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Li Y, Miros S, Eckhardt HG, Blanco A, Mulcahy S, Tiwari BK, Halim R. Freshwater microalgae Nannochloropsis limnetica for the production of β-galactosidase from whey powder. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14346. [PMID: 38906947 PMCID: PMC11192913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the first-ever reported use of freshwater Nannochloropsis for the bioremediation of dairy processing side streams and co-generation of valuable products, such as β-galactosidase enzyme. In this study, N. limnetica was found to grow rapidly on both autoclaved and non-autoclaved whey-powder media (referred to dairy processing by-product or DPBP) without the need of salinity adjustment or nutrient additions, achieving a biomass concentration of 1.05-1.36 g L-1 after 8 days. The species secreted extracellular β-galactosidase (up to 40.84 ± 0.23 U L-1) in order to hydrolyse lactose in DPBP media into monosaccharides prior to absorption into biomass, demonstrating a mixotrophic pathway for lactose assimilation. The species was highly effective as a bioremediation agent, being able to remove > 80% of total nitrogen and phosphate in the DPBP medium within two days across all cultures. Population analysis using flow cytometry and multi-channel/multi-staining methods revealed that the culture grown on non-autoclaved medium contained a high initial bacterial load, comprising both contaminating bacteria in the medium and phycosphere bacteria associated with the microalgae. In both autoclaved and non-autoclaved DPBP media, Nannochloropsis cells were able to establish a stable microalgae-bacteria interaction, suppressing bacterial takeover and emerging as dominant population (53-80% of total cells) in the cultures. The extent of microalgal dominance, however, was less prominent in the non-autoclaved media. High initial bacterial loads in these cultures had mixed effects on microalgal performance, promoting β-galactosidase synthesis on the one hand while competing for nutrients and retarding microalgal growth on the other. These results alluded to the need of effective pre-treatment step to manage bacterial population in microalgal cultures on DPBP. Overall, N. limnetica cultures displayed competitive β-galactosidase productivity and propensity for efficient nutrient removal on DPBP medium, demonstrating their promising nature for use in the valorisation of dairy side streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Svitlana Miros
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Alfonso Blanco
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Shane Mulcahy
- Arrabawn Co-Operative Society Ltd., Nenagh, Co. Tipperary, Ireland
| | - Brijesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Ashtown Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Ronald Halim
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Rincon SM, Beyenal H, Romero HM. A Response Surface Methodology Study for Chlorella vulgaris Mixotrophic Culture Optimization. Microorganisms 2024; 12:379. [PMID: 38399783 PMCID: PMC10892752 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycerol is a carbon source that produces good biomass under mixotrophic conditions. Enhancing the composition of culture media in algae biomass production improves growth rates, biomass yield, nutrient utilization efficiency, and overall cost-effectiveness. Among the key nutrients in the medium, nitrogen plays a pivotal role. Urea can be effectively used as a nitrogen source and is considered a low-cost form of nitrogen compared to other sources. Urea metabolism releases some CO2 in photosynthesis, and magnesium plays a major role in urea uptake. Magnesium is another key nutrient that is key in photosynthesis and other metabolic reactions. To maximize glycerol consumption in the mixotrophic system and to obtain high biomass and lipid productions, the variations in MgSO4·7H2O and urea concentrations were evaluated in the growth medium of the microalgae. A response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) was designed to maximize glycerol consumption at the initial cellular growth rates (up to four days). The magnesium and urea supply varied from 0.3 to 1.7 g L-1. Response surface methodology was utilized to analyze the results, and the highest glycerol consumption rate, 770.2 mg L-1 d-1, was observed when C. vulgaris was grown at 1.7 g L-1 urea, 1.0 g L-1 MgSO4·7H2O. Using the optimal urea and magnesium concentrations with acetate, glucose, and glycerol as carbon sources, the same lipid content (10% average) was achieved on day 4 of mixotrophic C. vulgaris culture. Overall, the results show that mixotrophic growth of C. vulgaris using urea with an optimum magnesium concentration yields large amounts of fatty acids and that the carbon source greatly influences the profile of the fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Milena Rincon
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA; (S.M.R.); (H.B.)
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA; (S.M.R.); (H.B.)
| | - Hernán Mauricio Romero
- Biology and Breeding Research Program, Colombian OiI Palm Research Center, Bogotá 111121, Colombia
- Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 11132, Colombia
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Byeon H, An Y, Kim T, Rayamajhi V, Lee J, Shin H, Jung S. Effects of Four Organic Carbon Sources on the Growth and Astaxanthin Accumulation of Haematococcus lacustris. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:29. [PMID: 38255645 PMCID: PMC10820012 DOI: 10.3390/life14010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The microalga Haematococcus lacustris has a complex life cycle and a slow growth rate, hampering its mass cultivation. Culture of microalgae with organic carbon sources can increase the growth rate. Few studies have evaluated the effects of organic carbon sources on H. lacustris. We compared the vegetative and inductive stages of H. lacustris under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions using four organic carbon sources: sodium acetate, glycerol, sodium gluconate, and ribose, each at various concentrations (0.325, 0.65, 1.3, and 2.6 g/L). The cell density was increased by 1.3 g/L of glycerol in the vegetative stage. The rapid transition to the inductive stage under nitrogen-depletion conditions caused by 1.3 or 2.6 g/L sodium acetate promoted the accumulation of astaxanthin. The production of astaxanthin by H. lacustris in mass culture using organic carbon sources could increase profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijeong Byeon
- Department of Biology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea; (H.B.)
| | - Yunji An
- Department of Biology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea; (H.B.)
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Department of Biology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea; (H.B.)
| | - Vijay Rayamajhi
- Department of Biology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea; (H.B.)
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Korea Fisheries Resources Agency East Sea Branch, Samho-ro, Buk-gu, Pohang 37601, Gyungsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunWoung Shin
- Department of Biology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea; (H.B.)
- AlgaeBio, Inc., Asan 31459, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SangMok Jung
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Korozi E, Kefalogianni I, Tsagou V, Chatzipavlidis I, Markou G, Karnaouri A. Evaluation of Growth and Production of High-Value-Added Metabolites in Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris Grown on Crude Glycerol under Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Conditions Using Monochromatic Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Foods 2023; 12:3068. [PMID: 37628067 PMCID: PMC10453295 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of crude glycerol as the main carbon source on the growth, cell morphology, and production of high-value-added metabolites of two microalgal species, namely Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda, under heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, using monochromatic illumination from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting blue, red, yellow, and white (control) light. The findings indicated that both microalgae strains exhibited higher biomass yield on the mixotrophic growth system when compared to the heterotrophic one, while S. quadricauda generally performed better than C. vulgaris. In mixotrophic mode, the use of different monochromatic illumination affected biomass production differently on both strains. In S. quadricauda, growth rate was higher under red light (μmax = 0.89 d-1), while the highest biomass concentration and yield per gram of consumed glycerol were achieved under yellow light, reaching 1.86 g/L and Yx/s = 0.18, respectively. On the other hand, C. vulgaris demonstrated a higher growth rate on blue light (μmax = 0.45 d-1) and a higher biomass production on white (control) lighting (1.34 g/L). Regarding the production of metabolites, higher yields were achieved during mixotrophic mode in both strains. In C. vulgaris, the highest lipid (26.5% of dry cell weight), protein (63%), and carbohydrate (20.3%) contents were obtained under blue, red, and yellow light, respectively, thus indicating that different light wavelengths probably activate different metabolic pathways. Similar results were obtained for S. quadricauda with red light leading to higher lipid content, while white lighting caused higher production of proteins and carbohydrates. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of utilizing crude glycerol as a carbon source for the growth and metabolite production of microalgae and, furthermore, revealed that the strains' behavior varied depending on lighting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evagelina Korozi
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (I.K.); (V.T.); (I.C.)
| | - Io Kefalogianni
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (I.K.); (V.T.); (I.C.)
| | - Vasiliki Tsagou
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (I.K.); (V.T.); (I.C.)
| | - Iordanis Chatzipavlidis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (I.K.); (V.T.); (I.C.)
| | - Giorgos Markou
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology and Recycling of Agricultural By-Products, Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Leof. Sofokli Venizelou 1, Lykovrysi, 14123 Athens, Greece
| | - Anthi Karnaouri
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (I.K.); (V.T.); (I.C.)
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Nagabalaji V, Maharaja P, Nishanthi R, Sathish G, Suthanthararajan R, Srinivasan SV. Effect of co-culturing bacteria and microalgae and influence of inoculum ratio during the biological treatment of tannery wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:118008. [PMID: 37146488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This present investigation is carried out to study the effect of algal and bacterial inoculum concentrations on the removal of organic pollutants and nutrients from the tannery effluent by the combined symbiotic treatment process. The bacterial and microalgal consortia was developed in laboratory setup and mixed together to perform this study. The Influence of algae and bacteria inoculum concentrations on the removal of pollutants such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) were studied using statistical optimization through Response surface methodology. For the design of experimental set up and optimization, full factorial Central composite design was used. The profiles of pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and nitrate were also monitored and studied. The inoculum concentrations of microalgae and bacteria showed significant effect on Co-culturing on COD, TKN and nitrate removals as major response. The linear effect of bacterial inoculum has positive dominant influence on COD and TKN removal efficiencies. Nitrate utilization by microalgae increases with the increase in microalgal inoculum concentration. The maximum removal efficiencies of COD and TKN with 89.9% and 80.9% were obtained at optimum bacterial and algal inoculum concentrations of 6.7 g/L and 8.0 g/L respectively. These outcomes of this study are immensely favorable for maximizing the COD and nitrogen (nutrients) removal capabilities of microalgae-bacterial consortia in tannery effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velmurugan Nagabalaji
- Environmental Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Pounsamy Maharaja
- Environmental Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Rajendiran Nishanthi
- Environmental Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Ganesan Sathish
- Environmental Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | | | - Shanmugham Venkatachalam Srinivasan
- Environmental Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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6
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Ding Y, Wang Y, Gu X, Peng Y, Sun S, He S. Salinity effect on denitrification efficiency with reed biomass addition in salt marsh wetlands. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 371:128597. [PMID: 36632851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Five simulated salt marsh wetlands with reed were constructed to investigate the effect of salinity on denitrification efficiency and its enhancement by reed biomass addition. It was found that the salinity of 7 ‰ and 10 ‰ could promote the organic carbon release of reed biomass. Results showed that the nitrate removal was highest at the salinity of 7 ‰, and would be further enhanced from 54.06 ± 12.46 % to 74.37 ± 11.53 % after the addition of reed biomass. Meanwhile, the lowest nitrous oxide emission flux was also achieved, with 0.23 mg/(m2 h) at this salinity. Microbiological analysis showed that salinity changed the microbial community. The increasing salinity increased the relative abundance of Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria, but decreased that of Proteobacteria. Main functional genera of denitrification changed from Desulfuromonas to Azoarcus and Anaeromyxbacter when the salinity increased to 15 ‰. These results will help to understand the nitrogen removal capacity of salt marsh wetlands with reed biomass addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Ding
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yanan Wang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Xushun Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shengbing He
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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7
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Chen CY, Lu JC, Chang YH, Chen JH, Nagarajan D, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Optimizing heterotrophic production of Chlorella sorokiniana SU-9 proteins potentially used as a sustainable protein substitute in aquafeed. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128538. [PMID: 36581231 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alternative protein sources for the reduction/replacement of fish meal in aqua-feeds are in urgent demand. Microalgae are considered sustainable protein sources for aquaculture due to their high-quality proteins with a complete profile of essential amino acids. This study examined the heterotrophic production of proteins from Chlorella sorokiniana SU-9. Culture parameters for maximal biomass and protein production are as follows: glucose - 10 g/L glucose, sodium nitrate - 1.5 g/L, and iron - 46 μM iron in BG-11 medium. Under optimal conditions, biomass content, protein content and protein productivity of SU-9 reached 4.14 ± 0.20 g/L, 403 ± 33 mg/g and 382 ± 36 mg/L/d, respectively. The protein profile of Chlorella sorokiniana SU-9 is comparable to fishmeal and soybean meal. The essential amino acids arginine, lysine and cysteine, along with glutamine and glutamate, were high. The production cost of SU-9 can be significantly reduced under heterotrophic cultivation conditions, making it a potential protein substitute in aquafeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Chen
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Ci Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Heng Chen
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Tang, Hong Kong
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan.
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Pessi BA, Baroukh C, Bacquet A, Bernard O. A universal dynamical metabolic model representing mixotrophic growth of Chlorella sp. on wastes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119388. [PMID: 36462256 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An emerging idea is to couple wastewater treatment and biofuel production using microalgae to achieve higher productivities and lower costs. This paper proposes a metabolic modeling of Chlorella sp. growing on fermentation wastes (blend of acetate, butyrate and other acids) in mixotrophic conditions, accounting also for the possible inhibitory substrates. This model extends previous works by modifying the metabolic network to include the consumption of glycerol and glucose by Chlorella sp., with the goal to test the addition of these substrates in order to overcome butyrate inhibition. The metabolic model was built using the DRUM framework and consists of 188 reactions and 173 metabolites. After a calibration phase, the model was successfully challenged with data from 122 experiments collected from scientific literature in autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. The optimal feeding strategy estimated with the model reduces the time to consume the volatile fatty acids from 16 days to 2 days. The high prediction capability of this model opens new routes for enhancing design and operation in waste valorization using microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Baroukh
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Anais Bacquet
- LOV, UMR 7093, Sorbonne university, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Olivier Bernard
- Biocore, INRIA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France; LOV, UMR 7093, Sorbonne university, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
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Rana MS, Prajapati SK. Mixotrophic microalgal-biofilm reactor augmenting biomass and biofuel productivity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 356:127306. [PMID: 35569716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to evaluate the mixotrophic growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in a microalgal-biofilm reactor (MBR) using waste glycerol as an organic carbon source. The biomass productivity of C. pyrenoidosa (10.14 g m-2 d-1) under the mixotrophic mode was remarkably higher than that observed during the phototrophic mode (4.16 g m-2 d-1), under similar incubation conditions. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 d was found optimal for the higher productivity of microalgae in the MBR. Notably, based on biofuel quality, mixotrophically grown microalgal biomass was noted to have better suitability for biomethane production compared to biodiesel. Besides, up to 98.09, 75.74, and 55.86% removal of phosphate, nitrate, and COD, respectively, was recorded within 6 d under mixotrophic growth. Overall, the present findings magnificently demonstrate the efficient recycling of waste glycerol for higher biomass production coupled with phycoremediation using mixotrophic MBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Singh Rana
- Environment and Biofuel Research Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Khor JG, Lim HR, Chia WY, Chew KW. Automated cultivation system for microalgae: Growth factors and control. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401318666220421132428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Microalgae have been a hot research topic due to their various biorefinery applications, particularly microalgae as potential alternative nutraceuticals and supplements have a large and rapidly growing market. However, the commercial production is limited due to high processing cost, low efficiency, and scale up of biomass production.
Objective:
It is important to control the microalgae cultivation system with optimal parameters to maximize the biomass productivity. The growth factors including pH, temperature, light intensity, salinity, and nutrients are discussed as these can significantly affect the cultivation. To monitor and control these in real-time, an automated system incorporating advanced digital technologies like sensors, controllers, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT) could be applied.
Conclusion:
This perspective provides insights on the implementation of an automated microalgae cultivation system which improves the productivity, effectiveness, and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun Gia Khor
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Ren Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wen Yi Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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Ma X, Mi Y, Zhao C, Wei Q. A comprehensive review on carbon source effect of microalgae lipid accumulation for biofuel production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151387. [PMID: 34740661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Energy is a major driving force for the economic development. Due to the scarcity of fossil fuels and negative impact on the environment, it is important to develop renewable and sustainable energy sources for humankind. Microalgae as the primary feedstock for biodiesel has shown great application potential. However, lipid yield from microalgae is limited by the upstream cost, which restrain the realization of large-scale biofuel production. The modification of lipid-rich microalgae cell has become the focus over the last few decades to improve the lipid content and productivity of microalgae. Carbon is a vital nutrient that regulates the growth and metabolism of microalgae. Different carbon sources are assimilated by microalgae cells via different pathways. Inorganic carbon sources are mainly used through the CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), while organic carbon sources are absorbed by microalgae mainly through the Pentose Phosphate (PPP) Pathway and the Embden-Meyerhof-Pranas (EMP) pathway. Therefore, the addition of carbon source has a significant impact on the production of microalgae biomass and lipid accumulation. In this paper, mechanisms of lipid synthesis and carbon uptake of microalgae were introduced, and the effects of different carbon conditions (types, concentrations, and addition methods) on lipid accumulation in microalgal biomass production and biodiesel production were comprehensively discussed. This review also highlights the recent advances in microalgae lipid cultivation with large-scale commercialization and the development prospects of biodiesel production. Current challenges and constructive suggestions are proposed on cost-benefit concerns in large-scale production of microalgae biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmeng Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yuwei Mi
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- China Construction Fifth Engineering Division Corp., Ltd, 9 Kaixuan Rd, Liangqing District, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Qun Wei
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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Halim R, Papachristou I, Chen GQ, Deng H, Frey W, Posten C, Silve A. The effect of cell disruption on the extraction of oil and protein from concentrated microalgae slurries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126597. [PMID: 34990860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel cell-disruption combinations (autolytic incubation and hypotonic osmotic shock combined with HPH or pH12) were used to investigate the fundamental mass transfer of lipids and proteins from Nannochloropsis slurries (140 mg biomass/g slurry). Since neutral lipids exist as cytosolic globules, their mass transfer was directly dependent on disintegration of cell walls. Complete recovery was obtained with complete physical disruption. HPH combinations exerted more physical disruption and led to higher yields than pH12. In contrast, proteins exist as both cytosolic water-soluble fractions and cell-wall/membrane structural fractions and have a complex extraction behaviour. Mass transfer of cytosolic proteins was dependent on cell-wall disintegration, while that of structural proteins was governed by cell-wall disintegration and severance of protein linkage from the wall/membrane. HPH combinations exerted only physical disruption and were limited to releasing soluble proteins. pH12 combinations hydrolysed chemical linkages in addition to exerting physical disruption, releasing both soluble and structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Halim
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany; Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany; School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Ioannis Papachristou
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - George Q Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Huining Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Clemens Posten
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Aude Silve
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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13
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Udayan A, Sirohi R, Sreekumar N, Sang BI, Sim SJ. Mass cultivation and harvesting of microalgal biomass: Current trends and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126406. [PMID: 34826565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic organisms capable of producing high-value metabolites like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, pigments, and other high-value metabolites. Microalgal biomass gained more interest for the production of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, therapeutics, food supplements, feed, biofuel, bio-fertilizers, etc. due to its high lipid and other high-value metabolite content. Microalgal biomass has the potential to convert trapped solar energy to organic materials and potential metabolites of nutraceutical and industrial interest. They have higher efficiency to fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and subsequently convert it into biomass and compounds of potential interest. However, to make microalgae a potential industrial candidate, cost-effective cultivation systems and harvesting methods for increasing biomass yield and reducing the cost of downstream processing have become extremely urgent and important. In this review, the current development in different microalgal cultivation systems and harvesting methods has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Udayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul South Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhin Sreekumar
- Accubits Invent, Accubits Technologies Inc., Thiruvananthapuram 695 004, Kerala, India
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul South Korea.
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Capa-Robles W, García-Mendoza E, Paniagua-Michel JDJ. Enhanced β-carotene and Biomass Production by Induced Mixotrophy in Dunaliella salina across a Combined Strategy of Glycerol, Salinity, and Light. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120866. [PMID: 34940624 PMCID: PMC8708783 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current mixotrophic culture systems for Dunaliella salina have technical limitations to achieve high growth and productivity. The purpose of this study was to optimize the mixotrophic conditions imposed by glycerol, light, and salinity that lead to the highest biomass and β-carotene yields in D. salina. The combination of 12.5 mM glycerol, 3.0 M salinity, and 50 μmol photons m−2 s−1 light intensity enabled significant assimilation of glycerol by D. salina and consequently enhanced growth (2.1 × 106 cell mL−1) and β-carotene accumulation (4.43 pg cell−1). The saline and light shock induced the assimilation of glycerol by this microalga. At last stage of growth, the increase in light intensity (300 μmol photons m−2 s−1) caused the β-carotene to reach values higher than 30 pg cell−1 and tripled the β-carotene values obtained from photoautotrophic cultures using the same light intensity. Increasing the salt concentration from 1.5 to 3.0 M NaCl (non-isosmotic salinity) produced higher growth and microalgal β-carotene than the isosmotic salinity 3.0 M NaCl. The mixotrophic strategy developed in this work is evidenced in the metabolic capability of D. salina to use both photosynthesis and organic carbon, viz., glycerol that leads to higher biomass and β-carotene productivity than that of an either phototrophic or heterotrophic process alone. The findings provide insights into the key role of exogenous glycerol with a strategic combination of salinity and light, which evidenced unknown roles of this polyol other than that in osmoregulation, mainly on the growth, pigment accumulation, and carotenogenesis of D. salina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Capa-Robles
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - Ernesto García-Mendoza
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - José de Jesús Paniagua-Michel
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-646-1745050
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15
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Castillo T, Ramos D, García-Beltrán T, Brito-Bazan M, Galindo E. Mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae: An alternative to produce high-value metabolites. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Lumped intracellular dynamics: Mathematical modeling of the microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus cultivation under mixotrophic conditions with glycerol. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Oliveira CYB, D'Alessandro EB, Antoniosi Filho NR, Lopes RG, Derner RB. Synergistic effect of growth conditions and organic carbon sources for improving biomass production and biodiesel quality by the microalga Choricystis minor var. minor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143476. [PMID: 33218810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the search for microalgae species with potential for biodiesel production, Choricystis minor var. minor has been seen as a promising source of biomass due to its high lipid content and the satisfactory characteristics of its fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). For this reason, the objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of growth conditions and organic carbon sources on cultivation of this microalga. To do so, experimental cultivations were conducted in photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic metabolisms using glucose, fructose, glycerol or sucrose - in growth conditions that use organic carbon. Thus, growth parameters of the cultures were evaluated and at the end of the cultivations, FAMEs yield and profile were determined by gas chromatography, the efficiency of carbon conversion into biomass was evaluated and a microbial analysis was conducted. Regarding growth conditions, the findings have confirmed that, regardless of the organic carbon source used, the heterotrophic and mixotrophic metabolisms can present advantages over the photoautotrophic one. In addition, biomass production was higher with the use of glucose than with other organic carbon sources, regardless of growth condition (heterotrophic or mixotrophic). Moreover, cultivations with the addition of CO2 have converted carbon into biomass less efficiently. On the other hand, photoautotrophic cultures presented the lowest bacterial load. In comparison to photoautotrophic and mixotrophic, heterotrophic cultures have led to lower FAMEs content and higher yields of unsaturated fatty acids. The most satisfactory FAMEs profile for biodiesel production was obtained with mixotrophic growth using fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Yure B Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Laboratório de Produção de Alimento Vivo, Recife, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Aquicultura, Laboratório de Cultivo de Algas, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Emmanuel B D'Alessandro
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Métodos de Extração e Separação, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nelson R Antoniosi Filho
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Métodos de Extração e Separação, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Lopes
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Aquicultura, Laboratório de Cultivo de Algas, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Roberto B Derner
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Aquicultura, Laboratório de Cultivo de Algas, Florianópolis, Brazil
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18
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Lee JC, Jang JK, Kim HW. Sulfonamide degradation and metabolite characterization in submerged membrane photobioreactors for livestock excreta treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127604. [PMID: 32750616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Residual veterinary antibiotics have been detected in livestock wastewater treatment plants. Despite the long retention time, antibiotic treatment efficiency has shown clear limitations. In this study, we evaluated submerged membrane photobioreactors (SMPBR) during sulfonamide antibiotic-containing livestock wastewater treatment under mixotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions. The results showed that microalgal sulfur degradation and consumption under mixotrophic conditions accelerated the biomass concentration increase to 2800 mg VSS/L compared to the 1800 mg VSS/L measured under photoautotrophic conditions. Although microalgal metabolites, such as soluble microbial products and extracellular polymeric substances, might cause membrane fouling in the SMPBR, we proved that microalgae could remove sulfonamide and release degradation-associated sulfur, along with nitrogen and phosphorus. Moreover, this study confirms the statistical correlation between metabolites and sulfonamides. In summary, the results of this study provide promising insights into antibiotic-containing livestock wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Lee
- Division of Civil/Environmental/Mineral Resources & Energy Engineering, Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Kyung Jang
- Energy and Environmental Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si, 54875, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Division of Civil/Environmental/Mineral Resources & Energy Engineering, Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Maia JLD, Cardoso JS, Mastrantonio DJDS, Bierhals CK, Moreira JB, Costa JAV, Morais MGD. Microalgae starch: A promising raw material for the bioethanol production. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2739-2749. [PMID: 33470200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is currently the most successful biofuel and can be produced from microalgal biomass (third-generation). Ethanol from microalgal biomass has advantages because it does not use arable land and reduces environmental impacts through the sequestration of CO2 from the atmosphere. In this way, micro and macroalgal starch, which is structurally similar to that from higher plants can be considered a promise raw material for the production of bioethanol. Thus, strategies can be used to intensify the carbohydrate concentration in the microalgal biomass enabling the production of third-generation bioethanol. The microalgae biomass can be destined to biorefineries so that the residual biomass generated from the extraction processes is used for the production of high value-added products. Therefore, the process will have an impact on reducing the production costs and the generation of waste. In this context, this review aims to bring concepts and perspectives on the production of third-generation bioethanol, demonstrating the microalgal biomass potential as a carbon source to produce bioethanol and supply part of the world energy demand. The main factors that influence the microalgal cultivation and fermentation process, as well as the processes of transformation of biomass into the easily fermentable substrate are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lucas da Maia
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, P.O. Box 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Soares Cardoso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, P.O. Box 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Duna Joanol da Silveira Mastrantonio
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, P.O. Box 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Krause Bierhals
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, P.O. Box 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Botelho Moreira
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, P.O. Box 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, P.O. Box 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele Greque de Morais
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, P.O. Box 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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20
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Hu H, Li JY, Zhai SW, Wu DD, Zhu SG, Zeng RJ. Effect of inorganic carbon limitation on the conversion of organic carbon to total fatty acids by Monodus subterraneus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:140275. [PMID: 32783858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional autotrophic microalgae exhibit low rates of organic carbon assimilation and conversion to useful compounds when switching to mixotrophic or heterotrophic growth. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of inorganic carbon limitation on the efficiency of organic carbon (glycerol) assimilation and conversion to total fatty acids (TFAs) or the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). An oleaginous Monodus subterraneus was selected and six cultivation conditions were set, including Autotrophy-no aeration, Autotrophy-aeration, Mixotrophy-no aeration, Mixotrophy-no aeration & no Na2CO3, Mixotrophy-aeration, and Heterotrophy. The results showed M. subterraneus could utilize glycerol and grow under mixotrophic condition, while it was not occurred under heterotrophy. Superiority of mixotrophy to autotrophy on biomass productivity was more obvious under inorganic carbon limitation (no aeration or no Na2CO3) than inorganic carbon supply (aeration and existing Na2CO3 in the medium). CO2 limitation (no aeration) decreased content (of dry weight) and production (in medium) of TFAs, which was not evident in mixotrophy. CO2 limitation and inorganic carbon substrate stress largely improved the COD yield of TFAs and EPA under mixotrophic condition. TFA yield (%COD) under Mixotrophy-no aeration & no Na2CO3 was maximum (22.82%), and was almost two-fold higher than that under Mixotrophy-no aeration and nearly three-fold higher than that with Mixotrophy-aeration. EPA yield (% COD) under mixotrophy-no aeration & no Na2CO3 was maximum (6.58%). These results suggested that inorganic carbon limitation is a potentially useful method to enhance conversion of organic carbon to TFAs. Furthermore, the results suggest an application to obtain high value compounds (TFAs or EPA) combined with a high assimilation rate of waste glycerol from biodiesel and epichlorohydrin production by microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jia-Yun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Su-Wan Zhai
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Wu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Shu-Guang Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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21
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Growth, total lipid, and omega-3 fatty acid production by Nannochloropsis spp. cultivated with raw plant substrate. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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De Bhowmick G, Sen R, Sarmah AK. Consolidated bioprocessing of wastewater cocktail in an algal biorefinery for enhanced biomass, lipid and lutein production coupled with efficient CO 2 capture: An advanced optimization approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 252:109696. [PMID: 31629179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a holistic approach in establishing a successful green integrated bio-refinery system with improved biomass, lipid and lutein productivity, while remediating wastewater and sequestering CO2 with potential biodiesel and healthcare applications. To achieve this we evaluated the effect of four process parameters: CO2% supply; acetate concentration; poultry litter waste (PLW) concentration; and light intensity on cultivation of Chlorella minutissma following the Taguchi's design of experimental technique. A four factors, three levels orthogonal array was adopted to cultivate Chlorella minutissma in specially developed waste water medium. Effect of the process parameters on biomass productivity, CO2 fixation rate, lipid content, lutein productivity and bioremediation capacity were determined. Results obtained from individual parametric combinations and Signal/Noise (S/N) ratio responses indicated S3 (5% CO2, 100 mg L-1 of acetate, 10 g L-1 of poultry litter, and 15, 000 lux of light intensity) combination as the optimum cultivation condition. Following the S3 combination a significant enhancement in biomass productivity (292 mg L-1 d-1) with exceedingly high CO2 fixation rate and photosynthetic efficiency (51.51 g L-1 d-1 of CO2; P.E: 15.81%) was achieved. A maximum of 169.29 mg L-1 d-1 of lipid with a balanced distribution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids conformed to the international standard for biodiesel was achieved. Additionally, 7.21 mg L-1 d-1 of lutein productivity was also accomplished within 7 day of cultivation, while remediating up to 93-90% of nitrogenous and phosphate substrates. Statistically, the results reinforced our findings with the S/N responses and experimental observations for a particular property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldy De Bhowmick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Wen X, Tao H, Peng X, Wang Z, Ding Y, Xu Y, Liang L, Du K, Zhang A, Liu C, Geng Y, Li Y. Sequential phototrophic-mixotrophic cultivation of oleaginous microalga Graesiella sp. WBG-1 in a 1000 m 2 open raceway pond. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:27. [PMID: 30805027 PMCID: PMC6371596 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are an important feedstock in industries. Currently, efforts are being made in the non-phototrophic cultivation of microalgae for biomass production. Studies have shown that mixotrophy is a more efficient process for producing algal biomass in comparison to phototrophic and heterotrophic cultures. However, cultivation of microalgae in pilot-scale open ponds in the presence of organic carbon substrates has not yet been developed. The problems are heterotrophic bacterial contamination and inefficient conversion of organic carbon. RESULTS Laboratory investigation was combined with outdoor cultivation to find a culture condition that favors the growth of alga, but inhibits bacteria. A window period for mixotrophic cultivation of the alga Graesiella sp. WBG-1 was identified. Using this period, a new sequential phototrophic-mixotrophic cultivation (SPMC) method that enhances algal biomass productivity and limits bacteria contamination at the same time was established for microalgae cultivation in open raceway ponds. Graesiella sp. WBG-1 maximally produced 12.5 g biomass and 4.1 g lipids m-2 day-1 in SPMC in a 1000 m2 raceway pond, which was an over 50% increase compared to phototrophic cultivation. The bacterial number in SPMC (2.97 × 105 CFU ml-1) is comparable to that of the phototrophic cultivations. CONCLUSIONS SPMC is an effective and feasible method to cultivate lipid-rich microalgae in open raceway ponds. Successful scale-up of SPMC in a commercial raceway pond (1000 m2 culture area) was demonstrated for the first time. This method is attractive for global producers of not only lipid-rich microalgae biomass, but also astaxanthin and β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Huanping Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Xinan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Present Address: Institute of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044 China
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yi Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Lin Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kui Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Present Address: Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, 610015 China
| | - Aoqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Caixia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yahong Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yeguang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
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Gaignard C, Gargouch N, Dubessay P, Delattre C, Pierre G, Laroche C, Fendri I, Abdelkafi S, Michaud P. New horizons in culture and valorization of red microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:193-222. [PMID: 30500354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on marine microalgae has been abundantly published and patented these last years leading to the production and/or the characterization of some biomolecules such as pigments, proteins, enzymes, biofuels, polyunsaturated fatty acids, enzymes and hydrocolloids. This literature focusing on metabolic pathways, structural characterization of biomolecules, taxonomy, optimization of culture conditions, biorefinery and downstream process is often optimistic considering the valorization of these biocompounds. However, the accumulation of knowledge associated with the development of processes and technologies for biomass production and its treatment has sometimes led to success in the commercial arena. In the history of the microalgae market, red marine microalgae are well positioned particularly for applications in the field of high value pigment and hydrocolloid productions. This review aims to establish the state of the art of the diversity of red marine microalgae, the advances in characterization of their metabolites and the developments of bioprocesses to produce this biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Gaignard
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nesrine Gargouch
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées à l'amélioration des cultures, Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cedric Delattre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Celine Laroche
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées à l'amélioration des cultures, Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Unité de Biotechnologie des Algues, Biological Engineering Department, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Philippe Michaud
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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