First record of Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus (Cuvier, 1812) in Icelandic waters

In July 2022, two Risso's dolphins were reported stranded in Hrútafjörður (N65° 09,503; W21° 05,529), a fjord in northern Iceland. These events represent the first confirmed observations and strandings of Risso's dolphins in Icelandic waters. Given the uniqueness of these events, a decision was made to conduct full necropsies on these individuals. This study reports findings from viral and parasitological investigations, morphological and fitness measurements, as well as stomach and intestine content analysis for each of the Risso's dolphin specimens. The results of the necropsies do not suggest any other cause of death than lack of food and exhaustion. A large plastic fragment in one individual's stomach supports these suggestions. The presence of those specimens in the middle of the subarctic ocean illustrates ongoing changes in spatial distribution expanding northward, impacting not only Risso's dolphins but more generally marine life and biodiversity.

Temperature response to cold challenge and mobile phone thermography as outcome measures for systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon

Objectives: Objective outcome measures of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) are badly needed. Our objectives were to validate the thermographic response to a standard hand cold challenge as an outcome measure by assessing sensitivity to change, and to explore mobile phone thermography as a feasible, ambulatory tool.Method: Twelve patients with an SSc-spectrum disorder admitted for intravenous iloprost infusions underwent a standard cold challenge before and after one infusion. Thermographic measurements included area under the rewarming curve (AUC) and maximum rewarming temperature (MAX). Before and during another infusion, each patient underwent monitoring of finger skin temperature by two methods: continuous thermocouple recording (standard method) and mobile phone thermography.Results: All cold challenge summary measures, including AUC and MAX, increased after iloprost (most not significantly). However, when the response curves were modelled after averaging across fingers (linear mixed models, three versions), significant change was detected. For example, with Model 1 (no interaction between period and time), temperature was on average 1.67ºC [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49-1.85, p < 0.001] higher post-iloprost. Mobile phone and thermocouple temperature measurements showed a strong estimated latent correlation (0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.92). The estimated increases/hour were 0.25ºC (95% CI 0.05-0.45) for the thermocouple and 0.36ºC (95% CI 0.13-0.60) for mobile phone thermography.Conclusion: Our pilot study suggests that the thermographic response to a cold challenge is sensitive to change and mobile phone thermography could bring feasibility to thermographic parameters as outcome measures in later-phase, large-scale, community-based clinical trials of RP.

Schizymenia jonssonii sp. nov. (Nemastomatales, Rhodophyta): a relict or an introduction into the North Atlantic after the last glacial maximum?

North-Atlantic records of Schizymenia dubyi extend along the eastern shores of the North Atlantic from Morocco to southern Britain and Ireland, and the species is also recorded from Iceland. A study was undertaken to confirm the identity of the specimens from Iceland that were geographically separate from the main distribution of S. dubyi and in contrast to other species of the genus did not have gland cells. We analyzed rbcL and COI molecular sequence data from Icelandic specimens and compared the results with those for Schizymenia specimens available in GenBank. For both markers, Schizymenia was shown to be a monophyletic genus. The Icelandic specimens were clearly genetically distinct from S. dubyi and formed a well-supported clade with Schizymenia species from the Northern Pacific. Based on these results, we have described a new species, Schizymenia jonssonii, which can be distinguished by molecular phylogeny, its lack of gland cells and by being strictly intertidal. Crustose tetrasporophytes with identical COI and rbcL sequences were found at the same locations as foliose plants. Schizymenia apoda is reported for the first time in the UK, its identity confirmed by rbcL sequence data. In light of these findings, it is likely that by further molecular analysis of the genus Schizymenia in the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, a higher diversity of Schizymenia spp. will be discovered in this region.

Arsenolipids are not uniformly distributed within two brown macroalgal species Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta

Brown macroalgae Saccharina latissima (30-40 individuals) and Alaria esculenta (15-20 individuals) were collected from natural populations in winter in Iceland. The algal thalli were sectioned into different parts (e.g. holdfast, stipe, old frond, young frond and sori-containing frond sections) that differed in age and biological function. The work elucidated that arsenic (As) was not uniformly distributed within the two brown macroalgal species, with lower levels of total As were found in the stipe/midrib compared to other thallus parts. The arsenosugars mirrored the total arsenic in the seaweed mainly due to AsSugSO3 being the most abundant As species. However, arsenic speciation using parallel HPLC-ICP-MS/ESI-MS elucidated that the arsenic-containing lipids (AsL) had a different distribution where the arsenosugarphospholipids (AsPL) differed by approximately a factor of 4 between the sections containing the lowest and highest concentrations of AsPLs. When placing the sections in order of metabolic activity and an estimate of tissue age, there appeared to be a relationship between the activity and AsPLs, with lower levels of AsPLs in oldest parts. This is the first time such a relationship has been shown for AsLs. Hence, by applying sophisticated analytical techniques, it was possible to gain a deeper understanding of arsenolipids in seaweed.

Prey of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Iceland

Killer whales have a cosmopolitan distribution and as a species are generalists, feeding on a variety of prey. However, local populations tend to specialise on specific prey types. In Icelandic waters, killer whales are generally associated with herring and, thus, have been presumed to be herring specialists. However, recent studies suggest a more complex foraging ecology, possibly including a mosaic of strategies. With increased observational effort in recent years due to research and whale-watching activities, there have been several reports of interactions with different prey, including confirmed predation events. In this study we aimed to summarise the range of potential prey of killer whales observed in Icelandic waters. We report on 12 previously unpublished accounts and review 15 accounts published in the scientific literature or local newspapers, making a total of 27 events where killer whales were observed interacting with actual or potential prey. Thirteen different species, including birds (n = 1), cephalopods (n = 1), fish (n = 5) and marine mammals (n = 6), are reported, although herring is by far the species that killer whales are most often observed interacting with. This study provides the first summary of actual and suspected killer whale prey in Icelandic waters, and contributes towards our understanding of this population's prey preferences. However, describing the diet of individuals/groups was not possible and this study points to a need for continued monitoring to understand the intricacies of killer whale foraging behaviour in this area.

Coordination of rare earth element cations on the surface of silica-derived nanoadsorbents

The coordination of REE cations adsorbed on the surface of non-functionalized and complexone-functionalized silica particles was revealed by EXAFS spectroscopy and magnetic studies using X-ray single crystal models as a reference.

Short and long-term effects of hydraulic dredging on benthic communities and ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) populations

The short and long-term effects of hydraulic dredging on ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) populations and on non-target organisms were examined in Þistilfjörður Bay, NE Iceland over a five-year period. The overall species richness was low and the fauna was composed of species typical of sandy seabeds characterised by frequent wave-induced disturbances. The initial effects of dredging on the overall benthic community were large. Most taxa were significantly affected by dredging, with abundances sometimes decreasing or increasing by more than 50% immediately after dredging. However, with the exception of the ocean quahog, their recovery was rapid, and most taxa attained similar abundances as in the undisturbed control sediments after three months, and all did so after about a year. The effects of dredging on ocean quahogs were drastic and long-lasting. Of the original ocean quahog biomass before fishing took place, the dredge captured 82%, while a further 11% was lost as a result of mortality due to shell damage and predation. The total direct and indirect loss of ocean quahog biomass within dredged tracks due to fishing was thus 93%. The recovery of ocean quahogs in fished areas was extremely slow. Five years after dredging, the total ocean quahog biomass in tracks had increased from 7% to 26% relative to that in the controls. The proportional increase among ocean quahogs of targeted sizes (>70 mm) was from 2% to 14% over the same period. This study shows that while the longer-term effects of hydraulic dredging on non-target benthic organisms were small, the effects of dredging on ocean quahog densities were drastic, with full recovery expected to take place on decadal time-scales. The impacts of dredging on ocean quahog populations at the scale of the fishery are discussed.

Experimental determination of the ²⁴Mg I (3s3p)³P₂ lifetime

We present the first experimental determination of the electric-dipole forbidden (3s3p)³P₂→(3s²)¹S₀ (M2) transition rate in ²⁴Mg and compare to state-of-the-art theoretical predictions. Our measurement exploits a magnetic trap isolating the sample from perturbations and a magneto-optical trap as an amplifier converting each ³P₂→¹S₀ decay event into millions of photons readily detected. The transition rate is determined to be (4.87 ± 0.3)×10⁻⁴  s⁻¹ corresponding to a ³P₂ lifetime of 2050(-110)(+140) sec. This value is in agreement with recent theoretical predictions, and to our knowledge the longest lifetime ever determined in a laboratory environment.

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organochlorines in a marine food web at a pristine site in Iceland

Organochlorine (OC) bioaccumulation and biomagnification were studied in a marine food web at a pristine site in Iceland. The species studied were the gastropod and grazer chink shell (Lacuna vincta), the filter feeding bivalve blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), the predators butterfish (Pholis gunnellus), and the seabird black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), all sampled and analysed in 1996-1997. Individual OC levels were generally low in chink shell and blue mussels, somewhat elevated in the fish, and an order of a magnitude higher in the top predator black guillemot, except for Sigma HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane isomers) and Sigma chlordane levels, which were similar in all organisms, ranging from 10 to 36 ng/g lipid weight (lw). In the molluscs and fish, mean concentrations of Sigma PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) ranged from 111 to 377 ng/g lw, Sigma DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) ranged from 19 to 65 ng/g lw, and HCB (hexachlorobenzene) ranged from 21 to 30 ng/g lw. The levels of same OCs in the black guillemot were on average 2352, 361, and 283 ng/g lw, respectively. The OC tissue concentrations in blue mussel and black guillemot are comparable to levels in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, but OC levels in blue mussel tissue were an order of magnitude lower than found in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The relative composition of OCs were generally similar among species with the PCB congeners emerging as the most abundant compounds with levels an order of magnitude higher than the other compounds in all species. Food web magnification factors (FWMFs) were determined for the OCs by using trophic levels determined from delta(15)N. FWMFs >1, indicating biomagnification, were found for Sigma PCB, penta- or higher chlorinated PCBs (e.g., PCB 101, 118, 138, 153, 180), beta-HCH, HCB, Sigma DDT, p,p-DDE, and transnonachlor. The highest FWMF was observed for PCB 180 at FWMF = 5.8.

Affinity-based biosensors for biomolecular interaction analysis

This overview presents an introduction to affinity-based biosensors, most notably the BIACORE. These biosensors detect molecular interactions by immobilizing one of the interactants (the ligand or target molecule) on the surface of a sensor chip. A solution containing the other interactant is then applied to the chip. Binding of analyte to the surface results in a response proportional to the mass bound. A discussion of sensor chips and practical applications is also provided.

Toxicological testing of cytotoxic drugs (review)

Cytotoxic drugs are a unique therapeutic class of fundamental importance in current antineoplastic chemotherapy. These drugs belong to many chemical and chemotherapeutic classes. They are cytotoxic by design and are able to cause serious dose-limiting adverse effects at therapeutic doses. Most antineoplastic dosing strategies focus on minimizing cytotoxicity rather than optimizing efficacy. In turn, cytotoxicity is interconnected with other therapeutic considerations, including cell status (renewing vs. non-renewing cell types), cell membrane transport integrity, intracellular activation status, immune system integrity, cellular repair status, and drug resistance. Regulatory requirements for the development of cytotoxic drugs are not well characterized, and differences exist in regional requirements. A safety assessment package which is utilized and accepted world-wide does not yet exist, despite many efforts of harmonization. In this report, the authors introduce a comprehensive safety assessment package for cytotoxic drugs, based on institutional experience acquired globally with this class of drugs, that fulfills both scientific and world-wide regulatory requirements for this very important therapeutic category.

Tooth-implant supported fixed prostheses: a retrospective multicenter study

PURPOSE

The purpose of this retrospective multicenter study on implants combined with natural teeth was to investigate the implant survival rate and loss of marginal bone, as well as indications and complications pertinent to this form of implant therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study comprised 185 implants in 111 patients from six different clinics in Sweden. Gathering of data, which were taken from patient records, followed a strict protocol. The registrations included indications for treatment, failure of implants, radiographs from baseline and follow-up, and information on complications.

RESULTS

The cumulative implant survival was found to be 95.4% (standard error 4.5%) up to 3 years of follow-up. The marginal bone level at baseline was lower in the maxilla compared with the mandible (P = .015), but any further loss did not differ between the jaws. The most severe complication other than loss of osseointegration (6/185) or periimplant infections (4/183) was intrusion of the abutment teeth, which occurred in 5% of the cases. In all instances, the intrusion was seen in constructions with nonrigid forms of connection between the implants and teeth.

CONCLUSION

The tooth-implant supported prosthesis using the Brånemark system is in the short term an equally predictable treatment as the completely implant-supported prosthesis concerning implant survival and loss of marginal bone. When combining implants and teeth, a rigid form of connection should be used to prevent tooth intrusion.

Reproductive toxicity of exemestane, an antitumoral aromatase inactivator, in rats and rabbits

Exemestane is an orally active, irreversible inactivator of aromatase, structurally related to the natural substrate androstenedione, in clinical use at 25 mg daily for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The reproductive and developmental toxicity of exemestane was assessed in rats and rabbits with oral administration. Pivotal experiments included a fertility study (Segment I), in which female rats received exemestane doses of 4, 20, or 100 mg/kg/day from two weeks premating until GD 20 (cesarean-sectioned dams), or until GD 15 and then from D 1 to D 21 postpartum (dams allowed to deliver), and developmental toxicity studies (Segment II), in which rats and rabbits were treated from GD 6 through GD 17 (rats) or GD 18 (rabbits) at doses of 10, 50, 250, or 810 mg/kg/day and 30, 90, or 270 mg/kg/day, respectively. All rabbits and two-thirds of the rats were cesarean sectioned toward the end of pregnancy to determine litter parameters and examine structural abnormalities in the fetuses; the remaining one-third of the rats was allowed to litter and rear pups to weaning. No pivotal male fertility or peri- and postnatal studies were performed, taking into consideration the therapeutic use. Postnatal effects on the first generation offspring were assessed in both studies in rats, in the portion of dams allowed to deliver. Their F1 offspring were raised to adulthood, when they were evaluated for reproductive performance, and the F1 females were terminated on GD 20. The dosing schedule for the Segment I study in rats, which included a postnatal component, was established to exclude exposure before and during parturition (by withdrawing treatment from GD 16 until the end of parturition). This withdrawal of treatment was put in place because in a preliminary study with treatment including the peripartum period, doses from 5 to 200 mg/kg/day prolonged gestation and interfered with parturition.Overall, studies in rats showed that female fertility was not affected up to 100 mg/kg/day, but doses higher than 4 mg/kg/day, which is approximately the pharmacologically active dose (ED50 = 3.7 mg/kg), prolonged gestation and impaired parturition, leading to maternal deaths in labor and perinatal deaths of offspring. Rats killed on GD 20 showed nondose-related increases in resorptions at doses higher than 10 mg/kg/day, a reduction in fetal body weights at 20 and 100 mg/kg/day (fertility study) and 810 mg/kg/day (developmental toxicity study), and an increase in placental weights at all doses. Female fetuses exposed in utero until GD 20 at 100 mg/kg/day showed an increase in the anogenital distance, very likely related to an increase of the potent androgen DHT as a consequence of aromatase inhibition. Morphologic examinations in fetuses and born pups that were exposed in utero up to the end of the organogenesis period, as well as postnatal investigations on offspring up to adulthood, showed no treatment-related effects. In a developmental toxicity study in rabbits, treatment at 270 mg/kg/day affected maternal food intake and body weight gain, caused abortion or total resorption in about 30% of pregnant females, and reduced body weight and numbers of live fetuses, but did not affect fetal morphology. It was concluded that exemestane did not affect parturition in rats at 4 mg/kg/day or pregnancy in rabbits at 90 mg/kg/day (about 1.5 and 70 times the human dose, respectively, on a mg/m2 basis) and was not teratogenic in rats and rabbits. Exemestane is marketed for use only in postmenopausal women. Its labeling includes a contraindication to use in pregnant or lactating women.

Extensive biliary excretion of the sulfasalazine analogue, susalimod, but different concentrations in the bile duct in various animal species correlating to species-specific hepatobiliary toxicity

Studies on biliary concentrations of susalimod were conducted in rat, dog and monkey to clarify the interspecies differences observed in toxicology studies with respect to hepatobiliary toxicity after long-term administration of the compound. Dose-related bile duct hyperplasia appeared only in dogs at doses > or =75 mg/kg/day, while in rats and monkeys it did not appear at doses up to 1500 and 2000 mg/kg/day respectively. Biliary excretion was investigated after intraduodenal administration of susalimod in anaesthetised animals. In addition excretion routes were determined by collecting urine and faeces following a radiolabelled intravenous dose. Susalimod was extensively excreted via the bile in all animal species, > or =90%, mainly as non-conjugated parent compound. However, the local concentrations in bile varied between the species. Highest concentrations were obtained in the dog. The bile/plasma concentration ratio was 3400 in the dog, 300 in the monkey and 50 in the rat. In the dog, bile duct concentrations of susalimod about 30,000 micromol/l was obtained at plasma concentrations approximately similar to those at which hepatobiliary toxicity occurred, while in rat and monkey the levels were < or =7000 micromol/l at plasma concentrations similar to those obtained at the highest doses in the toxicology studies. From these results supported by a previous biliary excretion study in conscious dogs with chronic bile fistula receiving repeated administration of susalimod (Påhlman et al. 1999), it is likely that the hepatotoxic findings in dog are induced by the high concentrations of susalimod in the bile duct.

Capillary zone electrophoresis for the study of the binding of antithrombin to low-affinity heparin

When low-affinity interactions between glycosaminoglycans and precious proteins are studied, it is imperative to design an experimental set-up that consumes as little material as possible. To evaluate the applicability of the CZE technique to this problem, we explored the interaction between antithrombin and low-affinity heparin. In a series of CZE experiments we demonstrated that the mobility of antithrombin increases gradually as increased concentrations of low-affinity heparin were added to the electrolyte. The results were, as expected, consistent with the general algorithm for monovalent binding. The binding constant was estimated at 20+/-6 microM in excellent agreement with the value reported in the literature.

Presence of N-unsubstituted glucosamine units in native heparan sulfate revealed by a monoclonal antibody

Immunohistochemical application of antibodies against heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein and heparitinase-digested heparan sulfate stubs showed the presence of heparan sulfate proteoglycan in all basement membranes of the rat kidney. However, a monoclonal antibody (JM-403) against native heparan sulfate (van den Born, J., van den Heuvel, L. P. W. J., Bakker, M. A. H., Veerkamp, J. H., Assmann, K. J. M., and Berden, J. H. M. (1992) Kidney Int. 41, 115-123) largely failed to stain tubular basement membranes, suggesting the presence of heparan sulfate chains lacking the specific JM-403 epitope. Heparan sulfate preparations from various sources differed markedly with regard to JM-403 binding, as demonstrated by liquid phase inhibition in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the interaction decreasing with increasing sulfate contents of the polysaccharide. Mapping of the JM-403 epitope indicated that it was dominated by one or more N-unsubstituted glucosamine unit(s), since treatments that destroyed or altered the structure of such units in heparan sulfate preparations (cleavage at N-unsubstituted glucosamine units with HNO2 at pH 3.9 and N-acetylation with acetic anhydride, respectively), abolished antibody binding. Conversely, immunoreactivity could be induced in a (D-glucuronyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,4) polysaccharide by the generation of N-unsubstituted glucosamine N-unsubstituted glucosamine in a JM-403-binding heparan sulfate (preparation HS-II from human aorta) was demonstrated by an approximately 3-fold reduction in molecular size following HNO2 (pH 3.9) treatment. Further characterization of the epitope recognized by JM-403, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition tests with chemically/enzymatically modified polysaccharides, indicated that one or more N-sulfated glucosamine units are invariable present, whereas L-iduronic acid and O-sulfate residues appear to inhibit JM-403 reactivity. It is concluded that the epitope contains one or more N-unsubstituted glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid units and is located in a region of the heparan sulfate chain composed of mixed N-sulfated and N-acetylated disaccharide units.

Phase equilibria and molecular packing in the N,N-dimethyldodecylamine oxide/gramicidin D/water system studied by 2H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A partial phase diagram of the system N,N-dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO)/water/gramicidin D was determined by 2H-NMR. Both 2H2O and perdeuterated DDAO (DDAO-d31) were studied by solid state NMR techniques. Addition of gramicidin D to the micellar (L1), normal hexagonal (HI) and cubic (I) phases of DDAO induces phase separations, giving two-phase regions, which all contain a lamellar (L alpha) phase. The L alpha phase containing gramicidin is characterized by larger order parameters for DDAO-d31 compared with the corresponding order parameters in the L alpha and HI phases of DDAO-d31/H2O. The L alpha phase may stay in equilibrium with any other phase in the phase diagram. The DDAO exchange between the coexisting phases is slow on the NMR timescale, which is why the recorded NMR spectrum consists of superimposed spectra from the different phases occurring in the sample. Gramicidin D can be solubilized in appreciable quantities only in the lamellar phase of DDAO-d31. Increasing amounts of gramicidin in the liquid crystalline phases result in a continuous increase in the molecular ordering up to about 5 mol% gramicidin, where a plateau is reached. This is consistent with a recent theoretical model describing the influence on the ordering of lipids by a membrane protein with larger hydrophobic thickness than the lipid bilayer. The solvent used for dissolving gramicidin at the incorporation of the peptide in the lipid aggregates has no effect on the 2H-NMR lineshapes of DDAO-d31. It is concluded that gramicidin is solubilized in the L alpha phase and that it always adopts the channel conformation independent of a particular solvent. The channel conformation is also supported by CD studies. In some of the samples, macroscopic orientation of the lipid aggregates is observed. It is concluded that DDAO-d31 in the binary system favors an orientation with the long axis of the hydrocarbon chain perpendicular to the magnetic field, whereas when gramicidin D is present the hydrocarbon chain orients parallel to the magnetic field. This is explained by the fact that gramicidin aligns with its helical axis parallel to the magnetic field, thereby forcing also the DDAO-d31 molecules to obtain such an orientation.

Decreased erythrocyte cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in untreated patients with essential hypertension

The erythrocyte cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was determined in eight patients with untreated essential hypertension and compared with that of eight age-matched control subjects. The ratio was significantly lower in patients (Wilcoxon's paired rank test; P less than 0.01), and a correlation existed between the ratio and serum cholesterol concentration in patients (r = 0.63) but not in controls (r = 0.02). A reduction in the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio may play a direct role in destabilizing the plasma membrane, which will in turn result in an increase in membrane permeability in essential hypertension.

A major part of platelet-derived growth factor purified from human platelets is a heterodimer of one A and one B chain

Platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF, purified from human platelets is a disulfide-bonded dimer consisting of two homologous polypeptide chains denoted A and B; it has not been known whether it is a heterodimer or a mixture of homodimers. We present here evidence that a major part of PDGF has a heterodimer structure. A highly homogeneous, 31-kDa PDGF was purified in the presence of protease inhibitors and shown to contain both chains by means of immunoprecipitations with peptide antisera specific for the A and B chains, respectively. The susceptibility of PDGF to mild acid treatment and its chromatographic behavior in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, as compared to A and B chain homodimers, is consistent with a heterodimer structure. Analysis of PDGF purified according to our routine, large scale procedure revealed the major part to have a heterodimer structure. In addition, B chain homodimers were also found. With the demonstration that a major part of PDGF purified from human platelets occurs as a heterodimer, all three dimeric forms of PDGF have been identified. The following nomenclature to distinguish the various forms is suggested: PDGF-AA, a homodimer of A chains; PDGF-AB, a heterodimer; PDGF-BB, a homodimer of B chains; PDGF, any dimeric form of A or B chains.

Anti-tumour, toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of a novel taurine-based nitrosourea (TCNU)

A novel nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[2-(dimethylaminosulfonyl) ethyl]-1-nitrosourea (TCNU) tauromustine, has been investigated in a broad anti-tumour screen and, in depth toxicology and initial pharmacokinetics carried out. TCNU and its two metabolites were found to exhibit equal or better oral efficacy than that of BCNU, CCNU, MeCCNU or chorozotocin against L1210 leukemia, Walker mammary carcinoma, Lewis Lung, Harding Passey melanoma and colon carcinoma C26. The toxicological profile of TCNU after acute and 3 months treatment was similar in mice and rats to that of CCNU, with the exception that, TCNU did not cause the chronic liver disturbances found for CCNU. In dogs treated for 6 weeks with TCNU leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were the major side effects. Parent TCNU was found in all dogs. The absorption was fast, the maximum level being reach after 25 mins and the mean absorption time was 22 mins. The mean half life was 16.1 mins after intravenous and 17.4 after oral administration. The combination of these factors make TCNU an interesting clinical candidate.

Effects of LS-2616 administration upon the autoimmune disease of (NZB x NZW) F1 hybrid mice

Autoimmune (NZB X NZW) F1 female hybrid mice were treated with LS-2616, a recently developed substance with immunomodulating properties. Treatment was initiated at the age of 4 months (i.e. at the early stage of the disease) as well as at 7 months of age (i.e. after the development of established lupus-like disease). Control groups treated with cyclophosphamide and physiological saline were also studied. Beneficial therapeutic effects were obtained regardless of when the treatment was initiated and the dose of LS-2616 administered (1 and 8 mg/mouse/week). The effects of LS-2616 on longevity, splenomegaly and glomerulonephritis were pronounced and sometimes comparable to those of cyclophosphamide (1.8 mg/mouse/week). The results obtained suggest that LS-2616 may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune disease in man.

Successful treatment of autoimmunity in MRL/1 mice with LS-2616, a new immunomodulator

Autoimmune MRL/1 mice were treated with a recently developed substance with immunomodulating properties, LS-2616. Treatment was initiated at the age of 8 weeks, before the onset of clinically apparent disease, and at 16 weeks of age, after development of established lupus disease. Beneficial therapeutic effects were obtained, even when LS-2616 was administered at the lowest dose tested (1 mg/mouse/week) to 16-week-old mice. The effects of LS-2616 on longevity, as well as on development of lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis, were pronounced and were comparable with those of cyclophosphamide. The results obtained suggest a potential role for LS-2616 in the treatment of autoimmune disease in humans.

Patterns of autoreactivity to collagen type II in autoimmune MRL/l mice

The kinetics and mechanisms for secretion of antibodies against native and denatured collagen type II have been studied in spontaneously arthritic MRL/l mice. Circulating antibodies were quantified by an ELISA assay and frequencies of specific antibody secreting spleen cells by an ELISPOT assay. The degree of humoral immunity to collagen type II increased at late stages of the disease (6 months of age) whereas severe synovitis was seen earlier (5 months of age). Both the appearance of anti-collagen II producing cells and development of synovitis was preceded by and not correlated with a general state of polyclonal B cell activation. In MRL/l mice, collagen II specific antibodies appeared spontaneously and titres were largely unaffected by collagen II immunization. The levels of circulating anti-collagen II antibodies in MRL/l mice were lower, and the antibodies displayed lower avidities and different specificities as compared with the antibodies generated in collagen II high responder DBA/l mice after immunization with collagen II. It is suggested that the antibody response in MRL/l mice against collagen type II does not need MHC-restricted T cell help and that induction of antibody production to collagen II in MRL/l mice is triggered by joint cartilage destruction and subsequent collagen II release.

The course, costs and complications of oral versus intravenous penicillin therapy of erysipelas

Oral versus intravenous antibiotic therapy of severe erysipelas was compared in a controlled trial of 60 patients. No clinical benefit of intravenous therapy was found, as evaluated by fever duration, hospital stay and sick leave. Untoward reactions were comparable between the groups. No difference in recurrence was found. The difference in administration time and drug cost was considerable. It is therefore suggested that erysipelas without complications should be treated orally.

Antitumour activity, toxicity and disposition of LS 1727, a nitroso-chloroethyl carbamate of 19-nortestosterone, in rats and mice

LS 1727, a nitroso-chloroethyl carbamate of 19-nortestosterone, given intraperitoneally had a high cytostatic activity against some experimental tumours. In vitro studies showed that the tested tumours differed in their ability to hydrolyze LS 1727. The hydrolytic capacity was related to the sensitivity to treatment with LS 1727. Distribution studies with double-labelled LS 1727 demonstrated that the chloroethyl-part of the molecule was retained in dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumours in the rat. Our findings suggest that the antitumour activity of LS 1727 is exerted by alkylating metabolites released at hydrolysis of the compound. LS 1727 had no oral antitumour activity probably due to pre-systemic hydrolysis. When given intravenously, hydrolysis of LS 1727 in lungs caused severe pulmonary toxicity already at low doses.

Mammary tumour inhibition and subacute toxicity in rats of prednimustine and of its molecular components chlorambucil and prednisolone

Prednimustine, a chlorambucil ester of pregnisolone, retarded growth of DMBA-induced mammary tumours in rats and reduced the number of tumours. A combination of chlorambucil and prednisolone (C + P) in the same proportion as in prednimustine, had similar effects, 8 and 26 mg per kg of the C + P combination being equipotnet to 16 and 64 mg per kg of prednimustine, respectively. The mortality figures suggested that prednimustine was considerably less toxic than equipotent doses of C + P. This toxicity difference was confirmed in a parallel investigation of the subacute toxicity in rats of prednimustine and C + P. This study showed that the mortality, reduction of lymphocytes and platelets, and bone marrow depression was much lower after pregnimustine than after equimolar amounts of the C + P combination. The results suggest that the low toxicity of prednimustine makes this drug a better cytostatic agent than the C + P combination treatment.