1
|
Vaishnavi M, Sathishkumar K, Gopinath KP. Hydrothermal liquefaction of composite household waste to biocrude: the effect of liquefaction solvents on product yield and quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:39760-39773. [PMID: 38833053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of composite household waste (CHW) was investigated at different temperatures in the range of 240-360 °C, residence times in the range of 30-90 min, and co-solvent ratios of 2-8 ml/g, by utilising ethanol, glycerol, and produced aqueous phase as liquefaction solvents. Maximum biocrude yield of 46.19% was obtained at 340 °C and 75 min, with aqueous phase recirculation ratio (RR) of 5 ml/g. The chemical solvents such as glycerol and ethanol yielded a biocrude percentage of 45.18% and 42.16% at a ratio of 6 ml/g and 8 ml/g, respectively, for 340 °C and 75 min. The usage of co-solvents as hydrothermal medium increased the biocrude yield by 35.30% and decreased the formation of solid residue and gaseous products by 19.82% and 18.74% respectively. Also, the solid residue and biocrude obtained from co-solvent HTL possessed higher carbon and hydrogen content, thus having a H/C ratio and HHV that is 1.01 and 1.23 times higher than that of water as hydrothermal medium. Among the co-solvents, HTL with aqueous phase recirculation resulted in higher carbon and energy recovery percentages of 9.36% and 9.78% for solid residue and 52.09% and 56.75% for biocrude respectively. Further qualitatively, co-solvent HTL in the presence of obtained aqueous phase yielded 33.43% higher fraction of hydrocarbons than the pure water HTL and 7.70-17.01% higher hydrocarbons when compared with ethanol and glycerol HTL respectively. Nitrogen containing compounds, such as phenols and furfurals, for biocrudes obtained from all HTL processes, were found to be present in the range of 8.30-14.40%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevan Vaishnavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India
| | - Kannaiyan Sathishkumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India.
| | - Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, Sathak Nagar, SH 49, Keelakarai, Tamil Nadu, 623806, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perez Saura P, Chabi M, Corato A, Cardol P, Remacle C. Cell adaptation of the extremophilic red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria to the availability of carbon sources. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978246. [PMID: 36186036 PMCID: PMC9520601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global energy demand and fossil fuels impact on climate can be partially managed by an increase in the use of biofuels for transports and industries. Biodiesel production is generally preceded by a transesterification process of the green biomass triacylglycerols that generates large amounts of glycerol as a by-product. In this study, the extremophilic red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria 074W was cultivated in heterotrophy. The microalgal growth parameters and biomass composition were compared when grown on an equivalent molar concentration of carbon of either glucose or glycerol as unique carbon source. The maximal biomass reached in these two conditions was not significantly different (∼2.5 g.L-1). Fatty acid profile, protein and storage carbohydrate contents were also statistically similar, irrespectively of the metabolized carbon source. We also observed that the pigment content of G. sulphuraria cells decreased during heterotrophic growth compared to photoautotrophic cultivated cells, and that this diminution was more important in the presence of glucose than glycerol: cells were yellowish in the presence of glucose and green in the presence of glycerol. The pigmentation was restored when glucose was totally consumed in the medium, suggesting that the presence of glucose repressed pigment synthesis. Based on this observation, a transcriptome analysis was performed in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the loss of color mediated by darkness and by glucose in G. sulphuraria. Three conditions were analyzed: heterotrophy with glycerol or glucose and phototrophy. This allowed us to understand the transcriptional response of cells to light and dark environments both at the nuclear and chloroplast levels, and to show that transcription of gene families, acquired by horizontal gene transfer, such as sugar, amino acid, or acetate transporters, were involved in the response to the availability of different (in)organic sources.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang G, Wang K, Liu Q, Han L, Zhang X. A Comprehensive Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Diverse Biowastes for Energy-Dense Biocrude Production: Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10499. [PMID: 36078216 PMCID: PMC9518380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) is a promising technology to valorize binary or even ternary biowastes into bioenergy. However, the complex biochemical compositions and unclear synergistic effect prevent the development of this technology. Thus, this study explored a comprehensive co-HTL of representative biowastes to investigate the synergistic and antagonistic effects. An apparent synergistic effect on biocrude yield was observed when sewage sludge was co-liquefied with cow manure or wheat straw. Further, the co-HTL of sewage sludge-cow manure was investigated in a detailed manner. The highest yield (21.84 wt%) of biocrude, with a positive synergistic effect (11.37%), the highest energy recovery (47.48%), and a moderate biocrude HHV (34.31 MJ/kg) were achieved from co-HTL at 350 °C for 30 min. Hydrochar and gas products were also characterized to unravel the reaction pathways. Accordingly, this work indicates that sewage sludge co-liquefied with other biowastes can serve as a multi-purpose solution for biowaste treatment and bioenergy production.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei Y, Fakudze S, Zhang Y, Song M, Xue T, Xie R, Chen J. Low-temperature hydrothermal liquefaction of pomelo peel for production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural-rich bio-oil using ionic liquid loaded ZSM-5. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 352:127050. [PMID: 35351566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquid loaded ZSM-5 with high stability and catalytic performance was used for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of pomelo peel for the first time. Bio-oil obtained at 200 °C had the highest yield (29.21 wt%) and high heating value (21.41 MJ/kg), with main constituents of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF, 50.10%), 3-Pyridinol (19.8%) and pentanoic acid (5.35%). The higher 5-hydroxymethylfurfural yield obtained using ionic liquid loaded ZSM-5 was further compared to other studies (0-50%). In comparison to high-temperature HTL, catalytic HTL with ionic liquid loaded ZSM-5 led to lower activation energy requirements (31.93 kJ·mol-1) for the conversion of glucose into 5-HMF. Additionally, the catalysts showed excellent recyclability, with 19.68 wt% of bio-oil containing 59.6% of light oil obtained after 5 cycles. Hence, this study presents a novel approach for the catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into 5-HMF-rich bio-oil for energy and green chemistry applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyuan Wei
- Laboratory of Advanced Environmental & Energy Materials, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Sandile Fakudze
- Laboratory of Advanced Environmental & Energy Materials, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Environmental & Energy Materials, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Min Song
- Ministry of Education of Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Tianjiao Xue
- Laboratory of Advanced Environmental & Energy Materials, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Ruiyan Xie
- Laboratory of Advanced Environmental & Energy Materials, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Environmental & Energy Materials, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Swetha A, ShriVigneshwar S, Gopinath KP, Sivaramakrishnan R, Shanmuganathan R, Arun J. Review on hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase as a valuable resource for biofuels, bio-hydrogen and valuable bio-chemicals recovery. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131248. [PMID: 34182640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass results in the formation of bio-oil, aqueous phase (HTL-AP), bio-char, and gaseous products. Safer disposal of HTL-AP is difficult on an industrial scale since it comprises low molecular acid compounds. This review provides a comprehensive note on the recent articles published on the effective usage of HTL-AP for the recovery of valuable compounds. Thermo-chemical and biological processes are the preferred techniques for the recovery of biofuel, platform chemicals from HTL-AP. From this review, it was evident that the composition of HTL-AP and product recovery are the integrated pathways, which depend on each other. Substitute as reaction medium in HTL process, growth medium for algae and microbes are the most common mode of reuse and recycle of HTL-AP. Future research is needed to depict the mechanism of HTL process when HTL-AP is used as a reaction medium on an industrial scale. Need to find a solution for the hindrance in commercializing HTL process and recovery of value-added compounds from HTL-AP from lab scale to industry level. Integrated pathways on reuse and HTL-AP recycle helps in reduced environmental concerns and sustainable production of bio-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Authilingam Swetha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivakumar ShriVigneshwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rajasree Shanmuganathan
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Jayaseelan Arun
- Center for Waste Management - 'International Research Centre', Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar (OMR), Chennai, 603119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Renuka N, Ratha SK, Kader F, Rawat I, Bux F. Insights into the potential impact of algae-mediated wastewater beneficiation for the circular bioeconomy: A global perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113257. [PMID: 34303940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Algae-based technologies are one of the emerging solutions to societal issues such as accessibility to clean water and carbon-neutral energy and are a contender for the circular bioeconomy. In this review, recent developments in the use of different algal species for nutrient recovery and biomass production in wastewater, challenges, and future perspectives have been addressed. The ratio and bioavailability of nutrients in wastewater are vital parameters, which significantly impact nutrient recovery efficiency and algal biomass production. However, the optimum nutrient concentration and ratio may vary depending upon the microalgal species as well as cultivation conditions. The use of indigenous algae and algae-based consortia with other microorganisms has been proved promising in improving nutrient recovery efficiency and biomass production in pilot scale operations. However, environmental and cultivation conditions also play a significant role in determining the feasibility of the process. This review further focused on the assessment of the potential benefits of algal biomass production, renewable biofuel generation, and CO2 sequestration using wastewater in different countries on the basis of available data on wastewater generation and estimated nutrient contents. It was estimated that 5-10% replacement of fossil crude requirement with algal biofuels would require ~952-1903 billion m3 of water, 10-21 billion tons of nitrogen, and 2-4 billion tons of phosphorus fertilizers. In this context, coupling wastewater treatment and algal biomass production seem to be the most sustainable option with potential global benefits of polishing wastewater through nutrients recycling and carbon dioxide sequestration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Renuka
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sachitra Kumar Ratha
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Phycology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Farzana Kader
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
di Cicco MR, Iovinella M, Palmieri M, Lubritto C, Ciniglia C. Extremophilic Microalgae Galdieria Gen. for Urban Wastewater Treatment: Current State, the Case of “POWER” System, and Future Prospects. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112343. [PMID: 34834705 PMCID: PMC8622319 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, wastewater research has increasingly focused on the use of microalgae as a tool to remove contaminants, entrapping nutrients, and whose biomass could provide both material and energy resources. This review covers the advances in the emerging research on the use in wastewater sector of thermoacidophilic, low-lipid microalgae of the genus Galdieria, which exhibit high content of protein, reserve carbohydrates, and other potentially extractable high-value compounds. The natural tolerance of Galdieria for high toxic environments and hot climates recently made it a key player in a single-step process for municipal wastewater treatment, biomass cultivation and production of energetic compounds using hydrothermal liquefaction. In this system developed in New Mexico, Galdieria proved to be a highly performing organism, able to restore the composition of the effluent to the standards required by the current legislation for the discharge of treated wastewater. Future research efforts should focus on the implementation, in the context of wastewater treatment, of more energetically efficient cultivation systems, potentially capable of generating water with increasingly higher purity levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa di Cicco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Manuela Iovinella
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Palmieri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Carmine Lubritto
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
- INFN—Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, ed. 6, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciniglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shiru S, Shiru MS. Towards Commercialization of Third‐Generation Biofuel Industry for Sustainable Energy Production in Nigeria. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Shiru
- University of Ilorin Department of Chemical Engineering P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Sanusi Shiru
- Seoul National University of Science and Technology Department of Civil Engineering 01811 Seoul South Korea
| |
Collapse
|