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Roddy GW, Kohli D, Niknam P, Omer ME, Chowdhury UR, Anderson KJ, Pacheco Marrero JM, Rinkoski TA, Fautsch MP. Subconjunctival Administration of an Adeno-Associated Virus Expressing Stanniocalcin-1 Provides Sustained Intraocular Pressure Reduction in Mice. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2025; 5:100590. [PMID: 39328825 PMCID: PMC11426120 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate subconjunctival administration of a single-stranded, adeno-associated virus, serotype 2, engineered to express stanniocalcin-1 with a FLAG tag (ssAAV2-STC-1-FLAG) as a novel sustained (IOP) lowering agent with a reduced ocular surface side effect profile. Design In vivo preclinical investigation in mice. Subjects C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, prostaglandin F (FP) receptor knockout mice. Methods Normotensive C57BL/6J mice were treated with a subconjunctival injection of ssAAV2-STC-1-FLAG (2 μL; 6 × 109 viral genomes [VGs]) in 1 eye and the same volume and concentration of ssAAV2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) or the same volume of phosphate-buffered saline in the fellow eye. Ocular hypertensive DBA/2J mice were subconjunctivally injected with 6 × 109 VGs of ssAAV2-STC-1-FLAG or ssAAV2-GFP. Steroid-mediated ocular hypertension was induced in C57BL/6J mice with weekly injections of dexamethasone into the conjunctival fornix, and mice were then injected subconjunctivally with 6 × 109 VGs of ssAAV2-STC-1-FLAG or ssAAV2-GFP. Prostaglandin F receptor knockout mice were injected subconjunctivally with 6 × 109 VGs of ssAAV2-STC-1-FLAG or phosphate-buffered saline. An identical vector was constructed without the FLAG tag (ssAAV2-STC-1) and evaluated in normotensive C57BL/6J mice. Intraocular pressure was assessed using the Tonolab tonometer for all experiments. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), a marker of ocular surface inflammation, was compared between subconjunctivally delivered ssAAV2-STC-1-FLAG and other treatments including daily topical latanoprost. Main Outcome Measures Intraocular pressure assessment. Results Subconjunctival delivery of ssAAV2-STC-1-FLAG significantly reduced IOP for 10 weeks post injection in normotensive mice. Maximal IOP reduction was seen at week 3 postinjection (17.4%; 17.1 ± 0.8 vs. 14.1 ± 0.8 mmHg, P < 0.001). After the IOP-lowering effect had waned, a second injection restored the ocular hypotensive effect. Subconjunctivally delivered ssAAV2-STC-1-FLAG lowered IOP in DBA/2J mice (16.9%; 17.8 ± 2.0 vs. 14.8 ± 0.9 mmHg, P < 0.001) and steroid-mediated ocular hypertensive mice (20.0%; 19.0 ± 0.6 vs. 15.2 ± 0.7 mmHg, P < 0.001) over the experimental period. This construct also reduced IOP to a similar extent in wild-type (15.9%) and FP receptor knockout (15.7%) mice compared with the fellow eye. A related construct also lowered IOP without the FLAG tag in a similar manner. Reduction in conjunctival TNFα was seen when comparing subconjunctivally delivered ssAAV2-STC-1-FLAG to daily topical latanoprost. Conclusions Subconjunctival delivery of the STC-1 transgene with a vector system may represent a novel treatment strategy for sustained IOP reduction and improved ocular tolerability that also avoids the daily dosing requirements of currently available medications. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W. Roddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Darrell Kohli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Parvin Niknam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Mohammed E. Omer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | | | | | | | - Tommy A. Rinkoski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
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Langer F, Binter M, Hu X, Hufendiek K, Meister R, Tode J, Framme C, Fuchs H. In vitro comparison of human and murine trabecular meshwork cells: implications for glaucoma research. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22002. [PMID: 39313534 PMCID: PMC11420201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork (TM) is crucial for regulating intraocular pressure (IOP), and its dysfunction significantly contributes to glaucoma, a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Although rodents are commonly used as animal models in glaucoma research, the applicability of these findings to humans is limited due to the insufficient understanding of murine TM. This study aimed to compare primary human TM (hTM) and murine TM (mTM) cells in vitro to enhance the robustness and translatability of murine glaucoma models. In this in vitro study, we compared primary hTM and mTM cells under simulated physiological and pathological conditions by exposing both cell types to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFB2), both of which are critical in the pathogenesis of several ophthalmological diseases, including glaucoma. Phagocytic properties were assessed using microbeads. Cells were analyzed through immunocytochemistry (ICC) and Western blot (WB) to evaluate the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as Fibronectin 1 (FN1) and Collagen IV (COL IV). Filamentous-Actin (F-Act) staining was used to analyze cross-linked actin network (CLAN) formation. Additionally, we evaluated cytoskeletal components, including Vimentin (VIM), Myocilin (MYOC), and Actin-alpha-2 (ACTA2). Our results demonstrated significant similarities between human and murine TM cells in basic morphology, phagocytic properties, and ECM and cytoskeletal component expression under both homeostatic and pathological conditions in vitro. Both human and murine TM cells exhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after exposure to DEX or TGFB2, with comparable CLAN formation observed in both species. However, there were significant differences in FN1 and MYOC induction between human and murine TM cells. Additionally, MYOC expression in hTM cells depended on fibronectin coating. Our study suggests that murine glaucoma models are potentially translatable to human TM. The observed similarities in ECM and cytoskeletal component expression and the comparable EMT response and CLAN formation support the utility of murine models in glaucoma research. The differences in FN1 and MYOC expression between hTM and mTM warrant further investigation due to their potential impact on TM properties. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the species-specific characteristics of TM and highlights opportunities to refine murine models for better relevance to human glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridolin Langer
- University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Binter
- University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaonan Hu
- University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Hufendiek
- University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Meister
- University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Tode
- University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Framme
- University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Fuchs
- University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Zhu M, Deng X, Zhang N, Zhang P, Lai C, Cai S, Huang J, Chen X, Liu Y, Zeng W, Ke M. Dexamethasone induces trabecular meshwork cell myofibroblast transdifferentiation through ARHGEF26. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23848. [PMID: 39092889 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400400rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid use may cause elevated intraocular pressure, leading to the development of glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma (GIG). However, the mechanism of GIG development remains incompletely understood. In this study, we subjected primary human trabecular meshwork cells (TMCs) and mice to dexamethasone treatment to mimic glucocorticoid exposure. The myofibroblast transdifferentiation of TMCs was observed in cellular and mouse models, as well as in human trabecular mesh specimens. This was demonstrated by the cytoskeletal reorganization, alterations in cell morphology, heightened transdifferentiation markers, increased extracellular matrix deposition, and cellular dysfunction. Knockdown of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 26 (ARHGEF26) expression ameliorated dexamethasone-induced changes in cell morphology and upregulation of myofibroblast markers, reversed dysfunction and extracellular matrix deposition in TMCs, and prevented the development of dexamethasone-induced intraocular hypertension. And, this process may be related to the TGF-β pathway. In conclusion, glucocorticoids induced the myofibroblast transdifferentiation in TMCs, which played a crucial role in the pathogenesis of GIG. Inhibition of ARHGEF26 expression protected TMCs by reversing myofibroblast transdifferentiation. This study demonstrated the potential of reversing the myofibroblast transdifferentiation of TMCs as a new target for treating GIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xizhi Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuncheng Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingqiu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Deng X, Zhu M, Liu Y, Zhang N, Zhang P, Zeng W, Ke M. Suppression of CDK1/Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission attenuates dexamethasone-induced extracellular matrix deposition in the trabecular meshwork. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 39096204 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the trabecular meshwork (TM), as induced by dexamethasone (DEX), is believed to play an important role in the onset of glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma (GIG). Abnormal ECM deposition is a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. We aimed to clarify how mitochondrial dysfunction leads to ECM deposition within the TM and to support the development of novel therapeutic strategies. RESULTS In primary human TM cells (pHTMCs) and a dexamethasone acetate-induced murine model of GIG, glucocorticoid administration stimulated both mitochondrial fission and ECM deposition. Excessive mitochondrial fission leads to dysfunction and the overexpression of ECM proteins in pHTMCs. Notably, when pHTMCs were treated with the Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 or with Drp1 siRNA, we observed a marked reduction in DEX-induced mitochondrial damage and ECM proteins in vitro. Furthermore, in C57BL/6J mice, treatment with Mdivi-1 mitigated mitochondrial damage and blocked ECM deposition within the TM. We then employed Ro3306 to inhibit the CDK1-mediated phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser 616, which restored mitochondrial function and diminished DEX-induced ECM protein expression in pHTMCs. INNOVATION This study illuminates the pathogenic mechanism linking mitochondrial dysfunction to ECM deposition in GIG. Our innovative approach revealed that DEX stimulates mitochondrial fission via CDK1-mediated p-Drp1s616 overexpression, which drives ECM accumulation. It offered a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing ECM protein expression by inhibiting excessive mitochondrial fission and restoring mitochondrial function. CONCLUSION By targeting the CDK1/Drp1-driven mitochondrial fission process, we can counteract DEX-induced ECM deposition in the TM both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Deng
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China, Wuhan, China, 430071;
| | - Min Zhu
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Nan Zhang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Wen Zeng
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
| | - Min Ke
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei , China;
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Zheng Q, Ge C, Li K, Wang L, Xia X, Liu X, Mehmood R, Shen J, Nan K, Chen W, Lin S. Remote-controlled dexamethasone-duration on eye-surface with a micelle-magnetic nanoparticulate co-delivery system for dry eye disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:3730-3745. [PMID: 39220865 PMCID: PMC11365393 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) is used to treat ocular surface diseases. However, regulating DEX duration in tears while preventing its absorption into the anterior chamber is critical for balancing its therapy effects and the side effects. In this study, a novel magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-micelle (MC) co-delivery system (MMDS) was developed. The MC moiety in the MMDS served as the carrier for DEX and the MNP part endowed the MMDS with magnetic-responsive properties. To extend its residency, the MMDS was magnetically attracted by an external magnet after instilling, which acted as a precorneal drug-depot enabling a sustainable release of DEX in tears. With combination of magnet treatment, the topical instillation of MMDS@DEX significantly prolonged the DEX-retention in tears and increased the DEX-concentration in the cornea and conjunctiva, as well as concurrently reduced the DEX-level in the aqueous humor, when compared with the commercial DEX eye drop treatment. The combination of MMDS@DEX and magnet treatment exerted significantly better therapeutic effects against DED with smaller side effects than conventional treatments including DEX suspension, commercial DEX eye drops, as well as the MMDS@DEX treatment alone. The present work provided a new method for the effective delivery of DEX to ocular surface tissues while reducing its side effects, which will be beneficial to the treatments of a wide range of ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxiang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chaoxiang Ge
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kexin Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Longxin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Building E10, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Corner Botany & High Streets, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianliang Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Kaihui Nan
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Sen Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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6
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Yao M, Zeng Z, Li S, Zou Z, Chen Z, Chen X, Gao Q, Zhao G, Chen A, Li Z, Wang Y, Ning R, McAlinden C, Zhou X, Huang J. CRISPR-CasRx-mediated disruption of Aqp1/Adrb2/Rock1/Rock2 genes reduces intraocular pressure and retinal ganglion cell damage in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6395. [PMID: 39080269 PMCID: PMC11289368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma affects approximately 80 million individuals worldwide, a condition for which current treatment options are inadequate. The primary risk factor for glaucoma is elevated intraocular pressure. Intraocular pressure is determined by the balance between the secretion and outflow of aqueous humor. Here we show that using the RNA interference tool CasRx based on shH10 adenovirus-associated virus can reduce the expression of the aqueous humor circulation related genes Rock1 and Rock2, as well as aquaporin 1 and β2 adrenergic receptor in female mice. This significantly reduced intraocular pressure in female mice and provided protection to the retina ganglion cells, ultimately delaying disease progression. In addition, we elucidated the mechanisms by which the knockdown of Rock1 and Rock2, or aquaporin 1 and β2 adrenergic receptor in female mice, reduces the intraocular pressure and secures the retina ganglion cells by single-cell sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Yao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhai Zeng
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Siheng Li
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhilin Zou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongxing Chen
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingyi Gao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoli Zhao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Aodong Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Ning
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Colm McAlinden
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Corneo Plastic Unit & Eye Bank, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, UK
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinhai Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; NHC Key laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases; Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.
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Binter M, Heider M, Glage S, Fuchs H, Langer F, Schigiel T, Framme C, Tode J. Understanding the Ocular Hypertension Model in Mice Induced by Dexamethasone-21-Acetate - Implications for Glaucoma Research. Curr Eye Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39049665 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2380445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of monocular and bilateral injections of Dexamethasone-21-acetate (Dex-21-Ac) into the murine fornix twice a week as a glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension model and investigated potential systemic side effects. METHODS Dex-21-Ac was administered twice weekly in three groups: bilateral injections, monocular injections, and a control group receiving the vehicle solution bilateral. After 21 days, enucleated eyes were examined using immunocytochemistry (ICC), and organ histology was performed. RESULTS All groups receiving Dex-21-Ac injections had a significant increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). Monocular injections also resulted in a significant increase in IOP in the fellow eye. The Dex-21-Ac-treated groups showed a bilateral increase in IOP of approximately 8 mmHg, accompanied by elevated expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and fibronectin in the anterior chamber angle. There were no significant changes in weight progression. Hepatic steatosis was observed in all Dex-21-Ac-treated animals, and some suffered from residual neuromuscular blockade under fentanyl anesthesia. CONCLUSION Bilateral injections of Dex-21-Ac twice a week lead to a significant increase in daytime IOP and fibrotic changes in the trabecular meshwork. Unilateral application has a significant impact on the fellow eye. Local dexamethasone leads to notable systemic effects independent of changes in animal weight. Considering liver damage and associated influence on metabolization, hepatically eliminated injection anesthetics may lead to overdosing and are not recommended. They should be replaced by inhalation anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Binter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Heider
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Fuchs
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fridolin Langer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Schigiel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Framme
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Tode
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Redmon SN, Lakk M, Tseng YT, Rudzitis CN, Searle JE, Ahmed F, Unser A, Borrás T, Torrejon K, Krizaj D. TRPV4 subserves physiological and pathological elevations in intraocular pressure. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4714050. [PMID: 39041037 PMCID: PMC11261973 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4714050/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Ocular hypertension (OHT) caused by mechanical stress and chronic glucocorticoid exposure reduces the hydraulic permeability of the conventional outflow pathway. It increases the risk for irreversible vision loss, yet healthy individuals experience nightly intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations without adverse lifetime effects. It is not known which pressure sensors regulate physiological vs. pathological OHT nor how they impact the permeability of the principal drainage pathway through the trabecular meshwork (TM). We report that OHT induced by the circadian rhythm, occlusion of the iridocorneal angle and glucocorticoids requires activation of TRPV4, a stretch-activated cation channel. Wild-type mice responded to nocturnal topical administration of the agonist GSK1016790A with IOP lowering, while intracameral injection of the agonist elevated diurnal IOP. Microinjection of TRPV4 antagonists HC067047 and GSK2193874 lowered IOP during the nocturnal OHT phase and in hypertensive eyes treated with steroids or injection of polystyrene microbeads. Conventional outflow-specific Trpv4 knockdown induced partial IOP lowering in mice with occluded iridocorneal angle and protected retinal neurons from pressure injury. Indicating a central role for TRPV4-dependent mechanosensing in trabecular outflow, HC067047 doubled the outflow facility in TM-populated steroid-treated 3D nanoscaffolds. Tonic TRPV4 signaling thus represents a fundamental property of TM biology as a driver of increased in vitro and in vivo outflow resistance. The TRPV4-dependence of OHT under conditions that mimic primary and secondary glaucomas could be explored as a novel target for glaucoma treatments.
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Zhang N, Zhang P, Deng X, Zhu M, Hu Y, Ji D, Li L, Liu Y, Zeng W, Ke M. Protective Effect of Nicotinamide Riboside on Glucocorticoid-Induced Glaucoma: Mitigating Mitochondrial Damage and Extracellular Matrix Deposition. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:1. [PMID: 38949632 PMCID: PMC11221610 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.8.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma (GIG) is a prevalent complication associated with glucocorticoids (GCs), resulting in irreversible blindness. GIG is characterized by the abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the trabecular meshwork (TM), elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP), and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of nicotinamide riboside (NR) on TM in GIG. Methods Primary human TM cells (pHTMs) and C57BL/6J mice responsive to GCs were utilized to establish in vitro and in vivo GIG models, respectively. The study assessed the expression of ECM-related proteins in TM and the functions of pHTMs to reflect the effects of NR. Mitochondrial morphology and function were also examined in the GIG cell model. GIG progression was monitored through IOP, RGCs, and mitochondrial morphology. Intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels of pHTMs were enzymatically assayed. Results NR significantly prevented the expression of ECM-related proteins and alleviated dysfunction in pHTMs after dexamethasone treatment. Importantly, NR protected damaged ATP synthesis, preventing overexpression of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and also protect against decreased mitochondrial membrane potential induced by GCs in vitro. In the GIG mouse model, NR partially prevented the elevation of IOP and the loss of RGCs. Furthermore, NR effectively suppressed the excessive expression of ECM-associated proteins and mitigated mitochondrial damage in vivo. Conclusions Based on the results, NR effectively enhances intracellular levels of NAD+, thereby mitigating abnormal ECM deposition and TM dysfunction in GIG by attenuating mitochondrial damage induced by GCs. Thus, NR has promising potential as a therapeutic candidate for GIG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xizhi Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongxiao Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huaihai Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Lufan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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10
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Liu C, Tang J, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Lin J, Wu S, Han J, Liu Z, Wu C, Zhuo Y, Li Y. Intracellular Zn 2+ promotes extracellular matrix remodeling in dexamethasone-treated trabecular meshwork. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1293-C1307. [PMID: 38525543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00725.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Given the widespread application of glucocorticoids in ophthalmology, the associated elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) has long been a vexing concern for clinicians, yet the underlying mechanisms remain inconclusive. Much of the discussion focuses on the extracellular matrix (ECM) of trabecular meshwork (TM). It is widely agreed that glucocorticoids impact the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to ECM deposition. Since Zn2+ is vital for MMPs, we explored its role in ECM alterations induced by dexamethasone (DEX). Our study revealed that in human TM cells treated with DEX, the level of intracellular Zn2+ significantly decreased, accompanied by impaired extracellular Zn2+ uptake. This correlated with changes in several Zrt-, Irt-related proteins (ZIPs) and metallothionein. ZIP8 knockdown impaired extracellular Zn2+ uptake, but Zn2+ chelation did not affect ZIP8 expression. Resembling DEX's effects, chelation of Zn2+ decreased MMP2 expression, increased the deposition of ECM proteins, and induced structural disarray of ECM. Conversely, supplementation of exogenous Zn2+ in DEX-treated cells ameliorated these outcomes. Notably, dietary zinc supplementation in mice significantly reduced DEX-induced IOP elevation and collagen content in TM, thereby rescuing the visual function of the mice. These findings underscore zinc's pivotal role in ECM regulation, providing a novel perspective on the pathogenesis of glaucoma.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study explores zinc's pivotal role in mitigating extracellular matrix dysregulation in the trabecular meshwork and glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension. We found that in human trabecular meshwork cells treated with dexamethasone, intracellular Zn2+ significantly decreased, accompanied by impaired extracellular Zn2+ uptake. Zinc supplementation rescues visual function by modulating extracellular matrix proteins and lowering intraocular pressure, offering a direction for further exploration in glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiahui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Jicheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Siting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiaxu Han
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Caiqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhouChina
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11
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Maddala R, Eldawy C, Ho LTY, Challa P, Rao PV. Influence of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 on Intraocular Pressure in Mice. J Transl Med 2024; 104:102025. [PMID: 38290601 PMCID: PMC11031300 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2024.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a stress-sensitive cytokine, and a distant member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily, has been shown to exhibit increased levels with aging, and in various age-related pathologies. Although GDF15 levels are elevated in the aqueous humor (AH) of glaucoma (optic nerve atrophy) patients, the possible role of this cytokine in the modulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) or AH outflow is unknown. The current study addresses this question using transgenic mice expressing human GDF15 and GDF15 null mice, and by perfusing enucleated mouse eyes with recombinant human GDF15 (rhGDF15). Treatment of primary cultures of human trabecular meshwork cells with a telomerase inhibitor, an endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agent, hydrogen peroxide, or an autophagy inhibitor resulted in significant elevation in GDF15 levels relative to the respective control cells. rhGDF15 stimulated modest but significant increases in the expression of genes encoding the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion proteins, and chemokine receptors (C-C chemokine receptor type 2) in human trabecular meshwork cells compared with controls, as deduced from the differential transcriptional profiles using RNA-sequencing analysis. There was a significant increase in IOP in transgenic mice expressing human GDF15, but not in GDF15 null mice, compared with the respective wild-type control mice. The AH outflow facility was decreased in enucleated wild-type mouse eyes perfused with rhGDF15. Light microcopy-based histologic examination of the conventional AH outflow pathway tissues did not reveal identifiable differences between the GDF15-targeted and control mice. Taken together, these results reveal the modest elevation of IOP in mice expressing human GDF15 possibly stemming from decreased AH outflow through the trabecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Camelia Eldawy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Leona T Y Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ponugoti V Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
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12
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Patil RK, Srivastava V, Bhawale R, Tryphena KP, Khatri DK, Doijad N, Mehra NK. Revamping the corneal permeability and antiglaucoma therapeutic potential of brinzolamide using transniosomes: optimization, in vitro and preclinical evaluation. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:947-964. [PMID: 38483291 PMCID: PMC11221373 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to explore potential of transniosomes, a hybrid vesicular system, as ocular drug-delivery vehicle. Materials & methods: Thin-film hydration technique was used to fabricate brinzolamide-loaded transniosomes (BRZ-TN) and optimized using Box-Behnken design, further exhaustively characterized for physicochemical evaluations, deformability, drug release, permeation and preclinical evaluations for antiglaucoma activity. Results: The BRZ-TN showed ultradeformability (deformability index: 5.71), exhibiting sustained drug release without irritation (irritancy score: 0) and high permeability compared with the marketed formulation or free drug suspension. The extensive in vivo investigations affirmed effective targeted delivery of transniosomes, with brinzolamide reducing intraocular pressure potentially. Conclusion: Our findings anticipated that BRZ-TN is a promising therapeutic nanocarrier for effectively delivering cargo to targeted sites by crossing corneal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh K Patil
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Vaibhavi Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Rohit Bhawale
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana-500037, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Mumbai-400056, India
| | - Nandkumar Doijad
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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13
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Borrás T, Stepankoff M, Danias J. Genes as drugs for glaucoma: latest advances. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2024; 35:131-137. [PMID: 38117663 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide the latest advances on the future use of gene therapy for the treatment of glaucoma. RECENT FINDINGS In preclinical studies, a number of genes have been shown to be able to reduce elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and to exert neuroprotection of the retinal ganglion cells. These genes target various mechanisms of action and include among others: MMP3 , PLAT, IκB, GLIS, SIRT, Tie-2, AQP1. Some of these as well as some previously identified genes ( MMP3, PLAT, BDNF, C3, TGFβ, MYOC, ANGPTL7 ) are starting to move onto drug development. At the same time, progress has been made in the methods to deliver and control gene therapeutics (advances in these areas are not covered in this review). SUMMARY While preclinical efforts continue in several laboratories, an increasing number of start-up and large pharmaceutical companies are working on developing gene therapeutics for glaucoma ( Sylentis, Quetera/Astellas, Exhaura, Ikarovec, Genentech, Regeneron, Isarna, Diorasis Therapeutics ). Despite the presence of generic medications to treat glaucoma, given the size of the potential world-wide market (∼$7B), it is likely that the number of companies developing glaucoma gene therapies will increase further in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Borrás
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - John Danias
- Downstate Health Science University, SUNY, New York, USA
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14
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Chrysostomou V, Bell KC, Ng SW, Suresh S, Karthik G, Millet M, Chung Y, Crowston JG. A new model of axon degeneration in the mouse optic nerve using repeat intraocular pressure challenge. Exp Eye Res 2024; 238:109722. [PMID: 37952724 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We characterize a new experimental model for inducing retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and degeneration in mice. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to two acute periods of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation (50 mmHg for 30 min) by cannulation of the anterior chamber. We used full-field electroretinography and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to measure subsequent changes in retina and optic nerve function, and histochemical techniques to assess RGC survival and optic nerve structure. In 12 month old mice, a single IOP challenge caused loss and subsequent recovery of RGC function over the following 28 days with minimal cell death and no observed axonal damage. A second identical IOP challenge resulted in persistent RGC dysfunction and significant (36%) loss of RGC somas. This was accompanied by a 16.7% delay in the latency and a 27.6% decrease in the amplitude of the VEP. Severe axonal damage was seen histologically with enlargement of axons, myelin disruption, reduced axon density, and the presence of glial scarring. In contrast, younger 3 month old mice when exposed to a single or repeat IOP challenge showed quicker RGC functional recovery after a single challenge and full functional recovery after a repeat challenge with no detectable optic nerve dysfunction. These data demonstrate a highly reproducible and minimally invasive method for inducing RGC degeneration and axonal damage in mice. Resilience of the optic nerve to damage is highly dependent on animal age. The time-defined nature of functional versus structural loss seen in this model stands to facilitate investigation of neuroglial responses in the retina after IOP injury and the associated evaluation of neuroprotective treatment strategies. Further, the model may be used to investigate the impact of aging and the cellular switch between neurorecovery and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Chrysostomou
- Centre for Vision Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore.
| | - Katharina C Bell
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; EYE-ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore; Save Sight Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Sze Woei Ng
- Centre for Vision Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore
| | - Samyuktha Suresh
- Centre for Vision Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Gayathri Karthik
- Centre for Vision Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Marion Millet
- Centre for Vision Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore
| | - Yingying Chung
- Centre for Vision Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Vision Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; Save Sight Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
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15
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Tirendi S, Domenicotti C, Bassi AM, Vernazza S. Genetics and Glaucoma: the state of the art. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1289952. [PMID: 38152303 PMCID: PMC10751926 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1289952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Although genetic background contributes differently to rare early-onset glaucoma (before age 40) or common adult-onset glaucoma, it is now considered an important factor in all major forms of the disease. Genetic and genomic studies, including GWAS, are contributing to identifying novel loci associated with glaucoma or to endophenotypes across ancestries to enrich the knowledge about glaucoma genetic susceptibility. Moreover, new high-throughput functional genomics contributes to defining the relevance of genetic results in the biological pathways and processes involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. Such studies are expected to advance significantly our understanding of glaucoma's genetic basis and provide new druggable targets to treat glaucoma. This review gives an overview of the role of genetics in the pathogenesis or risk of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Domenicotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Vernazza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
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16
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Patel PD, Kodati B, Clark AF. Role of Glucocorticoids and Glucocorticoid Receptors in Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:2452. [PMID: 37887296 PMCID: PMC10605158 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), including both alternative spliced isoforms (GRα and GRβ), has been implicated in the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and iatrogenic glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma (GIG). POAG is the most common form of glaucoma, which is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness in the world. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used therapeutically for ocular and numerous other diseases/conditions. One serious side effect of prolonged GC therapy is the development of iatrogenic secondary ocular hypertension (OHT) and OAG (i.e., GC-induced glaucoma (GIG)) that clinically and pathologically mimics POAG. GC-induced OHT is caused by pathogenic damage to the trabecular meshwork (TM), a tissue involved in regulating aqueous humor outflow and intraocular pressure. TM cells derived from POAG eyes (GTM cells) have a lower expression of GRβ, a dominant negative regulator of GC activity, compared to TM cells from age-matched control eyes. Therefore, GTM cells have a greater pathogenic response to GCs. Almost all POAG patients develop GC-OHT when treated with GCs, in contrast to a GC responder rate of 40% in the normal population. An increased expression of GRβ can block GC-induced pathogenic changes in TM cells and reverse GC-OHT in mice. The endogenous expression of GRβ in the TM may relate to differences in the development of GC-OHT in the normal population. A number of studies have suggested increased levels of endogenous cortisol in POAG patients as well as differences in cortisol metabolism, suggesting that GCs may be involved in the development of POAG. Additional studies are warranted to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in POAG and GIG in order to develop new disease-modifying therapies to better treat these two sight threatening forms of glaucoma. The purpose of this timely review is to highlight the pathological and clinical features of GC-OHT and GIG, mechanisms responsible for GC responsiveness, potential therapeutic options, as well as to compare the similar features of GIG with POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (P.D.P.); (B.K.)
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17
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Kim SH, Ku YA, Yoo C, Kim YH, Kim DH. Comparison of RCI001 and corticosteroid on the effects on intraocular pressure in mice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1256569. [PMID: 37877019 PMCID: PMC10591319 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1256569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose RCI001, a novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases, have demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in various ocular experimental models. This study was to evaluate the effects of RCI001 on intraocular pressure (IOP) and compare them with those of corticosteroids in experimental mouse models. Methods Experimental mice were randomly divided into naïve, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 0.1% dexamethasone (DEX-1), and 1% RCI001 (RCI) groups, and each reagent was pipetted into the right eye of the mouse at 10 μL thrice daily for 5 weeks. In addition, 20 μL of 0.1% dexamethasone was injected subconjunctivally into the right eye once weekly for 5 weeks in the DEX-2 group. The IOP was measured under anesthesia at baseline and twice weekly for 5 weeks. The △IOP (%) was defined as the change in IOP from baseline [△IOP (%) = (IOPweek5-IOPbaseline)/IOPbaseline × 100%]. The anterior segments were clinically and histologically examined. Results There was no significant increase in IOP and △IOP (%) [values by week 3 (day 21) in any of the groups]. However, IOP and △IOP (%) in the DEX-2 group tended to increase slightly after day 10 compared with baseline. Compared with baseline IOP values, the DEX-1 group showed a statistically significant increase in IOP at weeks 4 and 5, and the DEX-2 group at week 5. The △IOP (%) of the DEX-1 and DEX-2 groups (%) at week 5 were 38.2% ± 5.8% and 38.4 ± 4.6%, respectively. However, the IOP in the RCI group did not increase significantly until week 5. The RCI group did not show notable corneal changes, such as epithelial defects or stromal opacities, at week 5. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of corneas in the RCI group revealed healthy corneal epithelial, stromal, and endothelial integrity. Conclusion Long-term use of RCI001 did not induce significant IOP elevation or ocular surface changes, whereas topical corticosteroids significantly increased the IOP. Therefore, RCI001 may be an effective anti-inflammatory agent with a low risk of drug-induced IOP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-ah Ku
- RudaCure Co., Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungkwon Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- RudaCure Co., Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- RudaCure Co., Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Saccuzzo EG, Youngblood HA, Lieberman RL. Myocilin misfolding and glaucoma: A 20-year update. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 95:101188. [PMID: 37217093 PMCID: PMC10330797 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene MYOC account for approximately 5% of cases of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). MYOC encodes for the protein myocilin, a multimeric secreted glycoprotein composed of N-terminal coiled-coil (CC) and leucine zipper (LZ) domains that are connected via a disordered linker to a 30 kDa olfactomedin (OLF) domain. More than 90% of glaucoma-causing mutations are localized to the OLF domain. While myocilin is expressed in numerous tissues, mutant myocilin is only associated with disease in the anterior segment of the eye, in the trabecular meshwork. The prevailing pathogenic mechanism involves a gain of toxic function whereby mutant myocilin aggregates intracellularly instead of being secreted, which causes cell stress and an early timeline for TM cell death, elevated intraocular pressure, and subsequent glaucoma-associated retinal degeneration. In this review, we focus on the work our lab has conducted over the past ∼15 years to enhance our molecular understanding of myocilin-associated glaucoma, which includes details of the molecular structure and the nature of the aggregates formed by mutant myocilin. We conclude by discussing open questions, such as predicting phenotype from genotype alone, the elusive native function of myocilin, and translational directions enabled by our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Saccuzzo
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Hannah A Youngblood
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA.
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19
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Matadh AV, Jakka D, Pragathi SG, Poornima K, Shivakumar HN, Murthy RN, Rangappa S, Shivanna M, Murthy SN. Polymer coated polymeric microneedles for intravitreal delivery of dexamethasone. Exp Eye Res 2023; 231:109467. [PMID: 37031874 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The polymer coated polymeric (PCP) microneedles (MNs) is a novel approach for controlled delivery of drugs (without allowing release of the excipients) to the target site. PCP MNs was explored as an approach to deliver the drug intravitreally to minimize the risks associated with conventional intravitreal injections. The core MNs was fabricated with polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and coating was with Eudragit E100. Preformulation studies revealed that the films prepared using Eudragit E 100 exhibited excellent integrity in the physiological medium after prolonged exposure. FTIR studies were performed to investigate the possible interaction between the API and the polymer. The PCP MNs fabricated with different drug loads (dexamethasone sodium phosphate) were subjected to in vitro drug release studies. The drug release from uncoated MNs was instantaneous and complete. On the other hand, a controlled release profile was observed in case of PCP MNs. Likewise, even in the ex vivo porcine eye model, the drug release was gradual into the vitreous humor in case of PCP MNs. The uncoated microneedles released all the drug instantaneously where the PCP MNs retarded the release up to 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha V Matadh
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Deeksha Jakka
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - S G Pragathi
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - K Poornima
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - H N Shivakumar
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India; KLE College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | - S Narasimha Murthy
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bengaluru, India; Topical Products Testing LLC, Oxford, MS, USA.
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20
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Aragón-Navas A, Rodrigo MJ, Garcia-Herranz D, Martinez T, Subias M, Mendez S, Ruberte J, Pampalona J, Bravo-Osuna I, Garcia-Feijoo J, Pablo LE, Garcia-Martin E, Herrero-Vanrell R. Mimicking chronic glaucoma over 6 months with a single intracameral injection of dexamethasone/fibronectin-loaded PLGA microspheres. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:2357-2374. [PMID: 35904152 PMCID: PMC9341346 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2096712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To create a chronic glaucoma animal model by a single intracameral injection of biodegradable poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres (Ms) co-loaded with dexamethasone and fibronectin (MsDexaFibro). MsDexaFibro were prepared by a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion method including dexamethasone in the organic phase and fibronectin in the inner aqueous phase. To create the chronic glaucoma model, an interventionist and longitudinal animal study was performed using forty-five Long Evans rats (4-week-old). Rats received a single intracameral injection of MsDexafibro suspension (10%w/v) in the right eye. Ophthalmological parameters such as clinical signs, intraocular pressure (IOP), neuro-retinal functionality by electroretinography (ERG), retinal structural analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and histology were evaluated up to six months. According to the results obtained, the model proposed was able to induce IOP increasing in both eyes over the study, higher in the injected eyes up to 6 weeks (p < 0.05), while preserving the ocular surface. OCT quantified progressive neuro-retinal degeneration (mainly in the retinal nerve fiber layer) in both eyes but higher in the injected eye. Ganglion cell functionality decreased in injected eyes, thus smaller amplitudes in PhNR were detected by ERG. In conclusion, a new chronic glaucoma animal model was created by a single injection of MsDexaFibro very similar to open-angle glaucoma occurring in humans. This model would impact in different fields such as ophthalmology, allowing long period of study of this pathology; pharmacology, evaluating the neuroprotective activity of active compounds; and pharmaceutical technology, allowing the correct evaluation of the efficacy of long-term sustained ocular drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Aragón-Navas
- Complutense University, Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid Spain, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Grupo de Investigación Innovación Farmacéutica en Oftalmología, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED) Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Garcia-Herranz
- Complutense University, Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid Spain, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Grupo de Investigación Innovación Farmacéutica en Oftalmología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Martinez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Subias
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Mendez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruberte
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Judit Pampalona
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Irene Bravo-Osuna
- Complutense University, Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid Spain, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Grupo de Investigación Innovación Farmacéutica en Oftalmología, Madrid, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED) Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Garcia-Feijoo
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED) Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis E Pablo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED) Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED) Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Complutense University, Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid Spain, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Grupo de Investigación Innovación Farmacéutica en Oftalmología, Madrid, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED) Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Binter M, Lüdtke P, Langer F, Schigiel T, Framme C, Heider M, Tode J. Changes in Intraocular Pressure following Narcosis With Medetomidine, Midazolam, and Fentanyl in Association With Initial Intraocular Pressure in Mice. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1553-1558. [PMID: 35943353 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article describes the development of decreased intraocular pressure (IOP) under general anesthesia with medetomidine, midazolam, and fentanyl in mice with normal and elevated IOP. METHODS IOP was measured using the iCare Tonolab rebound tonometer. Twelve 3-4 months-old male and female C57BL/6J mice were randomized to a control group with physiological IOP and a high IOP group with experimentally induced ocular hypertension using tarsal injections of dexamethasone-21-acetate. For anesthesia, medetomidine and midazolam were used, subgroups additionally received fentanyl. IOP was measured every 2.5 min for 30 min. RESULTS Control group differed with 14.89 mmHg (SEM: 0.58) significantly (p = 0.0002) from the high IOP group with initial 20.44 mmHg (SEM: 0.75). All groups showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in IOP under general anesthesia. There was no significant difference in IOP development and decrease between the group additionally receiving fentanyl and the group without fentanyl. The decrease in IOP was highly dependent on the initial value, with the high IOP group showing a greater decrease. After 10 min, no significant difference in IOP could be detected between the high IOP and control group. CONCLUSIONS In mice, general anesthesia with medetomidine and midazolam leads to a declining IOP over time. Adding fentanyl to the anesthesia did not alter these effects. The decline is time-dependent and IOP-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Binter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Lüdtke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fridolin Langer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Schigiel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Framme
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Heider
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Tode
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Sharma R, Kumari A, Kundu B, Grover A. Amyloid fibrillation of the glaucoma associated myocilin protein is inhibited by epicatechin gallate (ECG). RSC Adv 2022; 12:29469-29481. [PMID: 36320765 PMCID: PMC9562371 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited glaucoma is a recent addition to the inventory of diseases arising due to protein misfolding. Mutations in the olfactomedin (OLF) domain of myocilin are the most common genetic cause behind this disease. Disease associated variants of m-OLF are predisposed to misfold and aggregate in the trabecular meshwork (TM) tissue of the eye. In recent years, the nature of these aggregates was revealed to exhibit the hallmarks of amyloids. Amyloid aggregates are highly stable structures that are formed, often with toxic consequences in a number of debilitating diseases. In spite of its clinical relevance the amyloidogenic nature of m-OLF has not been studied adequately. Here we have studied the amyloid fibrillation of m-OLF and report ECG as an inhibitor against it. Using biophysical and biochemical assays, coupled with advanced microscopic evaluations we show that ECG binds and stabilizes native m-OLF and thus prevents its aggregation into amyloid fibrils. Furthermore, we have used REMD simulations to delineate the stabilizing effects of ECG on the structure of m-OLF. Collectively, we report ECG as a molecular scaffold for designing and testing of novel inhibitors against m-OLF amyloid fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi-110067India+91-8130738032
| | - Anchala Kumari
- Indian Council of Medical Research, International Health DivisionNew Delhi-110029India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology DelhiHauz KhasNew DelhiIndia – 110016
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi-110067India+91-8130738032
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23
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ANGPTL7, a therapeutic target for increased intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1051. [PMID: 36192519 PMCID: PMC9529959 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. Current glaucoma medications work by lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), a risk factor for glaucoma, but most treatments do not directly target the pathological changes leading to increased IOP, which can manifest as medication resistance as disease progresses. To identify physiological modulators of IOP, we performed genome- and exome-wide association analysis in >129,000 individuals with IOP measurements and extended these findings to an analysis of glaucoma risk. We report the identification and functional characterization of rare coding variants (including loss-of-function variants) in ANGPTL7 associated with reduction in IOP and glaucoma protection. We validated the human genetics findings in mice by establishing that Angptl7 knockout mice have lower (~2 mmHg) basal IOP compared to wild-type, with a trend towards lower IOP also in heterozygotes. Conversely, increasing murine Angptl7 levels via injection into mouse eyes increases the IOP. We also show that acute Angptl7 silencing in adult mice lowers the IOP (~2-4 mmHg), reproducing the observations in knockout mice. Collectively, our data suggest that ANGPTL7 is important for IOP homeostasis and is amenable to therapeutic modulation to help maintain a healthy IOP that can prevent onset or slow the progression of glaucoma.
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24
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Peng M, Rayana NP, Dai J, Sugali CK, Baidouri H, Suresh A, Raghunathan VK, Mao W. Cross-linked actin networks (CLANs) affect stiffness and/or actin dynamics in transgenic transformed and primary human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109097. [PMID: 35569518 PMCID: PMC11029344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linked actin networks (CLANs) in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells may contribute to increased IOP by altering TM cell function and stiffness. However, there is a lack of direct evidence. Here, we developed transformed TM cells that form spontaneous fluorescently labelled CLANs. The stable cells were constructed by transducing transformed glaucomatous TM (GTM3) cells with the pLenti-LifeAct-EGFP-BlastR lentiviral vector and selection with blasticidin. The stiffness of the GTM3-LifeAct-GFP cells were studied using atomic force microscopy. Elastic moduli of CLANs in primary human TM cells treated with/without dexamethasone/TGFβ2 were also measured to validate findings in GTM3-LifeAct-GFP cells. Live-cell imaging was performed on GTM3-LifeAct-GFP cells treated with 1 μM latrunculin B or pHrodo bioparticles to determine actin stability and phagocytosis, respectively. The GTM3-LifeAct-GFP cells formed spontaneous CLANs without the induction of TGFβ2 or dexamethasone. The CLAN containing cells showed elevated cell stiffness, resistance to latrunculin B-induced actin depolymerization, as well as compromised phagocytosis, compared to the cells without CLANs. Primary human TM cells with dexamethasone or TGFβ2-induced CLANs were also stiffer and less phagocytic. The GTM3-LifeAct-GFP cells are a novel tool for studying the mechanobiology and pathology of CLANs in the TM. Initial characterization of these cells showed that CLANs contribute to at least some glaucomatous phenotypes of TM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Naga Pradeep Rayana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiannong Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chenna Kesavulu Sugali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hasna Baidouri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ayush Suresh
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; St. John's School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weiming Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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25
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McDowell CM, Kizhatil K, Elliott MH, Overby DR, van Batenburg-Sherwood J, Millar JC, Kuehn MH, Zode G, Acott TS, Anderson MG, Bhattacharya SK, Bertrand JA, Borras T, Bovenkamp DE, Cheng L, Danias J, De Ieso ML, Du Y, Faralli JA, Fuchshofer R, Ganapathy PS, Gong H, Herberg S, Hernandez H, Humphries P, John SWM, Kaufman PL, Keller KE, Kelley MJ, Kelly RA, Krizaj D, Kumar A, Leonard BC, Lieberman RL, Liton P, Liu Y, Liu KC, Lopez NN, Mao W, Mavlyutov T, McDonnell F, McLellan GJ, Mzyk P, Nartey A, Pasquale LR, Patel GC, Pattabiraman PP, Peters DM, Raghunathan V, Rao PV, Rayana N, Raychaudhuri U, Reina-Torres E, Ren R, Rhee D, Chowdhury UR, Samples JR, Samples EG, Sharif N, Schuman JS, Sheffield VC, Stevenson CH, Soundararajan A, Subramanian P, Sugali CK, Sun Y, Toris CB, Torrejon KY, Vahabikashi A, Vranka JA, Wang T, Willoughby CE, Xin C, Yun H, Zhang HF, Fautsch MP, Tamm ER, Clark AF, Ethier CR, Stamer WD. Consensus Recommendation for Mouse Models of Ocular Hypertension to Study Aqueous Humor Outflow and Its Mechanisms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:12. [PMID: 35129590 PMCID: PMC8842499 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their similarities in anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology to humans, mice are a valuable model system to study the generation and mechanisms modulating conventional outflow resistance and thus intraocular pressure. In addition, mouse models are critical for understanding the complex nature of conventional outflow homeostasis and dysfunction that results in ocular hypertension. In this review, we describe a set of minimum acceptable standards for developing, characterizing, and utilizing mouse models of open-angle ocular hypertension. We expect that this set of standard practices will increase scientific rigor when using mouse models and will better enable researchers to replicate and build upon previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. McDowell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Michael H. Elliott
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Darryl R. Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - J. Cameron Millar
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Markus H. Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa; Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Gulab Zode
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Ted S. Acott
- Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Michael G. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa; Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | | | - Jacques A. Bertrand
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Terete Borras
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - John Danias
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Michael Lucio De Ieso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Faralli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Rudolf Fuchshofer
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Preethi S. Ganapathy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Samuel Herberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | | | - Peter Humphries
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon W. M. John
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Paul L. Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kate E. Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mary J. Kelley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ruth A. Kelly
- Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Krizaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Paloma Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Katy C. Liu
- Duke Eye Center, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Navita N. Lopez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Weiming Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Timur Mavlyutov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Fiona McDonnell
- Duke Eye Center, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Gillian J. McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Philip Mzyk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Andrews Nartey
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gaurang C. Patel
- Ophthalmology Research, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarreytown, New York, United States
| | | | - Donna M. Peters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Naga Rayana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Urmimala Raychaudhuri
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Ester Reina-Torres
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruiyi Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas Rhee
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Uttio Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - John R. Samples
- Washington State University, Floyd Elson College of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, United States
| | | | - Najam Sharif
- Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, United States
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States; Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Val C. Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Cooper H. Stevenson
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Avinash Soundararajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Chenna Kesavulu Sugali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Carol B. Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | | | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Janice A. Vranka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Colin E. Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Xin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Michael P. Fautsch
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - C. Ross Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Duke Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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26
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Roy Chowdhury U, Millar JC, Holman BH, Anderson KJ, Dosa PI, Roddy GW, Fautsch MP. Effect of ATP-sensitive Potassium Channel Openers on Intraocular Pressure in Ocular Hypertensive Animal Models. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:15. [PMID: 35129587 PMCID: PMC8822368 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effect of ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers cromakalim prodrug 1 (CKLP1) and diazoxide on IOP in three independent mouse models of ocular hypertension. Methods Baseline IOP was measured in TGFβ2 overexpression, steroid-induced, and iris dispersion (DBA/2J) ocular hypertension mouse models, followed by once daily eyedrop administration with CKLP1 (5 mM) or diazoxide (5 mM). The IOP was measured in conscious animals with a handheld rebound tonometer. Aqueous humor dynamics were assessed by a constant perfusion method. Effect of treatment on ocular tissues was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Results CKLP1 decreased the IOP by 20% in TGFβ2 overexpressing mice (n = 6; P < 0.0001), 24% in steroid-induced ocular hypertensive mice (n = 8; P < 0.0001), and 43% in DBA/2J mice (n = 15; P < 0.0001). Diazoxide decreased the IOP by 32% in mice with steroid-induced ocular hypertension (n = 13; P < 0.0001) and by 41% in DBA/2J mice (n = 4; P = 0.005). An analysis of the aqueous humor dynamics revealed that CKLP1 decreased the episcleral venous pressure by 29% in TGFβ2 overexpressing mice (n = 13; P < 0.0001) and by 72% in DBA/2J mice (n = 4 control, 3 treated; P = 0.0002). Diazoxide lowered episcleral venous pressure by 35% in steroid-induced ocular hypertensive mice (n = 3; P = 0.03). Tissue histology and cell morphology appeared normal when compared with controls. Accumulation of extracellular matrix was reduced in CKLP1- and diazoxide-treated eyes in the steroid-induced ocular hypertension model. Conclusions ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers CKLP1 and diazoxide effectively decreased the IOP in ocular hypertensive animal models by decreasing the episcleral venous pressure, supporting a potential therapeutic application of these agents in ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Cameron Millar
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Bradley H Holman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Peter I Dosa
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Gavin W Roddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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27
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Relationships between Intraocular Pressure, Effective Filtration Area, and Morphological Changes in the Trabecular Meshwork of Steroid-Induced Ocular Hypertensive Mouse Eyes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020854. [PMID: 35055036 PMCID: PMC8775853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether an inverse relationship exists between intraocular pressure (IOP) and effective filtration area (EFA) in the trabecular meshwork (TM) in a steroid-induced ocular hypertensive (SIOH) mouse model and the morphological changes associated with the reduction of EFA. C57BL/6 mice (n = 15 per group) received either 0.1% dexamethasone (DEX) or saline eye drops twice daily for five weeks. IOP was measured weekly. Fluorescent tracers were injected into the anterior chamber to label EFA at the endpoint. Injected eyes were fixed and processed for confocal microscopy. EFA in the TM was analyzed. Light and electron microscopy were performed in high- and low-tracer regions of six eyes per group. The mean IOP was ~4 mm Hg higher in DEX-treated than saline-treated control eyes (p < 0.001) at the endpoint. EFA was reduced in DEX-treated eyes compared to controls (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with IOP (R2 = 0.38, p = 0.002). Reduced thickness of juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT) and increased abnormal extracellular matrix in the JCT were found to be associated with reduced EFA. Our data confirm the inverse relationship between EFA and IOP, suggesting that morphological changes in the JCT contribute to the reduction of EFA, thus elevating IOP in SIOH mouse eyes.
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28
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Kasetti RB, Maddineni P, Kodati B, Nagarajan B, Yacoub S. Astragaloside IV Attenuates Ocular Hypertension in a Mouse Model of TGFβ2 Induced Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212508. [PMID: 34830390 PMCID: PMC8619727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor in developing primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), which is the most common form of glaucoma. Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGFβ2) is a pro-fibrotic cytokine that plays an important role in POAG pathogenesis. TGFβ2 induced extracellular matrix (ECM) production, deposition and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the trabecular meshwork (TM) contribute to increased aqueous humor (AH) outflow resistance and IOP elevation. Drugs which alter the glaucomatous fibrotic changes and ER stress in the TM may be effective in reducing ocular hypertension. Astragaloside IV (AS.IV), a novel saponin isolated from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, has demonstrated antifibrotic and ER stress lowering effects in various tissues during disease conditions. However, the effect of AS.IV on glaucomatous TM fibrosis, ER stress and ocular hypertension has not been studied. Primary human TM cells treated with AS.IV decreased TGFβ2 induced ECM (FN, Col-I) deposition and ER stress (KDEL, ATF4 and CHOP). Moreover, AS.IV treatment reduced TGFβ2 induced NF-κB activation and αSMA expression in TM cells. We found that AS.IV treatment significantly increased levels of matrix metalloproteases (MMP9 and MMP2) and MMP2 enzymatic activity, indicating that the antifibrotic effects of AS.IV are mediated via inhibition of NF-κB and activation of MMPs. AS.IV treatment also reduced ER stress in TM3 cells stably expressing mutant myocilin. Interestingly, the topical ocular AS.IV eye drops (1 mM) significantly decreased TGFβ2 induced ocular hypertension in mice, and this was associated with a decrease in FN, Col-1 (ECM), KDEL (ER stress) and αSMA in mouse TM tissues. Taken together, the results suggest that AS.IV prevents TGFβ2 induced ocular hypertension by modulating ECM deposition and ER stress in the TM.
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29
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Rodrigo MJ, Garcia-Herranz D, Aragón-Navas A, Subias M, Martinez-Rincón T, Mendez-Martínez S, Cardiel MJ, García-Feijoo J, Ruberte J, Herrero-Vanrell R, Pablo L, Garcia-Martin E, Bravo-Osuna I. Long-term corticosteroid-induced chronic glaucoma model produced by intracameral injection of dexamethasone-loaded PLGA microspheres. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2427-2446. [PMID: 34763590 PMCID: PMC8592597 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1998245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a new chronic glaucoma model produced by intracameral injection of dexamethasone-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres (Dex-PLGA-Ms) over six months. METHODS Healthy rats received two injections (at baseline and Week 4) of Dex-PLGA-Ms into the anterior chamber of the right eye. Clinical signs and intraocular pressure (IOP) were weekly recorded. The structure of the retina and optic nerve was in vivo evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT) every two weeks and functionally using dark- and light-adapted electroretinography at 0-12-24 weeks. Histological studies were also performed. RESULTS IOP progressively increased up to hypertension (23.22 ± 3.63 mmHg) in both eyes but did so later in left eyes. OCT quantified a decrease in full-thickness retina posterior pole (R), retinal-nerve-fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion-cell layer (GCL) thickness up to 24 weeks. Right eyes showed higher neuroretinal thickness loss up to week 8. RNFL experienced the highest percentage thickness loss at the inferior-superior axis, while in GCL the inner sectors of the horizontal axis (Nasal-Temporal) suffered the greatest decrease in thickness. Retinal ganglion cell, photoreceptor, and intermediate cell functionality decreased over time. Increased deposition of collagen IV was also found in zonular fibers and the ciliary body. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the usefulness of drug delivery systems, not to treat pathology but to induce it. Only two injections of Dex-PLGA-Ms in the anterior chamber of rat eyes were enough to progressively create ocular hypertension and subsequent functional and structural neuroretinal degeneration, at least over 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Garcia-Herranz
- Complutense University of Madrid. Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Aragón-Navas
- Complutense University of Madrid. Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Subias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - T Martinez-Rincón
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Mendez-Martínez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M J Cardiel
- Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J García-Feijoo
- Complutense University of Madrid. Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415. National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain.,Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ruberte
- Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy Centre (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R Herrero-Vanrell
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Complutense University of Madrid. Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Pablo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Garcia-Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.,National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Bravo-Osuna
- National Ocular Pathology Network (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Complutense University of Madrid. Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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30
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Roddy GW, Chowdhury UR, Monson KJ, Fautsch MP. Stanniocalcin-1 Reduced Intraocular Pressure in Two Models of Ocular Hypertension. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1525-1530. [PMID: 33757401 PMCID: PMC10505966 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1899246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) remains the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness. Treatments including topical medications are directed at reducing intraocular pressure (IOP), the most significant risk factor for GON. Current medications, while generally effective, are limited by insufficient response and side-effects in some patients. In search of a more targeted therapy that acts downstream of existing medications that has a potential for a lower side effect profile, our laboratory has identified Stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1), a multifunctional hormone, as an effector molecule in latanoprost-mediated IOP reduction with similar IOP-lowering efficacy as latanoprost in normotensive mice.Materials and methods: To investigate whether STC-1 can also reduce IOP in ocular hypertensive mice, we used a steroid-induced ocular hypertensive mouse model characterized by trabecular meshwork dysfunction as well as the DBA/2J mouse as an inherited model of pigment dispersion and secondary angle closure. Steroid-induced ocular hypertension was induced by weekly injections of dexamethasone into the conjunctival fornix of wild-type C57BL/6J mice (6-8 months old). After confirmation of the steroid response, mice were administered STC-1 or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) topically once daily for six weeks. For DBA/2J mice (14 months old), after baseline IOP measurements, mice were treated topically once daily with STC-1 or PBS for 5 days and IOP was assessed twice daily.Results: In steroid-induced ocular hypertensive mice, STC-1 lowered IOP by 26% (P < .001, week three) and maintained this level of IOP reduction throughout the remainder of the treatment period (P < .001, week six). In DBA/2J mice, STC-1 lowered IOP by 37% (P < .001).Conclusions: Together, these data show that STC-1 reduced IOP in two models of ocular hypertension with different mechanisms of outflow obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W Roddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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31
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Liu Z, Li S, Qian X, Li L, Zhang H, Liu Z. RhoA/ROCK-YAP/TAZ Axis Regulates the Fibrotic Activity in Dexamethasone-Treated Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:728932. [PMID: 34552960 PMCID: PMC8450533 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.728932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Abnormal fibrotic activity in the human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells is considered to be partly responsible for the increased resistance of aqueous humor outflow and IOP. This study aimed to identify the fibrotic pathways using integrated bioinformatics and further elucidate their mechanism of regulating fibrotic activity in dexamethasone (DEX)-treated HTM cells. Microarray datasets from the GEO database were obtained and analyzed by GEO2R. Bioinformatics analyses, including GO and KEGG analyses, were performed to explore biological functions and signaling pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The fibrotic pathways and targets were determined by western blot, RT-qPCR, or immunofluorescence staining. The cellular elastic modulus was measured using an atomic force microscope. A total of 204 DEGs, partly enriched in fibrotic activity (collagen-containing ECM, fibroblast activation) and Rap1, Ras, TGF-β, and Hippo pathways, were identified. Experimental results showed that DEX induced fibrotic activity and regulated the expression of RhoA/ROCK in HTM cells. Similarly, the constitutively active RhoA (RhoAG14V) also promoted the fibrotic activity of HTM cells. Mechanistically, RhoAG14V induced the expression and nuclear translocation of YAP/TAZ to produce CTGF. Moreover, inhibition of ROCK or YAP decreased the expression of Collagen I and α-SMA proteins induced by DEX or RhoAG14V in HTM cells. In conclusion, these results indicate that RhoA/ROCK-YAP/TAZ axis plays a crucial role in regulating the fibrotic activity of DEX-treated HTM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqing Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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32
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Maddineni P, Kasetti RB, Kodati B, Yacoub S, Zode GS. Sodium 4-Phenylbutyrate Reduces Ocular Hypertension by Degrading Extracellular Matrix Deposition via Activation of MMP9. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10095. [PMID: 34576258 PMCID: PMC8465971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular hypertension (OHT) is a serious adverse effect of the widely prescribed glucocorticoid (GC) therapy and, if left undiagnosed, it can lead to glaucoma and complete blindness. Previously, we have shown that the small chemical chaperone, sodium-4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), rescues GC-induced OHT by reducing ocular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the exact mechanism of how PBA rescues GC-induced OHT is not completely understood. The trabecular meshwork (TM) is a filter-like specialized contractile tissue consisting of TM cells embedded within extracellular matrix (ECM) that controls intraocular pressure (IOP) by constantly regulating aqueous humor (AH) outflow. Induction of abnormal ECM deposition in TM is a hallmark of GC-induced OHT. Here, we investigated whether PBA reduces GC-induced OHT by degrading abnormal ECM deposition in TM using mouse model of GC-induced OHT, ex vivo cultured human TM tissues and primary human TM cells. We show that topical ocular eye drops of PBA (1%) significantly lowers elevated IOP in mouse model of GC-induced OHT. Importantly, PBA prevents synthesis and deposition of GC-induced ECM in TM. We report for the first time that PBA can degrade existing abnormal ECM in normal human TM cells/tissues by inducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 expression and activity. Furthermore, inhibition of MMPs activity by chemical-inhibitor (minocycline) abrogated PBA's effect on ECM reduction and its associated ER stress. Our study indicates a non-chaperone activity of PBA via activation of MMP9 that degrades abnormal ECM accumulation in TM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gulab S. Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (P.M.); (R.B.K.); (B.K.); (S.Y.)
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33
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Sharma R, Grover A. Myocilin-associated Glaucoma: A Historical Perspective and Recent Research Progress. Mol Vis 2021; 27:480-493. [PMID: 34497454 PMCID: PMC8403517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma a debilitating disease, is globally the second most common kind of permanent blindness. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is its most prevalent form and is often linked with alterations in the myocilin gene (MYOC). MYOC encodes the myocilin protein, which is expressed throughout the body, but primarily in trabecular meshwork (TM) tissue in the eyes. TM is principally involved in regulating intraocular pressure (IOP), and elevated IOP is the main risk factor associated with glaucoma. The myocilin protein's function remains unknown; however, mutations compromise its folding and processing inside TM cells, contributing to the glaucoma phenotype. While glaucoma is a complex disease with various molecules and factors as contributing causes, the role played by myocilin has been the most widely studied. The current review describes the present understanding of myocilin and its association with glaucoma and aims to shift the focus toward developing targeted therapies for treating glaucoma patients with variations in MYOC.
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Kowal TJ, Prosseda PP, Ning K, Wang B, Alvarado J, Sendayen BE, Jabbehdari S, Stamer WD, Hu Y, Sun Y. Optogenetic Modulation of Intraocular Pressure in a Glucocorticoid-Induced Ocular Hypertension Mouse Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:10. [PMID: 34111256 PMCID: PMC8107493 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Steroid-induced glaucoma is a common form of secondary open angle glaucoma characterized by ocular hypertension (elevated intraocular pressure [IOP]) in response to prolonged glucocorticoid exposure. Elevated IOP occurs with increased outflow resistance and altered trabecular meshwork (TM) function. Recently, we used an optogenetic approach in TM to regulate the 5-phosphatase, OCRL, which contributes to regulating PI(4,5)P2 levels. Here, we applied this system with the aim of reversing compromised outflow function in a steroid-induced ocular hypertension mouse model. Methods Elevated IOP was induced by chronic subconjunctival dexamethasone injections in wild-type C57Bl/6j mice. AAV2 viruses containing optogenetic modules of cryptochrome 2 (Cry2)-OCRL-5ptase and CIBN-GFP were injected into the anterior chamber. Four weeks after viral expression and dexamethasone exposure, IOP was measured by tonometer and outflow facility was measured by perfusion apparatus. Human TM cells were treated with dexamethasone, stimulated by light and treated with rhodamine-phalloidin to analyze actin structure. Results Dexamethasone treatment elevated IOP and decreased outflow facility in wild-type mice. Optogenetic constructs were expressed in the TM of mouse eyes. Light stimulation caused CRY2-OCRL-5ptase to translocate to plasma membrane (CIBN-CAAX-GFP) and cilia (CIBN-SSTR3-GFP) in TM cells, which rescued the IOP and outflow facility. In addition, aberrant actin structures formed by dexamethasone treatment were reduced by optogenetic stimulation in human TM cells in culture. Conclusions Subcellular targeting of inositol phosphatases to remove PIP2 represents a promising strategy to reverse defective TM function in steroid-induced ocular hypertension. Translational Relevance Targeted modulation of OCRL may be used to decrease steroid-induced elevated IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia J. Kowal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Philipp P. Prosseda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Alvarado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Brent E. Sendayen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sayena Jabbehdari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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35
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Patel PD, Chen YL, Kasetti RB, Maddineni P, Mayhew W, Millar JC, Ellis DZ, Sonkusare SK, Zode GS. Impaired TRPV4-eNOS signaling in trabecular meshwork elevates intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022461118. [PMID: 33853948 PMCID: PMC8072326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022461118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma that leads to irreversible vision loss. Dysfunction of trabecular meshwork (TM) tissue, a major regulator of aqueous humor (AH) outflow resistance, is associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in POAG. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms of TM dysfunction in POAG remain elusive. In this regard, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cation channels are known to be important Ca2+ entry pathways in multiple cell types. Here, we provide direct evidence supporting Ca2+ entry through TRPV4 channels in human TM cells and show that TRPV4 channels in TM cells can be activated by increased fluid flow/shear stress. TM-specific TRPV4 channel knockout in mice elevated IOP, supporting a crucial role for TRPV4 channels in IOP regulation. Pharmacological activation of TRPV4 channels in mouse eyes also improved AH outflow facility and lowered IOP. Importantly, TRPV4 channels activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in TM cells, and loss of eNOS abrogated TRPV4-induced lowering of IOP. Remarkably, TRPV4-eNOS signaling was significantly more pronounced in TM cells compared to Schlemm's canal cells. Furthermore, glaucomatous human TM cells show impaired activity of TRPV4 channels and disrupted TRPV4-eNOS signaling. Flow/shear stress activation of TRPV4 channels and subsequent NO release were also impaired in glaucomatous primary human TM cells. Together, our studies demonstrate a central role for TRPV4-eNOS signaling in IOP regulation. Our results also provide evidence that impaired TRPV4 channel activity in TM cells contributes to TM dysfunction and elevated IOP in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkal D Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ramesh B Kasetti
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Prabhavathi Maddineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - William Mayhew
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - J Cameron Millar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Dorette Z Ellis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Gulab S Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107;
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Amankwa CE, Gondi SR, Dibas A, Weston C, Funk A, Nguyen T, Nguyen KT, Ellis DZ, Acharya S. Novel Thiol Containing Hybrid Antioxidant-Nitric Oxide Donor Small Molecules for Treatment of Glaucoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040575. [PMID: 33917924 PMCID: PMC8068288 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced death and dysregulation of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells contribute to the increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in primary open angle (POAG) glaucoma patients. POAG is one of the major causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO), a small gas molecule, has demonstrated IOP lowering activity in glaucoma by increasing aqueous humor outflow and relaxing TM. Glaucomatous pathology is associated with decreased antioxidant enzyme levels in ocular tissues causing increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that reduce the bioavailability of NO. Here, we designed, synthesized, and conducted in vitro studies of novel second-generation sulfur containing hybrid NO donor-antioxidants SA-9 and its active metabolite SA-10 to scavenge broad-spectrum ROS as well as provide efficient protection from t-butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP) induced oxidative stress while maintaining NO bioavailability in TM cells. To allow a better drug delivery, a slow release nanosuspension SA-9 nanoparticles (SA-9 NPs) was prepared, characterized, and tested in dexamethasone induced ocular hypertensive (OHT) mice model for IOP lowering activity. A single topical eye drop of SA-9 NPs significantly lowered IOP (61%) at 3 h post-dose, with the effect lasting up to 72 h. This class of molecule has high potential to be useful for treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Amankwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (C.E.A.); (S.R.G.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (A.F.)
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Sudershan R. Gondi
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (C.E.A.); (S.R.G.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (A.F.)
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Adnan Dibas
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (C.E.A.); (S.R.G.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (A.F.)
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Courtney Weston
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (C.E.A.); (S.R.G.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (A.F.)
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Arlene Funk
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (C.E.A.); (S.R.G.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (A.F.)
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Tam Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA; (T.N.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Kytai T. Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA; (T.N.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Dorette Z. Ellis
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Suchismita Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (C.E.A.); (S.R.G.); (A.D.); (C.W.); (A.F.)
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence:
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The Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibits the Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling Pathway in the Trabecular Meshwork. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1020-1035. [PMID: 33705750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma is a secondary open-angle glaucoma. About 40% of the general population may develop elevated intraocular pressure on prolonged glucocorticoid treatment secondary to damages in the trabecular meshwork (TM), a tissue that regulates intraocular pressure. Therefore, identifying the key molecules responsible for glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension is crucial. In this study, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1), a canonical Wnt signaling inhibitor, was found to be elevated in the aqueous humor and TM of glaucoma patients. At the signaling level, Dkk1 enhanced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling, whereas Dkk1 knockdown or Wnt signaling activators decreased GR signaling in human TM cells as indicated by luciferase assays. Similarly, activation of the GR signaling inhibited Wnt signaling. At the protein level, glucocorticoid-induced extracellular matrix was inhibited by Wnt activation using Wnt activators or Dkk1 knockdown in primary human TM cells. In contrast, inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling by β-catenin knockdown increased glucocorticoid-induced extracellular matrix proteins. At the physiological level, adenovirus-mediated Wnt3a expression decreased glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in mouse eyes. In summary, Wnt and GR signaling inhibit each other in the TM, and canonical Wnt signaling activators may prevent the adverse effect of glucocorticoids in the eye.
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Haribalaganesh R, Gowri Priya C, Sharmila R, Krishnadas S, Muthukkaruppan V, Willoughby CE, Senthilkumari S. Assessment of differential intraocular pressure response to dexamethasone treatment in perfusion cultured Indian cadaveric eyes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:605. [PMID: 33436790 PMCID: PMC7804010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the differential intraocular pressure response (IOP) to dexamethasone (DEX) treatment at two dose levels (100 or 500 nM) in perfusion cultured Indian cadaveric eyes to investigate glucocorticoid (GC) responsiveness. In a human organ-cultured anterior segment (HOCAS) set-up, the eye pressure was monitored for every 24 h post DEX infusion (100 or 500 nM) or 0.1% ethanol treatment for 7 days after baseline stabilization. The expression of DEX-inducible proteins such as myocilin and fibronectin in HOCAS-TM tissues was assessed by immunostaining. Elevated IOP was observed in 6/16 eyes [Mean ± SEM (mΔIOP): 15.50 ± 1.96 mmHg; 37.5% responders] and 3/15 eyes (Mean ± SEM mΔIOP: 10 ± 0.84 mmHg; 20% responders) in 100 nM and 500 nM dose groups respectively. Elevated IOP in GC responder eyes was substantiated with a significant increase in myocilin (11.8-fold; p = 0.0002) and fibronectin (eightfold; p = 0.04) expression as compared to vehicle-treated eyes by immunofluorescence analysis. This is the first study reporting the GC responsiveness in Indian cadaveric eyes. The observed GC response rate was comparable with the previous studies and hence, this model will enable us to investigate the relationship between differential gene expression and individual GC responsiveness in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinarayanan Haribalaganesh
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, #1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamilnadu, 625020, India
| | - Chidambaranathan Gowri Priya
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, #1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, 625020, India
| | | | - Subbaiah Krishnadas
- Glaucoma Clinic, Aravind Eye Hospital, #1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, 625020, India
| | - Veerappan Muthukkaruppan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, #1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, 625020, India
| | - Colin E Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Srinivasan Senthilkumari
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, #1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamilnadu, 625020, India.
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Yarishkin O, Phuong TTT, Baumann JM, De Ieso ML, Vazquez-Chona F, Rudzitis CN, Sundberg C, Lakk M, Stamer WD, Križaj D. Piezo1 channels mediate trabecular meshwork mechanotransduction and promote aqueous fluid outflow. J Physiol 2021; 599:571-592. [PMID: 33226641 PMCID: PMC7849624 DOI: 10.1113/jp281011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Trabecular meshwork (TM) is a highly mechanosensitive tissue in the eye that regulates intraocular pressure through the control of aqueous humour drainage. Its dysfunction underlies the progression of glaucoma but neither the mechanisms through which TM cells sense pressure nor their role in aqueous humour outflow are understood at the molecular level. We identified the Piezo1 channel as a key TM transducer of tensile stretch, shear flow and pressure. Its activation resulted in intracellular signals that altered organization of the cytoskeleton and cell-extracellular matrix contacts and modulated the trabecular component of aqueous outflow whereas another channel, TRPV4, mediated a delayed mechanoresponse. This study helps elucidate basic mechanotransduction properties that may contribute to intraocular pressure regulation in the vertebrate eye. ABSTRACT Chronic elevations in intraocular pressure (IOP) can cause blindness by compromising the function of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells in the anterior eye, but how these cells sense and transduce pressure stimuli is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate functional expression of two mechanically activated channels in human TM cells. Pressure-induced cell stretch evoked a rapid increase in transmembrane current that was inhibited by antagonists of the mechanogated channel Piezo1, Ruthenium Red and GsMTx4, and attenuated in Piezo1-deficient cells. The majority of TM cells exhibited a delayed stretch-activated current that was mediated independently of Piezo1 by TRPV4 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4) channels. Piezo1 functions as the principal TM transducer of physiological levels of shear stress, with both shear and the Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 increasing the number of focal cell-matrix contacts. Analysis of TM-dependent fluid drainage from the anterior eye showed significant inhibition by GsMTx4. Collectively, these results suggest that TM mechanosensitivity utilizes kinetically, regulatory and functionally distinct pressure transducers to inform the cells about force-sensing contexts. Piezo1-dependent control of shear flow sensing, calcium homeostasis, cytoskeletal dynamics and pressure-dependent outflow suggests potential for a novel therapeutic target in treating glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Yarishkin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tam T T Phuong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jackson M Baumann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael L De Ieso
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Felix Vazquez-Chona
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christopher N Rudzitis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad Sundberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Monika Lakk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Križaj
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Kasetti RB, Patel PD, Maddineni P, Patil S, Kiehlbauch C, Millar JC, Searby CC, Raghunathan V, Sheffield VC, Zode GS. ATF4 leads to glaucoma by promoting protein synthesis and ER client protein load. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5594. [PMID: 33154371 PMCID: PMC7644693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathological mechanisms of glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) damage and elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) are poorly understood. Here, we report that the chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway is activated in TM of human and mouse glaucoma. Expression of ATF4 in TM promotes aberrant protein synthesis and ER client protein load, leading to TM dysfunction and cell death. These events lead to IOP elevation and glaucomatous neurodegeneration. ATF4 interacts with CHOP and this interaction is essential for IOP elevation. Notably, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway prevents TM cell death and rescues mouse models of glaucoma by reducing protein synthesis and ER client protein load in TM cells. Importantly, glaucomatous TM cells exhibit significantly increased protein synthesis along with induction of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway. These studies indicate a pathological role of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway in glaucoma and provide a possible treatment for glaucoma by targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B Kasetti
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Pinkal D Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Prabhavathi Maddineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Shruti Patil
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Charles Kiehlbauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - J Cameron Millar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Charles C Searby
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences and the Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Val C Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Gulab S Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA.
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Maddineni P, Kasetti RB, Patel PD, Millar JC, Kiehlbauch C, Clark AF, Zode GS. CNS axonal degeneration and transport deficits at the optic nerve head precede structural and functional loss of retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of glaucoma. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:48. [PMID: 32854767 PMCID: PMC7457267 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a leading neurodegenerative disease affecting over 70 million individuals worldwide. Early pathological events of axonal degeneration and retinopathy in response to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are limited and not well-defined due to the lack of appropriate animal models that faithfully replicate all the phenotypes of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common form of glaucoma. Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) and its associated iatrogenic open-angle glaucoma share many features with POAG. Here, we characterized a novel mouse model of GC-induced OHT for glaucomatous neurodegeneration and further explored early pathological events of axonal degeneration in response to elevated IOP. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice were periocularly injected with either vehicle or the potent GC, dexamethasone 21-acetate (Dex) once a week for 10 weeks. Glaucoma phenotypes including IOP, outflow facility, structural and functional loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), optic nerve (ON) degeneration, gliosis, and anterograde axonal transport deficits were examined at various stages of OHT. RESULTS Prolonged treatment with Dex leads to glaucoma in mice similar to POAG patients including IOP elevation due to reduced outflow facility and dysfunction of trabecular meshwork, progressive ON degeneration and structural and functional loss of RGCs. Lowering of IOP rescued Dex-induced ON degeneration and RGC loss, suggesting that glaucomatous neurodegeneration is IOP dependent. Also, Dex-induced neurodegeneration was associated with activation of astrocytes, axonal transport deficits, ON demyelination, mitochondrial accumulation and immune cell infiltration in the optic nerve head (ONH) region. Our studies further show that ON degeneration precedes structural and functional loss of RGCs in Dex-treated mice. Axonal damage and transport deficits initiate at the ONH and progress toward the distal end of ON and target regions in the brain (i.e. superior colliculus). Most of anterograde transport was preserved during initial stages of axonal degeneration (30% loss) and complete transport deficits were only observed at the ONH during later stages of severe axonal degeneration (50% loss). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ON degeneration and transport deficits at the ONH precede RGC structural and functional loss and provide a new potential therapeutic window for rescuing neuronal loss and restoring health of damaged axons in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhavathi Maddineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, IREB-535, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Ramesh B. Kasetti
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, IREB-535, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Pinkal D. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, IREB-535, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - J. Cameron Millar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, IREB-535, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Charles Kiehlbauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, IREB-535, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, IREB-535, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Gulab S. Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, IREB-535, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
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Faralli JA, Filla MS, McDowell CM, Peters DM. Disruption of fibronectin fibrillogenesis affects intraocular pressure (IOP) in BALB/cJ mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237932. [PMID: 32822410 PMCID: PMC7444551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased deposition of fibronectin fibrils containing EDA+fibronectin by TGFβ2 is thought to be involved in the reduction of aqueous humor outflow across the trabecular meshwork (TM) of the eye and the elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP) observed in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Using a fibronectin-binding peptide called FUD that can disrupt fibronectin fibrillogenesis, we examined if disrupting fibronectin fibrillogenesis would affect IOP in the TGFβ2 BALB/cJ mouse model of ocular hypertension. BALB/cJ mice that had been intravitreally injected with an adenovirus (Ad5) expressing a bioactive TGFβ2226/228 showed a significant increase in IOP after 2 weeks. When 1μM FUD was injected intracamerally into mice 2 weeks post Ad5-TGFβ2 injection, FUD significantly reduced IOP after 2 days. Neither mutated FUD (mFUD) nor PBS had any effect on IOP. Four days after FUD was injected, IOP returned to pre-FUD injection levels. In the absence of TGFβ2, intracameral injection of FUD had no effect on IOP. Western blotting of mouse anterior segments expressing TGFβ2 showed that FUD decreased fibronectin levels 2 days after intracameral injection (p<0.05) but not 7 days compared to eyes injected with PBS. mFUD injection had no significant effect on fibronectin levels at any time point. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies in human TM (HTM) cells showed that treatment with 2ng/ml TGFβ2 increased the amount of EDA+ and EDB+ fibronectin incorporated into fibrils and 2μM FUD decreased both EDA+ and EDB+ fibronectin in fibrils. An on-cell western assay validated this and showed that FUD caused a 67% reduction in deoxycholate insoluble fibronectin fibrils in the presence of TGFβ2. FUD also caused a 43% reduction in fibronectin fibrillogenesis in the absence of TGFβ2 while mFUD had no effect. These studies suggest that targeting the assembly of fibronectin fibrillogenesis may represent a way to control IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Faralli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Filla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. McDowell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Peters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gindina S, Hu Y, Barron AO, Qureshi Z, Danias J. Tissue plasminogen activator attenuates outflow facility reduction in mouse model of juvenile open angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108179. [PMID: 32739292 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been shown to prevent steroid-induced reduction in aqueous humor outflow facility via an upregulation in matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp) expression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether tPA can rescue outflow facility reduction in the Tg-MYOCY437H mouse model, which replicates human juvenile open angle glaucoma. Outflow facility was measured in Tg-MYOCY437H mice following: periocular steroid exposure and intraocular protein treatment with enzymatically active or enzymatically inactive tPA. Effects of tPA on outflow facility were compared to those of animals treated with topical sodium phenylbutarate (PBA), a modulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Gene expression of fibrinolytic pathway components (Plat, Plau, and Pai-1) and matrix metalloproteinases (Mmp-2, -9, and -13) was determined in angle ring tissues containing the trabecular meshwork. Tg-MYOCY437H mice did not display further outflow facility reduction following steroid exposure. Enzymatically active and enzymatically inactive tPA were equally effective in attenuating outflow facility reduction in Tg-MYOCY437H mice and caused enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinases (Mmp-9 and Mmp-13). tPA was equally effective to topical PBA treatment in ameliorating outflow facility reduction in Tg-MYOCY437H mice. Both treatments were associated with an upregulation in Mmp-9 expression while tPA also upregulated Mmp-13 expression. tPA increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and may cause extracellular matrix remodeling at the trabecular meshwork, which results in reversal of outflow facility reduction in Tg-MYOCY437H mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya Gindina
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Arturo O Barron
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Zain Qureshi
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - John Danias
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Zhu X, Wu S, Zeng W, Chen X, Zheng T, Ren J, Ke M. Protective Effects of Rapamycin on Trabecular Meshwork Cells in Glucocorticoid-Induced Glaucoma Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1006. [PMID: 32714192 PMCID: PMC7344368 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma (GIG) is a chronic optic neuropathy caused by systemic or topical glucocorticoid (GC) treatment, which could eventually lead to permanent vision loss. To investigate the protective effects of rapamycin (RAP) on the trabecular cells during the development of GIG in mice, the effects of RAP on intraocular pressure (IOP), trabecular ultrastructure, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were examined in C57BL/6J female mice treated with dexamethasone acetate (Dex-Ace). The expression of α-actin in trabecular tissue was detected by immunofluorescence, and the autophagic activity of trabecular cells and the expression of GIG-related myocilin and α-actin were detected by immunoblotting. Our results indicated that Dex-Ace significantly increased IOP at the end of the third week (p < 0.05), while RAP treatment neutralized this elevation of IOP by Dex-Ace. Dex-Ace treatment significantly decreased the RGC numbers (p < 0.05), while synchronous RAP treatment kept the number comparable to control. The outer sheath of elastic fibers became thicker and denser, and the mitochondria of lesions increased in Dex-Ace-treated groups at 4 weeks, while no significant change was observed in the RAP-treated trabecular tissues. Dex-Ace induced myocilin, α-actin, Beclin-1, and LC3-II/LC-I ratio, and lowered p62, while synchronous RAP treatment further activated autophagy and neutralized the induction of myocilin and α-actin. Our studies suggested that RAP protected trabecular meshwork cells by further inducing autophagy way from damages of GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengyu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangbo Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Ex-vivo cultured human corneoscleral segment model to study the effects of glaucoma factors on trabecular meshwork. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232111. [PMID: 32579557 PMCID: PMC7314024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common form of glaucoma, is often associated with elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) due to the dysfunction of trabecular meshwork (TM) tissues. Currently, an ex vivo human anterior segment perfusion cultured system is widely used to study the effects of glaucoma factors and disease modifying drugs on physiological parameters like aqueous humor (AH) dynamics and IOP homeostasis. This system requires the use of freshly enucleated intact human eyes, which are sparsely available at very high cost. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using human donor corneoscleral segments for modeling morphological and biochemical changes associated with POAG. Among the number of corneas donated each year, many are deemed ineligible for transplantation due to stringent acceptance criteria. These ineligible corneoscleral segments were obtained from the Lions Eye Bank, Tampa, Florida. Each human donor anterior corneoscleral segment was dissected into four equal quadrants and cultured for 7 days by treating with the glaucoma factors dexamethasone (Dex) or recombinant transforming growth factor (TGF) β2 or transduced with lentiviral expression vectors containing wild type (WT) and mutant myocilin. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining analysis revealed that the TM structural integrity is maintained after 7 days in culture. Increased TUNEL positive TM cells were observed in corneoscleral quadrants treated with glaucoma factors compared to their respective controls. However, these TUNEL positive cells were mainly confined to the scleral region adjacent to the TM. Treatment of corneoscleral quadrants with Dex or TGFβ2 resulted in glaucomatous changes at the TM, which included increased extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Western blot analysis of the conditioned medium showed an increase in ECM (fibronectin and collagen IV) levels in Dex- or TGFβ2-treated samples compared to control. Lentiviral transduction of quadrants resulted in expression of WT and mutant myocilin in TM tissues. Western blot analysis of conditioned medium revealed decreased secretion of mutant myocilin compared to WT myocilin. Moreover, increased ECM deposition and ER stress induction was observed in the TM of mutant myocilin transduced quadrants. Our findings suggest that the ex-vivo cultured human corneoscleral segment model is cost-effective and can be used as a pre-screening tool to study the effects of glaucoma factors and anti-glaucoma therapeutics on the TM.
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Yorio T, Patel GC, Clark AF. Glucocorticoid-Induced Ocular Hypertension: Origins and New Approaches to Minimize. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020; 15:145-157. [PMID: 38274668 PMCID: PMC10810227 DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2020.1762488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) have unique actions in their combined anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities and are among the most commonly-prescribed drugs, particularly for inflammatory conditions. They are often used clinically to treat inflammatory eye diseases like uveitis, optic neuritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis and others, but are often accompanied by side effects, like ocular hypertension that can be vision threatening. Areas covered The review will focus on the complex molecular mechanism of action of GCs that involve both transactivation and transrepression and their use therapeutically that can cause significant systemic side effects, particularly ocular hypertension that can lead to glaucoma. Expert Opinion While we are still unclear as to all the mechanisms responsible for GC-induced ocular hypertension, however, there are potential novel therapies that are in development that can separate some of the anti-inflammatory therapeutic efficacy from their ocular hypertension side effect. This review provides some insight into these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yorio
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNTHSC
- North Texas Eye Research, Institute, UNTHSC
| | | | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNTHSC
- North Texas Eye Research, Institute, UNTHSC
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Pang IH, Clark AF. Inducible rodent models of glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 75:100799. [PMID: 31557521 PMCID: PMC7085984 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of vision impairment worldwide. In order to further understand the molecular pathobiology of this disease and to develop better therapies, clinically relevant animal models are necessary. In recent years, both the rat and mouse have become popular models in glaucoma research. Key reasons are: many important biological similarities shared among rodent eyes and the human eye; development of improved methods to induce glaucoma and to evaluate glaucomatous damage; availability of genetic tools in the mouse; as well as the relatively low cost of rodent studies. Commonly studied rat and mouse glaucoma models include intraocular pressure (IOP)-dependent and pressure-independent models. The pressure-dependent models address the most important risk factor of elevated IOP, whereas the pressure-independent models assess "normal tension" glaucoma and other "non-IOP" related factors associated with glaucomatous damage. The current article provides descriptions of these models, their characterizations, specific techniques to induce glaucoma, mechanisms of injury, advantages, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iok-Hou Pang
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
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Steroid-induced glaucoma: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 65:458-472. [PMID: 32057761 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are a class of anti-inflammatory drugs commonly used to treat various ocular and systemic conditions. Although the role of glucocorticoids in the treatment of numerous serious inflammatory diseases is pivotal, their prolonged use may increase intraocular pressure resulting in steroid-induced glaucoma. We provide a detailed update on steroid-induced glaucoma as a preventable cause of blindness in the adult and pediatric population and describe its epidemiology, social impact, and risk factors. Furthermore, we explore the propensity of different steroids to increase the intraocular pressure, the role of different routes of steroid administration, dosage and duration of treatment, as well as the clinical features, genetics, and management of steroid-induced glaucoma.
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Wu J, Bell OH, Copland DA, Young A, Pooley JR, Maswood R, Evans RS, Khaw PT, Ali RR, Dick AD, Chu CJ. Gene Therapy for Glaucoma by Ciliary Body Aquaporin 1 Disruption Using CRISPR-Cas9. Mol Ther 2020; 28:820-829. [PMID: 31981492 PMCID: PMC7054720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common cause of blindness, yet current therapeutic options are imperfect. Clinical trials have invariably shown that reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) regardless of disease subtype prevents visual loss. Reducing ciliary body aqueous humor production can lower IOP, and the adeno-associated virus ShH10 serotype was identified as able to transduce mouse ciliary body epithelium following intravitreal injection. Using ShH10 to deliver a single vector CRISPR-Cas9 system disrupting Aquaporin 1 resulted in reduced IOP in treated eyes (10.4 ± 2.4 mmHg) compared with control (13.2 ± 2.0 mmHg) or non-injected eyes (13.1 ± 2.8 mmHg; p < 0.001; n = 12). Editing in the aquaporin 1 gene could be detected in ciliary body, and no off-target increases in corneal or retinal thickness were identified. In experimental mouse models of corticosteroid and microbead-induced ocular hypertension, IOP could be reduced to prevent ganglion cell loss (32 ± 4 /mm2) compared with untreated eyes (25 ± 5/mm2; p < 0.01). ShH10 could transduce human ciliary body from post-mortem donor eyes in ex vivo culture with indel formation detectable in the Aquaporin 1 locus. Clinical translation of this approach to patients with glaucoma may permit long-term reduction of IOP following a single injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wu
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Oliver H Bell
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David A Copland
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Alison Young
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - John R Pooley
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ryea Maswood
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Rachel S Evans
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Peng Tee Khaw
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Robin R Ali
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Colin J Chu
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Yang Y, Abdulatef ASWA, Zhang L, Jiang H, Zeng Z, Li H, Xia X. Cross-talk between MYOC p. Y437H mutation and TGF-β2 in the pathology of glaucoma. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1062-1070. [PMID: 32410836 PMCID: PMC7211149 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.43614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the interaction between the MYOC Y437H mutation and TGF-β2 in a family with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: The MYOC Y437H mutation was identified in a family with POAG; the family was a fourth-generation family with 27 members, of which 6 members were affected. Analysis focused on the secreted myocilin protein and TGF-β2 found in the aqueous humor. Samples were taken both from normal controls and MYOC mutant carriers and cross-talk between MYOC Y437H and TGF-β2 were evaluated in the trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. Results: Aqueous humor secreted myocilin protein levels were reduced while TGF-β2 levels were increased in patients with the MYOC (c.1309T>C) mutation. This inverse relationship indicated that elevated TGF-β2 may be an important pathogenic mechanism in the progression of myocilin-related POAG. In TM cells expressing the MYOC Y437H mutant, exogenous TGF-β2 also significantly increased myocilin expression as well as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers GRP94 and CHOP. This increase in TGF-β2 was also associated with increased cell death in cells carrying the MYOC Y437H mutation. Conclusion: These data collectively suggest that the mutual interaction between glaucomatous MYOC mutation and TGF-β2 contributed to the cell death of TM cells. This relationship also provides a new, therapeutic targets for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Eye center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, the First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, 414000, Hunan Province, China
| | | | - LuSi Zhang
- The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Eye center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhou Zeng
- Eye center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Eye center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
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