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Khan N, Sudhakar K, Mamat R. Macroalgae farming for sustainable future: Navigating opportunities and driving innovation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28208. [PMID: 38560151 PMCID: PMC10981073 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Seaweed cultivation has garnered significant interest, driven by its wide range of biomass benefits. However, comprehensive assessments from various perspectives are imperative to ensure the sustainable cultivation of seaweed. Biotic and Abiotic factors can significantly impact seaweed yield in complex commercial farming. Biotic factors include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other algae, while abiotic factors include environmental conditions such as temperature, salinity, light intensity, and nutrient availability. Additionally, the susceptibility of seaweeds to pests and diseases further compounds the issue, leading to potential crop losses. This study endeavours to shed light on the immense potential of macroalgae cultivation and underscores the pressing need for scientific advancements in this field. The comprehensive review clearly explains the latest developments in seaweed cultivation and highlights significant advances from diverse seaweed research. Moreover, it provides insightful glimpses into possible future developments that could shape the trajectory of this promising industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Khan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Centre of Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes (Fluid Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - K. Sudhakar
- Centre for Automotive Engineering Centre, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Pahang, Malaysia
- Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462003, India
| | - R. Mamat
- Centre for Automotive Engineering Centre, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Pahang, Malaysia
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Pessarrodona A, Howard J, Pidgeon E, Wernberg T, Filbee-Dexter K. Carbon removal and climate change mitigation by seaweed farming: A state of knowledge review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170525. [PMID: 38309363 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The pressing need to mitigate the effects of climate change is driving the development of novel approaches for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere, with the ocean playing a central role in the portfolio of solutions. The expansion of seaweed farming is increasingly considered as one of the potential CDR avenues among government and private sectors. Yet, comprehensive assessments examining whether farming can lead to tangible climate change mitigation remain limited. Here we examine the results of over 100 publications to synthesize evidence regarding the CDR capacity of seaweed farms and review the different interventions through which an expansion of seaweed farming may contribute to climate change mitigation. We find that presently, the majority of the carbon fixed by seaweeds is stored in short-term carbon reservoirs (e.g., seaweed products) and that only a minority of the carbon ends up in long-term reservoirs that are likely to fit within existing international accounting frameworks (e.g., marine sediments). Additionally, the tiny global area cultivated to date (0.06 % of the estimated wild seaweed extent) limits the global role of seaweed farming in climate change mitigation in the present and mid-term future. A first-order estimate using the best available data suggests that, at present, even in a low emissions scenario, any carbon removal capacity provided by seaweed farms globally is likely to be offset by their emissions (median global balance net emitter: -0.11 Tg C yr-1; range -2.07-1.95 Tg C yr-1), as most of a seaweed farms' energy and materials currently depend on fossil fuels. Enhancing any potential CDR though seaweed farming will thus require decarbonizing of supply chains, directing harvested biomass to long-term carbon storage products, expanding farming outside traditional cultivation areas, and developing robust models tracing the fate of seaweed carbon. This will present novel scientific (e.g., verifying permanence of seaweed carbon), engineering (e.g., developing farms in wave exposed areas), and economic challenges (e.g., increase market demand, lower costs, decarbonize at scale), many of which are only beginning to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pessarrodona
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA; International Blue Carbon Institute, Singapore.
| | - Jennifer Howard
- Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA; International Blue Carbon Institute, Singapore
| | - Emily Pidgeon
- Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA; International Blue Carbon Institute, Singapore
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
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De Bhowmick G, Hayes M. Potential of Seaweeds to Mitigate Production of Greenhouse Gases during Production of Ruminant Proteins. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200145. [PMID: 37205931 PMCID: PMC10190624 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The potential of seaweed to mitigate methane is real and studies with red seaweeds have found reductions in methane produced from ruminants fed red seaweeds in the region of 60-90% where the active compound responsible for this is bromoform. Other studies with brown and green seaweeds have observed reductions in methane production of between 20 and 45% in vitro and 10% in vivo. Benefits of feeding seaweeds to ruminants are seaweed specific and animal species-dependent. In some instances, positive effects on milk production and performance are observed where selected seaweeds are fed to ruminants while other studies note reductions in performance traits. A balance between reducing methane and maintaining animal health and food quality is necessary. Seaweeds are a source of essential amino acids and minerals however, and offer huge potential for use as feeds for animal health maintenance once formulations and doses are correctly prepared and administered. A negative aspect of seaweed use for animal feed currently is the cost associated with wild harvest and indeed aquaculture production and improvements must be made here if seaweed ingredients are to be used as a solution to control methane production from ruminants for continued production of animal/ruminant sourced proteins in the future. This review collates information concerning different seaweeds and how they and their constituents can reduce methane from ruminants and ensure sustainable production of ruminant proteins in an environmentally beneficial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldy De Bhowmick
- Food BioSciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research CentreAshtownDublin 15D15 KN3KIreland
| | - Maria Hayes
- Food BioSciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research CentreAshtownDublin 15D15 KN3KIreland
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Corrigan S, Brown AR, Tyler CR, Wilding C, Daniels C, Ashton IGC, Smale DA. Development and Diversity of Epibiont Assemblages on Cultivated Sugar Kelp ( Saccharina latissima) in Relation to Farming Schedules and Harvesting Techniques. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13010209. [PMID: 36676158 PMCID: PMC9865293 DOI: 10.3390/life13010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Seaweed farming in Europe is growing and may provide environmental benefits, including habitat provisioning, coastal protection, and bioremediation. Habitat provisioning by seaweed farms remains largely unquantified, with previous research focused primarily on the detrimental effects of epibionts, rather than their roles in ecological functioning and ecosystem service provision. We monitored the development and diversity of epibiont assemblages on cultivated sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) at a farm in Cornwall, southwest UK, and compared the effects of different harvesting techniques on epibiont assemblage structure. Increases in epibiont abundance (PERMANOVA, F4,25 = 100.56, p < 0.001) and diversity (PERMANOVA, F4,25 = 27.25, p < 0.001) were found on cultivated kelps over and beyond the growing season, reaching an average abundance of >6000 individuals per kelp plant with a taxonomic richness of ~9 phyla per kelp by late summer (August). Assemblages were dominated by crustaceans (mainly amphipods), molluscs (principally bivalves) and bryozoans, which provide important ecological roles, despite reducing crop quality. Partial harvesting techniques maintained, or increased, epibiont abundance and diversity beyond the farming season; however, these kelp plants were significantly fouled and would not be commercially viable in most markets. This paper improves understanding of epibiont assemblage development at European kelp farms, which can inform sustainable, ecosystem-based approaches to aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Corrigan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (D.A.S.)
| | - A. Ross Brown
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Catherine Wilding
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Carly Daniels
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Ian G. C. Ashton
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Dan A. Smale
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (D.A.S.)
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Li Y, Umanzor S, Ng C, Huang M, Marty-Rivera M, Bailey D, Aydlett M, Jannink JL, Lindell S, Yarish C. Skinny kelp ( Saccharina angustissima) provides valuable genetics for the biomass improvement of farmed sugar kelp ( Saccharina latissima). JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2022; 34:2551-2563. [PMID: 36033835 PMCID: PMC9391627 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-022-02811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) is one of the most widely cultivated brown marine macroalgae species in the North Atlantic and the eastern North Pacific Oceans. To meet the expanding demands of the sugar kelp mariculture industry, selecting and breeding sugar kelp that is best suited to offshore farm environments is becoming necessary. To that end, a multi-year, multi-institutional breeding program was established by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) Macroalgae Research Inspiring Novel Energy Resources (MARINER) program. Hybrid sporophytes were generated using 203 unique gametophyte cultures derived from wild-collected Saccharina spp. for two seasons of farm trials (2019-2020 and 2020-2021). The wild sporophytes were collected from 10 different locations within the Gulf of Maine (USA) region, including both sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) and the skinny kelp species (Saccharina angustissima). We harvested 232 common farm plots during these two seasons with available data. We found that farmed kelp plots with skinny kelp as parents had an average increased yield over the mean (wet weight 2.48 ± 0.90 kg m-1 and dry weight 0.32 ± 0.10 kg m-1) in both growing seasons. We also found that blade length positively correlated with biomass in skinny kelp x sugar kelp crosses or pure sugar kelp crosses. The skinny x sugar progenies had significantly longer and narrower blades than the pure sugar kelp progenies in both seasons. Overall, these findings suggest that sugar x skinny kelp crosses provide improved yield compared to pure sugar kelp crosses. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10811-022-02811-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguang Li
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT 06901-2315 USA
| | - Schery Umanzor
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT 06901-2315 USA
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99775 USA
| | - Crystal Ng
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT 06901-2315 USA
| | - Mao Huang
- Section On Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Michael Marty-Rivera
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT 06901-2315 USA
| | - David Bailey
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Margaret Aydlett
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Jean-Luc Jannink
- Section On Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agriculture Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Scott Lindell
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Charles Yarish
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT 06901-2315 USA
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
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A Retrospective Review of Global Commercial Seaweed Production-Current Challenges, Biosecurity and Mitigation Measures and Prospects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127087. [PMID: 35742332 PMCID: PMC9222978 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Commercial seaweed cultivation has undergone drastic changes to keep up with the increasing demand in terms of the quantity and quality of the algal biomass needed to meet the requirements of constant innovation in industrial applications. Diseases caused by both biotic and abiotic factors have been identified as contributing to the economic loss of precious biomass. Biosecurity risk will eventually affect seaweed production as a whole and could cripple the seaweed industry. The current review sheds light on the biosecurity measures that address issues in the seaweed industry pushing towards increasing the quantity and quality of algal biomass, research on algal diseases, and tackling existing challenges as well as discussions on future directions of seaweed research. The review is presented to provide a clear understanding of the latest biosecurity developments from several segments in the seaweed research, especially from upstream cultivation encompassing the farming stages from seeding, harvesting, drying, and packing, which may lead to better management of this precious natural resource, conserving ecological balance while thriving on the economic momentum that seaweed can potentially provide in the future. Recommended breeding strategies and seedling stock selection are discussed that aim to address the importance of sustainable seaweed farming and facilitate informed decision-making. Sustainable seaweed cultivation also holds the key to reducing our carbon footprint, thereby fighting the existential crisis of climate change plaguing our generation.
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Zhang X, Boderskov T, Bruhn A, Thomsen M. Blue growth and bioextraction potentials of Danish Saccharina latissima aquaculture — A model of eco-industrial production systems mitigating marine eutrophication and climate change. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stedt K, Trigo JP, Steinhagen S, Nylund GM, Forghani B, Pavia H, Undeland I. Cultivation of seaweeds in food production process waters: Evaluation of growth and crude protein content. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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St-Gelais AT, Fredriksson DW, Dewhurst T, Miller-Hope ZS, Costa-Pierce BA, Johndrow K. Engineering A Low-Cost Kelp Aquaculture System for Community-Scale Seaweed Farming at Nearshore Exposed Sites via User-Focused Design Process. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.848035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 50 years, government fishery agencies have recognized the need to transition excess fishing capacity in coastal waters to aquaculture. For the most part, investment strategies to move wild capture and harvest efforts into aquaculture have failed since the technology and capital expense for entry, such as large fish pens, was not conducive for acceptance. In contrast, low trophic level aquaculture of shellfish and seaweeds is suitable as an addition to the livelihoods of seasonal fishing communities and to those displaced by fishery closures, especially if vessels and gear can be designed around existing fishing infrastructures, thus allowing fishers to maintain engagement with their primary fishery, while augmenting income via aquaculture. In this study, an inexpensive, lightweight, and highly mobile gear for kelp seaweed farming was developed and tested over a 3-year period in southern Maine, USA. The system was different from existing kelp farming operations used in nearshore waters that use low-scope mooring lines, and heavy, deadweight anchors. Instead, a highly mobile, easy to deploy system using lightweight gear was designed for exposed conditions. The entire system fit into fish tote boxes and was loadable onto a standard pickup truck. The seaweed system had small but efficient horizontal drag embedment anchors connected to a chain catenary and pretensioned with simple subsurface flotation. The system was able to be deployed and removed in less than 4 h by a crew of three using a 10 m vessel and produced a harvest of 12.7 kg/m over an 8-month fall-winter growth period. The target group for this seaweed research and development effort were coastal fishing communities who move seasonally into non-fishing occupations in service industries, such as construction, retail, etc. An economic assessment suggests farmers would realize an 8% return on investment after3 years and $13.50/h greater income as compared to a non-farming off season job at minimum wage. This low-cost seaweed farming system for fall-winter operations fits well into a “livelihood” strategy for fishing families who must work multiple jobs in the offseason when their main fishery is unavailable.
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Bjørkan M, Billing SL. Commercial Seaweed Cultivation in Scotland and the Social Pillar of Sustainability: A Q-Method Approach to Characterizing Key Stakeholder Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.795024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding the right way to move forward with seaweed cultivation requires the relevant stakeholders to reach agreement on what goals/limits to set and subsequently what measures should be taken to achieve them. Using a Q-method approach and an analytical framework based on in-put legitimacy and the four pillars of sustainability, we discuss the answers of a diverse set of stakeholders to the question: how should commercial seaweed cultivation in Scotland develop? Our results reveal three main discourses. The first focused on environmental and social sustainability, the second on accessing global markets, economic and environmental sustainability and the third prioritized jobs and social and institutional sustainability. The areas of consensus across the factors included the perception that large-scale and multi-national owned farms are not the ideal model for development of the industry in Scotland. All participants advised that the current regulatory regime for seaweed cultivation requires improvement. These results are discussed within the analytical framework and a prediction of the factors required to establish a legitimate seaweed cultivation industry in Scotland is presented.
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Chauton MS, Forbord S, Mäkinen S, Sarno A, Slizyte R, Mozuraityte R, Standal IB, Skjermo J. Sustainable resource production for manufacturing bioactives from micro- and macroalgae: Examples from harvesting and cultivation in the Nordic region. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:495-506. [PMID: 33751623 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and macroalgae are a great and important source of raw material for manufacturing of bioactives and ingredients for food, feed, cosmetics, or pharmaceuticals. Macroalgae (or seaweeds) have been harvested locally from wild stocks in smaller volumes for a long time, and a production chain based on cultivated seaweed for the harvest of considerably larger amounts is in progress for several species. Microalgae and cyanobacteria such as Spirulina have been produced in "backyard ponds" for use in food and feed also for a long time, and now we see the establishment of large production plants to control the cultivation process and increase the production yields. There is also a shift from harvesting or cultivation centered in warmer, sunnier areas to increasing exploitation of natural resources in temperate to boreal regions. In locations with strong seasonal variations in solar irradiance and temperatures, we need to develop procedures to maximize the biomass production in the productive seasons and ensure efficient stabilization of the biomass for year-round processing and product manufacturing. Industrialized biomass production and large-scale manufacturing of bioactives also mean that we must employ sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly processing methods, including stabilization and extraction methods such as ensiling and subcritical water extraction (SWE) and advanced analytic tools to characterize the products. These topics are focus areas of the Nordic Centre of Excellence (NCoE) NordAqua, and here we present a review of current activities in the field of micro- and macroalgae biomass production sectors illustrated with some of our experiences from the NordAqua consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silje Forbord
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sari Mäkinen
- LUKE, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Antonio Sarno
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rasa Slizyte
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Revilija Mozuraityte
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inger Beate Standal
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jorunn Skjermo
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
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Suebsanguan S, Strain EMA, Morris RL, Swearer SE. Optimizing the initial cultivation stages of kelp
Ecklonia radiata
for restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarucha Suebsanguan
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate and School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Elisabeth M. A. Strain
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate and School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- Institute for Antarctic and Marine Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania 7004 Australia
| | - Rebecca L. Morris
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate and School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Stephen E. Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate and School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
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Nielsen CW, Rustad T, Holdt SL. Vitamin C from Seaweed: A Review Assessing Seaweed as Contributor to Daily Intake. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010198. [PMID: 33478115 PMCID: PMC7835986 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds are indiscriminately said to contain significant amounts of vitamin C, but seaweeds are a diverse group, which may limit the ability to generalize. Several studies have been performed on vitamin C in seaweed, and this review covers these findings, and concludes on how much vitamin C is found in seaweeds. A systematic review of vitamin C in 92 seaweed species was conducted followed by analyzing the 132 data entries. The average vitamin C content was 0.773 mg g-1 seaweed in dry weight with a 90th percentile of 2.06 mg g-1 dry weight. The vitamin C content was evaluated based on taxonomical categories of green, brown and red seaweeds (Chlorophyta (phylum), Phaeophyceae (class), and Rhodophyta (phylum)), and no significant differences were found between them. The vitamin C content was compared to other food sources, and this showed that seaweeds can contribute to the daily vitamin C intake, but are not a rich source. Moreover, seasonal variations, analytical methods, and processing impacts were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Wirenfeldt Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-3196-4945
| | - Turid Rustad
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Susan Løvstad Holdt
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
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Umanzor S, Ramírez-García MM, Sandoval-Gil JM, Zertuche-González JA, Yarish C. Photoacclimation and Photoprotection of Juvenile Sporophytes of Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) Under High-light Conditions During Short-term Shallow-water Cultivation 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:380-392. [PMID: 31804706 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to understand better if and how juvenile sporophytes of Macrocystis pyrifera can photoacclimate to high-light conditions when transplanted from 10 to 3 meters over 7 d. Acclimation of adult sporophytes to light regimes in the bathymetric gradient has been extensively documented. It primarily depends on photoacclimation and translocation of resources among blades. Among other physiological differences, juvenile sporophytes of M. pyrifera lack the structural complexity shown by adults. As such, juveniles may primarily depend on their photoacclimation capacities to maintain productivity and even avoid mortality under changing light regimes. However, little is known about how these mechanisms operate in young individuals. The capacity of sporophytes to photoacclimate was assessed by examining changes in their photosynthetic performance, pigment content, and bio-optical properties of the blade. Sporophytes nutritional status and oxidative damage were also determined. Results showed that juvenile sporophytes transplanted to shallow water were able to regulate light harvesting by reducing pigment concentration, and thus, absorptance and photosynthetic efficiency. Also, shallow-water sporophytes notably enhanced the dissipation of light energy as heat (NPQ) as a photoprotective mechanism. Generally, these adjustments allowed sporophytes to manage the absorption and utilization of light energy, hence reducing the potential for photo-oxidative damage. Furthermore, no substantial changes were found in the internal reserves (i.e., soluble carbohydrates and nitrogen) of these sporophytes. To our knowledge, these results are the first to provide robust evidence of photoprotective and photoacclimation strategies in juveniles of M. pyrifera, allowing them to restrict or avoid photodamage during shallow-water cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schery Umanzor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, Connecticut, 06901, USA
| | - Mary Mar Ramírez-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 106 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, México
| | - Jose Miguel Sandoval-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 106 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, México
| | - José Antonio Zertuche-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Km 106 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, México
| | - Charles Yarish
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, Connecticut, 06901, USA
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Kerrison PD, Innes M, Macleod A, McCormick E, Elbourne PD, Stanley MS, Hughes AD, Kelly MS. Comparing the effectiveness of twine- and binder-seeding in the Laminariales species Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2020; 32:2173-2181. [PMID: 32999531 PMCID: PMC7497684 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-020-02069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The continuing expansion of seaweed cultivation could assist in ensuring future global food security. The Laminariales species Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima are each cultivated for food across their European ranges. The predominant method for cultivating European kelps involves growing juveniles on twine within a hatchery which is then deployed at a farm site. The associated hatchery and deployment cost of this approach are relatively high. A new and innovative methodology-called binder-seeding-can reduce these costs, but, has yet to be validated. We compare the biomass yield and morphology of A. esculenta and S. latissima cultured using either the traditional twine-longline method or binder-seeding onto AlgaeRope and AlgaeRibbon, specially designed textiles. In a controlled growth experiment, A. esculenta had a similar biomass yield on all materials, but fronds were shorter (23 ± 7%) and thinner on the AlgaeRibbon (42 ± 4%) due to a 3-4-fold higher density of developing sporophytes compared to the twine-longline. In contrast, S. latissima gave a 4-fold higher biomass yield on the AlgaeRibbon in June (4.0 kg m-1), but frond morphology was not different between materials, despite a 4-fold higher sporophyte density on the AlgaeRibbon. The stipe length of both species also increased at the higher sporophyte density on the AlgaeRibbon. The AlgaeRope gave an intermediate response or was similar to the twine-longline. These results show that binder-seeding onto the AlgaeRibbon significantly increases the achieved biomass yield in S. latissima. These results can assist cultivators to select the most appropriate method of kelp cultivation depending on morphological/yield requirements of the end use. Further study is needed on the optimisation of the binder-seeding density and its impact on thallus morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D. Kerrison
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Argyll, 1QA UK
| | - Mairi Innes
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Argyll, 1QA UK
| | - Adrian Macleod
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Argyll, 1QA UK
| | - Emily McCormick
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Argyll, 1QA UK
| | | | - Michele S. Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Argyll, 1QA UK
| | - Adam D. Hughes
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Argyll, 1QA UK
| | - Maeve S. Kelly
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Argyll, 1QA UK
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Augyte S, Wikfors GH, Pitchford S, Marty-Rivera M, Umanzor S, Lindell S, Bailey D, Yarish C. The application of flow cytometry for kelp meiospore isolation. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Prabhu M, Levkov K, Levin O, Vitkin E, Israel A, Chemodanov A, Golberg A. Energy efficient dewatering of far offshore grown green macroalgae Ulva sp. biomass with pulsed electric fields and mechanical press. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 295:122229. [PMID: 31639628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Offshore macroalgae biomass production is a promising, yet challenging, pathway to provide feedstock for biorefineries. In this work, a device and a process for dewatering offshore grown biomass of the green macroalgae Ulva sp. using high-voltage pulsed electric fields (PEF) was developed. Ulva sp. was cultivated attached to fish cages 15 km offshore. Increasing the applied voltage from 250 V to 500 V and invested PEF energy from 9.3 ± 0.4 J g-1 FW to 54.6 ± 0.2Jg-1 FW increased the extracted water from 0.033 ± 0.006 g Water g-1 FW to 0.150 ± 0.031 g Water g-1 FW. The energy consumption to achieve similar moisture content with air convection drying was lower by 78.73 ± 10.41 (JgFW-1) for 250 V and 339.31 ± 48.01 (JgFW-1) for 500 V, pulse duration 50 µs, pulse number 50, pulse repetition frequency 3 Hz. PEF leads to biomass compression of 8.45 ± 1.72% for 250 V protocol and 25.66 ± 2.53% for 500 V protocol. In addition, PEF leads to the reduction of water diffusivity of 18-19% in the treated biomass, reducing air drying kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghanath Prabhu
- Porter School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Klimentiy Levkov
- Porter School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ofir Levin
- Gili Ocean Technology Ltd., Neve Yamin, Israel
| | | | - Alvaro Israel
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd., The National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Alexander Golberg
- Porter School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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Bak UG, Nielsen CW, Marinho GS, Gregersen Ó, Jónsdóttir R, Holdt SL. The seasonal variation in nitrogen, amino acid, protein and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors of commercially cultivated Faroese Saccharina latissima. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pétursdóttir ÁH, Blagden J, Gunnarsson K, Raab A, Stengel DB, Feldmann J, Gunnlaugsdóttir H. Arsenolipids are not uniformly distributed within two brown macroalgal species Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4973-4985. [PMID: 31152227 PMCID: PMC6611760 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown macroalgae Saccharina latissima (30-40 individuals) and Alaria esculenta (15-20 individuals) were collected from natural populations in winter in Iceland. The algal thalli were sectioned into different parts (e.g. holdfast, stipe, old frond, young frond and sori-containing frond sections) that differed in age and biological function. The work elucidated that arsenic (As) was not uniformly distributed within the two brown macroalgal species, with lower levels of total As were found in the stipe/midrib compared to other thallus parts. The arsenosugars mirrored the total arsenic in the seaweed mainly due to AsSugSO3 being the most abundant As species. However, arsenic speciation using parallel HPLC-ICP-MS/ESI-MS elucidated that the arsenic-containing lipids (AsL) had a different distribution where the arsenosugarphospholipids (AsPL) differed by approximately a factor of 4 between the sections containing the lowest and highest concentrations of AsPLs. When placing the sections in order of metabolic activity and an estimate of tissue age, there appeared to be a relationship between the activity and AsPLs, with lower levels of AsPLs in oldest parts. This is the first time such a relationship has been shown for AsLs. Hence, by applying sophisticated analytical techniques, it was possible to gain a deeper understanding of arsenolipids in seaweed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Blagden
- Matís, Research and Innovation, Vínlandsleið 12, 113, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Karl Gunnarsson
- Marine & Freshwater Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Andrea Raab
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Dagmar B Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, and, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK.
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Seghetta M, Goglio P. Life Cycle Assessment of Seaweed Cultivation Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1980:103-119. [PMID: 30977104 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2018_203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic methodology that identifies the impacts of a production system on the environment. The results of an LCA are used to identify which processes can be improved to minimize impacts and optimize production.LCA is composed of four phases: (1) goal and scope definition, (2) life cycle inventory analysis, (3) life cycle impact assessment, and (4) interpretation.The goal and scope define the purpose of the analysis; describe the system and its function, establish a functional unit to collect data and present results, set the system boundaries, and explain the assumptions made and data quality requirements. Life cycle inventory analysis is the collection, processing and organization of data. Life cycle impact assessment associates the results from the inventory phase to one or multiple impacts on environment or human health. The interpretation evaluates the outcome of each phase of the analysis. In this phase the practitioner decides whether it is necessary to amend other phases, e.g., collection of more data or adjustments of goal of the analysis. In the interpretation, the practitioner draws conclusions, exposes the limitations, and provides recommendations to the readers.The quality of LCA of seaweed production and conversion is based on data availability and detail level. Performing an LCA at the initial stage of seaweed production in Europe is an advantage: the recommended design improvements can be implemented without significant economic investments. The quality of LCA will keep improving with the increase of scientific publications, data sharing, and public reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Seghetta
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK.
| | - Pietro Goglio
- Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, Leeuwenborch, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhang X, Thomsen M. Biomolecular Composition and Revenue Explained by Interactions between Extrinsic Factors and Endogenous Rhythms of Saccharina latissima. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E107. [PMID: 30744162 PMCID: PMC6409931 DOI: 10.3390/md17020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a systematic overview of the spatial and temporal variations in the content of biomolecular constituents of Saccharina latissima on the basis of 34 currently-available scientific studies containing primary measurements. We demonstrate the potential revenue of seaweed production and biorefinery systems by compiling a product portfolio of high-value extract products. An investigation into the endogenous rhythms and extrinsic factors that impact the biomolecular composition of S. latissima is presented, and key performance factors for optimizing seaweed production are identified. Besides the provisioning ecosystem service, we highlight the contribution of green-engineered seaweed production systems to the mitigation of the ongoing and historical anthropogenic disturbances of the climate balance and nutrient flows. We conclude that there are risks of mismanagement, and we stress the importance and necessity of creating an adaptive ecosystem-based management framework within a triple-helix partnership for balancing the utilization of ecosystem services and long-term resilience of aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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