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Kim HA, Yu AG, Kim NP, Iqbal MS, Butts R. Lower opportunity ZIP code is associated with worse outcomes after listing in pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024; 43:1298-1307. [PMID: 38704128 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2024.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Child Opportunity Index (COI) comprehensively measures children's social determinants of health. We describe association between COI and outcomes after listing for heart transplantation. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database for U.S. children listed for heart transplant between 2012 and 2020. ZIP codes were utilized to assign COI. Primary outcome was survival from time of listing. Secondary outcomes included waitlist survival, 1-year post-transplant survival, and conditional 1-year post-transplant survival. Cox regression was performed adjusting for payor, age, race, diagnosis, and support at listing for all outcomes except waitlist survival, for which Fine-Gray competing risk analysis was performed. RESULTS Of 5,723 children listed, 109 were excluded due to missing ZIP codes. Race/ethnicity and payor were associated with COI (p < 0.001). Patients living in very low COI ZIP codes compared to all others had increased mortality from time of listing (HR 1.16, CI 1.03-1.32, p = 0.02) with 1-, 5-, and 9-year survival of 79.3% vs 82.2%, 66.5% vs 73.0%, and 53.6% vs 64.7% respectively, were more likely to be removed from the waitlist due to death or being too sick (subdistribution HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.10-1.42), and had increased mortality conditional on one-year post-transplant survival (HR 1.38, 1.09-1.74, p = 0.008) with 1-, 3-, and 5- year survival of 94.7% vs 97.3%, 87.0% vs 93.1%, and 78.6% vs 86.9%. CONCLUSIONS Children living in lower opportunity ZIP codes had poorer survival from time of listing, poorer waitlist survival, and poorer conditional one-year post-transplant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Andrew G Yu
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nicole P Kim
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Mehreen S Iqbal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan Butts
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, Texas.
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Wright LK, Gajarski RJ, Hayes E, Parekh H, Yester JW, Nandi D. DQB1 antigen matching improves rejection-free survival in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024; 43:816-825. [PMID: 38232791 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs), particularly to class II antigens, remains a major challenge in pediatric heart transplantation. Donor-recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching is a potential strategy to mitigate poor outcomes associated with DSAs. We evaluated the hypothesis that antigen mismatching at the DQB1 locus is associated with worse rejection-free survival. METHODS Data were collected from Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients for all pediatric heart transplant recipients 2010-2021. Only transplants with complete HLA typing at the DQB1 locus for recipient and donor were included. Primary outcome was rejection-free graft survival through 5 years. RESULTS Of 5,115 children, 4,135 had complete DQB1 typing and were included. Of those, 503 (12%) had 0 DQB1 donor-recipient mismatches, 2,203 (53%) had 1, and 1,429 (35%) had 2. Rejection-free survival through 5 years trended higher for children with 0 DQB1 mismatches (68%), compared to those with 1 (62%) or 2 (63%) mismatches (pairwise p = 0.08 for both). In multivariable analysis, 0 DQB1 mismatches remained significantly associated with improved rejection-free graft survival compared to 2 mismatches, while 1 DQB1 mismatch was not. Subgroup analysis showed the strongest effect in non-Hispanic Black children and those undergoing retransplant. CONCLUSIONS Matching at the DQB1 locus is associated with improved rejection-free survival after pediatric heart transplant, particularly in Black children, and those undergoing retransplant. Assessing high-resolution donor typing at the time of allocation may further corroborate and refine this association. DQB1 matching may improve long-term outcomes in children stabilized either with optimal pharmacotherapy or supported with durable devices able to await ideal donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia K Wright
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Robert J Gajarski
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emily Hayes
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hemant Parekh
- Clinical Histocompatibility Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessie W Yester
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Deipanjan Nandi
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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3
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Sakowitz S, Bakhtiyar SS, Mallick S, Curry J, Ascandar N, Benharash P. Impact of Community Socioeconomic Distress on Survival Following Heart Transplantation. Ann Surg 2024; 279:376-382. [PMID: 37641948 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the impact of community-level socioeconomic deprivation on survival outcomes following heart transplantation. BACKGROUND Despite growing awareness of socioeconomic disparities in the US health care system, significant inequities in outcomes remain. While recent literature has increasingly considered the effects of structural socioeconomic deprivation, the impact of community socioeconomic distress on outcomes following heart transplantation has not yet been elucidated. METHODS All adult heart transplant recipients from 2004 to 2022 were ascertained from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Community socioeconomic distress was assessed using the previously validated Distressed Communities Index, a metric that represents education level, housing vacancies, unemployment, poverty rate, median household income, and business growth by zip code. Communities in the highest quintile were considered the Distressed cohort (others: Non-Distressed ). Outcomes were considered across 2 eras (2004-2018 and 2019-2022) to account for the 2018 UNOS Policy Change. Three- and 5-year patient and graft survival were assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Of 36,777 heart transplants, 7450 (20%) were considered distressed . Following adjustment, distressed recipients demonstrated a greater hazard of 5-year mortality from 2004 to 2018 [hazard ratio (HR)=1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.18; P =0.005] and 3-year mortality from 2019 to 2022 (HR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.10-1.51; P =0.002), relative to nondistressed . Similarly, the distressed group was associated with increased hazard of graft failure at 5 years from 2004 to 2018 (HR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.18; P =0.003) and at 3 years from 2019 to 2022 (HR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.11-1.53; P =0.001). CONCLUSIONS Community-level socioeconomic deprivation is linked with inferior patient and graft survival following heart transplantation. Future interventions are needed to address pervasive socioeconomic inequities in transplantation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sakowitz
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Syed Shahyan Bakhtiyar
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Saad Mallick
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joanna Curry
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nameer Ascandar
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peyman Benharash
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Amdani S, Gossett JG, Chepp V, Urschel S, Asante-Korang A, Dalton JE. Review on clinician bias and its impact on racial and socioeconomic disparities in pediatric heart transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14704. [PMID: 38419391 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This expert review seeks to highlight implicit bias in health care, transplant medicine, and pediatric heart transplantation to focus attention on the role these biases may play in the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities noted in pediatric heart transplantation. This review breaks down the transplant decision making process to highlight points at which implicit bias may affect outcomes and discuss how the science of human decision making may help understand these complex processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Amdani
- Children's Institute Department of Heart, Vascular & Thoracic, Division of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Gossett
- Northwell, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Valerie Chepp
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Simon Urschel
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alfred Asante-Korang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Jarrod E Dalton
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abrahim O, Premkumar A, Kubi B, Wolfe SB, Paneitz DC, Singh R, Thomas J, Michel E, Osho AA. Does Failure to Rescue Drive Race/Ethnicity-based Disparities in Survival After Heart Transplantation? Ann Surg 2024; 279:361-365. [PMID: 37144385 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess whether race/ethnicity is an independent predictor of failure to rescue (FTR) after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Outcomes following OHT vary by patient level factors; for example, non-White patients have worse outcomes than White patients after OHT. Failure to rescue is an important factor associated with cardiac surgery outcomes, but its relationship to demographic factors is unknown. METHODS Using the United Network for Organ Sharing database, we included all adult patients who underwent primary isolated OHT between 1/1/2006 snd 6/30/2021. FTR was defined as the inability to prevent mortality after at least one of the UNOS-designated postoperative complications. Donor, recipient, and transplant characteristics, including complications and FTR, were compared across race/ethnicity. Logistic regression models were created to identify factors associated with complications and FTR. Kaplan Meier and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models evaluated the association between race/ethnicity and posttransplant survival. RESULTS There were 33,244 adult, isolated heart transplant recipients included: the distribution of race/ethnicity was 66% (n=21,937) White, 21.2% (7,062) Black, 8.3% (2,768) Hispanic, and 3.3% (1,096) Asian. The frequency of complications and FTR differed significantly by race/ethnicity. After adjustment, Hispanic recipients were more likely to experience FTR than White recipients (OR 1.327, 95% CI[1.075-1.639], P =0.02). Black recipients had lower 5-year survival compared with other races/ethnicities (HR 1.276, 95% CI[1.207-1.348], P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In the US, Black recipients have an increased risk of mortality after OHT compared with White recipients, without associated differences in FTR. In contrast, Hispanic recipients have an increased likelihood of FTR, but no significant mortality difference compared with White recipients. These findings highlight the need for tailored approaches to addressing race/ethnicity-based health inequities in the practice of heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Abrahim
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Blitzer D, Pegues JN, Lirette ST, Baran DA, Colvin M, Hayanga A, Copeland H. Do outcomes for heart transplantation differ based on donor and recipient race? Clin Transplant 2023; 37:e15137. [PMID: 37725074 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are limited data examining the impact of both donor and recipient race on outcomes following orthotopic heart transplant (OHT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between donor and recipient race and OHT outcomes. METHODS The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was retrospectively reviewed from January 2000 to March 2018 for donor hearts. A comparison was conducted based on donor and recipient race (White, Black, Hispanic, Other/Unknown). Races for which there were limited numbers were excluded from the analysis (Asian, n = 1292; American Indian, n = 132; Pacific Islander, n = 132, Multiple ethnicities, n = 225). The primary endpoint was survival at 30 days, 1 year survival, and post-transplant rejection. Logistic and Cox models were used to quantify survival endpoints. RESULTS A total of 41 841 OHT were included. Of the recipients, 29 894 (71%) were White, 8475 (20%) were Black, and 3472 (8%) were Hispanic. Of the donors 27 783 (66%) were White, 6277 (15%) were Black, 6576 (16%) were Hispanic, and 1205 (3%) were Unknown/Other race. In a comparison of recipient demographics, White recipients were older (54.09 ± 12.21 years) compared to Black (49.44 ± 12.83 years) and Hispanic (49.97 ± 13.27 years) recipients. All other differences between groups were not clinically significant. Black recipients were more likely to receive a heart with an "urgent" status (probability .80) compared to White (.73) and Hispanic (.75) recipients (p < .001). Hispanic recipients were more likely to receive a transplant when listed as "non-urgent" (Probability .47) compared to White (.37) and Black (.30) recipients (p < .001). In terms of outcomes, compared to White recipients, Hispanic patients experienced a decreased 30-day survival (OR 1.27; p = .011) and 1-year survival (OR 1.17; p = .016). In comparing Donor/Recipient combinations compared to a White Donor/White Recipient combination, overall survival was decreased in White donor/African American recipient (HR 1.36; p < .001), African American donor/African American recipient (HR 1.41; p < .001) and Hispanic donor/African American recipient (HR 1.30; p < .001) combinations (Table 1). CONCLUSIONS African American and Hispanic recipients have decreased survival compared to White recipients after heart transplant. The African American donor does not decrease survival. Racial differences still exist in donor and recipient characteristics and recipient outcomes after OHT. Increasing the donor pool for all races and ethnicities would potentially benefit all recipients. Continued study is warranted in order to minimize these differences among recipients and identify factors that could be contributing to decreased survival, in order to optimize outcomes for African American and Hispanic recipients post-transplant and eliminate disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blitzer
- Columbia University, Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - J'Undra N Pegues
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - David A Baran
- Cleveland Clinic Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Monica Colvin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Awori Hayanga
- West Virginia University, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Morgantown WV, USA
| | - Hannah Copeland
- Lutheran Hospital, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine - Fort Wayne (IUSM-FW), Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
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7
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Mols RE, Bakos I, Løgstrup BB, Horváth-Puhó E, Gustafsson F, Eiskjær H. Adherence to Pharmacotherapies After Heart Transplantation in Relation to Multimorbidity and Socioeconomic Position: A Nationwide Register-Based Study. Transpl Int 2023; 36:11676. [PMID: 37885807 PMCID: PMC10599149 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2023.11676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
No studies have examined the impact of multimorbidity and socioeconomic position (SEP) on adherence to the pharmacological therapies following heart transplantation (HTx). Using nationwide Danish registers, we tested the hypothesis that multimorbidity and SEP affect treatment patterns and adherence to pharmacological therapies in first-time HTx recipients. Pharmacological management included cost-free immunosuppressants and adjuvant medical treatment (preventive and hypertensive pharmacotherapies; loop diuretics). We enrolled 512 recipients. The median (IQR) age was 51 years (38-58 years) and 393 recipients (77%) were males. In recipients with at least two chronic diseases, prevalence of treatment with antihypertensive pharmacotherapies and loop diuretics was higher. The overall prevalence of adherence to treatment with tacrolimus or mycophenolate mofetil was at least 80%. Prevalence of adherence to preventive pharmacotherapies ranged between 65% and 95% and between 66% and 88% for antihypertensive pharmacotherapies and loop diuretics, respectively. In socioeconomically disadvantaged recipients, both the number of recipients treated with and adherence to cost-free everolimus, lipid modifying agents, angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and loop diuretics were lower. In recipients with multimorbidity, prevalence of treatment with antihypertensive pharmacotherapies and loop diuretics was higher. Among socioeconomically disadvantaged recipients, both number of patients treated with and adherence to cost-free everolimus and adjuvant pharmacotherapies were lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke E. Mols
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - István Bakos
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brian B Løgstrup
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erzsébet Horváth-Puhó
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Eiskjær
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Restaino K, Zhang X, Faerber JA, Rossano JW, Burstein D, Wittlieb-Weber CA, Lin KY, Edelson JB, Edwards JJ, O’Connor MJ. Temporal trends in primary payers in pediatric heart transplant and association with long-term survival. Pediatr Transplant 2023; 27:e14484. [PMID: 36751006 PMCID: PMC10290494 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric heart transplantation (HT) is resource intensive. In adults, there has been an increase in the proportion of HTs funded by public insurance, with post-HT outcomes inferior to those funded by private sources. Trends in the funding of pediatric HT and outcomes in children have not been described. METHODS We queried the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database for children (<18 years) listed for and undergoing HT between 2004 and 2021. We identified the primary payer at listing, HT, 1 year, and 1-5 years following HT. Trends were analyzed using generalized logit models. Multivariable-extended Cox regression models were used to test the relationship between insurance type at the time of transplant and time to death or re-transplant. RESULTS There were 6382 pediatric patients who underwent transplants and had either public or private insurance at the time of transplant. The percentage of patients with public insurance at the time of HT increased over time. Public insurance at the time of HT was associated with an increased risk of death or re-transplant beyond 2 months after HT (adjusted HR at 6 months = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.13-1.81, p = .003; adjusted HR at 9 months = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.17-2.37, p = .004). CONCLUSION There has been a statistically significant trend toward increasing public insurance for children awaiting, at the time of, and after HT. Black patients and those with public insurance at HT have worse long-term outcomes. This study highlights ongoing disparities in pediatric HT and the need to focus efforts on achieving equitable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Restaino
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Data Science and Biostatistics Team, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Faerber
- Data Science and Biostatistics Team, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph W. Rossano
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle Burstein
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Y. Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan B. Edelson
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Edwards
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew J. O’Connor
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Mols RE, Løgstrup BB, Bakos I, Horváth-Puhó E, Christensen B, Witt CT, Schmidt M, Gustafsson F, Eiskjær H. Individual-Level Socioeconomic Position and Long-Term Prognosis in Danish Heart-Transplant Recipients. Transpl Int 2023; 36:10976. [PMID: 37035105 PMCID: PMC10073462 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2023.10976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic deprivation can limit access to healthcare. Important gaps persist in the understanding of how individual indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage may affect clinical outcomes after heart transplantation. We sought to examine the impact of individual-level socioeconomic position (SEP) on prognosis of heart-transplant recipients. A population-based study including all Danish first-time heart-transplant recipients (n = 649) was conducted. Data were linked across complete national health registers. Associations were evaluated between SEP and all-cause mortality and first-time major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) during follow-up periods. The half-time survival was 15.6 years (20-year period). In total, 330 (51%) of recipients experienced a first-time cardiovascular event and the most frequent was graft failure (42%). Both acute myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest occurred in ≤5 of recipients. Low educational level was associated with increased all-cause mortality 10-20 years post-transplant (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-3.19). During 1-10 years post-transplant, low educational level (adjusted HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.14-2.43) and low income (adjusted HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.02-3.22) were associated with a first-time MACE. In a country with free access to multidisciplinary team management, low levels of education and income were associated with a poorer prognosis after heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke E. Mols
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brian B. Løgstrup
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - István Bakos
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erzsébet Horváth-Puhó
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo Christensen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Eiskjær
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Salia S, Mostofsky E, Gupta S, Lehman L, Barrera FJ, Liou L, Motiwala SR, Mittleman MA. Post-transplant mortality and graft failure after induction immunosuppression among Black heart transplant recipients in the United States. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:2586-2597. [PMID: 35758522 PMCID: PMC9643611 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Black heart transplant recipients are more likely to receive induction immunosuppression compared to other races because of higher rates of acute rejection, graft failure, and mortality. However, it is not known whether contemporary induction immunosuppression improves their post-transplant outcomes. To evaluate whether Black patients who were prescribed induction immunosuppression therapy have lower all-cause mortality or graft-failure rates compared to those who were not, we studied Black U.S. adult heart transplant recipients in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database (2008-2018). We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to compare the hazards of all-cause mortality or graft failure as a composite, for patients who were prescribed induction immunosuppression and those who were not. Among 5160 recipients, 2787 (54.0%) were prescribed induction immunosuppression and 2373 (46.0%) were not. There was no evidence of survival differences according to induction immunosuppression for the composite of all-cause mortality or graft failure (aHR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.96-1.32), mortality (aHR = 1.14, 95% CI 0.97-1.34), graft failure (aHR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.82-1.34) and acute rejection (aHR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.89-1.12). Given the side effects of treatment, future guidelines should reconsider the recommendation for induction immunosuppression among Black patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soziema Salia
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Elizabeth Mostofsky
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suruchi Gupta
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Lehman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francisco J Barrera
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lathan Liou
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Merck & Co., Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shweta R Motiwala
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Shah P, Agbor-Enoh S, Bagchi P, deFilippi CR, Mercado A, Diao G, Morales DJ, Shah KB, Najjar SS, Feller E, Hsu S, Rodrigo ME, Lewsey SC, Jang MK, Marboe C, Berry GJ, Khush KK, Valantine HA. Circulating microRNAs in cellular and antibody-mediated heart transplant rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022; 41:1401-1413. [PMID: 35872109 PMCID: PMC9529890 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive monitoring of heart allograft health is important to improve clinical outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRs) are promising biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and limited studies suggest they can be used to noninvasively diagnose acute heart transplant rejection. METHODS The Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation (GRAfT) is a multicenter prospective cohort study that phenotyped heart transplant patients from 5 mid-Atlantic centers. Patients who had no history of rejection after transplant were compared to patients with acute cellular rejection (ACR) or antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Small RNA sequencing was performed on plasma samples collected at the time of an endomyocardial biopsy. Differential miR expression was performed with adjustment for clinical covariates. Regression was used to develop miR panels with high diagnostic accuracy for ACR and AMR. These panels were then validated in independent samples from GRAfT and Stanford University. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated and area under the curve (AUC) statistics calculated. Distinct ACR and AMR clinical scores were developed to translate miR expression data for clinical use. RESULTS The GRAfT cohort had a median age of 52 years, with 35% females and 45% Black patients. Between GRAfT and Stanford, we included 157 heart transplant patients: 108 controls and 49 with rejection (50 ACR and 38 AMR episodes). After differential miR expression and regression analysis, we identified 12 miRs that accurately discriminate ACR and 17 miRs in AMR. Independent validation of the miR panels within GRAfT led to an ACR AUC 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86-0.98) and AMR AUC 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74-0.90). The externally validated ACR AUC was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59-0.82). We developed distinct ACR and AMR miR clinical scores (range 0-100), a score ≥ 65, identified ACR with 86% sensitivity, 76% specificity, and 98% negative predictive value, for AMR score performance was 82%, 84% and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel miRs that had excellent performance to noninvasively diagnose acute rejection after heart transplantation. Once rigorously validated, the unique clinical ACR and AMR scores usher in an era whereby genomic biomarkers can be used to screen and diagnose the subtype of rejection. These novel biomarkers may potentially alleviate the need for an endomyocardial biopsy while facilitating the initiation of targeted therapy based on the noninvasive diagnosis of ACR or AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Shah
- Heart Failure, Mechanical Circulatory Support & Transplant, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, Virginia; Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation (GRAfT), Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Sean Agbor-Enoh
- Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation (GRAfT), Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Applied Precision Genomics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pramita Bagchi
- Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | - Angela Mercado
- Heart Failure, Mechanical Circulatory Support & Transplant, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Gouqing Diao
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Dave Jp Morales
- Heart Failure & Transplantation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Keyur B Shah
- The Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Samer S Najjar
- Advanced Heart Failure Program, Medstar Heart and Vascular Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Erika Feller
- Heart Failure & Transplantation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria E Rodrigo
- The Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sabra C Lewsey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Moon Kyoo Jang
- Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation (GRAfT), Bethesda, Maryland; Applied Precision Genomics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Charles Marboe
- Department of Pathology, New York Presbyterian University Hospital of Cornell and Columbia, New York, New York, New York
| | - Gerald J Berry
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Kiran K Khush
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Hannah A Valantine
- Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation (GRAfT), Bethesda, Maryland; Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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12
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Long-term Survival Following Heart Transplantation for Chagas Versus Non-Chagas Cardiomyopathy: A Single-center Experience in Northeastern Brazil Over 2 Decades. Transplant Direct 2022; 8:e1349. [PMID: 35774419 PMCID: PMC9236606 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on post–heart transplant (HT) survival of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) are scarce. We sought to evaluate post-HT survival in patients with CC as compared with other causes of heart failure across different eras of HT.
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13
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Mols RE, Bakos I, Christensen B, Horváth-Puhó E, Løgstrup BB, Eiskjær H. Influence of multimorbidity and socioeconomic factors on long-term cross-sectional health care service utilization in heart transplant recipients: A Danish cohort study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022; 41:527-537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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14
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Niazi SK, Vargas E, Spaulding A, Crook J, Keaveny AP, Schneekloth T, Rummans T, Taner CB. Impact of County Health Rankings on Nationwide Liver Transplant Outcomes. Transplantation 2021; 105:2411-2419. [PMID: 33239542 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information concerning whether social determinants of health affect postliver transplant (LT) outcomes. This study aims to understand to what extent the health of LT recipients' counties of residence influence long-term LT outcomes. METHODS We used the United Network for Organ Sharing data to identify adult LT recipients transplanted between January 2010 and June 2018. Patient-level data were matched to county-level County Health Ranking (CHR) data using transplant recipient zip code, and nationwide CHRs were created. Mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between CHRs and graft and patient survival post-LT. RESULTS Health outcomes rank was significantly associated with posttransplant graft and patient survival, with worst tertile counties showing a 13% increased hazard of both graft failure and patient mortality compared to the best tertile counties. CONCLUSIONS Although county health is associated with LT outcomes, it also appears that LT recipient selection is effective at mitigating major disparities based on county of residence and helps yield equitable outcomes in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehzad K Niazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Emily Vargas
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Aaron Spaulding
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Julia Crook
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | | | - Teresa Rummans
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - C Burcin Taner
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite advances in medical and device-based therapies for advanced heart failure as well as public policy, disparities by race/ethnicity persist in heart failure clinical outcomes. The purpose of this review is to describe disparities in outcomes by race--ethnicity in patients after receipt of heart transplantation and left ventricular assist device (LVAD), and the current understanding of factors contributing to these disparities. RECENT FINDINGS The proportion of black and Latinx patients receiving advanced heart failure therapies continues to rise, and they have worse hemodynamic profiles at the time of referral for heart transplantation and LVAD. Black patients have lower rates of survival after heart transplantation, in part because of higher rates of cellular and humoral rejection that may be mediated through unique gene pathways, and increased risk for allosensitization and de-novo donor-specific antibodies. Factors that have previously been cited as reasons for worse outcomes in race--ethnic minorities, including psychosocial risk and lower SES, may not be as strongly correlated with outcomes after LVAD. SUMMARY Black and Latinx patients are sicker at the time of referral for advanced heart failure therapies. Despite higher psychosocial risk factors among race--ethnic minorities, outcomes after LVAD appear to be similar to white patients. Black patients continue to have lower posttransplant survival, because of a complex interplay of immunologic susceptibility, clinical and socioeconomic factors. No single factor accounts for the disparities in clinical outcomes for race--ethnic minorities, and thus consideration of these components together is critical in management of these patients.
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16
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Fluschnik N, Geelhoed B, Becher PM, Schrage B, Brunner FJ, Knappe D, Bernhardt AM, Blankenberg S, Kobashigawa J, Reichenspurner H, Schnabel RB, Magnussen C. Non-immune risk predictors of cardiac allograft vasculopathy: Results from the U.S. organ procurement and transplantation network. Int J Cardiol 2021; 331:57-62. [PMID: 33571561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains a major long-term complication in heart transplant (HT) recipients related to increased mortality. We aimed to identify non-immune recipient- and donor-related risk factors for the development of CAV in HT patients. METHODS 40,647 recipients, prospectively enrolled from April 1995 to January 2019 in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), were analyzed after exclusion of pediatric patients, those with missing information on CAV, and re-transplantation. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses were performed to identify recipient- and donor-related risk factors for CAV. 5-year population attributable risk for classical cardiovascular risk factors was calculated to estimate the recipients' CAV risk. Analyses were based on OPTN data (June 30, 2019). RESULTS Of 40,647 post-transplant patients, 14,698 (36.2%) developed CAV with a higher incidence in males (37.3%) than in females (32.6%) (p < 0.001). The mean follow-up time was 68.2 months. In recipients, male sex, African American and Asian ethnicity, ischemic cardiomyopathy, body mass index and smoking were associated with CAV occurrence. In donors, older age, male sex, smoking, diabetes and arterial hypertension were related to CAV. Results remained fairly stable after analysis of different time periods. 5-year attributable CAV risk for classical cardiovascular risk factors was 9.1%. CONCLUSIONS In this large registry with known limitations concerning data completeness, CAV incidence was higher in males than in females. Next to male sex and donor age, the classical cardiovascular risk factors were related to incident CAV. Classical cardiovascular risk factors played only a minor role for the 5-year attributable CAV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Fluschnik
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
| | - Bastiaan Geelhoed
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
| | - Peter Moritz Becher
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schrage
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
| | - Fabian J Brunner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorit Knappe
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander M Bernhardt
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jon Kobashigawa
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hermann Reichenspurner
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renate B Schnabel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christina Magnussen
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Germany.
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17
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de la Rosa A, Singer-Englar T, Hamilton MA, IsHak WW, Kobashigawa JA, Kittleson MM. The impact of depression on heart transplant outcomes: A retrospective single-center cohort study. Clin Transplant 2021; 35:e14204. [PMID: 33368675 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is prevalent in patients with heart failure and after heart transplant. We identified the prevalence of pre- and post-transplant depression and its association with clinical characteristics and post-transplant outcomes. METHODS We reviewed 114 adults transplanted 1/1/2015 to 12/31/2015 and identified patients with pre- and post-transplant depression. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared. RESULTS Of 114 patients, 35.1% had pre-transplant depression and 26.3% had post-transplant depression. Patients with post-transplant depression within the first year were significantly more likely to have acute rejection (10% vs 0%), longer intensive care unit (11.7 days vs 7.8 days) and hospital stay (31.7 days vs 16.3 days), and discharge to inpatient rehabilitation (26.7% vs 8.3%). Patients with post-transplant depression within the first year had significantly higher 5-year mortality (30% vs 9.5%, p = .009). However, after adjustment for total artificial heart/biventricular assist device, acute rejection, intensive care unit, and hospital length of stay, this relationship was no longer significant (HR 2.11; 95% CI 0.18-25.27; p = .556). CONCLUSIONS Depression is common among heart transplant candidates and recipients. While pre-transplant depression did not impact outcomes, patients with post-transplant depression were more likely to have had a complicated course, suggesting the need for increased vigilance regarding depression in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo de la Rosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los, Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tahli Singer-Englar
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michele A Hamilton
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Waguih William IsHak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jon A Kobashigawa
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle M Kittleson
- Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Parizo JT, Desai M, Rodriguez F, Sandhu AT, Khush KK. Evaluation of variation in insurance payor mix among heart transplant centers. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020; 40:65-68. [PMID: 33229249 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Parizo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Manisha Desai
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Fatima Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alex T Sandhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kiran K Khush
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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19
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do Nascimento Carvalho W, Alves Maria GDS, Gonçalves KC, Miranda AL, Moreira MDCV. Impacts of social inequalities on the survival of heart transplant recipients in a developing country. Clin Transplant 2020; 35:e14129. [PMID: 33098145 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart transplant (HT) is an alternative for patients with advanced heart failure (HF). Social inequalities may influence survival, but are still not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of social and clinical inequalities on the survival of HT recipients. METHODS Retrospective cohort study conducted at a Brazilian hospital from 2006 to 2018. RESULTS Three hundred and two patients were analyzed. Most HT recipients were male (205, 67.9%), mixed race 146 (48.3%), retired (166, 56.5%), median age 47 (38-57) years, and had studied no more than eight years (191, 65.8%), were younger than 60 years old (256, 84.7%). 149 (51.7%) had per capita monthly income inferior to one Brazilian minimum wage, equivalent to US$250. 123 (95.4%) out of 129 patients had allograft cellular rejection 2R or 3R. Median donor age was 32 (23-39) years. The overall survival was 76.6%, 62.2%, and 58.2%, at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Age <60 years old and higher income were associated with a greater chance of survival (p-values .009 and <.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Younger age and higher per capita income had positive impact on HT recipient survival. The level of education did not affect survival in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Letícia Miranda
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria da Consolação Vieira Moreira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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20
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Beliaev AM, Bergin CJ, Ruygrok P. Socio-Economic Disparity is Not Linked to Outcome Following Heart Transplantation in New Zealand. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 29:1063-1070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Access to Lung Transplantation in the United States: The Potential Impact of Access to a High-volume Center. Transplantation 2020; 104:e199-e207. [PMID: 32569004 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health disparities plague our healthcare system. Utilizing a novel approach, we sought to assess the effects of geographic disparities on access to lung transplantation (LT) in the United States. METHODS A total of 13 743 LT adult recipients in the United Network for Organ Sharing Database were identified between May 2005 and December 2014 with a zip code status. Geographic access was defined by global spherical distance from patient zip code centroid to transplant center. Measures analyzed included the association among socioeconomic status (SES), distance to a transplant center, and center switching behavior. RESULTS Median distance traveled was 62.9 miles. There was an inverse relationship between Diez Roux SES and median distance traveled (90 versus 80.1 versus 60.5 versus 30, P < 0.001). There was no association found between 5-y survival and distance traveled (P = 0.099). However, traveling >158.7 miles was associated with worse survival (hazard ration 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.2; P = 0.005). Over 80% of patients exhibiting center switching were transplanted at a high-volume center than their home institution. Those more likely to switch to a high-volume center were those with an associates/bachelor (P < 0.005) or graduate-level degree (P < 0.05). Recipients with high-volume home institutions had the lowest probability of switching to an alternative center (odds ratio, 0.009; P < 0.001). There was no difference in survival when comparing those transplanted at their home institution versus those who sought transplantation at an alternative institution (55.3% versus 55.0%, P = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS Although there was no association among SES, distance traveled, and survival, access to LT services varies among populations in the United States.
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22
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23
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Bradford TT, Daily JA, Lang SM, Gossett JM, Tang X, Collins RT. Comparison of inhospital outcomes of pediatric heart transplantation between single ventricle congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13495. [PMID: 31169342 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Data investigating the impact of household income and other factors on SV patient status-post-Fontan palliation after heart transplantation are lacking. We aim to evaluate factors affecting outcomes after OHT in this population. The PHIS database was interrogated for either SV or myocarditis/primary CM who were 4 years or older who underwent a single OHT. There were 1599 patients with a median age of 13.2 years (IQR: 9.3-16.1). Total hospital costs were significantly higher in the SV group ($408 000 vs $294 000, P < 0.0001), but as median household income increased, the risk of inhospital mortality, post-transplant LOS, and LOS-adjusted total hospital costs all decreased. The risk of inhospital mortality increased 6.5% per 1 year of age increase at the time of transplant. Patients in the SV group had significantly more diagnoses than those in the CM group (21 vs 15, P < 0.0001) and had longer total hospital LOSs as a result of longer post-transplant courses (25 days vs 15, P < 0.0001). Increased median household income and younger age are associated with decreased resource utilization and improved inhospital mortality in SV CHD patients who undergo OHT. In conclusion, earlier consideration of OHT in this population, coupled with improved selection criteria, may increase survival in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara T Bradford
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Joshua A Daily
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sean M Lang
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey M Gossett
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Xinyu Tang
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - R Thomas Collins
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.,Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, California
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24
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Moayedi Y, Fan CPS, Miller RJ, Tremblay-Gravel M, Posada JGD, Manlhiot C, Hiller D, Yee J, Woodward R, McCaughan JA, Shullo MA, Hall SA, Pinney S, Khush KK, Ross HJ, Teuteberg JJ. Gene expression profiling and racial disparities in outcomes after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019; 38:820-829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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25
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Peled Y, Loewenthal R, Kassif Y, Raichlin E, Younis A, Younis A, Nachum E, Freimark D, Lavee J. Ethnic disparity in Israel impacts long-term results after heart transplantation. Isr J Health Policy Res 2019; 8:3. [PMID: 30636628 PMCID: PMC6330742 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-018-0271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnicity may affect graft longevity and recipient mortality after heart transplantation (HTx). We hypothesized that differences in ethnic origin between Arabs and Jews undergoing HTx in Israel may contribute to differences in long-term outcomes. METHODS The study population comprised all 254 patients who underwent HTx between 1991 and 2017 in a tertiary medical center located in the center of Israel. Patients were categorized as either Jews (226 patients, 89%) or Arabs (28 patients, 11%). The primary end point was cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), secondary end points were cardiovascular (CV) mortality and the combined end point of CAV/CV mortality. RESULTS In comparison with Jews, Arab patients were significantly younger (ave. age 42 vs. 50) and had shorter in-hospital stay (45 vs. 80 days). However, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that at 10 years of follow-up CAV rates were significantly higher among Arabs (58%) compared with Jews (23%; log-rank P = 0.01) for the overall difference during follow-up. Similar results were shown for the separate end point of CV mortality and the combined end point of CAV/CV mortality. Multivariate analysis, which controlled for age, gender, statin treatment, and other potential confounders, showed that Arab recipient ethnic origin was associated with a significant > 2.5-fold (p = 0.01) increase in the risk for CAV; a > 4-fold increase in the risk for CV mortality (p = 0.001); and approximately 4-fold increase in the risk for the combined end point (p = 0.001). These findings were validated by propensity score analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Arab ethnic origin is associated with a significantly increased risk for CAV and mortality following HTx. Suggested explanations contributing to ethnic disparities in Israel include socioeconomic, environmental and genetic factors. Further studies are required to evaluate whether more aggressive risk factor management in the Israeli Arab population following HTx would reduce CAV and CV mortality in this high-risk population. Increased awareness and early intervention of the Israeli healthcare system and cooperation with the Arab community is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Peled
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Heart Transplantation Unit, Heart Failure Institute, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ron Loewenthal
- Tissue Typing Laboratory Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yigal Kassif
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Heart Transplantation Unit, Heart Failure Institute, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eugenia Raichlin
- Cardiology Department, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Arwa Younis
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Heart Transplantation Unit, Heart Failure Institute, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anan Younis
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Heart Transplantation Unit, Heart Failure Institute, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Nachum
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Heart Transplantation Unit, Heart Failure Institute, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dov Freimark
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Heart Transplantation Unit, Heart Failure Institute, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Lavee
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Heart Transplantation Unit, Heart Failure Institute, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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26
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Dew MA, DiMartini AF, Dobbels F, Grady KL, Jowsey-Gregoire SG, Kaan A, Kendall K, Young QR, Abbey SE, Butt Z, Crone CC, De Geest S, Doligalski CT, Kugler C, McDonald L, Ohler L, Painter L, Petty MG, Robson D, Schlöglhofer T, Schneekloth TD, Singer JP, Smith PJ, Spaderna H, Teuteberg JJ, Yusen RD, Zimbrean PC. The 2018 ISHLT/APM/AST/ICCAC/STSW Recommendations for the Psychosocial Evaluation of Adult Cardiothoracic Transplant Candidates and Candidates for Long-term Mechanical Circulatory Support. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2018; 59:415-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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27
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Akateh C, Tumin D, Beal EW, Mumtaz K, Tobias JD, Hayes D, Black SM. Change in Health Insurance Coverage After Liver Transplantation Can Be Associated with Worse Outcomes. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:1463-1472. [PMID: 29574563 PMCID: PMC6425937 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health insurance coverage changes for many patients after liver transplantation, but the implications of this change on long-term outcomes are unclear. AIMS To assess post-transplant patient and graft survival according to change in insurance coverage within 1 year of transplantation. METHODS We queried the United Network for Organ Sharing for patients between ages 18-64 years undergoing liver transplantation in 2002-2016. Patients surviving > 1 year were categorized by insurance coverage at transplantation and the 1-year transplant anniversary. Multivariable Cox regression characterized the association between coverage pattern and long-term patient or graft survival. RESULTS Among 34,487 patients in the analysis, insurance coverage patterns included continuous private coverage (58%), continuous public coverage (29%), private to public transition (8%) and public to private transition (4%). In multivariable analysis of patient survival, continuous public insurance (HR 1.29, CI 1.22, 1.37, p < 0.001), private to public transition (HR 1.17, CI 1.07, 1.28, p < 0.001), and public to private transition (HR 1.14, CI 1.00, 1.29, p = 0.044), were associated with greater mortality hazard, compared to continuous private coverage. After disaggregating public coverage by source, mortality hazard was highest for patients transitioning from private insurance to Medicaid (HR vs. continuous private coverage = 1.32; 95% CI 1.14, 1.52; p < 0.001). Similar differences by insurance category were found for death-censored graft failure. CONCLUSION Post-transplant transition to public insurance coverage is associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes when compared to retaining private coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Akateh
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center - Faculty Tower, 395 W 12th Ave, Room 654, Columbus, OH 43210-1267, USA
| | - Dmitry Tumin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eliza W. Beal
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Khalid Mumtaz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph D. Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sylvester M. Black
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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28
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Dew MA, DiMartini AF, Dobbels F, Grady KL, Jowsey-Gregoire SG, Kaan A, Kendall K, Young QR, Abbey SE, Butt Z, Crone CC, De Geest S, Doligalski CT, Kugler C, McDonald L, Ohler L, Painter L, Petty MG, Robson D, Schlöglhofer T, Schneekloth TD, Singer JP, Smith PJ, Spaderna H, Teuteberg JJ, Yusen RD, Zimbrean PC. The 2018 ISHLT/APM/AST/ICCAC/STSW recommendations for the psychosocial evaluation of adult cardiothoracic transplant candidates and candidates for long-term mechanical circulatory support. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018; 37:803-823. [PMID: 29709440 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychosocial evaluation is well-recognized as an important component of the multifaceted assessment process to determine candidacy for heart transplantation, lung transplantation, and long-term mechanical circulatory support (MCS). However, there is no consensus-based set of recommendations for either the full range of psychosocial domains to be assessed during the evaluation, or the set of processes and procedures to be used to conduct the evaluation, report its findings, and monitor patients' receipt of and response to interventions for any problems identified. This document provides recommendations on both evaluation content and process. It represents a collaborative effort of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) and the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, American Society of Transplantation, International Consortium of Circulatory Assist Clinicians, and Society for Transplant Social Workers. The Nursing, Health Science and Allied Health Council of the ISHLT organized a Writing Committee composed of international experts representing the ISHLT and the collaborating societies. This Committee synthesized expert opinion and conducted a comprehensive literature review to support the psychosocial evaluation content and process recommendations that were developed. The recommendations are intended to dovetail with current ISHLT guidelines and consensus statements for the selection of candidates for cardiothoracic transplantation and MCS implantation. Moreover, the recommendations are designed to promote consistency across programs in the performance of the psychosocial evaluation by proposing a core set of content domains and processes that can be expanded as needed to meet programs' unique needs and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Amanda Dew
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Andrea F DiMartini
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Kathleen L Grady
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Annemarie Kaan
- St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Susan E Abbey
- University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeeshan Butt
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Sabina De Geest
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Laurie McDonald
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda Ohler
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Liz Painter
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Desiree Robson
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Jonathan P Singer
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Cole RT, Gandhi J, Bray RA, Gebel HM, Yin M, Shekiladze N, Young A, Grant A, Mahoney I, Laskar SR, Gupta D, Bhatt K, Book W, Smith A, Nguyen D, Vega JD, Morris AA. Racial differences in the development of de-novo donor-specific antibodies and treated antibody-mediated rejection after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018; 37:503-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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30
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Wayda B, Clemons A, Givens RC, Takeda K, Takayama H, Latif F, Restaino S, Naka Y, Farr MA, Colombo PC, Topkara VK. Socioeconomic Disparities in Adherence and Outcomes After Heart Transplant: A UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) Registry Analysis. Circ Heart Fail 2018; 11:e004173. [PMID: 29664403 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.117.004173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mixed evidence of racial and socioeconomic disparities in heart transplant outcomes. Their underlying cause-and whether individual- or community-level traits are most influential-remains unclear. The current study aimed to characterize socioeconomic disparities in outcomes and identify time trends and mediators of these disparities. METHODS AND RESULTS We used United Network for Organ Sharing registry data and included 33 893 adult heart transplant recipients between 1994 and 2014. Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators included insurance, education, and neighborhood SES measured using a composite index. Black race and multiple indicators of low SES were associated with the primary outcome of death or retransplant, independent of baseline clinical characteristics. Blacks had lower HLA and race matching, but further adjustment for these and other graft characteristics only slightly attenuated the association with black race (HR, 1.25 after adjustment). This and the associations with neighborhood SES (HR, 1.19 for lowest versus highest decile), Medicare (HR, 1.17), Medicaid (HR, 1.29), and college education (HR, 0.90) remained significant after full adjustment. When comparing early (1994-2000) and late (2001-2014) cohorts, the disparities associated with the middle (second and third) quartiles significantly decreased over time, but those associated with lowest SES quartile and black race persisted. Low neighborhood SES was also associated with higher risks of noncompliance (HR, 1.76), rejection (HR, 1.28), hospitalization (HR, 1.13), and infection (HR, 1.10). CONCLUSIONS Racial and socioeconomic disparities exist in heart transplant outcomes, but the latter may be narrowing over time. These disparities are not explained by differences in clinical or graft characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wayda
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Autumn Clemons
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Raymond C Givens
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Koji Takeda
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Hiroo Takayama
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Farhana Latif
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Susan Restaino
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Maryjane A Farr
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Paolo C Colombo
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Veli K Topkara
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
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31
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Tumin D, Horan J, Shrider EA, Smith SA, Tobias JD, Hayes D, Foraker RE. County socioeconomic characteristics and heart transplant outcomes in the United States. Am Heart J 2017; 190:104-112. [PMID: 28760203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographic disparities in survival after heart transplantation have received mixed support in prior studies, and specific geographic characteristics that might be responsible for these differences are unclear. We tested for differences in heart transplant outcomes across United States (US) counties after adjustment for individual-level covariates. Our secondary aim was to evaluate whether specific county-level socioeconomic characteristics explained geographic disparities in survival. METHODS Data on patients aged ≥18 years undergoing a first-time heart transplant between July 2006 and December 2014 were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing. Residents of counties represented by <5 patients were excluded. Patient survival (censored in March 2016) was analyzed using multivariable Cox regression. Shared frailty models were used to test for residual differences in overall all-cause mortality across counties after adjusting for recipient and donor characteristics. Measures of county economic disadvantage, inequality, and racial segregation were obtained from US Census data and coded into quintiles. A likelihood ratio test determined whether adjusting for each county measure improved the fit of the Cox model. RESULTS Multivariable analysis of 10,879 heart transplant recipients found that, adjusting for individual-level characteristics, there remained statistically significant variation in mortality hazard across US counties (P=.004). Adjusting for quintiles of community disadvantage, economic inequality, or racial segregation did not significantly improve model fit (likelihood ratio test P=.092, P=.273, and P=.107, respectively) and did not explain residual differences in patient survival across counties. CONCLUSIONS Heart transplantation outcomes vary by county, but this difference is not attributable to county-level socioeconomic disadvantage.
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32
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Clerkin KJ, Garan AR, Wayda B, Givens RC, Yuzefpolskaya M, Nakagawa S, Takeda K, Takayama H, Naka Y, Mancini DM, Colombo PC, Topkara VK. Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Patients Supported With a Left Ventricular Assist Device: An Analysis of the UNOS Database (United Network for Organ Sharing). Circ Heart Fail 2017; 9:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003215. [PMID: 27758810 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomic status (SES) is a known risk factor for heart failure, mortality among those with heart failure, and poor post heart transplant (HT) outcomes. This study sought to determine whether SES is associated with decreased waitlist survival while on left ventricular assist device (LVADs) support and after HT. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 3361 adult patients bridged to primary HT with an LVAD between May 2004 and April 2014 were identified in the UNOS database (United Network for Organ Sharing). SES was measured using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality SES index using data from the 2014 American Community Survey. In the study cohort, SES did not have an association with the combined end point of death or delisting on LVAD support (P=0.30). In a cause-specific unadjusted model, those in the top (hazard ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.11; P=0.005) and second greatest SES quartile (hazard ratio 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.04; P=0.01) had an increased risk of death on device support compared with the lowest SES quartile. Adjusting for clinical risk factors mitigated the increased risk. There was no association between SES and complications. Post-HT survival, both crude and adjusted, was decreased for patients in the lowest quartile of SES index compared with all other SES quartiles. CONCLUSIONS Freedom from waitlist death or delisting was not affected by SES. Patients with a higher SES had an increased unadjusted risk of waitlist mortality during LVAD support, which was mitigated by adjusting for increased comorbid conditions. Low SES was associated with worse post-HT outcomes. Further study is needed to confirm and understand a differential effect of SES on post-transplant outcomes that was not seen during LVAD support before HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Clerkin
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Arthur Reshad Garan
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Brian Wayda
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Raymond C Givens
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Melana Yuzefpolskaya
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Shunichi Nakagawa
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Koji Takeda
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Hiroo Takayama
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Donna M Mancini
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Paolo C Colombo
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.)
| | - Veli K Topkara
- From the Divisions of Cardiology (K.J.C., A.R.G., B.W., R.C.G., M.Y., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Palliative Medicine (S.N.), Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; and Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.M.M.).
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33
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Green DJ, Brooks MM, Burckart GJ, Chinnock RE, Canter C, Addonizio LJ, Bernstein D, Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Girnita DM, Zeevi A, Webber SA. The Influence of Race and Common Genetic Variations on Outcomes After Pediatric Heart Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1525-1539. [PMID: 27931092 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Significant racial disparity remains in the incidence of unfavorable outcomes following heart transplantation. We sought to determine which pediatric posttransplantation outcomes differ by race and whether these can be explained by recipient demographic, clinical, and genetic attributes. Data were collected for 80 black and 450 nonblack pediatric recipients transplanted at 1 of 6 centers between 1993 and 2008. Genotyping was performed for 20 candidate genes. Average follow-up was 6.25 years. Unadjusted 5-year rates for death (p = 0.001), graft loss (p = 0.015), acute rejection with severe hemodynamic compromise (p = 0.001), late rejection (p = 0.005), and late rejection with hemodynamic compromise (p = 0.004) were significantly higher among blacks compared with nonblacks. Black recipients were more likely to be older at the time of transplantation (p < 0.001), suffer from cardiomyopathy (p = 0.004), and have public insurance (p < 0.001), and were less likely to undergo induction therapy (p = 0.0039). In multivariate regression models adjusting for age, sex, cardiac diagnosis, insurance status, and genetic variations, black race remained a significant risk factor for all the above outcomes. These clinical and genetic variables explained only 8-19% of the excess risk observed for black recipients. We have confirmed racial differences in survival, graft loss, and several rejection outcomes following heart transplantation in children, which could not be fully explained by differences in recipient attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Green
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Staff, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - M M Brooks
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - G J Burckart
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Staff, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - R E Chinnock
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - C Canter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO
| | - L J Addonizio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - D Bernstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA
| | - J K Kirklin
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - D C Naftel
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - D M Girnita
- Department of Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A Zeevi
- Department of Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - S A Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Breathett K, Allen LA, Helmkamp L, Colborn K, Daugherty SL, Khazanie P, Lindrooth R, Peterson PN. The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion Correlated With Increased Heart Transplant Listings in African-Americans But Not Hispanics or Caucasians. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2017; 5:136-147. [PMID: 28109783 PMCID: PMC5291811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid Expansion was associated with increased census-adjusted heart transplant listing rates for racial/ethnic minorities. BACKGROUND Underinsurance limits access to transplants, especially among racial/ethnic minorities. Changes in racial/ethnic listing rates post-ACA Medicaid Expansion are unknown. METHODS Using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we analyzed 5,651 patients from early adopter states (implemented the ACA Medicaid Expansion by January 2014) and 4,769 patients from non-adopter states (no implementation during the study period) from 2012 to 2015. Piecewise linear models, stratified according to race/ethnicity, were fit to monthly census-adjusted rates of heart transplant listings before and after January 2014. RESULTS A significant 30% increase in the rate of heart transplant listings for African-American patients in early adopter states occurred immediately after the ACA Medicaid Expansion on January 1, 2014 (before 0.15 to after 0.20/100,000; increase 0.05/100,000; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01 to 0.08); in contrast, the rates for African-American patients in non-adopter states remained constant (before and after 0.15/100,000; increase 0.006/100,000; 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.04). Hispanic patients experienced an opposite trend, with no significant change in early adopter states (before 0.03 to after 0.04/100,000; increase 0.01/100,000; 95% CI: -0.004 to 0.02) and a significant increase in non-adopter states (before 0.03 to after 0.05/100,000; increase 0.02/100,000; 95% CI: 0.002 to 0.03). There were no significant changes in listing rates among Caucasian patients in either early adopter states or non-adopter states. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of the ACA Medicaid Expansion was associated with increased heart transplant listings in African-American patients but not in Hispanic or Caucasian patients. Broadening of the ACA in states with large African-American populations may reduce disparities in heart transplant listings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Breathett
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Cardiology, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Larry A Allen
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Cardiology, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura Helmkamp
- University of Colorado Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kathryn Colborn
- University of Colorado Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stacie L Daugherty
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Cardiology, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Prateeti Khazanie
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Cardiology, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard Lindrooth
- University of Colorado, Department of Health Systems, Management and Policy in the Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pamela N Peterson
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Division of Cardiology, Aurora, Colorado; Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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Evans JD, Kaptoge S, Caleyachetty R, Di Angelantonio E, Lewis C, Parameshwar KJ, Pettit SJ. Socioeconomic Deprivation and Survival After Heart Transplantation in England. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2016; 9:695-703. [DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.116.002652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Socioeconomic deprivation (SED) is associated with shorter survival across a range of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases. The association of SED with survival after heart transplantation in England, where there is universal healthcare provision, is unknown.
Methods and Results—
Long-term follow-up data were obtained for all patients in England who underwent heart transplantation between 1995 and 2014. We used the United Kingdom Index of Multiple Deprivation (UK IMD), a neighborhood level measure of SED, to estimate the relative degree of deprivation for each recipient. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between SED and overall survival and conditional survival (dependant on survival at 1 year after transplantation) during follow-up. Models were stratified by transplant center and adjusted for donor and recipient age and sex, ethnicity, serum creatinine, diabetes mellitus, and heart failure cause. A total of 2384 patients underwent heart transplantation. There were 1101 deaths during 17 040 patient-year follow-up. Median overall survival was 12.6 years, and conditional survival was 15.6 years. Comparing the most deprived with the least deprived quintile, adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were 1.27 (1.04–1.55;
P
=0.021) and 1.59 (1.22–2.09;
P
=0.001) in the overall and conditional models, respectively. Median overall survival and conditional survival were 3.4 years shorter in the most deprived quintile than in the least deprived.
Conclusions—
Higher SED is associated with shorter survival in heart transplant recipients in England and should be considered when comparing outcomes between centers. Future research should seek to identify modifiable mediators of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D.W. Evans
- From the Transplant Unit, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., C.L., K.J.P., S.J.P.); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., S.K., E.D.A.); and The Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (R.C.)
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- From the Transplant Unit, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., C.L., K.J.P., S.J.P.); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., S.K., E.D.A.); and The Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (R.C.)
| | - Rishi Caleyachetty
- From the Transplant Unit, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., C.L., K.J.P., S.J.P.); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., S.K., E.D.A.); and The Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (R.C.)
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- From the Transplant Unit, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., C.L., K.J.P., S.J.P.); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., S.K., E.D.A.); and The Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (R.C.)
| | - Clive Lewis
- From the Transplant Unit, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., C.L., K.J.P., S.J.P.); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., S.K., E.D.A.); and The Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (R.C.)
| | - K. Jayan Parameshwar
- From the Transplant Unit, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., C.L., K.J.P., S.J.P.); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., S.K., E.D.A.); and The Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (R.C.)
| | - Stephen J. Pettit
- From the Transplant Unit, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., C.L., K.J.P., S.J.P.); Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.D.W.E., S.K., E.D.A.); and The Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (R.C.)
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DePasquale EC, Kobashigawa JA. Socioeconomic Disparities in Heart Transplantation: A Universal Fix? Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2016; 9:693-694. [PMID: 27803092 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.116.003210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene C DePasquale
- From the Advanced Heart Failure Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (E.C.D.); and Advanced Heart Disease Section, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.A.K.).
| | - Jon A Kobashigawa
- From the Advanced Heart Failure Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (E.C.D.); and Advanced Heart Disease Section, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (J.A.K.)
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Impact of Insurance Type on Initial Rejection Post Heart Transplant. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 26:164-171. [PMID: 27475258 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart transplantation allocation is often restricted from patients with low socioeconomic status (SES) due to concern for worse outcomes. We hypothesised that comorbidities would have a greater impact on risk of severe rejection post-orthotopic heart transplant than would Medicaid insurance and Median Household Income (MHI). METHODS A retrospective study of 171 patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplant between 7/1999-11/2013 at our facility were followed until 9/2014 for rejection hospitalisations or death. Survival and multivariable analyses with adjustment for age, race, and gender were performed to estimate the risk of severe cellular rejection, ≥2r (hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI]). RESULTS Eighteen per cent of patients had Medicaid, and 72% of patients had low or medium MHI. Severe rejection occurred in 23% of patients. In the univariable analysis, Medicaid and diabetes were associated with increased risk of rejection while age >60 years, Caucasian race, and male sex were associated with reduced risk [Medicaid 2.32(1.20,4.51), diabetes 2.49(1.09,5.69), age 0.41(0.20,0.84), Caucasian 0.44(0.21,0.93), male 0.49(0.26,0.92)]. Median Household Income had no correlation [MHI 0.79(0.51,1.23)]. In the multivariable adjusted model, Medicaid was not associated with rejection [1.65(0.79,3.41)]; diabetes was strongly associated with risk of severe rejection [3.9(1.59,9.39)], and age >60 years was associated with risk reduction [0.42(0.20,0.82)]. CONCLUSIONS Medicaid insurance and MHI were not associated with increased risk of severe cellular rejection requiring hospitalisation post-orthotopic heart transplant in the adjusted model. Rather the presence of diabetes and age ≤60 years were associated with increased risk.
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Morris AA, Kransdorf EP, Coleman BL, Colvin M. Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes after heart transplantation: A systematic review of contributing factors and future directions to close the outcomes gap. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 35:953-61. [PMID: 27080415 PMCID: PMC6512959 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The demographics of patients undergoing heart transplantation in the United States have shifted over the last 10 years, with an increasing number of racial and ethnic minorities undergoing heart transplant. Multiple studies have shown that survival of African American patients after heart transplantation is lower compared with other ethnic groups. We review the data supporting the presence of this outcome disparity and examine the multiple mechanisms that contribute. With an increasingly diverse population in the United States, knowledge of these disparities, their mechanisms, and ways to improve outcomes is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan P Kransdorf
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Beverly Hills, California
| | - Bernice L Coleman
- Nursing Research and Development, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Monica Colvin
- Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Vanderlaan RD, Manlhiot C, Edwards LB, Conway J, McCrindle BW, Dipchand AI. Risk factors for specific causes of death following pediatric heart transplant: An analysis of the registry of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2015; 19:896-905. [PMID: 26381803 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine temporal changes in COD and identify COD-specific risk factors in pediatric primary HTx recipients. Using the ISHLT registry, time-dependent hazard of death after pediatric HTx, stratified by COD, was analyzed by multiphasic parametric hazard modeling with multivariable regression models for risk factor analysis. The proportion of pediatric HTx deaths from each of cardiovascular cause, allograft vasculopathy, and malignancy increased over time, while all other COD decreased post-HTx. Pre-HTx ECMO was associated with increased risk of death from graft failure (HR 2.43; p < 0.001), infection (HR 2.85; p < 0.001), and MOF (HR 2.22; p = 0.001), while post-HTx ECMO was associated with death from cerebrovascular events/bleed (HR 2.55; p = 0.001). CHD was associated with deaths due to pulmonary causes (HR 1.78; p = 0.007) or infection (HR 1.72; p < 0.001). Non-adherence was a significant risk factor for all cardiac COD, notably graft failure (HR 1.66; p = 0.001) and rejection (HR 1.89; p < 0.001). Risk factors related to specific COD are varied across different temporal phases post-HTx. Increased understanding of these factors will assist in risk stratification, guide anticipatory clinical decisions, and potentially improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Vanderlaan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Manlhiot
- Department of Pediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - J Conway
- Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B W McCrindle
- Department of Pediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A I Dipchand
- Department of Pediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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40
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Race and ethnic differences in the epidemiology and risk factors for graft failure after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34:825-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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41
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Khush KK, Pham MX, Teuteberg JJ, Kfoury AG, Deng MC, Kao A, Anderson AS, Cotts WG, Ewald GA, Baran DA, Hiller D, Yee J, Valantine HA. Gene expression profiling to study racial differences after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34:970-7. [PMID: 25840504 PMCID: PMC4475410 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.01.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The basis for increased mortality after heart transplantation in African Americans and other non-Caucasian racial groups is poorly defined. We hypothesized that increased risk of adverse events is driven by biological factors. To test this hypothesis in the IMAGE study, we determined whether the event rate of the primary outcome of acute rejection, graft dysfunction, death, or re-transplantation varied by race as a function of calcineurin inhibitor levels and gene expression profile (GEP) scores. Methods We determined the event rate of the primary outcome, comparing racial groups, stratified by time post-transplant. Logistic regression was used to compute the relative risk across racial groups and linear modeling was used to measure the dependence of CNI levels and GEP score on race. Results In 580 patients followed for a median of 19 months, the incidence of the primary endpoint in African Americans, other non-Caucasians, and Caucasians was 18.3%, 22.2%, and 8.5%, respectively (p<0.001). There were small but significant correlations of race and tacrolimus trough levels to GEP score. Tacrolimus levels were similar between races. Of patients receiving tacrolimus, other non-Caucasians had higher GEP scores than the other racial groups. African American recipients demonstrated a unique decrease in expression of the FLT3 gene in response to higher tacrolimus levels. Conclusions African Americans and other non-Caucasian heart transplant recipients were 2.5–3 times more likely than Caucasians to experience outcome events in IMAGE. The increased risk of adverse outcomes may be partly due to the biology of the alloimmune response, which is less effectively inhibited at similar tacrolimus levels in minority racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Khush
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Michael X Pham
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jeffrey J Teuteberg
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Mario C Deng
- University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew Kao
- Mid America Heart Institute, Saint Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - William G Cotts
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gregory A Ewald
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David A Baran
- Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey
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Brinkley DM, Novak E, Topkara VK, Geltman EM. Graft Survival After Cardiac Transplantation for Alcohol Cardiomyopathy. Transplantation 2014; 98:465-9. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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43
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Morris AA, Cole RT, Veledar E, Bellam N, Laskar SR, Smith AL, Gebel HM, Bray RA, Butler J. Influence of Race/Ethnic Differences in Pre-Transplantation Panel Reactive Antibody on Outcomes in Heart Transplant Recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:2308-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Davies RR, Russo MJ, Reinhartz O, Maeda K, Rosenthal DN, Chin C, Bernstein D, Mallidi HR. Lower socioeconomic status is associated with worse outcomes after both listing and transplanting children with heart failure. Pediatr Transplant 2013; 17:573-81. [PMID: 23834560 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between SES and outcomes surrounding pediatric cardiac transplantation is complex and influenced by recipient race. Broad-based studies of SES have not been performed. A retrospective review of all 5125 primary pediatric heart transplants performed in the United States between 2000 and 2011. Patients were stratified by SES based on zip code of residence and U.S. census data (low SES: 1637; mid-SES: 2253; high SES: 1235). Survival following listing and transplantation was compared across strata. Risk-adjusted long-term mortality on the waitlist was higher among low SES patients (hazard 1.32, CI 1.07-1.63). The relationship between SES and outcomes varied by race. Early risk-adjusted post-transplant outcomes were worst among high SES patients (10.8% vs. low SES: 8.9%, p < 0.05). The incidence of non-compliance was higher among low SES patients (p < 0.0001). Long-term risk-adjusted patient survival was poorer among low (hazard 1.41, CI 1.10-1.80) and mid-SES (1.29, 1.04-1.59) groups. Low SES is associated with worse outcomes on both the waitlist and late following transplantation. Higher SES patients had more complex transplants with higher early mortality. Further research should be directed at identifying and addressing underlying causal factors for these disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Davies
- Nemours, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19806, USA.
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Davies RR, Haldeman S, Pizarro C. Regional variation in survival before and after pediatric heart transplantation--an analysis of the UNOS database. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:1817-29. [PMID: 23714390 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Geographic variation occurs in a variety of health outcomes. Regional influences on outcomes before and after listing for pediatric heart transplantation have not been assessed. Review of the UNOS dataset identified 5398 pediatric (≤ 18 years) patients listed for heart transplantation 2000-2011. Patients were stratified based on the region of listing. Regional-level variables were correlated with individual risk-adjusted outcomes. Mean time spent on the waitlist varied from 91.0 ± 163 days (Region 6 [R6]) to 248.1 ± 493 days (R4, p < 0.0001). Regions with more transplant centers (p < 0.0001) and fewer transplants (p = 0.0015) had higher waitlist mortality. Risk-adjusted individual waitlist mortality varied from 6.9% (R1, CI 6.2-7.8) to 19.2% (R5, CI 18.0-20.6). Waitlist mortality was higher for individuals awaiting transplant in regions with more listings per center (OR 1.04, CI 1.01-1.08) and lower in regions with more donors per center (OR 0.95, CI 0.90-0.99 per donor). Posttransplant risk-adjusted survival varied across regions (R4: 5.4%, CI 4.2-7.4; R7: 18.0%, CI 12.4-32.5), but regional variables were not correlated with outcomes. Outcomes among children undergoing heart transplantation vary by region. Factors leading to increased competition for donor allografts are associated with poorer waitlist survival. Equitable allocation of cardiac allografts requires further investigation of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Davies
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.
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Davies RR, Pizarro C. Using the UNOS/SRTR and PHTS Databases to Improve Quality in Pediatric Cardiac Transplantation. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2012; 3:421-32. [DOI: 10.1177/2150135112443971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Data collection and dissemination have been a part of the US transplant experience since its earliest days. As part of this process, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) has provided open access to its data. In addition, multiinstitutional groups such as the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study (PHTS) have collected data of particular interest to pediatric and congenital transplants. This wealth of data enables quality improvement along several pathways including individual program assessment and improvement and development of both structure and process measures for ongoing improvement. Extensive literature exists utilizing these data, but must be read critically, recognizing the limitations presented by missing variables (whether uncollected or collected but left blank), reproducibility, and small sample sizes among pediatric patients. However, despite these limitations, opportunity continues to exist to apply these data sets to ongoing questions of quality and optimize organ allocation and long-term survival among pediatric patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Davies
- Nemours Cardiac Center, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christian Pizarro
- Nemours Cardiac Center, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
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Kindermann I, Fischer D, Karbach J, Link A, Walenta K, Barth C, Ukena C, Mahfoud F, Köllner V, Kindermann M, Böhm M. Cognitive function in patients with decompensated heart failure: the Cognitive Impairment in Heart Failure (CogImpair-HF) study. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14:404-13. [PMID: 22431406 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to examine cognitive and psychological processes systematically in patients with decompensated chronic heart failure (CHF) and to document changes in cognitive function after compensation. Executive functions, episodic memory, and attention are impaired in patients with stable CHF, influencing health behaviour and disease management. Cognitive function and psychological co-morbidities are associated with hospitalization, disability, and mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS Cognitive performance, self-perceived quality of life, and depression were compared in 20 patients with decompensated CHF [ejection fraction (EF) 27 ± 8%, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) 10 880 pg/mL, interquartile range (4495-13 683)] before and after compensation, 20 age- and gender-matched stable CHF patients [New York Heart Association (NYHA) III-IV, EF 32 ± 10%, NT-proBNP 1881 pg/mL (323-1502)], and 20 healthy controls (EF 70 ± 5%). Patients with decompensated CHF showed significantly poorer performance in terms of short-term memory, working memory, executive control, and processing speed (P < 0.05) compared with stable CHF patients. Compensation improved the cognitive performance of decompensated CHF patients up to the level of patients with stable CHF. Compared with healthy controls, both patient groups were affected with respect to episodic memory (P < 0.0001) and fluid intelligence (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Decompensated heart failure patients are highly impaired in cognitive functioning, which improves but does not normalize after compensation. Neuropsychological diagnostics delivers important details for daily life activities and might identify individuals deserving special care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kindermann
- Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Kirrbergerstraße, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Singh TP, Almond CS, Taylor DO, Milliren CE, Graham DA. Racial and ethnic differences in wait-list outcomes in patients listed for heart transplantation in the United States. Circulation 2012; 125:3022-30. [PMID: 22589383 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.092643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial differences in long-term survival after heart transplant (HT) are well known. We sought to assess racial/ethnic differences in wait-list outcomes among patients listed for HT in the United States in the current era. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared wait-list and posttransplant in-hospital mortality among white, black, and Hispanic patients ≥ 18 years of age listed for their primary HT in the United States between July 2006 and September 2010. Of 10 377 patients analyzed, 71% were white, 21% were black, and 8% were Hispanic. Black and Hispanic patients were more likely to be listed with higher urgency (listing status 1A/1B) in comparison with white patients (P<0.001). Overall, 10.5% of white, 11.6% of black, and 13.4% of Hispanic candidates died on the wait-list or became too sick for a transplant within 1 year of listing. After adjusting for baseline risk factors, Hispanic patients were at higher risk of wait-list mortality (hazard ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.23, 1.85) in comparison with white patients, but not black patients (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% CI 0.97, 1.31). In comparison with white HT recipients, posttransplant in-hospital mortality was higher in black recipients (odds ratio 1.53, 95% CI 1.15, 2.03) but was not different in Hispanic recipients (odds ratio 0.78, 95% CI 0.48, 1.29). CONCLUSIONS Hispanic patients listed for HT in the United States appear to be at higher risk of dying on the wait-list or becoming too sick for a transplant in comparison with white patients. Black patients are not at higher risk of wait-list mortality, but they have higher early posttransplant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajinder P Singh
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Givertz
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Daly KP, Chakravarti SB, Tresler M, Naftel DC, Blume ED, Dipchand AI, Almond CS. Sudden death after pediatric heart transplantation: analysis of data from the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Group. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30:1395-402. [PMID: 21996348 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden death is a well-recognized complication of heart transplantation. Little is known about the incidence and risk factors for sudden death after transplant in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for sudden death. METHODS This retrospective multicenter cohort study used the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Group (PHTS) database, an event-driven registry of children aged <18 at listing undergoing heart transplantation between 1993 and 2007. Standard Kaplan-Meier and parametric analyses were used for survival analysis. Multivariate analysis in the hazard-function domain was used to identify risk factors for sudden death after transplant. RESULTS Of 604 deaths in 2,491 children who underwent heart transplantation, 94 (16%) were classified as sudden. Freedom from sudden death was 97% at 5 years, and the hazard for sudden death remained constant over time at 0.01 deaths/year. Multivariate risk factors associated with sudden death included black race (hazard ratio [HR], 2.6; p < 0.0001), United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) status 2 at transplant (HR, 1.8; p = 0.008), older age (HR, 1.4/10 years of age; p = 0.03), and an increased number of rejection episodes in the first post-transplant year (HR, 1.6/episode; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Sudden death accounts for 1 in 6 deaths after heart transplant in children. Older recipient age, recurrent rejection within the first year, black race, and UNOS status 2 at listing were associated with sudden death. Patients with 1 or more of these risk factors may benefit from primary prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Daly
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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