1
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Dou Y, Fei X, He X, Huan Y, Wei J, Wu X, Lyu W, Fei Z, Li X, Fei F. Homer1a reduces inflammatory response after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1608-1617. [PMID: 38051906 PMCID: PMC10883521 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.386490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202407000-00042/figure1/v/2023-11-20T171125Z/r/image-tiff
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the causes of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, which results in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and leads to visual damage. Homer1a is reported to play a protective role in neuroinflammation in the cerebrum. However, the effects of Homer1a on NLRP3 inflammasomes in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury caused by elevated IOP remain unknown. In our study, animal models were constructed using C57BL/6J and Homer1flox/
–/Homer1a+/
–/Nestin-Cre+/
– mice with elevated IOP-induced retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. For in vitro experiments, the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury model was constructed with Müller cells. We found that Homer1a overexpression ameliorated the decreases in retinal thickness and Müller cell viability after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Furthermore, Homer1a knockdown promoted NF-κB P65Ser536 activation via caspase-8, NF-κB P65 nuclear translocation, NLRP3 inflammasome formation, and the production and processing of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. The opposite results were observed with Homer1a overexpression. Finally, the combined administration of Homer1a protein and JSH-23 significantly inhibited the reduction in retinal thickness in Homer1flox/
–/Homer1a+/
–/Nestin-Cre+/
– mice and apoptosis in Müller cells after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that Homer1a exerts protective effects on retinal tissue and Müller cells via the caspase-8/NF-κB P65/NLRP3 pathway after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaowei Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Huan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiuquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Weihao Lyu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fei Fei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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2
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Feng L, Gao L. The role of neurovascular coupling dysfunction in cognitive decline of diabetes patients. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1375908. [PMID: 38576869 PMCID: PMC10991808 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1375908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is an important mechanism to ensure adequate blood supply to active neurons in the brain. NVC damage can lead to chronic impairment of neuronal function. Diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar and is considered an important risk factor for cognitive impairment. In this review, we provide fMRI evidence of NVC damage in diabetic patients with cognitive decline. Combined with the exploration of the major mechanisms and signaling pathways of NVC, we discuss the effects of chronic hyperglycemia on the cellular structure of NVC signaling, including key receptors, ion channels, and intercellular connections. Studying these diabetes-related changes in cell structure will help us understand the underlying causes behind diabetes-induced NVC damage and early cognitive decline, ultimately helping to identify the most effective drug targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Elsherbiny NM, Altemani R, Althagfi W, Albalawi M, Mohammedsaleh ZM, El-Sherbiny M, Abo El-Magd NF. Nifuroxazide repurposing for protection from diabetes-induced retinal injury in rats: Implication of oxidative stress and JAK/STAT3 axis. Biofactors 2024; 50:360-370. [PMID: 37737462 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is alarmingly increasing worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a prevailing DM microvascular complication, representing the major cause of blindness in working-age population. Inflammation is a crucial player in DR pathogenesis. JAK/STAT3 axis is a pleotropic cascade that modulates diverse inflammatory events. Nifuroxazide (Nifu) is a commonly used oral antibiotic with reported JAK/STAT3 inhibition activity. The present study investigated the potential protective effect of Nifu against diabetes-induced retinal injury. Effect of Nifu on oxidative stress, JAK/STAT3 axis and downstream inflammatory mediators has been also studied. Diabetes was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Animals were assigned into four groups: normal, Nifu control, DM, and DM + Nifu. Nifu was orally administrated at 25 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. The effects of Nifu on oxidative stress, JAK/STAT3 axis proteins, inflammatory factors, tight junction proteins, histological, and ultrastructural alterations were evaluated using spectrophotometry, gene and protein analyses, and histological studies. Nifu administration to diabetic rats attenuated histopathological and signs of retinal injury. Additionally, Nifu attenuated retinal oxidative stress, inhibited JAK and STAT3 phosphorylation, augmented the expression of STAT3 signaling inhibitor SOCS3, dampened the expression of transcription factor of inflammation NF-κB, and inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Collectively, the current study indicated that Nifu alleviated DR progression in diabetic rats, suggesting beneficial retino-protective effect. This can be attributed to blocking JAK/STAT3 axis in retinal tissues with subsequent amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Reem Altemani
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad Althagfi
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Albalawi
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair M Mohammedsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada F Abo El-Magd
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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4
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Zuo GF, Wang LG, Huang L, Ren YF, Ge Z, Hu ZY, Zhang JJ, Chen SL. TAX1BP1 downregulation by STAT3 in cardiac fibroblasts contributes to diabetes-induced heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166979. [PMID: 38065272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is now the most common form of HF and has been reported to be closely related to diabetes. Accumulating evidence suggests that HFpEF patients exhibit cardiac fibrosis. This study investigates whether direct targeted inhibition of the activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), the main effector cells in cardiac fibrosis, improves diabetes-induced HFpEF and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. Twenty-week-old db/db mice exhibited HFpEF, as confirmed by echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements. Proteomics was performed on CFs isolated from the hearts of 20-week-old C57BL/6 and db/db mice. Bioinformatic prediction was used to identify target proteins. Experimental validation was performed in both high glucose (HG)-treated neonatal mouse CFs (NMCFs) and diabetic hearts. TAX1 binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1) was identified as the most significantly differentially expressed protein between 20-week-old C57BL/6 and db/db mice. TAX1BP1 mRNA and protein were markedly downregulated in CFs from diabetic hearts and HG-cultured NMCFs. Overexpression of TAX1BP1 profoundly inhibited HG/diabetes-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation and collagen synthesis in CFs, improved cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, inflammation and HFpEF in diabetic mice. Mechanistically, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which is phosphorylated and translocated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus under hyperglycemic conditions, bound to TAX1BP1 promoter and blocked TAX1BP1 transcriptional activity, consequently promoting NF-κB nuclear translocation and collagen synthesis in CFs, aggravating cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy and inflammation, leading to HFpEF in db/db mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that targeting regulation of STAT3-TAX1BP1-NF-κB signaling in CFs may be a promising therapeutic approach for diabetes-induced HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Feng Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Guo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuo-Ying Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun-Jie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shao-Liang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Morsi AA, Shawky LM, Shawky TM, Bahr MH, Alnasr MTA, El Bana E. Targeting NF-κB/COX-2 signaling by soyasaponin I alleviates diclofenac-induced gastric ulceration in male albino rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3927. [PMID: 38269501 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Gastric ulceration is a prevalent worldwide clinical presentation due to altered gastric defense mechanisms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are one of the common causes of gastric ulcers mediated by the release of inflammatory mediators. The study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of soyasaponin I (soya) against diclofenac (DIC)-induced gastric ulcer in rats and to highlight the underlying mechanisms. The experiment was conducted on 40 male Wistar albino rats, equally distributed into five groups: control, DIC-induced ulcer (9 mg/kg/d, orally, twice daily for 3 days), ulcer/soya-, ulcer/ranitidine-, and ulcer/soya/selective nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor (JSH-23)-treated groups. The doses of soya, ranitidine, and JSH were 20, 25, and 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, given orally. Gastric specimens were prepared for gene and histological study and for biochemical analysis of gastric prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), oxidative markers, and inflammatory cytokines. The gastric samples were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), PAS staining, and immunohistochemical assay for identification of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proliferation marker (Ki67) expressions. The findings revealed decreased gastric PGE2 and altered inflammatory and oxidative markers in the ulcer model group. The H&E staining showed mucosal injury characterized by mucosal surface defects and inflammatory cell infiltrations. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry demonstrated an upregulation of NF-κB and COX-2 expression at gene/protein levels; meanwhile, Ki67 downregulation. The soya-treated group showed maintained biochemical, histological, and PCR findings comparable to the ranitidine-treated group. The JSH-23-treated group still showed partial gastric protection with biochemical and immunohistochemical changes. Soyasaponin I ameliorated DIC-induced gastric ulcers by targeting the COX-2 activity through modulation of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Morsi
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa M Shawky
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Shawky
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H Bahr
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Eman El Bana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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6
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Sunilkumar S, VanCleave AM, McCurry CM, Toro AL, Stevens SA, Kimball SR, Dennis MD. REDD1-dependent GSK3β dephosphorylation promotes NF-κB activation and macrophage infiltration in the retina of diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104991. [PMID: 37392853 PMCID: PMC10407432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for inflammation in the early development and progression of retinal complications caused by diabetes. We recently demonstrated that the stress response protein regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) promotes diabetes-induced retinal inflammation by sustaining canonical activation of nuclear transcription factor, NF-κB. The studies here were designed to identify signaling events whereby REDD1 promotes NF-κB activation in the retina of diabetic mice. We observed increased REDD1 expression in the retina of mice after 16 weeks of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and found that REDD1 was essential for diabetes to suppress inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) at S9. In human retinal MIO-M1 Müller cell cultures, REDD1 deletion prevented dephosphorylation of GSK3β and increased NF-κB activation in response to hyperglycemic conditions. Expression of a constitutively active GSK3β variant restored NF-κB activation in cells deficient for REDD1. In cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions, GSK3β knockdown inhibited NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression by preventing inhibitor of κB kinase complex autophosphorylation and inhibitor of κB degradation. In both the retina of STZ-diabetic mice and in Müller cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions, GSK3 inhibition reduced NF-κB activity and prevented an increase in proinflammatory cytokine expression. In contrast with STZ-diabetic mice receiving a vehicle control, macrophage infiltration was not observed in the retina of STZ-diabetic mice treated with GSK3 inhibitor. Collectively, the findings support a model wherein diabetes enhances REDD1-dependent activation of GSK3β to promote canonical NF-κB signaling and the development of retinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sunilkumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley M VanCleave
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher M McCurry
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allyson L Toro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaunaci A Stevens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scot R Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael D Dennis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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7
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Wagner R, Amonkar GM, Wang W, Shui JE, Bankoti K, Tse WH, High FA, Zalieckas JM, Buchmiller TL, Zani A, Keijzer R, Donahoe PK, Lerou PH, Ai X. A Tracheal Aspirate-derived Airway Basal Cell Model Reveals a Proinflammatory Epithelial Defect in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:1214-1226. [PMID: 36731066 PMCID: PMC10161756 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202205-0953oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is characterized by incomplete closure of the diaphragm and lung hypoplasia. The pathophysiology of lung defects in CDH is poorly understood. Objectives: To establish a translational model of human airway epithelium in CDH for pathogenic investigation and therapeutic testing. Methods: We developed a robust methodology of epithelial progenitor derivation from tracheal aspirates of newborns. Basal stem cells (BSCs) from patients with CDH and preterm and term non-CDH control subjects were derived and analyzed by bulk RNA sequencing, assay for transposase accessible chromatin with sequencing, and air-liquid interface differentiation. Lung sections from fetal human CDH samples and the nitrofen rat model of CDH were subjected to histological assessment of epithelial defects. Therapeutics to restore epithelial differentiation were evaluated in human epithelial cell culture and the nitrofen rat model of CDH. Measurements and Main Results: Transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling of CDH and control BSCs reveals a proinflammatory signature that is manifested by hyperactive nuclear factor kappa B and independent of severity and hernia size. In addition, CDH BSCs exhibit defective epithelial differentiation in vitro that recapitulates epithelial phenotypes found in fetal human CDH lung samples and fetal tracheas of the nitrofen rat model of CDH. Furthermore, blockade of nuclear factor kappa B hyperactivity normalizes epithelial differentiation phenotypes of human CDH BSCs in vitro and in nitrofen rat tracheas in vivo. Conclusions: Our findings have identified an underlying proinflammatory signature and BSC differentiation defects as a potential therapeutic target for airway epithelial defects in CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wagner
- Division of Newborn Medicine and
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gaurang M. Amonkar
- Division of Newborn Medicine and
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Newborn Medicine and
| | | | | | - Wai Hei Tse
- Departments of Surgery, Pediatrics & Child Health, Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba and Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Frances A. High
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery and
| | - Jill M. Zalieckas
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Terry L. Buchmiller
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Augusto Zani
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Keijzer
- Departments of Surgery, Pediatrics & Child Health, Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba and Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patricia K. Donahoe
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Panda SP, Reddy PH, Gorla US, Prasanth D. Neuroinflammation and neovascularization in diabetic eye diseases (DEDs): identification of potential pharmacotherapeutic targets. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1857-1869. [PMID: 36513866 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to increase public knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of diabetic eye diseases (DEDs), such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and ocular angiosarcoma (ASO), and the likelihood of blindness among elderly widows. A widow's life in North India, in general, is fraught with peril because of the economic and social isolation it brings, as well as the increased risk of death from heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, depression, and dementia. Neovascularization, neuroinflammation, and edema in the ocular tissue are hallmarks of the ASO, a rare form of malignant tumor. When diabetes, hypertension, and aging all contribute to increased oxidative stress, the DR can proceed to ASO. Microglia in the retina of the optic nerve head are responsible for causing inflammation, discomfort, and neurodegeneration. Those that come into contact with them will get blind as a result of this. Advanced glycation end products (AGE), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), protein kinase C (PKC), poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), metalloproteinase9 (MMP9), nuclear factor kappaB (NFkB), program death ligand1 (PDL-1), factor VIII (FVIII), and von Willebrand factor (VWF) are potent agents for ocular neovascularisation (ONV), neuroinflammation and edema in the ocular tissue. AGE/VEGF, DAG/PKC, PARP/NFkB, RAS/VEGF, PDL-1/PD-1, VWF/FVIII/VEGF, and RAS/VEGF are all linked to the pathophysiology of DEDs. The interaction between ONV and ASO is mostly determined by the VWF/FVIII/VEGF and PDL-1/PD-1 axis. This study focused on retinoprotective medications that can pass the blood-retinal barrier and cure DEDs, as well as the factors that influence the etiology of neovascularization and neuroinflammation in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Prasad Panda
- Pharmacology Research Division, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, 281406, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 79430, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 79430, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 79430, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 79430, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 79430, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Uma Sankar Gorla
- College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, AP, India
| | - Dsnbk Prasanth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, AP, India
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9
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Muniyandi A, Martin M, Sishtla K, Motolani A, Sun M, Jensen NR, Qi X, Boulton ME, Prabhu L, Lu T, Corson TW. PRMT5 is a therapeutic target in choroidal neovascularization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1747. [PMID: 36720900 PMCID: PMC9889383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular neovascular diseases including neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) are widespread causes of blindness. Patients' non-responsiveness to currently used biologics that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) poses an unmet need for novel therapies. Here, we identify protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as a novel therapeutic target for nvAMD. PRMT5 is a well-known epigenetic enzyme. We previously showed that PRMT5 methylates and activates a proangiogenic and proinflammatory transcription factor, the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which has a master role in tumor progression, notably in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer. We identified a potent and specific small molecule inhibitor of PRMT5, PR5-LL-CM01, that dampens the methylation and activation of NF-κB. Here for the first time, we assessed the antiangiogenic activity of PR5-LL-CM01 in ocular cells. Immunostaining of human nvAMD sections revealed that PRMT5 is highly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid where neovascularization occurs, while mouse eyes with laser induced choroidal neovascularization (L-CNV) showed PRMT5 is overexpressed in the retinal ganglion cell layer and in the RPE/choroid. Importantly, inhibition of PRMT5 by PR5-LL-CM01 or shRNA knockdown of PRMT5 in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived choroidal endothelial cells (iCEC2) reduced NF-κB activity and the expression of its target genes, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and VEGF-A. In addition to inhibiting angiogenic properties of proliferation and tube formation, PR5-LL-CM01 blocked cell cycle progression at G1/S-phase in a dose-dependent manner in these cells. Thus, we provide the first evidence that inhibition of PRMT5 impedes angiogenesis in ocular endothelial cells, suggesting PRMT5 as a potential therapeutic target to ameliorate ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbukkarasi Muniyandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Matthew Martin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kamakshi Sishtla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Aishat Motolani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mengyao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nathan R Jensen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xiaoping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Michael E Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Lakshmi Prabhu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Timothy W Corson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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10
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Sunilkumar S, Toro AL, McCurry CM, VanCleave AM, Stevens SA, Miller WP, Kimball SR, Dennis MD. Stress response protein REDD1 promotes diabetes-induced retinal inflammation by sustaining canonical NF-κB signaling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102638. [PMID: 36309088 PMCID: PMC9694114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to the progression of retinal pathology caused by diabetes. Here, we investigated a role for the stress response protein regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) in the development of retinal inflammation. Increased REDD1 expression was observed in the retina of mice after 16-weeks of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, and REDD1 was essential for diabetes-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. In human retinal MIO-M1 Müller cell cultures, REDD1 deletion prevented increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in response to hyperglycemic conditions. REDD1 deletion promoted nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) hyperactivation; however, Nrf2 was not required for reduced inflammatory cytokine expression in REDD1-deficient cells. Rather, REDD1 enhanced inflammatory cytokine expression by promoting activation of nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB). In WT cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), inflammatory cytokine expression was increased in coordination with activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-dependent REDD1 expression and sustained activation of NF-κB. In both Müller cell cultures exposed to TNFα and in the retina of STZ-diabetic mice, REDD1 deletion promoted inhibitor of κB (IκB) expression and reduced NF-κB DNA-binding activity. We found that REDD1 acted upstream of IκB by enhancing both K63-ubiquitination and auto-phosphorylation of IκB kinase complex. In contrast with STZ-diabetic REDD1+/+ mice, IκB kinase complex autophosphorylation and macrophage infiltration were not observed in the retina of STZ-diabetic REDD1-/- mice. The findings provide new insight into how diabetes promotes retinal inflammation and support a model wherein REDD1 sustains activation of canonical NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sunilkumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allyson L. Toro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher M. McCurry
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley M. VanCleave
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaunaci A. Stevens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William P. Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scot R. Kimball
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael D. Dennis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA,For correspondence: Michael D. Dennis
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11
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Yu S, Cui K, Wu P, Wu B, Lu X, Huang R, Tang X, Lin J, Yang B, Zhao J, He Q, Liang X, Xu Y. Melatonin prevents experimental central serous chorioretinopathy in rats. J Pineal Res 2022; 73:e12802. [PMID: 35436360 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a vision-threatening disease with no validated treatment and unclear pathogenesis. It is characterized by dilation and leakage of choroidal vasculature, resulting in the accumulation of subretinal fluid, and serous detachment of the neurosensory retina. Numerous studies have demonstrated that melatonin had multiple protective effects against endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown. However, the effect of melatonin on CSC, and its exact pathogenesis, is not well understood thus far. In this study, an experimental model was established by intravitreal injection of aldosterone in rats, which mimicked the features of CSC. Our results found that melatonin administration in advance significantly inhibited aldosterone-induced choroidal thickening and vasodilation by reducing the expression of calcium-activated potassium channel KCa2.3, and attenuated tortuosity of choroid vessels. Moreover, melatonin protected the BRB integrity and prevented the decrease in tight junction protein (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1) levels in the rat model induced by aldosterone. Additionally, the data also showed that intraperitoneal injection of melatonin in advance inhibited aldosterone-induced macrophage/microglia infiltration, and remarkably diminished the levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2), chemokines (chemokine C-C motif ligand 3, and C-X-C motif ligand 1), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Luzindole, as the nonselective MT1 and MT2 antagonist, and 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline, as the selective MT2 antagonist, neutralized the melatonin-induced inhibition of choroidal thickening and choroidal vasodilation, indicating that melatonin might exert the effects via binding to its receptors. Furthermore, the IL-17A/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway was activated by intravitreal administration of aldosterone, while it was suppressed in melatonin-treated in advance rat eyes. This study indicates that melatonin could serve as a promising safe therapeutic strategy for CSC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benjuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Said EA, Al-Dughaishi S, Al-Hatmi W, Al-Reesi I, Al-Riyami M, Al-Balushi MS, Al-Bimani A, Al-Busaidi JZ, Al-Khabori M, Al-Kindi S, Procopio FA, Al-Rashdi A, Al-Ansari A, Babiker H, Koh CY, Al-Naamani K, Pantaleo G, Al-Jabri AA. Human macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells stimulate the proliferation of endothelial cells through midkine production. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267662. [PMID: 35476724 PMCID: PMC9045650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine midkine (MK) is a growth factor that is involved in different physiological processes including tissue repair, inflammation, the development of different types of cancer and the proliferation of endothelial cells. The production of MK by primary human macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) was never described. We investigated whether MK is produced by primary human monocytes, macrophages and MDDCs and the capacity of macrophages and MDDCs to modulate the proliferation of endothelial cells through MK production. The TLR stimulation of human monocytes, macrophages and MDDCs induced an average of ≈200-fold increase in MK mRNA and the production of an average of 78.2, 62, 179 pg/ml MK by monocytes, macrophages and MDDCs respectively (p < 0.05). MK production was supported by its detection in CD11c+ cells, CLEC4C+ cells and CD68+ cells in biopsies of human tonsils showing reactive lymphoid follicular hyperplasia. JSH-23, which selectively inhibits NF-κB activity, decreased the TLR-induced production of MK in PMBCs, macrophages and MDDCs compared to the control (p < 0.05). The inhibition of MK production by macrophages and MDDCs using anti-MK siRNA decreased the capacity of their supernatants to stimulate the proliferation of endothelial cells (p = 0.01 and 0.04 respectively). This is the first study demonstrating that the cytokine MK is produced by primary human macrophages and MDDCs upon TLR triggering, and that these cells can stimulate endothelial cell proliferation through MK production. Our results also suggest that NF-κB plays a potential role in the production of MK in macrophages and MDDCs upon TLR stimulation. The production of MK by macrophages and MDDCs and the fact that these cells can enhance the proliferation of endothelial cells by producing MK are novel immunological phenomena that have potentially important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A. Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- * E-mail:
| | - Sumaya Al-Dughaishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Wadha Al-Hatmi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Iman Al-Reesi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Marwa Al-Riyami
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed S. Al-Balushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Atika Al-Bimani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Juma Z. Al-Busaidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Murtadha Al-Khabori
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salam Al-Kindi
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Francesco A. Procopio
- Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University of Lausanne, Lauzane, Switzerland
| | - Afrah Al-Rashdi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Aliyaa Al-Ansari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hamza Babiker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Crystal Y. Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University of Lausanne, Lauzane, Switzerland
| | - Ali A. Al-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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13
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Lewandowski D, Sander CL, Tworak A, Gao F, Xu Q, Skowronska-Krawczyk D. Dynamic lipid turnover in photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium throughout life. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101037. [PMID: 34971765 PMCID: PMC10361839 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium-photoreceptor interphase is renewed each day in a stunning display of cellular interdependence. While photoreceptors use photosensitive pigments to convert light into electrical signals, the RPE supports photoreceptors in their function by phagocytizing shed photoreceptor tips, regulating the blood retina barrier, and modulating inflammatory responses, as well as regenerating the 11-cis-retinal chromophore via the classical visual cycle. These processes involve multiple protein complexes, tightly regulated ligand-receptors interactions, and a plethora of lipids and protein-lipids interactions. The role of lipids in maintaining a healthy interplay between the RPE and photoreceptors has not been fully delineated. In recent years, novel technologies have resulted in major advancements in understanding several facets of this interplay, including the involvement of lipids in phagocytosis and phagolysosome function, nutrient recycling, and the metabolic dependence between the two cell types. In this review, we aim to integrate the complex role of lipids in photoreceptor and RPE function, emphasizing the dynamic exchange between the cells as well as discuss how these processes are affected in aging and retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lewandowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christopher L Sander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aleksander Tworak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qianlan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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14
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Singh M, Kapoor A, Bhatnagar A. Physiological and Pathological Roles of Aldose Reductase. Metabolites 2021; 11:655. [PMID: 34677370 PMCID: PMC8541668 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the first step in the polyol pathway which converts glucose to sorbitol. Under normal glucose homeostasis the pathway represents a minor route of glucose metabolism that operates in parallel with glycolysis. However, during hyperglycemia the flux of glucose via the polyol pathway increases significantly, leading to excessive formation of sorbitol. The polyol pathway-driven accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol has been implicated in the development of secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Based on the notion that inhibition of AR could prevent these complications a range of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested; however, their clinical efficacy has been found to be marginal at best. Moreover, recent work has shown that AR participates in the detoxification of aldehydes that are derived from lipid peroxidation and their glutathione conjugates. Although in some contexts this antioxidant function of AR helps protect against tissue injury and dysfunction, the metabolic transformation of the glutathione conjugates of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes could also lead to the generation of reactive metabolites that can stimulate mitogenic or inflammatory signaling events. Thus, inhibition of AR could have both salutary and injurious outcomes. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of AR could modify the effects of cardiovascular disease, asthma, neuropathy, sepsis, and cancer; therefore, additional work is required to selectively target AR inhibitors to specific disease states. Despite past challenges, we opine that a more gainful consideration of therapeutic modulation of AR activity awaits clearer identification of the specific role(s) of the AR enzyme in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Aniruddh Kapoor
- Internal Medicine—Critical Care, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA;
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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