymphatic Continuum Re-Examined. Lymphat Res Biol 2021; 19:17-19. [PMID: 33625889 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has now been ∼20 years since the original Lymphatic Continuum conference was convened, and this continuum has transitioned from a compelling concept to a reality. The explosive growth in our comprehension of lymphatic genetics, development, and function has expanded and modified our traditional views regarding what is, and is not, lymphatic disease. Groundbreaking investigations over the past decade have now defined a large and growing list of pathological conditions in which morphological or function lymphatic alterations can be identified. This list includes atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, narrow angle glaucoma, and, most recently and compellingly, neurodegenerative disease. The sometimes overlapping but largely disparate nature of these various aforementioned disease categories suggests that the presence, or absence, of structural or functional lymphatic derangements may represent a previously unrecognized unifying influence in the maintenance of health and the promotion of disease. Future investigation of lymphatic mechanisms in disease will likely continue to elucidate the influences of lymphatic dysfunction, perhaps subtle, that can invest other, seemingly unrelated, diseases. In future, such discoveries will provide mechanistic insights and may potentiate the development of a new lymphatic-based approach to human disease diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley G Rockson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Center for Lymphatic and Venous Disorders, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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29
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Atreya R, Siegmund B. Location is important: differentiation between ileal and colonic Crohn's disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:544-558. [PMID: 33712743 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, current European and national guidelines worldwide do not differentiate between small-intestinal and colonic Crohn's disease for medical treatment. Data from the past decade provide evidence that ileal Crohn's disease is distinct from colonic Crohn's disease in several intestinal layers. Remarkably, colonic Crohn's disease shows an overlap with regard to disease behaviour with ulcerative colitis, underlining the fact that there is more to inflammatory bowel disease than just Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and that subtypes, possibly defined by location and shared pathophysiology, are also important. This Review provides a structured overview of the differentiation between ileal and colonic Crohn's disease using data in the context of epidemiology, genetics, macroscopic differences such as creeping fat and histological findings, as well as differences in regard to the intestinal barrier including gut microbiota, mucus layer, epithelial cells and infiltrating immune cell populations. We also discuss the translation of these basic findings to the clinic, emphasizing the important role of treatment decisions. Thus, this Review provides a conceptual outlook on a new mechanism-driven classification of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Li J, Li E, Czepielewski RS, Chi J, Guo X, Han YH, Wang D, Wang L, Hu B, Dawes B, Jacobs C, Tenen D, Lin SJ, Lee B, Morris D, Tobias A, Randolph GJ, Cohen P, Tsai L, Rosen ED. Neurotensin is an anti-thermogenic peptide produced by lymphatic endothelial cells. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1449-1465.e6. [PMID: 34038712 PMCID: PMC8266750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature plays important roles in the physiology of the organs in which it resides, though a clear mechanistic understanding of how this crosstalk is mediated is lacking. Here, we performed single-cell transcriptional profiling of human and mouse adipose tissue and found that lymphatic endothelial cells highly express neurotensin (NTS/Nts). Nts expression is reduced by cold and norepinephrine in an α-adrenergic-dependent manner, suggesting a role in adipose thermogenesis. Indeed, NTS treatment of brown adipose tissue explants reduced expression of thermogenic genes. Furthermore, adenoviral-mediated overexpression and knockdown or knockout of NTS in vivo reduced and enhanced cold tolerance, respectively, an effect that is mediated by NTSR2 and ERK signaling. Inhibition of NTSR2 promoted energy expenditure and improved metabolic function in obese mice. These data establish a link between adipose tissue lymphatics and adipocytes with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Erwei Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafael S Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jingyi Chi
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Hyun Han
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daqing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luhong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Dawes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Jacobs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Tenen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel J Lin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard Lee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald Morris
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Tobias
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linus Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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31
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González-Loyola A, Bovay E, Kim J, Lozano TW, Sabine A, Renevey F, Arroz-Madeira S, Rapin A, Wypych TP, Rota G, Durot S, Velin D, Marsland B, Guarda G, Delorenzi M, Zamboni N, Luther SA, Petrova TV. FOXC2 controls adult lymphatic endothelial specialization, function, and gut lymphatic barrier preventing multiorgan failure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf4335. [PMID: 34272244 PMCID: PMC8284898 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms maintaining adult lymphatic vascular specialization throughout life and their role in coordinating inter-organ communication to sustain homeostasis remain elusive. We report that inactivation of the mechanosensitive transcription factor Foxc2 in adult lymphatic endothelium leads to a stepwise intestine-to-lung systemic failure. Foxc2 loss compromised the gut epithelial barrier, promoted dysbiosis and bacterial translocation to peripheral lymph nodes, and increased circulating levels of purine metabolites and angiopoietin-2. Commensal microbiota depletion dampened systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, corrected intestinal lymphatic dysfunction, and improved survival. Foxc2 loss skewed the specialization of lymphatic endothelial subsets, leading to populations with mixed, pro-fibrotic identities and to emergence of lymph node-like endothelial cells. Our study uncovers a cross-talk between lymphatic vascular function and commensal microbiota, provides single-cell atlas of lymphatic endothelial subtypes, and reveals organ-specific and systemic effects of dysfunctional lymphatics. These effects potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, or lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra González-Loyola
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bovay
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Jaeryung Kim
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss Lozano
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Francois Renevey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arroz-Madeira
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Rapin
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz P Wypych
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Durot
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology ETH, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Velin
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Greta Guarda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology ETH, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland.
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32
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Zhang L, Ocansey DKW, Liu L, Olovo CV, Zhang X, Qian H, Xu W, Mao F. Implications of lymphatic alterations in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111752. [PMID: 34044275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by intense immune dysregulation, gut microbiota imbalance, and intestinal epithelium destruction. Among the factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD, lymphatics have received less attention, hence less studied, characterized, and explored. However, in recent years, the role of the lymphatic system in gastrointestinal pathophysiology continues to be highlighted. This paper examines the implications of lymphatic changes in IBD pathogenesis related to immune cells, gut microbiota, intestinal and mesenteric epithelial barrier integrity, and progression to colorectal cancer (CRC). Therapeutic targets of lymphatics in IBD studies are also presented. Available studies indicate that lymph nodes and other secondary lymphatic tissues, provide highly specialized microenvironments for mounting effective immune responses and that lymphatic integrity plays a significant role in small intestine homeostasis, where the lymphatic vasculature effectively controls tissue edema, leukocyte exit, bacterial antigen, and inflammatory chemokine clearance. In IBD, there are functional and morphological alterations in intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic vessels (more profoundly in Crohn's disease [CD] compared to ulcerative colitis [UC]), including lymphangiogenesis, lymphangiectasia, lymphadenopathy, and lymphatic vasculature blockade, affecting not only immunity but gut microbiota and epithelial barrier integrity. While increased lymphangiogenesis is primarily associated with a good prognosis of IBD, increased lymphangiectasia, lymphadenopathy, and lymphatic vessel occlusion correlate with poor prognosis. IBD therapies that target the lymphatic system seek to increase lymphangiogenesis via induction of lymphangiogenic factors and inhibition of its antagonists. The resultant increased lymphatic flow coupled with other anti-inflammatory activities restores gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Lianqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chinasa Valerie Olovo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Randolph GJ, Czepielewski RS. Reply. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2200-2201. [PMID: 33484689 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Washington University IBD-Nutrition Study Team, Department of Pathology and Immunology and, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Rafael S Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; Washington University IBD-Nutrition Study TeamDepartment of Pathology and Immunology andDepartment of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
In Crohn's disease, the characteristic expansion of mesenteric tissue on sites of intestinal inflammation is known as creeping fat. In a recent issue of Cell, Ha et al. report that translocation of gut bacteria to the mesenteries is associated with the formation of creeping fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smith
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Cécile Bénézech
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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The Role of Inflammation in Crohn's Disease Recurrence after Surgical Treatment. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8846982. [PMID: 33426097 PMCID: PMC7781709 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8846982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Postoperative recurrence after surgery for Crohn's disease (CD) is virtually inevitable, and its mechanism is poorly known. Aim To review the numerous factors involved in CD postoperative recurrence (POR) pathogenesis, focusing on single immune system components as well as the immune system as a whole and highlighting the clinical significance in terms of preventive strategies and future perspectives. Methods A systematic literature search on CD POR, followed by a review of the main findings. Results The immune system plays a pivotal role in CD POR, with many different factors involved. Memory T-lymphocytes retained in mesenteric lymph nodes seem to represent the main driving force. New pathophysiology-based preventive strategies in the medical and surgical fields may help reduce POR rates. In particular, surgical strategies have already been developed and are currently under investigation. Conclusions POR is a complex phenomenon, whose driving mechanisms are gradually being unraveled. New preventive strategies addressing these mechanisms seem promising.
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Abstract
Crohn's disease [CD] is an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown aetiology. During recent decades, significant technological advances led to development of -omic datasets allowing a detailed description of the disease. Unfortunately these have not, to date, resolved the question of the aetiology of CD. Thus, it may be necessary to [re]consider hypothesis-driven approaches to resolve the aetiology of CD. According to the cold chain hypothesis, the development of industrial and domestic refrigeration has led to frequent exposure of human populations to bacteria capable of growing in the cold. These bacteria, at low levels of exposure, particularly those of the genus Yersinia, are believed to be capable of inducing exacerbated inflammation of the intestine in genetically predisposed subjects. We discuss the consistency of this working hypothesis in light of recent data from epidemiological, clinical, pathological, microbiological, and molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Hugot
- Centre de recherche sur l’inflammation, UMR1149 INSERM and Université de Paris, Paris, France,Service des maladies digestives et respiratoires de l’enfant, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France,Corresponding author: Jean-Pierre Hugot, MD, PhD, Service des maladies digestives et respiratoires de l’enfant, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, F75019 Paris, France. Tel.: [33] 1 40 03 57 12; fax: [33] 1 40 03 57 66;
| | - Anne Dumay
- Centre de recherche sur l’inflammation, UMR1149 INSERM and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédérick Barreau
- IRSD, UMR1220, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ulrich Meinzer
- Centre de recherche sur l’inflammation, UMR1149 INSERM and Université de Paris, Paris, France,Service des maladies digestives et respiratoires de l’enfant, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Oliver G, Kipnis J, Randolph GJ, Harvey NL. The Lymphatic Vasculature in the 21 st Century: Novel Functional Roles in Homeostasis and Disease. Cell 2020; 182:270-296. [PMID: 32707093 PMCID: PMC7392116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have two specialized vascular circulatory systems: the blood vasculature and the lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional conduit that returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays major roles in immune cell trafficking and lipid absorption. As we discuss in this review, the molecular characterization of lymphatic vascular development and our understanding of this vasculature's role in pathophysiological conditions has greatly improved in recent years, changing conventional views about the roles of the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease. Morphological or functional defects in the lymphatic vasculature have now been uncovered in several pathological conditions. We propose that subtle asymptomatic alterations in lymphatic vascular function could underlie the variability seen in the body's response to a wide range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Kataru RP, Park HJ, Baik JE, Li C, Shin J, Mehrara BJ. Regulation of Lymphatic Function in Obesity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:459. [PMID: 32499718 PMCID: PMC7242657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system has many functions, including macromolecules transport, fat absorption, regulation and modulation of adaptive immune responses, clearance of inflammatory cytokines, and cholesterol metabolism. Thus, it is evident that lymphatic function can play a key role in the regulation of a wide array of biologic phenomenon, and that physiologic changes that alter lymphatic function may have profound pathologic effects. Recent studies have shown that obesity can markedly impair lymphatic function. Obesity-induced pathologic changes in the lymphatic system result, at least in part, from the accumulation of inflammatory cells around lymphatic vessel leading to impaired lymphatic collecting vessel pumping capacity, leaky initial and collecting lymphatics, alterations in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) gene expression, and degradation of junctional proteins. These changes are important since impaired lymphatic function in obesity may contribute to the pathology of obesity in other organ systems in a feed-forward manner by increasing low-grade tissue inflammation and the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines. More importantly, recent studies have suggested that interventions that inhibit inflammatory responses, either pharmacologically or by lifestyle modifications such as aerobic exercise and weight loss, improve lymphatic function and metabolic parameters in obese mice. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathologic effects of obesity on the lymphatic system, the cellular mechanisms that regulate these responses, the effects of impaired lymphatic function on metabolic syndrome in obesity, and the interventions that may improve lymphatic function in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P Kataru
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyeong Ju Park
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claire Li
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinyeon Shin
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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Becker F, Romero E, Goetzmann J, Hasselschwert DL, Dray B, Vanchiere J, Fontenot J, Yun JW, Norris PC, White L, Musso M, Serhan CN, Alexander JS, Gavins FNE. Endogenous Specialized Proresolving Mediator Profiles in a Novel Experimental Model of Lymphatic Obstruction and Intestinal Inflammation in African Green Monkeys. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 189:1953-1972. [PMID: 31547920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the intestinal lymphatic vascular system, such as lymphatic obstruction, are characteristic features of inflammatory bowel diseases. The lymphatic vasculature forms a conduit to enable resolution of inflammation; this process is driven by specialized endogenous proresolving mediators (SPMs). To evaluate contributions of lymphatic obstruction to intestinal inflammation and to study profiles of SPMs, we generated a novel animal model of lymphatic obstruction using African green monkeys. Follow-up studies were performed at 7, 21, and 61 days. Inflammation was determined by histology. Luminex assays were performed to evaluate chemokine and cytokine levels. In addition, lipid mediator metabololipidomic profiling was performed to identify SPMs. After 7 days, lymphatic obstruction resulted in a localized inflammatory state, paralleled by an increase in inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, which were found to be up-regulated after 7 days but returned to baseline after 21 and 61 days. At the same time, a distinct pattern of SPMs was profiled, with an increase for D-series resolvins, protectins, maresins, and lipoxins at 61 days. These results indicate that intestinal lymphatic obstruction can lead to an acute inflammatory state, accompanied by an increase in proinflammatory mediators, followed by a phase of resolution, paralleled by an increase and decrease of respective SPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Becker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana; Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Emily Romero
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana
| | - Jason Goetzmann
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana
| | - Dana L Hasselschwert
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana
| | - Beth Dray
- Department of Veterinary Science and Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
| | - John Vanchiere
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Jane Fontenot
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana
| | - J Winny Yun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Paul C Norris
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luke White
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Melany Musso
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana; Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom.
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Unger LW, Argeny S, Stift A, Yang Y, Karall A, Freilinger T, Müller C, Bergmann M, Stift J, Riss S. Mesenteric granulomas independently predict long-term risk of surgical recurrence in Crohn's disease. Colorectal Dis 2020; 22:170-177. [PMID: 31393663 PMCID: PMC7028106 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The risk factors that predict surgical recurrence in Crohn's disease (CD) remain controversial. Postoperative anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy might lower recurrence rates whilst the presence of mesenteric granulomas has been postulated to increase the risk. We hypothesized that mesenteric granulomas indicate disease severity and might predict the risk of surgical recurrence, irrespective of immunosuppressive therapy. METHOD We performed a retrospective review of all consecutive patients undergoing operations for CD between January 2000 and December 2014 at a single tertiary referral centre and assessed the perioperative factors and histological findings at the time of surgery. Surgical recurrence rates and the immunosuppressive regimen were assessed through retrospective chart review and telephone interviews. RESULTS A total of 274 patients were eligible for analysis. Median follow-up was 8.54 (5.48-14.42) years. A total of 63 patients (23.0%) underwent surgery for recurrent CD after a median of 4.75 (2.10-7.96) years. In final histology, 35 (12.8%) patients had mesenteric granulomas. TNF inhibitors were administered postoperatively in 104 (38.0%) and thiopurines in 137 (50.0%) patients. In univariate analysis, only the presence of mesenteric granulomas [hazard ratio (HR) 1.95; 95% CI 1.05-3.62; P = 0.035] significantly increased the risk for recurrent surgery while postoperative anti-TNF (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.49-1.50; P = 0.581) or thiopurine therapy (HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.61-1.73; P = 0.916) did not. In multivariate analysis, only the presence of mesenteric granulomas significantly influenced the risk of surgical recurrence (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.04-3.60; P = 0.037). CONCLUSION Intestinal and mesenteric granulomas should be differentiated in pathology reports, because mesenteric, but not intestinal, granulomas may be associated with an increased risk of surgical recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Unger
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - S. Argeny
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - A. Stift
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Y. Yang
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - A. Karall
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - T. Freilinger
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - C. Müller
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - M. Bergmann
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - J. Stift
- Clinical Institute of PathologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - S. Riss
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Whole transcriptional analysis identifies markers of B, T and plasma cell signaling pathways in the mesenteric adipose tissue associated with Crohn's disease. J Transl Med 2020; 18:44. [PMID: 32000799 PMCID: PMC6993458 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crohn’s disease (CD) is a multifactorial disease characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. The increased visceral adiposity near the affected intestinal area, of which mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) is the main component, is a feature of CD. Both protective and pathological roles have been attributed to this disease-associated tissue in CD. To understand the contribution of MAT to CD pathophysiology, a molecular and cellular signature of disease-associated MAT in CD patients was provided. Methods We performed an observational study with whole transcriptional analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of MAT and ileal mucosa from CD patients with active disease and controls. qPCR and immunohistology were performed for validation analysis. Results RNA-seq identified 17 significantly regulated genes (|FC| > 1.5; FDR < 0.05) in CD-MAT compared to non-IBD controls, with a marked upregulation of plasma cell genes (i.e., IGLL5, MZB1, CD79A, POU2AF1, FCRL5, JCHAIN, DERL3, SDC1, PIM2). A less strict statistical cutoff value (|FC| > 1.5, nominal p ≤ 0.05) yielded a larger list of 651 genes in CD-MAT compared to controls. CD ileum showed the significant regulation compared to control ileum of 849 genes (|FC| > 1.5; FDR < 0.05) or 2654 genes (|FC| > 1.5, nominal p ≤ 0.05). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed the significant regulation of pathways related to T- and B cell functionality in the MAT of CD patients. Despite the differences between the MAT and ileal signatures of CD patients, we identified a subset of 204 genes significantly modulated in both tissues compared to controls. This common signature included genes related to the plasma cell signature. Genes such as S100A8, S100A9 (calprotectin) and IL1B, which are associated with acute inflammatory response, were exclusively regulated in the ileal mucosa of CD disease. In contrast, some genes encoding for lymphocyte receptors such as MS4A1, CD3D and CD79A were exclusively regulated in CD-MAT, exhibiting a different pattern of immune cell activation compared to the ileal mucosa in CD patients. qPCR and immunohistology confirmed the presence of large infiltrates of CD3+ CD20+ lymphocytes and CD138+ plasma cells in CD-MAT. Conclusion Our data strongly supports the role of CD-associated MAT as a site for T-, B- and plasma cell activation, and suggests that it could also act as a reservoir of memory immune responses.
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Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs), also known as inducible lymphoid organs, tertiary lymphoid structures, tertiary lymphoid tissues, or ectopic lymphoid organs are accumulations of cells in chronic inflammation that have been observed in most tissues in autoimmunity, infection, and cancer in mouse and man. They share many properties with secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), particularly lymph nodes, with regard to cellular composition, function, and regulation. TLOs include T and B cells, dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, and many other stromal cells, and high endothelial venules (HEVs) and lymphatic vessels. They serve as sites of antigen presentation and tolerance induction; they are harmful in autoimmunity and can be both harmful and beneficial in cancer. SLO induction in ontogeny is mediated by interactions of several cell types, including CD4+ CD3- lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) RORγt+ cells that express LTαβ and interact with mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) FAP+ cells in the presence of lymphatic and blood vessels. A variety of inducer cells initiate TLOs, including bona fide LTi cells, T cells, B cells, and NK cells. The mesenchymal organizer cells are less well characterized but can include FAP+ cells. Current challenges include identification of methods to inhibit TLOs in autoimmunity without affecting SLOs, and enhancement of TLOs for defense against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H Ruddle
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Fan H, Wang A, Wang Y, Sun Y, Han J, Chen W, Wang S, Wu Y, Lu Y. Innate Lymphoid Cells: Regulators of Gut Barrier Function and Immune Homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2525984. [PMID: 31930146 PMCID: PMC6942837 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2525984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), identified in the early years of this century as a new class of leukocyte family unlike the B or T lymphocytes, play a unique role bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal immunity. Their origin, differentiation, and activation process and functions have caught global interest. Recently, accumulating evidence supports that ILCs are vital regulators for gastrointestinal mucosal homeostasis through interactions with other structural and stromal cells in gut epithelial barriers. This review will explore the functions of ILCs and other cells in maintaining gut homeostasis and feature the crosstalk between ILCs with other cells and potential pharmacotherapy targeting ILCs applicable in intestinal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Shandong Co-Innovation Center of TCM Formula, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong 250035, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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McCright JC, Maisel K. Engineering drug delivery systems to overcome mucosal barriers for immunotherapy and vaccination. Tissue Barriers 2019; 8:1695476. [PMID: 31775577 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1695476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces protect our bodies from pathogens and external irritants using a system of biological barriers. Overcoming these barriers is a significant drug delivery challenge, particularly for immunotherapies that aim to modulate the local immune response. Reaching local lymphoid tissues and draining lymph nodes (LNs) requires crossing the mucus mesh, mucosal epithelium, and either targeting M cells covering lymphoid tissues or utilizing lymphatic transport that shuttles molecules and particulates from the periphery to the LN. We first highlight the barrier properties of mucus and mucosal epithelium, and the function of the mucosal immune system. We then dive into existing drug delivery technologies that have been engineered to overcome each of these barriers. We particularly focus on novel strategies for targeting lymphoid tissues, which has been shown to enhance immunotherapies and vaccinations, via directly targeting LNs, lymphatic vessels, and M cells that transport samples of mucosal content to the lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C McCright
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Katharina Maisel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
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Ungaro F, Garlatti V, Massimino L, Spinelli A, Carvello M, Sacchi M, Spanò S, Colasante G, Valassina N, Vetrano S, Malesci A, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S, D'Alessio S. mTOR-Dependent Stimulation of IL20RA Orchestrates Immune Cell Trafficking through Lymphatic Endothelium in Patients with Crohn's Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080924. [PMID: 31426584 PMCID: PMC6721646 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect different portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Lymphatic drainage was demonstrated to be dysfunctional in CD pathogenesis, ultimately causing the failure of the resolution of intestinal inflammation. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions, we isolated human intestinal lymphatic endothelial cells (HILECs) from surgical specimens of patients undergoing resection for complicated CD (CD HILEC) and from a disease-free margin of surgical specimens of patients undergoing resection for cancer (healthy HILEC). Both cell types underwent transcriptomic profiling, and their barrier functionality was tested using a transwell-based co-culture system between HILEC and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs). Results showed CD HILEC displayed a peculiar transcriptomic signature that highlighted mTOR signaling as an orchestrator of leukocyte trafficking through the lymphatic barrier of CD patients. Moreover, we demonstrated that LPMC transmigration through the lymphatic endothelium of patients with CD depends on the capability of mTOR to trigger interleukin 20 receptor subunit α (IL20RA)-mediated intracellular signaling. Conclusively, our study suggests that leukocyte trafficking through the intestinal lymphatic microvasculature can be controlled by modulating IL20RA, thus leading to the resolution of chronic inflammation in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ungaro
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Garlatti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Spinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Carvello
- Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Sacchi
- Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Spanò
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Colasante
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas Valassina
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Malesci
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 200129 Milan, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm Ngere and Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Alessio
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy.
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46
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Guedj K, Abitbol Y, Cazals-Hatem D, Morvan M, Maggiori L, Panis Y, Bouhnik Y, Caligiuri G, Corcos O, Nicoletti A. Adipocytes orchestrate the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs in the creeping fat of Crohn's disease affected mesentery. J Autoimmun 2019; 103:102281. [PMID: 31171476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) is orchestrated by the stromal cells of tissues chronically submitted to inflammatory stimuli, in order to uphold specific adaptive immune responses. We have recently shown that the smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall orchestrate the formation of the TLOs associated with atherosclerosis in response to the local release of TNF-α. Observational studies have recently documented the presence of structures resembling TLOs the creeping fat that develops in the mesentery of patients with Crohn's disease (CD), an inflammatory condition combining a complex and as yet not elucidated infectious and autoimmune responses. We have performed a comprehensive analysis of the TLO structures in order to decipher the mechanism leading to their formation in the mesentery of CD patients, and assessed the effect of infectious and/or inflammatory inducers on the potential TLO-organizer functions of adipocytes. Quantitative analysis showed that both T and B memory cells, as well as plasma cells, are enriched in the CD-affected mesentery, as compared with tissue from control subjects. Immunohistochemistry revealed that these cells are concentrated within the creeping fat of CD patients, in the vicinity of transmural lesions; that T and B cells are compartmentalized in clearly distinct areas; that they are supplied by post-capillary high endothelial venules and drained by lymphatic vessels indicating that these nodules are fully mature TLOs. Organ culture showed that mesenteric tissue samples from CD patients contained greater amounts of adipocyte-derived chemokines and the use of the conditioned medium from these cultures in functional assays was able to actively recruit T and B lymphocytes. Finally, the production of chemokines involved in TLO formation by 3T3-L1 adipocytes was directly elicited by a combination of TNF-α and LPS in vitro. We therefore propose a mechanism in which mesenteric adipocyte, through their production of key chemokines in response to inflammatory/bacterial stimuli, may orchestrate the formation of functional TLOs developing in CD-affected mesentery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Guedj
- Université de Paris, UMRS1148, INSERM, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France; APHP, Department of Gastroenterology, IBD and Intestinal Failure, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Yaël Abitbol
- Université de Paris, UMRS1148, INSERM, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France; APHP, Department of Gastroenterology, IBD and Intestinal Failure, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Dominique Cazals-Hatem
- APHP, Department of Pathology, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Marion Morvan
- Université de Paris, UMRS1148, INSERM, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Léon Maggiori
- APHP, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France; DHU Unity - Paris 7 Diderot University, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Yves Panis
- APHP, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France; DHU Unity - Paris 7 Diderot University, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Yoram Bouhnik
- DHU Unity - Paris 7 Diderot University, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75013, Paris, France; APHP, Department of Gastroenterology, IBD and Intestinal Failure, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Université de Paris, UMRS1148, INSERM, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Corcos
- Université de Paris, UMRS1148, INSERM, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France; DHU Unity - Paris 7 Diderot University, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75013, Paris, France; APHP, Department of Gastroenterology, IBD and Intestinal Failure, Hôpital Beaujon, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Antonino Nicoletti
- Université de Paris, UMRS1148, INSERM, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.
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47
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Onufer EJ, Czepielewski R, Seiler KM, Erlich E, Courtney CM, Bustos A, Randolph GJ, Warner BW. Lymphatic network remodeling after small bowel resection. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:1239-1244. [PMID: 30879758 PMCID: PMC6545263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short gut syndrome (SGS) following massive small bowel resection (SBR) is a major cause of pediatric mortality and morbidity secondary to nutritional deficiencies and the sequelae of chronic total parenteral nutrition use, including liver steatosis. Despite the importance of lymphatic vasculature in fat absorption, lymphatic response after SBR has not been studied. We hypothesize that lymphatic vessel integrity is compromised in SGS, potentially contributing to the development of impaired lipid transport leading to liver steatosis and metabolic disease. METHODS Mice underwent 50% proximal SBR or sham operations. Imaging of lymphatic vasculature in the lamina propria and mesentery was compared between sham and SBR Prox1 ERCre-Rosa26LSLTdTomato mice. mRNA expression levels of lymphangiogenic markers were performed in C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS Lymphatic vasculature was significantly altered after SBR. Mesenteric lymphatic collecting vessels developed new branching structures and lacked normal valves at branch points, while total mucosal lymphatic capillary area in the distal ileum decreased compared to both sham and intraoperative controls. Intestinal Vegfr3 expression also increased significantly in resected mice. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal lymphatics, in both the lamina propria and mesentery, dramatically remodel following SBR. This remodeling may affect lymphatic flow and function, potentially contributing to morbidities and nutritional deficiencies associated with SGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Onufer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rafael Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Kristen M. Seiler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emma Erlich
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Cathleen M. Courtney
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Aiza Bustos
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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48
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Rivera ED, Coffey JC, Walsh D, Ehrenpreis ED. The Mesentery, Systemic Inflammation, and Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:226-234. [PMID: 29920595 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Initially thought to be a structure that only provided support to the abdominal contents, the mesentery has now gained special attention in the scientific community. The new approach of studying the mesentery as an individual organ has highlighted its importance in the development of local and systemic inflammatory diseases and its potential role in Crohn's disease. Its topographical relationship with the intestine in the setting of active inflammation and "creeping fat" is possibly one of the most important arguments for including the mesentery as an important factor in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. In this review, we discuss the importance of the mesentery from the anatomical and embryological standpoints. We also will summarize data on mesenteric inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease. The significance of the mesentery in systemic inflammatory syndromes will be discussed, and we provide an overview of primary inflammatory disorders of the mesentery. Finally, we discuss surgical approaches for patients requiring resection for Crohn's disease that incorporate mesenteric factors, pointing out recent data suggesting that these have the potential for improving outcomes and reducing disease recurrence. 10.1093/ibd/izy201_video1izy201.video15794169491001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo D Rivera
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Mailman Center for Child Development, Miami, Florida
| | - John Calvin Coffey
- FRCSI Surgery, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick Group, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Dara Walsh
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick Group, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Eli D Ehrenpreis
- Rosalind Franklin University Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, Illinois
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49
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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50
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Weidinger C, Ziegler JF, Letizia M, Schmidt F, Siegmund B. Adipokines and Their Role in Intestinal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1974. [PMID: 30369924 PMCID: PMC6194904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat tissue was initially described for its endocrine and metabolic function. Over the last two decades increasing evidence indicated a close interaction with the immune system. Partly responsible for this immune modulatory function are soluble factors released by the fat tissue, most prominently the so-called adipokines. These discoveries led to the question how adipokines influence inflammatory diseases. Linking inflammation and adipose tissue, Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is of particular interest for studying the immune modulatory properties of adipokines since it is characterized by a hyperplasia of the mesenteric fat that subsequently is creeping around the inflamed segments of the small intestine. Thus, the role of several adipokines in the creeping fat as well as in intestinal inflammation was recently explored. The present review selected the four adipokines adiponectin, apelin, chemerin, and leptin and provides a working model based on the available literature how these factors participate in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Weidinger
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn F. Ziegler
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marilena Letizia
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
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