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Song S, Calhoun BH, Kucik JE, Konnyu KJ, Hilson R. Exploring the association of paid sick leave with healthcare utilization and health outcomes in the United States: a rapid evidence review. GLOBAL HEALTH JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.glohj.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Teasdale CA, Borrell LN, Shen Y, Kimball S, Zimba R, Kulkarni S, Rane M, Rinke ML, Fleary SA, Nash D. Missed routine pediatric care and vaccinations in US children during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Prev Med 2022; 158:107025. [PMID: 35318030 PMCID: PMC8933962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has decreased uptake of pediatric preventive care, including immunizations. We estimate the prevalence of missed pediatric routine medical visits and vaccinations over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of 2074 US parents of children ≤12 years in March 2021 to measure the proportion of children who missed pediatric care and vaccinations over the first 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). All analyses were weighted to represent the target population. Overall, 41.3% (95%CI 38.3-43.8) of parents reported their youngest child missed a routine medical visit due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Missed care was more common among children ≥2 years compared to <2 years (aPR 1.82; 95%CI 1.47-2.26) and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic Whites (aPR 1.31; 95%CI 1.14-1.51). A third of parents (33.1%; 95%CI 30.7-35.5) reported their child had missed a vaccination. Compared to the 2019-20 flu season, pediatric influenza vaccination decreased in 2020-21 (51.3% vs. 62.2%; p < 0.0001). A high proportion of US children ≤12 years missed routine pediatric care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Catch-up efforts are needed to ensure continuity of preventive care for all children.
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Key Words
- aapor, american association for public opinion research
- ci, confidence interval
- cuny, city university of new york
- iqr, interquartile range
- mmr, measles-mumps-rubella
- nh, non-hispanic
- pr, prevalence ratio
- strobe, strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology
- us, united states
- usd, us dollars
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Teasdale
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (SPH), New York, NY, USA; Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Luisa N Borrell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (SPH), New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanhan Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (SPH), New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Zimba
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (SPH), New York, NY, USA; Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Kulkarni
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madhura Rane
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael L Rinke
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Montefiore and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sasha A Fleary
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY, New York, NY, USA; Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, CUNY SPH, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denis Nash
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (SPH), New York, NY, USA; Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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Boccalini S, Bechini A, Moscadelli A, Paoli S, Schirripa A, Bonanni P. Cost-effectiveness of childhood influenza vaccination in Europe: results from a systematic review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2021; 21:911-922. [PMID: 33930994 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1925110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Influenza can be a significant public health problem. Nevertheless, it is preventable through vaccination. Concerning the pediatric population, the recommendation of influenza vaccination is under-represented in many European countries. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of universal childhood vaccination against influenza in Europe.Areas covered: We conducted a systematic review of original article assessing the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination by searching PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases for studies in English, starting from January 1st, 2010 up to October 21st, 2020.Expert opinion: Our literature review showed that all studies identified highlight that pediatric vaccinations using a live vaccine, especially in the quadrivalent formulation, are cost-effective compared to current vaccinations (elderly and at-risk groups) with TIV or no vaccination. A significant contribution to this positive economic profile is due to the indirect protection. Already many clinical data report the relevant direct and indirect impact of vaccination against influenza for younger subjects. The recent studies collected in this review showed also that the pediatric vaccination is also cost-effective. Therefore, decision-makers should now consider this new favorable evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Boccalini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Bechini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Moscadelli
- Specialization Medical School of Hygiene. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sonia Paoli
- Specialization Medical School of Hygiene. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Schirripa
- Specialization Medical School of Hygiene. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonanni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Vermund SH, Pitzer VE. Asymptomatic Transmission and the Infection Fatality Risk for COVID-19: Implications for School Reopening. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1493-1496. [PMID: 32584967 PMCID: PMC7337644 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic infection occurs for numerous respiratory viral diseases, including influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We seek to clarify confusion in 3 areas: age-specific risks of transmission and/or disease; various definitions for the COVID-19 "mortality rate," each useful for specific purposes; and implications for student return strategies from preschool through university settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten H Vermund
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Ahmed F, Kim S, Nowalk MP, King JP, VanWormer JJ, Gaglani M, Zimmerman RK, Bear T, Jackson ML, Jackson LA, Martin E, Cheng C, Flannery B, Chung JR, Uzicanin A. Paid Leave and Access to Telework as Work Attendance Determinants during Acute Respiratory Illness, United States, 2017-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26. [PMID: 31855145 PMCID: PMC6924903 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.190743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed determinants of work attendance during the first 3 days after onset of acute respiratory illness (ARI) among workers 19-64 years of age who had medically attended ARI or influenza during the 2017-2018 influenza season. The total number of days worked included days worked at the usual workplace and days teleworked. Access to paid leave was associated with fewer days worked overall and at the usual workplace during illness. Participants who indicated that employees were discouraged from coming to work with influenza-like symptoms were less likely to attend their usual workplace. Compared with workers without a telework option, those with telework access worked more days during illness overall, but there was no difference in days worked at the usual workplace. Both paid leave benefits and business practices that actively encourage employees to stay home while sick are necessary to reduce the transmission of ARI and influenza in workplaces.
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Bleser WK, Salmon DA, Miranda PY. A hidden vulnerable population: Young children up-to-date on vaccine series recommendations except influenza vaccines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234466. [PMID: 32555653 PMCID: PMC7302445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Very young children (under 2 years old) have high risk for influenza-related complications. Children 6 months or older in the US are recommended to receive influenza vaccination annually, yet uptake is substantially lower than other routinely-recommended vaccines. Existing nationally-representative studies on very young child influenza vaccine uptake has several limitations: few examine provider-verified influenza vaccination (relying on parental report), few contain parental vaccine attitudes variables (known to be crucial to vaccine uptake), and none to our knowledge consider intersectionality of social disadvantage nor how influenza vaccine determinants differ from those of other recommended vaccines. This nationally-representative study examines provider-verified data on 7,246 children aged 6–23 months from the most recent (2011) National Immunization Survey to include the restricted Parental Concerns module, focusing on children up-to-date on a series of vaccines (the 4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series) but not influenza vaccines (“hidden vulnerability to influenza”). About 71% of children were up-to-date on the series yet only 33% on influenza vaccine recommendations by their second birthday; 44% had hidden vulnerability to influenza. Independent of parental history of vaccine refusal and a myriad of health services use factors, no parental history of delaying vaccination was associated with 7.5% (2.6–12.5) higher probability of hidden vulnerability to influenza despite being associated with 15.5% (10.8–20.2) lower probability of being up-to-date on neither the series nor influenza vaccines. Thus, parental compliance with broad child vaccine recommendations and lack of vaccine hesitancy may not indicate choice to vaccinate children against influenza. Examination of intersectionality suggests that maternal college education may not confer improved vaccination among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic children despite that it does for non-Hispanic White children. Policymakers and researchers from public health, sociology, and other sectors need to collaborate to further examine how vaccine hesitancy and intersectional social disadvantage interact to affect influenza vaccine uptake in young US children.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. Bleser
- Robert J. Margolis, MD, Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel A. Salmon
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia Y. Miranda
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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