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Sankar P, Mishra BB. Early innate cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in protection and pathology of tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260859. [PMID: 37965344 PMCID: PMC10641450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, claiming the lives of up to 1.5 million individuals annually. TB is caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which primarily infects innate immune cells in the lungs. These immune cells play a critical role in the host defense against Mtb infection, influencing the inflammatory environment in the lungs, and facilitating the development of adaptive immunity. However, Mtb exploits and manipulates innate immune cells, using them as favorable niche for replication. Unfortunately, our understanding of the early interactions between Mtb and innate effector cells remains limited. This review underscores the interactions between Mtb and various innate immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, NK cells, innate lymphocytes-iNKT and ILCs. In addition, the contribution of alveolar epithelial cell and endothelial cells that constitutes the mucosal barrier in TB immunity will be discussed. Gaining insights into the early cellular basis of immune reactions to Mtb infection is crucial for our understanding of Mtb resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms. We argue that a better understanding of the early host-pathogen interactions could inform on future vaccination approaches and devise intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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2
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Mishra GP, Jha A, Ahad A, Sen K, Sen A, Podder S, Prusty S, Biswas VK, Gupta B, Raghav SK. Epigenomics of conventional type-I dendritic cells depicted preferential control of TLR9 versus TLR3 response by NCoR1 through differential IRF3 activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:429. [PMID: 35849243 PMCID: PMC9293861 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tight control of gene regulation in dendritic cells (DCs) is important to mount pathogen specific immune responses. Apart from transcription factor binding, dynamic regulation of enhancer activity through global transcriptional repressors like Nuclear Receptor Co-repressor 1 (NCoR1) plays a major role in fine-tuning of DC responses. However, how NCoR1 regulates enhancer activity and gene expression in individual or multiple Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation in DCs is largely unknown. In this study, we did a comprehensive epigenomic analysis of murine conventional type-I DCs (cDC1) across different TLR ligation conditions. We profiled gene expression changes along with H3K27ac active enhancers and NCoR1 binding in the TLR9, TLR3 and combined TLR9 + TLR3 activated cDC1. We observed spatio-temporal activity of TLR9 and TLR3 specific enhancers regulating signal specific target genes. Interestingly, we found that NCoR1 differentially controls the TLR9 and TLR3-specific responses. NCoR1 depletion specifically enhanced TLR9 responses as evident from increased enhancer activity as well as TLR9-specific gene expression, whereas TLR3-mediated antiviral response genes were negatively regulated. We validated that NCoR1 KD cDC1 showed significantly decreased TLR3 specific antiviral responses through decreased IRF3 activation. In addition, decreased IRF3 binding was observed at selected ISGs leading to their decreased expression upon NCoR1 depletion. Consequently, the NCoR1 depleted cDC1 showed reduced Sendai Virus (SeV) clearance and cytotoxic potential of CD8+ T cells upon TLR3 activation. NCoR1 directly controls the majority of these TLR specific enhancer activity and the gene expression. Overall, for the first time, we revealed NCoR1 mediates transcriptional control towards TLR9 as compared to TLR3 in cDC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Prakash Mishra
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Atimukta Jha
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Kaushik Sen
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Aishwarya Sen
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sreeparna Podder
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Subhasish Prusty
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Viplov Kumar Biswas
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Bhawna Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Raghav
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India.
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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Olsson O, Tesfaye F, Søkilde R, Mazurek J, Abebe M, Yeba H, Aseffa A, Skogmar S, Balcha TT, Rovira C, Björkman P, Jansson M. Expression of MicroRNAs Is Dysregulated by HIV While Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drives Alterations of Small Nucleolar RNAs in HIV Positive Adults With Active Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:808250. [PMID: 35295678 PMCID: PMC8920554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.808250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection affects the course of tuberculosis (TB), and HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) synergize in disease progression through complex immunological interplay. To gain further understanding of these mechanisms, we compared the microRNA (miRNA) and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) expression patterns in whole blood of individuals with active TB, with and without HIV coinfection (HIV+/TB+ and HIV-/TB+), and HIV and TB-negative individuals (HIV-/TB-). We found that 218 miRNAs were differentially expressed between HIV+/TB+ and HIV-/TB+, while no statistically significant difference in snoRNA expression was observed between these groups. In contrast, both miRNA (n = 179) and snoRNA (n = 103) expression patterns were significantly altered in HIV+/TB+ individuals compared to those of the HIV-/TB- controls. Of note, 26 of these snoRNAs were also significantly altered between the HIV-/TB+ and HIV-/TB- groups. Normalization toward the miRNA and snoRNA expression patterns of the HIV-/TB- control group was noted during anti-TB and antiretroviral treatment in HIV+/TB+ participants. In summary, these results show that HIV coinfection influences miRNA expression in active TB. In contrast, snoRNA expression patterns differ between individuals with and without active TB, independently of HIV coinfection status. Moreover, in coinfected individuals, therapy-induced control of HIV replication and clearance of Mtb appears to normalize the expression of some small non-coding RNA (sncRNA). These findings suggest that dysregulation of miRNA is a mechanism by which HIV may modify immunity against TB, while active TB alters snoRNA expression. Improved understanding of how regulation of sncRNA expression influences the disease course in coinfected individuals may have implications for diagnostics, risk stratification, and host-directed therapy. Here, we propose a novel mechanism by which HIV alters the immune response to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Olsson
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fregenet Tesfaye
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rolf Søkilde
- Breastca-Genetics, Cancer and Non-coding RNA, Lund University Cancer Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jolanta Mazurek
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Yeba
- Adama Public Health Research and Referral Center, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sten Skogmar
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Taye Tolera Balcha
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carlos Rovira
- Breastca-Genetics, Cancer and Non-coding RNA, Lund University Cancer Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Björkman
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sharan R, Kaushal D. Vaccine strategies for the Mtb/HIV copandemic. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:95. [PMID: 33083030 PMCID: PMC7555484 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One-third of world’s population is predicted to be infected with tuberculosis (TB). The resurgence of this deadly disease has been inflamed by comorbidity with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The risk of TB in people living with HIV (PLWH) is 15–22 times higher than people without HIV. Development of a single vaccine to combat both diseases is an ardent but tenable ambition. Studies have focused on the induction of specific humoral and cellular immune responses against HIV-1 following recombinant BCG (rBCG) expressing HIV-1 antigens. Recent advances in the TB vaccines led to the development of promising candidates such as MTBVAC, the BCG revaccination approach, H4:IC31, H56:IC31, M72/AS01 and more recently, intravenous (IV) BCG. Modification of these vaccine candidates against TB/HIV coinfection could reveal key correlates of protection in a representative animal model. This review discusses the (i) potential TB vaccine candidates that can be exploited for use as a dual vaccine against TB/HIV copandemic (ii) progress made in the realm of TB/HIV dual vaccine candidates in small animal model, NHP model, and human clinical trials (iii) the failures and promising targets for a successful vaccine strategy while delineating the correlates of vaccine-induced protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227 USA
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Auld SC, Staitieh BS. HIV and the tuberculosis "set point": how HIV impairs alveolar macrophage responses to tuberculosis and sets the stage for progressive disease. Retrovirology 2020; 17:32. [PMID: 32967690 PMCID: PMC7509826 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As HIV has fueled a global resurgence of tuberculosis over the last several decades, there is a growing awareness that HIV-mediated impairments in both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the heightened risk of tuberculosis in people with HIV. Since early immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) set the stage for subsequent control or progression to active tuberculosis disease, early host-pathogen interactions following Mtb infection can be thought of as establishing a mycobacterial "set point," which we define as the mycobacterial burden at the point of adaptive immune activation. This early immune response is impaired in the context of HIV coinfection, allowing for a higher mycobacterial set point and greater likelihood of progression to active disease with greater bacterial burden. Alveolar macrophages, as the first cells to encounter Mtb in the lungs, play a critical role in containing Mtb growth and establishing the mycobacterial set point. However, a number of key macrophage functions, ranging from pathogen recognition and uptake to phagocytosis and microbial killing, are blunted in HIV coinfection. To date, research evaluating the effects of HIV on the alveolar macrophage response to Mtb has been relatively limited, particularly with regard to the critical early events that help to dictate the mycobacterial set point. A greater understanding of alveolar macrophage functions impacted by HIV coinfection will improve our understanding of protective immunity to Mtb and may reveal novel pathways amenable to intervention to improve both early immune control of Mtb and clinical outcomes for the millions of people worldwide infected with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Auld
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Nguyen H, Gazy N, Venketaraman V. A Role of Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors (3, 7, and 9) in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Co-Infection with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6148. [PMID: 32858917 PMCID: PMC7503332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a highly infectious acid-fast bacillus and is known to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a leading cause of death from a sole infectious agent, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths yearly worldwide, and up to one third of the world's population has been infected with TB. The virulence and susceptibility of Mtb are further amplified in the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Coinfection with Mtb and HIV forms a lethal combination. Previous studies had demonstrated the synergistic effects of Mtb and HIV, with one disease accelerating the disease progression of the other through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune response to these two pathogens. The response of the endosomal pattern recognition receptors to these two pathogens, specifically toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9, has not been elucidated, with some studies producing mixed results. This article seeks to review the roles of TLR-3, -7, and -9 in response to Mtb infection, as well as Mtb-HIV-coinfection via Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β (TRIF)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Nicky Gazy
- Beaumont Health System, 5450 Fort St, Trenton, MI 48183, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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7
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Rodrigues TS, Conti BJ, Fraga-Silva TFDC, Almeida F, Bonato VLD. Interplay between alveolar epithelial and dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1139-1156. [PMID: 32620048 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0520-112r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate response plays a crucial role in the protection against tuberculosis development. Moreover, the initial steps that drive the host-pathogen interaction following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are critical for the development of adaptive immune response. As alveolar Mϕs, airway epithelial cells, and dendritic cells can sense the presence of M. tuberculosis and are the first infected cells. These cells secrete mediators, which generate inflammatory signals that drive the differentiation and activation of the T lymphocytes necessary to clear the infection. Throughout this review article, we addressed the interaction between epithelial cells and M. tuberculosis, as well as the interaction between dendritic cells and M. tuberculosis. The understanding of the mechanisms that modulate those interactions is critical to have a complete view of the onset of an infection and may be useful for the development of dendritic cell-based vaccine or immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Silva Rodrigues
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno José Conti
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia Luiza Deperon Bonato
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Seitanidou M, Blomgran R, Pushpamithran G, Berggren M, Simon DT. Modulating Inflammation in Monocytes Using Capillary Fiber Organic Electronic Ion Pumps. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900813. [PMID: 31502760 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) delivers ions and drugs from a source, through a charge selective membrane, to a target upon an electric bias. Miniaturization of this technology is crucial and will provide several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted OEIPs. To miniaturize OEIPs, new configurations have been developed based on glass capillary fibers filled with an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Fiber capillary OEIPs can be easily implanted in proximity to targeted cells and tissues. Herein, the efficacy of such a fiber capillary OEIP for modulation of inflammation in human monocytes is demonstrated. The devices are located on inflammatory monocytes and local delivery of salicylic acid (SA) is initiated. Highly localized SA delivery results in a significant decrease in cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6) levels after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The findings-the first use of such capillary OEIPs in mammalian cells or systems-demonstrate the utility of the technology for optimizing transport and delivery of different therapeutic substances at low concentrations, with the benefit of local and controlled administration that limits the adverse effect of oral/systemic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping University 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Giggil Pushpamithran
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping University 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To outline the need for a new tuberculosis (TB) vaccine; challenges for induction of vaccine-mediated protection in HIV-infected persons; and recent advances in clinical development. RECENT FINDINGS HIV has a detrimental effect on T-cell function, polarization and differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific T cells, Mtb antigen presentation by dendritic cells, and leads to B-cell and antibody-response deficiencies. Previous observations of protection against TB disease in HIV-infected persons by Mycobacterium obuense suggest that an effective vaccine against HIV-related TB is feasible. Studies of inactivated mycobacterial, viral-vectored and protein subunit vaccines reported lower immune responses in HIV-infected relative to HIV-uninfected individuals, which were only partially restored with antiretroviral therapy. Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) revaccination of HIV-uninfected adolescents recently showed moderate efficacy against sustained Mtb infection, but live mycobacterial vaccines have an unfavorable risk profile for HIV-infected persons. Ongoing trials of inactivated mycobacterial and protein-subunit vaccines in HIV-uninfected, Mtb-infected adults may be more relevant for protection of HIV-infected populations in TB endemic countries. SUMMARY New TB vaccine candidates have potential to protect against HIV-related TB, through vaccination prior to or after HIV acquisition, but this potential may only be realized after efficacy is demonstrated in HIV-uninfected populations, with or without Mtb infection.
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Andersson AM, Larsson M, Stendahl O, Blomgran R. Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils Enhances Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-Coinfected Macrophages in a Myeloperoxidase-Dependent Manner. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:235-247. [PMID: 31247619 DOI: 10.1159/000500861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a big threat, with 1.6 million deaths in 2017, including 0.3 million deaths among patients with HIV. The risk of developing active disease increases considerably during an HIV coinfection. Alveolar macrophages are the first immune cells to encounter the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but during the granuloma formation other cells are recruited in order to combat the bacteria. Here, we have investigated the effect of efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by M. tuberculosis and HIV-coinfected macrophages in a human in vitro system. We found that the apo-ptotic neutrophils enhanced the control of M. tuberculosis in single and HIV-coinfected macrophages, and that this was dependent on myeloperoxidase (MPO) and reactive oxygen species in an autophagy-independent manner. We show that MPO remains active in the apoptotic neutrophils and can be harnessed by infected macrophages. In addition, MPO inhibition removed the suppression in M. tuberculosis growth caused by the apoptotic neutrophils. Antimycobacterial components from apoptotic neutrophils could thus increase the microbicidal activity of macrophages during an M. tuberculosis/HIV coinfection. This cooperation between innate immune cells could thereby be a way to compensate for the impaired adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis seen during a concurrent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Andersson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olle Stendahl
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,
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11
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Devalraju KP, Neela VSK, Chintala S, Krovvidi SS, Valluri VL. Transforming Growth Factor-β Suppresses Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-1β Production in HIV-Tuberculosis Co-Infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:355-363. [PMID: 30939065 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-2 play important roles in protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Information on the factors that regulate the production of these cytokines in the context of human immunodeficiency virus and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) or active tuberculosis (TB) disease is limited. In this study, we compared the production of these cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV- and HIV+ individuals with latent and active Tuberculosis infection in response to Mtb Antigen 85A. PBMCs from HIV+ LTBI+ and HIV+ active TB patients produced low IL-1β, IL-2 but high transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) compared to healthy controls. CD4+ T cells from HIV patients expressed low retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ), and high suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3). Active TB infection in HIV+ individuals further inhibited antigen-specific IL-1β and IL-2 production compared with those with LTBI. Neutralization of TGF-β restored IL-1β and IL-2 levels and lowered SOCS-3 production by CD4+ T cells. We hypothesize that high TGF-β in HIV patients could be a reason for defective Mtb-specific IL-1β, IL-2 production and activation of latent TB in HIV. Coupling anti-TGF-β antibodies with antiretroviral therapy treatment might increase T cell function to boost the immune system for effective clearance of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sreedhar Chintala
- 2 Division of Clinical and Epidemiology, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Hyderabad, India
| | - Siva Sai Krovvidi
- 3 Department of Biotechnology, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- 1 Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
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12
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Singh SK, Larsson M, Schön T, Stendahl O, Blomgran R. HIV Interferes with the Dendritic Cell-T Cell Axis of Macrophage Activation by Shifting Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4 T Cells into a Dysfunctional Phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:816-826. [PMID: 30593540 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV coinfection is the greatest risk factor for transition of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection into active tuberculosis (TB). Epidemiological data reveal both the reduction and the impairment of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells, although the cellular link and actual mechanisms resulting in immune impairment/suppression need further characterization. M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells play a central role in development of protective immunity against TB, in which they participate in the activation of macrophages through the dendritic cell (DC)-T cell axis. Using an in vitro priming system for generating Ag-specific T cells, we explored if HIV-M. tuberculosis-infected (coinfected) human DCs can dysregulate the M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cell phenotype and functionality and subsequently mediate the failure to control M. tuberculosis infection in macrophages. After coculture with coinfected DCs, M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells lost their ability to enhance control of M. tuberculosis infection in infected macrophages. Coinfection of DCs reduced proliferation of M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells without affecting their viability, led to increased expression of coinhibitory factors CTLA-4, PD-1, and Blimp-1, and decreased expression of costimulatory molecules CD40L, CD28, and ICOS on the T cells. Expression of the regulatory T cell markers FOXP3 and CD25, together with the immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β and IL-10, was also significantly increased by coinfection compared with M. tuberculosis single infection. Our data suggest a pattern in which HIV, through its effect on DCs, impairs the ability of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells to maintain a latent TB within human macrophages, which could play an early role in the subsequent development of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita K Singh
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Thomas Schön
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, 391 85 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Olle Stendahl
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden;
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Abstract
Protective immunity in tuberculosis (TB) is subject of debate in the TB research community, as this is key to fully understand TB pathogenesis and to develop new promising tools for TB diagnosis and prognosis as well as a more efficient TB vaccine. IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells are key in TB control, but may not be sufficient to provide protection. Additional subsets have been identified that contribute to protection such as multifunctional and cytolytic T-cell subsets, including classical and nonclassical T cells as well as novel innate immune cell subsets resulting from trained immunity. However, to define protective immune responses against TB, the complexity of balancing TB immunity also has to be considered. In this review, insights into effector cell immunity and how this is modulated by regulatory cells, associated comorbidities and the host microbiome, is discussed. We systematically map how different suppressive immune cell subsets may affect effector cell responses at the local site of infection. We also dissect how common comorbidities such as HIV, helminths and diabetes may bias protective TB immunity towards pathogenic and regulatory responses. Finally, also the composition and diversity of the microbiome in the lung and gut could affect host TB immunity. Understanding these various aspects of the immunological balance in the human host is fundamental to prevent TB infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Brighenti
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Esmail H, Riou C, Bruyn ED, Lai RPJ, Harley YXR, Meintjes G, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ. The Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-1-Coinfected Persons. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 36:603-638. [PMID: 29490165 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Globally, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV infection at the end of 2015. The most frequent infection co-occurring with HIV-1 is Mycobacterium tuberculosis-374,000 deaths per annum are attributable to HIV-tuberculosis, 75% of those occurring in Africa. HIV-1 infection increases the risk of tuberculosis by a factor of up to 26 and alters its clinical presentation, complicates diagnosis and treatment, and worsens outcome. Although HIV-1-induced depletion of CD4+ T cells underlies all these effects, more widespread immune deficits also contribute to susceptibility and pathogenesis. These defects present a challenge to understand and ameliorate, but also an opportunity to learn and optimize mechanisms that normally protect people against tuberculosis. The most effective means to prevent and ameliorate tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected people is antiretroviral therapy, but this may be complicated by pathological immune deterioration that in turn requires more effective host-directed anti-inflammatory therapies to be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Esmail
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa; .,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Riou
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa;
| | - Elsa du Bruyn
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa;
| | | | - Yolande X R Harley
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa;
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa;
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa; .,The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa; .,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.,The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 2AT, United Kingdom
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15
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Aira N, Andersson AM, Singh SK, McKay DM, Blomgran R. Species dependent impact of helminth-derived antigens on human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Direct effect on the innate anti-mycobacterial response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005390. [PMID: 28192437 PMCID: PMC5325601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis there is high coincident of helminth infections that might worsen disease outcome. While Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) gives rise to a pro-inflammatory Th1 response, a Th2 response is typical of helminth infections. A strong Th2 response has been associated with decreased protection against tuberculosis. Principal findings We investigated the direct effect of helminth-derived antigens on human macrophages, hypothesizing that helminths would render macrophages less capable of controlling Mtb. Measuring cytokine output, macrophage surface markers with flow cytometry, and assessing bacterial replication and phagosomal maturation revealed that antigens from different species of helminth directly affect macrophage responses to Mtb. Antigens from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and the nematode Trichuris muris caused an anti-inflammatory response with M2-type polarization, reduced macrophage phagosome maturation and ability to activate T cells, along with increased Mtb burden, especially in T. muris exposed cells which also induced the highest IL-10 production upon co-infection. However, antigens from the trematode Schistosoma mansoni had the opposite effect causing a decrease in IL-10 production, M1-type polarization and increased control of Mtb. Conclusion We conclude that, independent of any adaptive immune response, infection with helminth parasites, in a species-specific manner can influence the outcome of tuberculosis by either enhancing or diminishing the bactericidal function of macrophages. The innate immune system is the first response against invading pathogens like the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) or parasitic worms (helminths). The adaptive immune response takes over after being primed by the innate immune response. Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis typically gives rise to a pro-inflammatory T-helper(Th)-1 response while helminths promote a Th2 response which is needed to combat the infection. Co-infection with both of these pathogens could lead to reduced immunity contributing to worsening of tuberculosis due to an increased Th2 response caused by helminths. We found that antigens from different helminth species (a nematode, a cestode and a trematode) caused different responses towards Mtb in macrophages. Depending on the helminth species, the macrophages can be more or less capable of combating Mtb infection and priming the adaptive immune response, which in turn would influence the outcome of tuberculosis. Thus, exposure to helminth antigens, in a species-dependent manner, could lead to a better control of Mtb infection or worsening of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Aira
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Susmita K. Singh
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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