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Palzkill VR, Tan J, Tice AL, Ferriera LF, Ryan TE. A 6-minute Limb Function Assessment for Therapeutic Testing in Experimental Peripheral Artery Disease Models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586197. [PMID: 38585832 PMCID: PMC10996543 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Background The translation of promising therapies from pre-clinical models of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) to patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) has been inadequate. While this failure is multifactorial, primary outcome measures in preclinical HLI models and clinical trials involving patients with PAD are not aligned well. For example, laser Doppler perfusion recovery measured under resting conditions is the most used outcome in HLI studies, whereas clinical trials involving patients with PAD primarily assess walking performance. Here, we sought to develop a 6-min limb function test for preclinical HLI models that assess muscular performance and hemodynamics congruently. Methods We developed an in situ 6-min limb function test that involves repeated isotonic (shortening) contractions performed against a submaximal load. Continuous measurement of muscle blood flow was performed using laser Doppler flowmetry. Quantification of muscle power, work, and perfusion are obtained across the test. To assess the efficacy of this test, we performed HLI via femoral artery ligation on several mouse strains: C57BL6J, BALBc/J, and MCK-PGC1α (muscle-specific overexpression of PGC1α). Additional experiments were performed using an exercise intervention (voluntary wheel running) following HLI. Results The 6-min limb function test was successful at detecting differences in limb function of C57BL6/J and BALBc/J mice subjected to HLI with effect sizes superior to laser Doppler perfusion recovery. C57BL6/J mice randomized to exercise therapy following HLI had smaller decline in muscle power, greater hyperemia, and performed more work across the 6-min limb function test compared to non-exercise controls with HLI. Mice with muscle-specific overexpression of PGC1α had no differences in perfusion recovery in resting conditions, but exhibited greater capillary density, increased muscle mass and absolute force levels, and performed more work across the 6-min limb function test compared to their wildtype littermates without the transgene. Conclusion These results demonstrate the efficacy of the 6-min limb function test to detect differences in the response to HLI across several interventions including where traditional perfusion recovery, capillary density, and muscle strength measures were unable to detect therapeutic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Palzkill
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jianna Tan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Leonardo F. Ferriera
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Exercise Science, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- The Myology Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Exercise Science, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- The Myology Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Long DE, Mantuano AJ, Confides AL, Miller BF, Kern PA, Butterfield TA, Dupont-Versteegden EE. Short-term repeated human biopsy sampling contributes to changes in muscle morphology and higher outcome variability. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1403-1414. [PMID: 37705447 PMCID: PMC10979834 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00441.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in skeletal muscle are an important aspect of overall health. The collection of human muscle to study cellular and molecular processes for research requires a needle biopsy procedure which, in itself, can induce changes in the tissue. To investigate the effect of repeat tissue sampling, we collected skeletal muscle biopsy samples from vastus lateralis separated by 7 days. Cellular infiltrate, central nucleation, enlarged extracellular matrix, and rounding of muscle fibers were used as indices to define muscle damage, and we found that 16/26 samples (61.5%) revealed at least two of these symptoms in the secondary biopsy. The presence of damage influenced outcome measures usually obtained in human biopsies. Damaged muscle showed an increase in the number of small fibers even though average fiber and fiber type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA) were not different. This included higher numbers of embryonic myosin heavy chain-positive fibers (P = 0.001) as well as elevated satellite cell number (P = 0.02) in the damaged areas and higher variability in satellite cell count in the total area (P = 0.04). Collagen content was higher in damaged (P = 0.0003) as well as nondamaged areas (P = 0.05) of the muscle sections of the damaged compared with the nondamaged group. Myofibrillar protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) fractional synthesis rates were not significantly different between the damaged compared with the nondamaged group. Results indicate that common outcomes as well as outcome variability in human muscle tissue are affected by previous biopsies. Therefore, the extent of potential damage should be assessed when performing repeated biopsies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Indices of damage can be found in repeated biopsy samples of nonintervened control legs. Variables, directly and not directly related to muscle damage or regeneration, were compromised in second biopsy. There is a need to determine potential damage within muscle tissue when repeated muscle sampling is part of the study design. Muscle biopsy sampling may be a source of increased heterogeneity in human muscle data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Long
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Alessandra J Mantuano
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Amy L Confides
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Philip A Kern
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Timothy A Butterfield
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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3
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Southerland KW, Xu Y, Peters DT, Lin X, Wei X, Xiang Y, Fei K, Olivere LA, Morowitz JM, Otto J, Dai Q, Kontos CD, Diao Y. Skeletal muscle regeneration failure in ischemic-damaged limbs is associated with pro-inflammatory macrophages and premature differentiation of satellite cells. Genome Med 2023; 15:95. [PMID: 37950327 PMCID: PMC10636829 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), a severe manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), is associated with a 1-year limb amputation rate of approximately 15-20% and substantial mortality. A key feature of CLTI is the compromised regenerative ability of skeletal muscle; however, the mechanisms responsible for this impairment are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aim to delineate pathological changes at both the cellular and transcriptomic levels, as well as in cell-cell signaling pathways, associated with compromised muscle regeneration in limb ischemia in both human tissue samples and murine models of CLTI. METHODS We performed single-cell transcriptome analysis of ischemic and non-ischemic muscle from the same CLTI patients and from a murine model of CLTI. In both datasets, we analyzed gene expression changes in macrophage and muscle satellite cell (MuSC) populations as well as differential cell-cell signaling interactions and differentiation trajectories. RESULTS Single-cell transcriptomic profiling and immunofluorescence analysis of CLTI patient skeletal muscle demonstrated that ischemic-damaged tissue displays a pro-inflammatory macrophage signature. Comparable results were observed in a murine CLTI model. Moreover, integrated analyses of both human and murine datasets revealed premature differentiation of MuSCs to be a key feature of failed muscle regeneration in the ischemic limb. Furthermore, in silico inferences of intercellular communication and in vitro assays highlight the importance of macrophage-MuSC signaling in ischemia induced muscle injuries. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our research provides the first single-cell transcriptome atlases of skeletal muscle from CLTI patients and a murine CLTI model, emphasizing the crucial role of macrophages and inflammation in regulating muscle regeneration in CLTI through interactions with MuSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Southerland
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Yueyuan Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Derek T Peters
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Xiaolin Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kaileen Fei
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lindsey A Olivere
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA
| | - Jeremy M Morowitz
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Development and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - James Otto
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Qunsheng Dai
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher D Kontos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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4
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Shirbaghaee Z, Heidari Keshel S, Rasouli M, Valizadeh M, Hashemi Nazari SS, Hassani M, Soleimani M. Report of a phase 1 clinical trial for safety assessment of human placental mesenchymal stem cells therapy in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:174. [PMID: 37408043 PMCID: PMC10324209 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is associated with increased risk of tissue loss, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic angiogenesis using cell-based treatments, notably mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), is essential for enhancing blood flow to ischemic areas in subjects suffering from CLI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (P-MSCs) in patients with CLI. METHODS This phase I dose-escalation study investigated P-MSCs in nine CLI patients who were enrolled into each of the two dosage groups (20 × 106 and 60 × 106 cells), delivered intramuscularly twice, two months apart. The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was the primary endpoint. The decrease in inflammatory cytokines, improvement in the ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI), maximum walking distance, vascular collateralization, alleviation of rest pain, healing of ulceration, and avoidance of major amputation in the target leg were the efficacy outcomes. RESULTS All dosages of P-MSCs, including the highest tested dose of 60 × 106 cells, were well tolerated. During the 6-month follow-up period, there was a statistically significant decrease in IL-1 and IFN-γ serum levels following P-MSC treatment. The blood lymphocyte profile of participants with CLI did not significantly differ, suggesting that the injection of allogeneic cells did not cause T-cell proliferation in vivo. We found clinically substantial improvement in rest pain, ulcer healing, and maximum walking distance after P-MSC implantation. In patients with CLI, we performed minor amputations rather than major amputations. Angiography was unable to demonstrate new small vessels formation significantly. CONCLUSION The observations from this phase I clinical study indicate that intramuscular administration of P-MSCs is considered safe and well tolerated and may dramatically improve physical performance and minimize inflammatory conditions in patients with CLI. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCT, IRCT20210221050446N1. Registered May 09, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Shirbaghaee
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rasouli
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Valizadeh
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassani
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital Research Development Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Applied Cell Sciences and Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Dong G, Moparthy C, Thome T, Kim K, Yue F, Ryan TE. IGF-1 Therapy Improves Muscle Size and Function in Experimental Peripheral Arterial Disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:702-719. [PMID: 37426532 PMCID: PMC10322901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has increased in prevalence, yet therapeutic development has remained stagnant. Skeletal muscle health and function has been strongly linked to quality of life and medical outcomes in patients with PAD. Using a rodent model of PAD, this study demonstrates that treatment of the ischemic limb with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 significantly increases muscle size and strength without improving limb hemodynamics. Interestingly, the effect size of IGF1 therapy was larger in female mice than in male mice, highlighting the need to carefully examine sex-dependent effects in experimental PAD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengfu Dong
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Chatick Moparthy
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Trace Thome
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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6
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Recatalá CA, Albiero M, Santoro MM. Evaluation of post-natal angiogenesis in a mouse hind limb ischemia model. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102232. [PMID: 37071530 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hind limb ischemia is a useful model to assess metabolic and cellular responses. Here, we present a protocol for evaluating post-natal angiogenesis in a mouse hind limb ischemia model. We describe steps to induce a severe restriction of blood supply of the femoral artery and vein that mimics the real-life scenario observed in clinical settings. We then detail procedures for follow-up laser Doppler imaging to compare post-ischemic responses of four different mouse strains in their capacity to trigger compensatory arteriogenesis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Oberkersch et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Arce Recatalá
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Mattia Santoro
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
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7
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Southerland KW, Xu Y, Peters DT, Wei X, Lin X, Xiang Y, Fei K, Olivere LA, Morowitz JM, Otto J, Dai Q, Kontos CD, Diao Y. Pro-inflammatory macrophages impair skeletal muscle regeneration in ischemic-damaged limbs by inducing precocious differentiation of satellite cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.01.535211. [PMID: 37066299 PMCID: PMC10103943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.01.535211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), representing the end-stage of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), is associated with a one-year limb amputation rate of ∼15-20% and significant mortality. A key characteristic of CLTI is the failure of the innate regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, single-cell transcriptome analysis of ischemic and non-ischemic muscle from the same CLTI patients demonstrated that ischemic-damaged tissue is enriched with pro-inflammatory macrophages. Comparable results were also observed in a murine CLTI model. Importantly, integrated analyses of both human and murine data revealed premature differentiation of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) in damaged tissue and indications of defects in intercellular signaling communication between MuSCs and their inflammatory niche. Collectively, our research provides the first single-cell transcriptome atlases of skeletal muscle from CLTI patients and murine models, emphasizing the crucial role of macrophages and inflammation in regulating muscle regeneration in CLTI through interactions with MuSCs.
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8
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Amorese AJ, Minchew EC, Tarpey MD, Readyoff AT, Williamson NC, Schmidt CA, McMillin SL, Goldberg EJ, Terwilliger ZS, Spangenburg QA, Witczak CA, Brault JJ, Abel ED, McClung JM, Fisher-Wellman KH, Spangenburg EE. Hypoxia Resistance Is an Inherent Phenotype of the Mouse Flexor Digitorum Brevis Skeletal Muscle. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad012. [PMID: 37168496 PMCID: PMC10165545 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The various functions of skeletal muscle (movement, respiration, thermogenesis, etc.) require the presence of oxygen (O2). Inadequate O2 bioavailability (ie, hypoxia) is detrimental to muscle function and, in chronic cases, can result in muscle wasting. Current therapeutic interventions have proven largely ineffective to rescue skeletal muscle from hypoxic damage. However, our lab has identified a mammalian skeletal muscle that maintains proper physiological function in an environment depleted of O2. Using mouse models of in vivo hindlimb ischemia and ex vivo anoxia exposure, we observed the preservation of force production in the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), while in contrast the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles suffered loss of force output. Unlike other muscles, we found that the FDB phenotype is not dependent on mitochondria, which partially explains the hypoxia resistance. Muscle proteomes were interrogated using a discovery-based approach, which identified significantly greater expression of the transmembrane glucose transporter GLUT1 in the FDB as compared to the EDL and soleus. Through loss-and-gain-of-function approaches, we determined that GLUT1 is necessary for the FDB to survive hypoxia, but overexpression of GLUT1 was insufficient to rescue other skeletal muscles from hypoxic damage. Collectively, the data demonstrate that the FDB is uniquely resistant to hypoxic insults. Defining the mechanisms that explain the phenotype may provide insight towards developing approaches for preventing hypoxia-induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Amorese
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Everett C Minchew
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Andrew T Readyoff
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Nicholas C Williamson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Cameron A Schmidt
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Shawna L McMillin
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Emma J Goldberg
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Zoe S Terwilliger
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Quincy A Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Carol A Witczak
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - E Dale Abel
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph M McClung
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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9
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Singh MV, Dokun AO. Diabetes mellitus in peripheral artery disease: Beyond a risk factor. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1148040. [PMID: 37139134 PMCID: PMC10149861 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1148040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is one of the major cardiovascular diseases that afflicts a large population worldwide. PAD results from occlusion of the peripheral arteries of the lower extremities. Although diabetes is a major risk factor for developing PAD, coexistence of PAD and diabetes poses significantly greater risk of developing critical limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) with poor prognosis for limb amputation and high mortality. Despite the prevalence of PAD, there are no effective therapeutic interventions as the molecular mechanism of how diabetes worsens PAD is not understood. With increasing cases of diabetes worldwide, the risk of complications in PAD have greatly increased. PAD and diabetes affect a complex web of multiple cellular, biochemical and molecular pathways. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular components that can be targeted for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we describe some major developments in enhancing the understanding of the interactions of PAD and diabetes. We also provide results from our laboratory in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu V. Singh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ayotunde O. Dokun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Centre, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Correspondence: Ayotunde O. Dokun
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10
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Minchew EC, Williamson NC, Readyoff AT, McClung JM, Spangenburg EE. Isometric skeletal muscle contractile properties in common strains of male laboratory mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:937132. [PMID: 36267576 PMCID: PMC9576934 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.937132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing contractile function of skeletal muscle in murine models is a commonly employed laboratory technique that investigators utilize to measure the impact of genetic manipulations, drug efficacy, or other therapeutic interventions. Often overlooked is the potential for the strain of the mouse to influence the functional properties of the skeletal muscle. Thus, we sought to characterize commonly assessed isometric force measures in the hindlimb muscles across a variety of mouse strains. Using 6-8-week-old male mice, we measured isometric force, fatigue susceptibility, relaxation kinetics, muscle mass, myofiber cross-sectional area, and fiber type composition of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles in C57BL/6NJ, BALB/cJ, FVB/NJ, C57BL/6J, and C57BL/10 mice. The data demonstrate both unique differences and a number of similarities between both muscles in the various genetic backgrounds of mice. Soleus muscle specific force (i.e., force per unit size) exhibited higher variation across strains while specific force of the EDL muscle exhibited minimal variation. In contrast, absolute force differed only in a few mouse strains whereas analysis of muscle morphology revealed many distinctions when compared across all the groups. Collectively, the data suggest that the strain of the mouse can potentially influence the measured biological outcome and may possibly promote a synergistic effect with any genetic manipulation or therapeutic intervention. Thus, it is critical for the investigator to carefully consider the genetic background of the mouse used in the experimental design and precisely document the strain of mouse employed during publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett C. Minchew
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Williamson
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Andrew T. Readyoff
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Joseph M. McClung
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States,East Carolina University, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, NC, United States,East Carolina Heart Institute, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Espen E. Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States,East Carolina University, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Espen E. Spangenburg,
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11
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Tu H, Qian J, Zhang D, Barksdale AN, Wadman MC, Pipinos II, Li YL. Different responses of skeletal muscles to femoral artery ligation-induced ischemia identified in BABL/c and C57BL/6 mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1014744. [PMID: 36187770 PMCID: PMC9523359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1014744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common circulatory problem in lower extremities, and the murine ischemic model is used to reproduce human PAD. To compare strain differences of skeletal muscle responses to ischemia, the left femoral artery was blocked by ligation to reduce blood flow to the limb of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. After 6 weeks of the femoral artery ligation, the functional and morphological changes of the gastrocnemius muscle were evaluated. BALB/c mice displayed serious muscular dystrophy, including smaller myofibers (524.3 ± 66 µM2), accumulation of adipose-liked tissue (17.8 ± 0.9%), and fibrosis (6.0 ± 0.5%), compared to C57BL/6 mice (1,328.3 ± 76.3 µM2, 0.27 ± 0.09%, and 1.56 ± 0.06%, respectively; p < 0.05). About neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in the gastrocnemius muscle, 6 weeks of the femoral artery ligation induced more damage in BALB/c mice than that in C57BL/6 mice, demonstrated by the fragment number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) clusters (8.8 ± 1.3 in BALB/c vs. 2.5 ± 0.7 in C57BL/6 mice, p < 0.05) and amplitude of sciatic nerve stimulated-endplate potentials (EPPs) (9.29 ± 1.34 mV in BALB/c vs. 20.28 ± 1.42 mV in C57BL/6 mice, p < 0.05). More importantly, 6 weeks of the femoral artery ligation significantly weakened sciatic nerve-stimulated skeletal muscle contraction in BALB/c mice, whereas it didn’t alter the skeletal muscle contraction in C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that the femoral artery ligation in BALB/c mice is a useful animal model to develop new therapeutic approaches to improve limb structure and function in PAD, although the mechanisms about strain differences of skeletal muscle responses to ischemia are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyin Tu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Junliang Qian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Dongze Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Aaron N. Barksdale
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michael C. Wadman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Iraklis I. Pipinos
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yu-Long Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Yu-Long Li,
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12
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Shirbaghaee Z, Hassani M, Heidari Keshel S, Soleimani M. Emerging roles of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in patients with critical limb ischemia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:462. [PMID: 36068595 PMCID: PMC9449296 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical limb ischemia (CLI), the terminal stage of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), is characterized by an extremely high risk of amputation and vascular issues, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. In patients with severe limb ischemia with no alternative therapy options, such as endovascular angioplasty or bypass surgery, therapeutic angiogenesis utilizing cell-based therapies is vital for increasing blood flow to ischemic regions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently considered one of the most encouraging cells as a regenerative alternative for the surgical treatment of CLI, including restoring tissue function and repairing ischemic tissue via immunomodulation and angiogenesis. The regenerative treatments for limb ischemia based on MSC therapy are still considered experimental. Despite recent advances in preclinical and clinical research studies, it is not recommended for regular clinical use. In this study, we review the immunomodulatory features of MSC besides the current understanding of different sources of MSC in the angiogenic treatment of CLI subjects and their potential applications as therapeutic agents. Specifically, this paper concentrates on the most current clinical application issues, and several recommendations are provided to improve the efficacy of cell therapy for CLI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Shirbaghaee
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassani
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital Research Development Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Applied Cell Science and Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Salyers ZR, Coleman M, Le D, Ryan TE. AAV-mediated expression of PFKFB3 in myofibers, but not endothelial cells, improves ischemic muscle function in mice with critical limb ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H424-H436. [PMID: 35867710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00121.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) is a powerful driver of angiogenesis through its modulation of glycolytic metabolism within endothelial cells. Recent work has demonstrated that PFKFB3 modulates the response to muscle ischemia, however the cell specificity of these effects is not fully understood. In this study, we tested the impact of viral mediated expression of PFKFB3, driven by gene promoters specific for myofibers or endothelial cells, on ischemic hindlimb revascularization and muscle function. We hypothesized that both endothelium- and muscle-specific expression of PFKFB3 would attenuate limb pathology following femoral artery ligation. Male and female BALB/cJ mice were injected with adeno-associated virus encoding the either a green fluorescent protein (GFP) or PFKFB3 driven by either the human skeletal actin (ACTA1) or cadherin-5 (Cdh5) promoters. Four weeks after AAV treatment, mice were subjected to unilateral femoral artery ligation and limb perfusion and muscle function were assessed. Both endothelium- and muscle-specific PFKFB3 expression resulted in significantly more perfused capillaries within the ischemic limb muscle, but neither changed myofiber size/area. Muscle-, but not endothelium-specific, PFKFB3 expression significantly improved maximal force production in ischemic muscle (P=0.0005). Notably, there was a significant effect of sex on maximal force levels in both cohorts of mice (P=0.0075 and P=0.0481), indicating that female mice had higher ischemic muscle strength compared to male mice, regardless of treatment group. Taken together, these data demonstrate that while both muscle- and endothelium-specific expression of PFKFB3 enhanced ischemic revascularization, only muscle-specific PFKFB3 expression improved muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Salyers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Madeline Coleman
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dennis Le
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Terence E Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Ryan TE, Kim K, Scali ST, Berceli SA, Thome T, Salyers ZR, O'Malley KA, Green TD, Karnekar R, Fisher‐Wellman KH, Yamaguchi DJ, McClung JM. Interventional- and amputation-stage muscle proteomes in the chronically threatened ischemic limb. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e658. [PMID: 35073463 PMCID: PMC8785983 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite improved surgical approaches for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), amputation rates remain high and contributing tissue-level factors remain unknown. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to identify differences between the healthy adult and CLTI limb muscle proteome, and (2) to identify differences in the limb muscle proteome of CLTI patients prior to surgical intervention or at the time of amputation. METHODS AND RESULTS Gastrocnemius muscle was collected from non-ischemic controls (n = 19) and either pre-interventional surgery (n = 10) or at amputation outcome (n = 29) CLTI patients. All samples were subjected to isobaric tandem-mass-tag-assisted proteomics. The mitochondrion was the primary classification of downregulated proteins (> 70%) in CLTI limb muscles and paralleled robust functional mitochondrial impairment. Upregulated proteins (> 38%) were largely from the extracellular matrix. Across the two independent sites, 39 proteins were downregulated and 12 upregulated uniformly. Pre-interventional CLTI muscles revealed a robust upregulation of mitochondrial proteins but modest functional impairments in fatty acid oxidation as compared with controls. Comparison of pre-intervention and amputation CLTI limb muscles revealed mitochondrial proteome and functional deficits similar to that between amputation and non-ischemic controls. Interestingly, these observed changes occurred despite 62% of the amputation CLTI patients having undergone a prior surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS The CLTI proteome supports failing mitochondria as a phenotype that is unique to amputation outcomes. The signature of pre-intervention CLTI muscle reveals stable mitochondrial protein abundance that is insufficient to uniformly prevent functional impairments. Taken together, these findings support the need for future longitudinal investigations aimed to determine whether mitochondrial failure is causally involved in amputation outcomes from CLTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Center for Exercise ScienceUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Myology InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Salvatore T. Scali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical CenterGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Scott A. Berceli
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical CenterGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Trace Thome
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Zachary R. Salyers
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Kerri A. O'Malley
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical CenterGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Thomas D. Green
- Department of PhysiologyBrody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Reema Karnekar
- Department of PhysiologyBrody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kelsey H. Fisher‐Wellman
- Department of PhysiologyBrody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Dean J. Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular ScienceEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Division of SurgeryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Joseph M. McClung
- Department of PhysiologyBrody School of MedicineEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity InstituteEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Cardiovascular ScienceEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNorth CarolinaUSA
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15
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Salyers ZR, Mariani V, Balestrieri N, Kumar RA, Vugman NA, Thome T, Villani KR, Berceli SA, Scali ST, Vasilakos G, Ryan TE. S100A8 and S100A9 are elevated in chronically threatened ischemic limb muscle and induce ischemic mitochondrial pathology in mice. JVS Vasc Sci 2022; 3:232-245. [PMID: 35647565 PMCID: PMC9133641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of the present study was to determine whether elevated levels of S100A8 and S100A9 (S100A8/A9) alarmins contribute to ischemic limb pathology. Methods Gastrocnemius muscle was collected from control patients without peripheral arterial disease (PAD; n = 14) and patients with chronic limb threatening limb ischemia (CLTI; n = 14). Mitochondrial function was assessed in permeabilized muscle fibers, and RNA and protein analyses were used to quantify the S100A8/A9 levels. Additionally, a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia with and without exogenous delivery of S100A8/A9 was used. Results Compared with the non-PAD control muscles, CLTI muscles displayed significant increases in the abundance of S100A8 and S100A9 at both mRNA and protein levels (P < .01). The CLTI muscles also displayed significant impairment in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and increased mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production compared with the non-PAD controls. The S100A8/A9 levels correlated significantly with the degree of muscle mitochondrial dysfunction (P < .05 for all). C57BL6J mice treated with recombinant S100A8/A9 displayed impaired perfusion recovery and muscle mitochondrial impairment compared with the placebo-treated mice after hindlimb ischemia surgery. These mitochondrial deficits observed after S100A8/A9 treatment were confirmed in the muscle cell culture system under normoxic conditions. Conclusions The S100A8/A9 levels were increased in CLTI limb muscle specimens compared with the non-PAD control muscle specimens, and the level of accumulation was associated with muscle mitochondrial impairment. Elevated S100A8/A9 levels in mice subjected to hindlimb ischemia impaired perfusion recovery and mitochondrial function. Together, these findings suggest that the inflammatory mediators S100A8/A9 might be directly involved in ischemic limb pathology. Despite improvements in the surgical management of chronic limb threatening limb ischemia (CLTI), the rates of major adverse limb events have remained high. Skeletal muscle has emerged as a strong predictor of outcomes in peripheral arterial disease (PAD)/CLTI; however, a complete understanding of muscle pathology in CLTI is lacking. This study identified elevated S100A8 and S100A9 alarmin proteins as a characteristic of CLTI muscle specimens and that the S100A8/A9 levels are associated with the degree of mitochondrial impairment in patient limb muscle specimens. Using a mouse model of PAD, treatment with S100A8/A9 exacerbated ischemic limb pathology, including impaired limb perfusion recovery and muscle mitochondrial impairment. Taken together, these findings connect the inflammatory milieu in the CLTI limb to exacerbated limb muscle outcomes via mitochondrial alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Salyers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Vinicius Mariani
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nicholas Balestrieri
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ravi A. Kumar
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nicholas A. Vugman
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Trace Thome
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Katelyn R. Villani
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Scott A. Berceli
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL
| | - Salvatore T. Scali
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL
| | - Georgios Vasilakos
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Correspondence: Terence E. Ryan, PhD, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611
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16
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Protease nexin-1 deficiency increases mouse hindlimb neovascularisation following ischemia and accelerates femoral artery perfusion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13412. [PMID: 34183729 PMCID: PMC8238971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified the inhibitory serpin protease nexin-1 (PN-1) as an important player of the angiogenic balance with anti-angiogenic activity in physiological conditions. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of PN-1 on pathological angiogenesis and particularly in response to ischemia, in the mouse model induced by femoral artery ligation. In wild-type (WT) muscle, we observed an upregulation of PN-1 mRNA and protein after ischemia. Angiography analysis showed that femoral artery perfusion was more rapidly restored in PN-1−/− mice than in WT mice. Moreover, immunohistochemistry showed that capillary density increased following ischemia to a greater extent in PN-1−/− than in WT muscles. Moreover, leukocyte recruitment and IL-6 and MCP-1 levels were also increased in PN-1−/− mice compared to WT after ischemia. This increase was accompanied by a higher overexpression of the growth factor midkine, known to promote leukocyte trafficking and to modulate expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Our results thus suggest that the higher expression of midkine observed in PN-1- deficient mice can increase leukocyte recruitment in response to higher levels of MCP-1, finally driving neoangiogenesis. Thus, PN-1 can limit neovascularisation in pathological conditions, including post-ischemic reperfusion of the lower limbs.
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17
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Shimotsu R, Hotta K, Ikegami R, Asamura T, Tabuchi A, Masamoto K, Yagishita K, Poole DC, Kano Y. Vascular permeability of skeletal muscle microvessels in rat arterial ligation model: in vivo analysis using two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R972-R983. [PMID: 33949210 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00135.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the lower limb compromises oxygen supply due to arterial occlusion. Ischemic skeletal muscle is accompanied by capillary structural deformation. Therefore, using novel microscopy techniques, we tested the hypothesis that endothelial cell swelling temporally and quantitatively corresponds to enhanced microvascular permeability. Hindlimb ischemia was created in male Wistar rat's by iliac artery ligation (AL). The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle microcirculation was imaged using intravenously infused rhodamine B isothiocyanate dextran fluorescent dye via two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) and dye extravasation at 3 and 7 days post-AL quantified to assess microvascular permeability. The TA microvascular endothelial ultrastructure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared with control (0.40 ± 0.15 μm3 × 106), using TPLSM, the volumetrically determined interstitial leakage of fluorescent dye measured at 3 (3.0 ± 0.40 μm3 × 106) and 7 (2.5 ± 0.8 μm3 × 106) days was increased (both P < 0.05). Capillary wall thickness was also elevated at 3 (0.21 ± 0.06 μm) and 7 (0.21 ± 0.08 μm) days versus control (0.11 ± 0.03 μm, both P < 0.05). Capillary endothelial cell swelling was temporally and quantitatively associated with elevated vascular permeability in the AL model of PAD but these changes occurred in the absence of elevations in protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) its receptor (VEGFR2 which decreased by AL-7 day) or matrix metalloproteinase. The temporal coherence of endothelial cell swelling and increased vascular permeability supports a common upstream mediator. TPLSM, in combination with TEM, provides a sensitive and spatially discrete technique to assess the mechanistic bases for, and efficacy of, therapeutic countermeasures to the pernicious sequelae of compromised peripheral arterial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Shimotsu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Kzuki Hotta
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryo Ikegami
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Health Science, Health Science University, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Asamura
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tabuchi
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Center for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (CNBE), University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yagishita
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Hyperbaric Medical Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David C Poole
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yutaka Kano
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Center for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (CNBE), University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
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18
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Current Status of Angiogenic Cell Therapy and Related Strategies Applied in Critical Limb Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052335. [PMID: 33652743 PMCID: PMC7956816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) constitutes the most severe form of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), it is characterized by progressive blockade of arterial vessels, commonly correlated to atherosclerosis. Currently, revascularization strategies (bypass grafting, angioplasty) remain the first option for CLI patients, although less than 45% of them are eligible for surgical intervention mainly due to associated comorbidities. Moreover, patients usually require amputation in the short-term. Angiogenic cell therapy has arisen as a promising alternative for these "no-option" patients, with many studies demonstrating the potential of stem cells to enhance revascularization by promoting vessel formation and blood flow recovery in ischemic tissues. Herein, we provide an overview of studies focused on the use of angiogenic cell therapies in CLI in the last years, from approaches testing different cell types in animal/pre-clinical models of CLI, to the clinical trials currently under evaluation. Furthermore, recent alternatives related to stem cell therapies such as the use of secretomes, exosomes, or even microRNA, will be also described.
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19
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Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Unifying Mechanism and Therapeutic Target. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121304. [PMID: 33353218 PMCID: PMC7766400 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis in the lower extremities, which leads to a spectrum of life-altering symptomatology, including claudication, ischemic rest pain, and gangrene requiring limb amputation. Current treatments for PAD are focused primarily on re-establishing blood flow to the ischemic tissue, implying that blood flow is the decisive factor that determines whether or not the tissue survives. Unfortunately, failure rates of endovascular and revascularization procedures remain unacceptably high and numerous cell- and gene-based vascular therapies have failed to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials. The low success of vascular-focused therapies implies that non-vascular tissues, such as skeletal muscle and oxidative stress, may substantially contribute to PAD pathobiology. Clues toward the importance of skeletal muscle in PAD pathobiology stem from clinical observations that muscle function is a strong predictor of mortality. Mitochondrial impairments in muscle have been documented in PAD patients, although its potential role in clinical pathology is incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms causing mitochondrial dysfunction in ischemic skeletal muscle, including causal evidence in rodent studies, and highlight emerging mitochondrial-targeted therapies that have potential to improve PAD outcomes. Particularly, we will analyze literature data on reactive oxygen species production and potential counteracting endogenous and exogenous antioxidants.
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20
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Ryan TE, Schmidt CA, Tarpey MD, Amorese AJ, Yamaguchi DJ, Goldberg EJ, Iñigo MM, Karnekar R, O'Rourke A, Ervasti JM, Brophy P, Green TD, Neufer PD, Fisher-Wellman K, Spangenburg EE, McClung JM. PFKFB3-mediated glycolysis rescues myopathic outcomes in the ischemic limb. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139628. [PMID: 32841216 PMCID: PMC7526546 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised muscle mitochondrial metabolism is a hallmark of peripheral arterial disease, especially in patients with the most severe clinical manifestation - critical limb ischemia (CLI). We asked whether inflexibility in metabolism is critical for the development of myopathy in ischemic limb muscles. Using Polg mtDNA mutator (D257A) mice, we reveal remarkable protection from hind limb ischemia (HLI) due to a unique and beneficial adaptive enhancement of glycolytic metabolism and elevated ischemic muscle PFKFB3. Similar to the relationship between mitochondria from CLI and claudicating patient muscles, BALB/c muscle mitochondria are uniquely dysfunctional after HLI onset as compared with the C57BL/6 (BL6) parental strain. AAV-mediated overexpression of PFKFB3 in BALB/c limb muscles improved muscle contractile function and limb blood flow following HLI. Enrichment analysis of RNA sequencing data on muscle from CLI patients revealed a unique deficit in the glucose metabolism Reactome. Muscles from these patients express lower PFKFB3 protein, and their muscle progenitor cells possess decreased glycolytic flux capacity in vitro. Here, we show supplementary glycolytic flux as sufficient to protect against ischemic myopathy in instances where reduced blood flow-related mitochondrial function is compromised preclinically. Additionally, our data reveal reduced glycolytic flux as a common characteristic of the failing CLI patient limb skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E Ryan
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology
| | - Cameron A Schmidt
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology
| | - Adam J Amorese
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology
| | - Dean J Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, and.,Division of Surgery, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emma J Goldberg
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology
| | - Melissa Mr Iñigo
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology
| | - Reema Karnekar
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology
| | - Allison O'Rourke
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Thomas D Green
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology
| | | | | | - Joseph M McClung
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Physiology.,Department of Cardiovascular Science, and
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21
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Schmidt CA, Goldberg EJ, Green TD, Karnekar RR, Brault JJ, Miller SG, Amorese AJ, Yamaguchi DJ, Spangenburg EE, McClung JM. Effects of fasting on isolated murine skeletal muscle contractile function during acute hypoxia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225922. [PMID: 32324778 PMCID: PMC7179920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stored muscle carbohydrate supply and energetic efficiency constrain muscle functional capacity during exercise and are influenced by common physiological variables (e.g. age, diet, and physical activity level). Whether these constraints affect overall functional capacity or the timing of muscle energetic failure during acute hypoxia is not known. We interrogated skeletal muscle contractile properties in two anatomically distinct rodent hindlimb muscles that have well characterized differences in energetic efficiency (locomotory- extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and postural- soleus muscles) following a 24 hour fasting period that resulted in substantially reduced muscle carbohydrate supply. 180 mins of acute hypoxia resulted in complete energetic failure in all muscles tested, indicated by: loss of force production, substantial reductions in total adenosine nucleotide pool intermediates, and increased adenosine nucleotide degradation product-inosine monophosphate (IMP). These changes occurred in the absence of apparent myofiber structural damage assessed histologically by both transverse section and whole mount. Fasting and the associated reduction of the available intracellular carbohydrate pool (~50% decrease in skeletal muscle) did not significantly alter the timing to muscle functional impairment or affect the overall force/work capacities of either muscle type. Fasting resulted in greater passive tension development in both muscle types, which may have implications for the design of pre-clinical studies involving optimal timing of reperfusion or administration of precision therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A. Schmidt
- Dept. of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emma J. Goldberg
- Dept. of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tom D. Green
- Dept. of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Reema R. Karnekar
- Dept. of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Brault
- Dept. of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Spencer G. Miller
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Amorese
- Dept. of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dean J. Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Espen E. Spangenburg
- Dept. of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McClung
- Dept. of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Berru FN, Gray SE, Thome T, Kumar RA, Salyers ZR, Coleman M, Dennis Le, O'Malley K, Ferreira LF, Berceli SA, Scali ST, Ryan TE. Chronic kidney disease exacerbates ischemic limb myopathy in mice via altered mitochondrial energetics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15547. [PMID: 31664123 PMCID: PMC6820860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) substantially increases the severity of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) symptomology, however, the biological mechanisms remain unclear. The objective herein was to determine the impact of CKD on PAD pathology in mice. C57BL6/J mice were subjected to a diet-induced model of CKD by delivery of adenine for six weeks. CKD was confirmed by measurements of glomerular filtration rate, blood urea nitrogen, and kidney histopathology. Mice with CKD displayed lower muscle force production and greater ischemic lesions in the tibialis anterior muscle (78.1 ± 14.5% vs. 2.5 ± 0.5% in control mice, P < 0.0001, N = 5-10/group) and decreased myofiber size (1661 ± 134 μm2 vs. 2221 ± 100 μm2 in control mice, P < 0.01, N = 5-10/group). This skeletal myopathy occurred despite normal capillary density (516 ± 59 vs. 466 ± 45 capillaries/20x field of view) and limb perfusion. CKD mice displayed a ~50-65% reduction in muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity in ischemic muscle, whereas control mice had normal mitochondrial function. Hydrogen peroxide emission was modestly higher in the ischemic muscle of CKD mice, which coincided with decreased oxidant buffering. Exposure of cultured myotubes to CKD serum resulted in myotube atrophy and elevated oxidative stress, which were attenuated by mitochondrial-targeted therapies. Taken together, these findings suggest that mitochondrial impairments caused by CKD contribute to the exacerbation of ischemic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian N Berru
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah E Gray
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Trace Thome
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ravi A Kumar
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary R Salyers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madeline Coleman
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dennis Le
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kerri O'Malley
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leonardo F Ferreira
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Scott A Berceli
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Salvatore T Scali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Terence E Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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23
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Aref Z, de Vries MR, Quax PHA. Variations in Surgical Procedures for Inducing Hind Limb Ischemia in Mice and the Impact of These Variations on Neovascularization Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153704. [PMID: 31362356 PMCID: PMC6696155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hind limb ischemia is the most common used preclinical model for peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischemia. This model is used to investigate the mechanisms of neovascularization and to develop new therapeutic agents. The literature shows many variations in the model, including the method of occlusion, the number of occlusions, and the position at which the occlusions are made to induce hind limb ischemia. Furthermore, predefined end points and the histopathological and radiological analysis vary. These differences hamper the correlation of results between different studies. In this review, variations in surgical methods of inducing hind limb ischemia in mice are described, and the consequences of these variations on perfusion restoration and vascular remodeling are discussed. This study aims at providing the reader with a comprehensive overview of the methods so far described, and proposing uniformity in research of hind limb ischemia in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeen Aref
- Department of Surgery, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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24
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Goldberg EJ, Schmidt CA, Green TD, Karnekar R, Yamaguchi DJ, Spangenberg EE, McClung JM. Temporal Association Between Ischemic Muscle Perfusion Recovery and the Restoration of Muscle Contractile Function After Hindlimb Ischemia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:804. [PMID: 31316393 PMCID: PMC6611152 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During incomplete skeletal muscle recovery from ischemia, such as that occurs with critical limb ischemia, the temporal relationship between recovery of muscle capillary perfusion and contractile function is poorly defined. We examined this relationship in BALB/cJ mice (N = 24) following unilateral hindlimb ischemia (HLI), which pre-clinically mimics the myopathy observed in critical limb ischemia patients. Specifically, we examined this relationship in two phenotypically distinct muscles (i.e., "oxidative" soleus - Sol and "glycolytic" extensor digitorum longus - EDL) 14- or 56-days after HLI. Although overall limb blood flow (LDPI) reached its' recovery peak (48% of control) by HLI d14, the capillary networks in both the Sol and EDL (whole mount confocal imaging) were disrupted and competent muscle capillary perfusion (perfused lectin+μm2/muscle μm2) remained reduced. Interestingly, both Sol and EDL muscles recovered their distinct capillary structures and perfusion (Con Sol; 0.056 ± 0.02 lectin+μm2/muscle μm2, and Con EDL; 0.039 ± 0.005 lectin+μm2/muscle μm2) by HLI d56 (Sol; 0.062 ± 0.011 lectin+μm2/muscle μm2 and EDL; 0.0035 ± 0.005 lectin+μm2/muscle μm2), despite no further improvement in limb blood flow (LDPI). Both muscles suffered severe myopathy, indicated by loss of dystrophin positive immunostaining and the absence of stimulation induced isometric force production at HLI d14. Dystrophin immunofluorescence returned at HLI d56, although neither myofiber CSA (μm2) nor isometric force production (58 and 28% sustained deficits, Sol and EDL, respectively) recovered completely in either muscle. In summary, we reveal that the temporal relationship between the restoration of muscle capillary perfusion and functional ischemic skeletal muscle regeneration favors competent muscle capillary perfusion recovery in BALB/c mice in a phenotypically non-distinct manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Goldberg
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Cameron A Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - T D Green
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - R Karnekar
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - D J Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Division of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - E E Spangenberg
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Joseph M McClung
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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25
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Kim K, Reid BA, Ro B, Casey CA, Song Q, Kuang S, Roseguini BT. Heat therapy improves soleus muscle force in a model of ischemia-induced muscle damage. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:215-228. [PMID: 31161885 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leg muscle ischemia in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) leads to alterations in skeletal muscle morphology and reduced leg strength. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to heat therapy (HT) would improve skeletal muscle function in a mouse model of ischemia-induced muscle damage. Male 42-wk-old C57Bl/6 mice underwent ligation of the femoral artery and were randomly assigned to receive HT (immersion in a water bath at 37°C, 39°C, or 41°C for 30 min) or a control intervention for 3 wk. At the end of the treatment, the animals were anesthetized and the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were harvested for the assessment of contractile function and examination of muscle morphology. A subset of animals was used to examine the impact of a single HT session on the expression of genes involved in myogenesis and the regulation of muscle mass. Relative soleus muscle mass was significantly higher in animals exposed to HT at 39°C compared with the control group (control: 0.36 ± 0.01 mg/g versus 39°C: 0.40 ± 0.01 mg/g, P = 0.024). Maximal absolute force of the soleus was also significantly higher in animals treated with HT at 37°C and 39°C (control: 274.7 ± 6.6 mN; 37°C: 300.1 ± 7.7 mN; 39°C: 299.5 ± 10 mN, P < 0.05). In the soleus, but not the EDL muscle, a single session of HT enhanced the mRNA expression of myogenic factors as well as of both positive and negative regulators of muscle mass. These findings suggest that the beneficial effects of HT are muscle specific and dependent on the treatment temperature in a model of PAD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to comprehensively examine the impact of temperature and muscle fiber type composition on the adaptations to repeated heat stress in a model of ischemia-induced muscle damage. Exposure to heat therapy (HT) at 37°C and 39°C, but not at 41°C, improved force development of the isolated soleus muscle. These results suggest that HT may be a practical therapeutic tool to restore muscle mass and strength in patients with peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Blake A Reid
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bohyun Ro
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University , Busan , Korea
| | - Caitlin A Casey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Qifan Song
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bruno T Roseguini
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
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26
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Ryan TE, Yamaguchi DJ, Schmidt CA, Zeczycki TN, Shaikh SR, Brophy P, Green TD, Tarpey MD, Karnekar R, Goldberg EJ, Sparagna GC, Torres MJ, Annex BH, Neufer PD, Spangenburg EE, McClung JM. Extensive skeletal muscle cell mitochondriopathy distinguishes critical limb ischemia patients from claudicants. JCI Insight 2018; 3:123235. [PMID: 30385731 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The most severe manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is critical limb ischemia (CLI). CLI patients suffer high rates of amputation and mortality; accordingly, there remains a clear need both to better understand CLI and to develop more effective treatments. Gastrocnemius muscle was obtained from 32 older (51-84 years) non-PAD controls, 27 claudicating PAD patients (ankle-brachial index [ABI] 0.65 ± 0.21 SD), and 19 CLI patients (ABI 0.35 ± 0.30 SD) for whole transcriptome sequencing and comprehensive mitochondrial phenotyping. Comparable permeabilized myofiber mitochondrial function was paralleled by both similar mitochondrial content and related mRNA expression profiles in non-PAD control and claudicating patient tissues. Tissues from CLI patients, despite being histologically intact and harboring equivalent mitochondrial content, presented a unique bioenergetic signature. This signature was defined by deficits in permeabilized myofiber mitochondrial function and a unique pattern of both nuclear and mitochondrial encoded gene suppression. Moreover, isolated muscle progenitor cells retained both mitochondrial functional deficits and gene suppression observed in the tissue. These findings indicate that muscle tissues from claudicating patients and non-PAD controls were similar in both their bioenergetics profile and mitochondrial phenotypes. In contrast, CLI patient limb skeletal muscles harbor a unique skeletal muscle mitochondriopathy that represents a potentially novel therapeutic site for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E Ryan
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | | | - Cameron A Schmidt
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | - Tonya N Zeczycki
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thomas D Green
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | - Reema Karnekar
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | - Emma J Goldberg
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | | | | | - Brian H Annex
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | | | - Joseph M McClung
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
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