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Mastoloni EM, French E, Coelho DH. Impact of Nutritional Status on COVID-19-Induced Olfactory Dysfunction. Laryngoscope 2024. [PMID: 39077963 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although olfactory dysfunction is one of the most common presenting signs of COVID-19 infection, little is known about which populations are most susceptible. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of COVID-19-induced chemosensory dysfunction in malnourished individuals. METHODS The N3C database was queried for adults having positive COVID-19 test result, diagnosis of chemosensory dysfunction within 2 weeks of positive test date, and overnutrition or undernutrition (i.e., deficiency or excess of micro- and macronutrients) related diagnoses prior to COVID-19 infection. Individuals previously diagnosed with chemosensory dysfunction were excluded. COVID-19-positive adults without olfactory dysfunction were similarly analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using odds ratio calculations (95% confidence interval [CI]). RESULTS Of 3,971,536 patients with COVID-19, 73,211 adults were identified with a diagnosis of undernutrition and 428,747 adults were identified with a diagnosis of overnutrition prior to infection. Of those with undernutrition, 264 (0.36%) individuals were identified with a diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction within 2 weeks of infection. Of those with overnutrition, 2851 (0.66%) individuals were identified with a diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction within 2 weeks of infection. The calculated odds ratio for undernutrition and olfactory dysfunction was 0.731 (p < 0.0001, 95% CI [0.0647, 0.0825]). The calculated odds ratio for overnutrition and olfactory dysfunction was 1.419 (p < 0.0001, 95% CI [1.3359, 1.5081]). CONCLUSION Overnutrition may increase the risk of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction, while undernutrition may slightly protect. While reasons are unclear, baseline differences in metabolic, inflammatory, and structural biochemistry deserve closer inspection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mastoloni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Evan French
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Daniel H Coelho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A
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Lee L, Luke L, Boak D, Philpott C. Impact of olfactory disorders on personal safety and well-being: a cross-sectional observational study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:3639-3647. [PMID: 38396298 PMCID: PMC11211102 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-024-08529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate safety perceptions, quantify hazardous events, and analyse their manifestations in individuals with olfactory dysfunction through an online cross-sectional survey. METHODS An online survey, available from 25th February to 28th September 2022, captured data on demographics, olfactory disorder causes, safety concerns, and experienced hazardous events. Distributed via Fifth Sense channels, it targeted individuals with self-claimed olfactory dysfunction. RESULTS Of 432 responses, the majority were female (79.6%), aged 41-70, with 20.6% non-UK residents from 21 countries. Leading causes of dysfunction were Covid-19 (22%), idiopathic (20.8%), and congenital (14.4%). Safety concerns were high (85.9%), with gas, smoke, and food as major worries. Over 5 years, 32.2% faced ≥ 1 food incident, 14.8% ≥ 1 gas incident, 34.5% ≥ 1 gas scare, and 18.5% ≥ 1 work incident. Preventative measures were taken by 60.2% at home. Key limitations of this study were self-reported data and sampling bias of charity members. CONCLUSION This study highlights the significant impact of smell loss on personal safety and emotional well-being. There is an unmet need in mitigating safety concerns/events for individuals with olfactory dysfunction. We suggest collaborate strategies such as educating the public sector and high-risk sectors (e.g. gas companies), and introducing safety 'scratch and sniff' cards as a screening method. Regular assessment of an individual's olfactory ability, similar to routine assessments for other sensory systems (sight, hearing) may allow proactive identification of at-risk people and corrective measures to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Lee
- University of East Anglia Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Louis Luke
- University of East Anglia Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department, James Paget University Hospital, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, UK
| | - Duncan Boak
- Fifth Sense, Unit 2, Franklins House, Wesley Lane, Bicester, OX26 6JU, UK
| | - Carl Philpott
- University of East Anglia Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department, James Paget University Hospital, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, UK
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3
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Bentan MA, Reiter ER, Costanzo RM, Coelho DH. COVID-19-related chemosensory changes: Findings from a prospective national database. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 10:97-104. [PMID: 38855288 PMCID: PMC11156681 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to review findings from a large prospective national database of chemosensory disturbances associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Data Sources The Virginia Commonwealth University Smell and Taste Center national database of COVID-19 chemosensory disturbances. Methods A series of online surveys, first opened on April 10, 2020, was made accessible nationwide to any adult with sudden chemosensory dysfunction since January 2020. Participants received subsequent follow-up surveys 14 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after enrollment. An additional survey was sent to all participants on May 28, 2022 to assess long-term outcomes. Information pertaining to demographics, symptoms, comorbidities, treatments, and life impact was collected. Results Of 363 participants who reported complete smell recovery, 51.2% recovered within 1 month, 70% within 3 months, and 79% within 6 months, while 8.8% took over 1 year to completely recover. Among all participants, 7.5% had no smell recovery. Positive predictors of recovery included age <40, male gender, and the presence of nasal congestion. Negative predictors included difficulty breathing and prior head injury. Many participants reported a decrease in quality of life and the presence of potential safety hazards associated with decreased smell loss. Conclusions Most subjects with COVID-19-related chemosensory dysfunction recover, with the majority noting complete recovery within weeks of infection. Those aged over 40 years and female gender were associated with lower rates of recovery. A considerable number of participants reported significant impact on quality of life and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai A. Bentan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Evan R. Reiter
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Richard M. Costanzo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Daniel H. Coelho
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
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4
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Murata K, Maegawa A, Imoto Y, Fujieda S, Fukazawa Y. Endogenous opioids in the olfactory tubercle and their roles in olfaction and quality of life. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1408189. [PMID: 38872907 PMCID: PMC11170707 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1408189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunctions decrease daily quality of life (QOL) in part by reducing the pleasure of eating. Olfaction plays an essential role in flavor sensation and palatability. The decreased QOL due to olfactory dysfunction is speculated to result from abnormal neural activities in the olfactory and limbic areas of the brain, as well as peripheral odorant receptor dysfunctions. However, the specific underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. As the olfactory tubercle (OT) is one of the brain's regions with high expression of endogenous opioids, we hypothesize that the mechanism underlying the decrease in QOL due to olfactory dysfunction involves the reduction of neural activity in the OT and subsequent endogenous opioid release in specialized subregions. In this review, we provide an overview and recent updates on the OT, the endogenous opioid system, and the pleasure systems in the brain and then discuss our hypothesis. To facilitate the effective treatment of olfactory dysfunctions and decreased QOL, elucidation of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the pleasure of eating through flavor sensation is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ayako Maegawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Imoto
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Bratman GN, Bembibre C, Daily GC, Doty RL, Hummel T, Jacobs LF, Kahn PH, Lashus C, Majid A, Miller JD, Oleszkiewicz A, Olvera-Alvarez H, Parma V, Riederer AM, Sieber NL, Williams J, Xiao J, Yu CP, Spengler JD. Nature and human well-being: The olfactory pathway. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3028. [PMID: 38748806 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The world is undergoing massive atmospheric and ecological change, driving unprecedented challenges to human well-being. Olfaction is a key sensory system through which these impacts occur. The sense of smell influences quality of and satisfaction with life, emotion, emotion regulation, cognitive function, social interactions, dietary choices, stress, and depressive symptoms. Exposures via the olfactory pathway can also lead to (anti-)inflammatory outcomes. Increased understanding is needed regarding the ways in which odorants generated by nature (i.e., natural olfactory environments) affect human well-being. With perspectives from a range of health, social, and natural sciences, we provide an overview of this unique sensory system, four consensus statements regarding olfaction and the environment, and a conceptual framework that integrates the olfactory pathway into an understanding of the effects of natural environments on human well-being. We then discuss how this framework can contribute to better accounting of the impacts of policy and land-use decision-making on natural olfactory environments and, in turn, on planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Bratman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cecilia Bembibre
- Institute for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Woods Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucia F Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter H Kahn
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Connor Lashus
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Asifa Majid
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Anne M Riederer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nancy Long Sieber
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jieling Xiao
- College of Architecture, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chia-Pin Yu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - John D Spengler
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Alkanat HÖ, Arslan S. Long-term smell loss experiences after COVID-19: A qualitative study. Health Expect 2024; 27:e14018. [PMID: 38494992 PMCID: PMC10945215 DOI: 10.1111/hex.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sudden smell loss is one of the early symptoms of COVID-19. Although it is stated that the loss of smell and taste following COVID-19 improves within a few weeks, there are also cases that do not improve for a long time. The aim of this study is to reveal long-term smell loss experiences after COVID-19. METHODS A qualitative approach was adopted. We conducted semistructured interviews with 11 participants who had smell loss for at least 3 months. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and evaluated using a thematic analysis for qualitative data. RESULTS Nutrition and appetite, personal hygiene, threats to safety and emotional changes were the main themes created by the authors and were the areas where participant expressions focused. The participants used oral/nasal corticosteroid therapy for smell loss and received short-term olfactory training, but could not find a solution. CONCLUSIONS Long-term smell loss problems, which were neglected during the pandemic period, should be carefully evaluated due to their negative effects. Understanding and focusing on the negative effects of loss of smell may contribute to the solution of long-term smell loss problems. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION Eleven participants who experienced long-term loss of smell following COVID-19 contributed to the study. They enriched the study by describing the effects of their experiences. There was no other participation or contribution from the public to the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafize Özdemir Alkanat
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Faculty of Health SciencesGiresun UniversityGiresunTürkiye
| | - Selda Arslan
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Nursing FacultyNecmettin Erbakan UniversityKonyaTürkiye
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7
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Dumas LE, Vandersteen C, Metelkina-Fernandez V, Gros A, Auby P, Askenazy-Gittard F. Impact of post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders on quality of life, hedonic experiences and psychiatric dimensions in general population. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:111. [PMID: 38331799 PMCID: PMC10854070 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Olfactory disorders in COVID-19 impact quality of life and may lead to psychological impairments. Prevalence ranges from 8 to 85%, persisting in about 30% of cases. This study aimed to evaluate the 6-month post-COVID-19 impact on quality of life, hedonic experiences, anxiety and depression due to olfactory disorders. Additionally, it sought to compare psychophysical tests and self-perceived olfactory evaluations. METHODS A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted over baseline (T0) and 6 months (T1) on individuals with persistent olfactory disorders post-COVID-19 for more than 6 weeks. Psychophysical tests employed the Sniffin' Sticks Test® (TDI score), and self-perceived olfactory evaluation used a Visual Analogue Scale. Quality of life was assessed with an Olfactive Disorder Questionnaire and the French version of the Quality of Life and Diet Questionnaire. Hedonic experiences were gauged using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, while anxiety and depression dimensions were measured by The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Post Traumatic Stress Checklist Scale, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Participants were classified into the "normosmic group" (NG) and the "olfactory disorders group" (ODG) at T0 and T1 based on the TDI score. RESULTS Were included 56 participants (58.93% women, 41.07% men) with a mean age of 39.04 years and a mean duration of post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders of 5.32 months. At T1, ODG had a significantly lower quality of life and hedonic experiences than NG. No significant differences in anxiety and depression dimensions were observed between groups. At T0, psychophysical tests and self-perceived olfactory evaluations were significantly correlated with quality of life and hedonic experiences in both groups. At T1, self-perceived olfactory evaluation in NG correlated significantly with quality of life, hedonic experiences, anxiety and depression dimensions, whereas ODG only correlated with hedonic experiences. CONCLUSION Individuals with persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders after six months demonstrated compromised quality of life and hedonic experiences. Self-perceived olfactory evaluation played a more significant role in influencing quality of life and the dimension of anxiety and depression than the psychophysical presence of olfactory disorders. These findings emphasize the importance of considering patients' perceptions to comprehensively assess the impact of olfactory disorders on their well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number (ID: NCT04799977).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise-Emilie Dumas
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (SUPEA), Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Lenval, Nice, France.
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
| | - Clair Vandersteen
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou (IUFC), ENT Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nice, France
| | - Victoria Metelkina-Fernandez
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nice, France
| | - Auriane Gros
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Département d'Orthophonie (DON), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Auby
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (SUPEA), Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Florence Askenazy-Gittard
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (SUPEA), Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTeK-Lab, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Bin Hamdan RH, AlAmri WR, Aldosari MA. Tobacco products and sensory health: An assessment of taste and smell disorders using 2021 NHIS data. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-34. [PMID: 38333886 PMCID: PMC10851189 DOI: 10.18332/tid/181289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to assess the relationship between use of tobacco products and taste and smell disorders. METHODS A secondary dataset analysis of cross-sectional data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2021 survey cycle, a nationally representative annual cross-sectional interview of non-institutionalized US civilians, was used. Participants' senses of smell and taste are assessed using self-reported questions. Participants were categorized into five groups based on their tobacco use: non-tobacco users; cigarettes only; e-cigarettes only; cigar, pipe, or smokeless tobacco; and poly-tobacco product users. Disorders were defined as any self-reported difficulty in smelling, tasting, or reporting unpleasant odors or persistent tastes. Weighting procedures were used to estimate the national prevalence of taste, smell, and other disorders, stratified by tobacco products used. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to determine the association between tobacco products used and taste or smell compared to non-tobacco users. RESULTS A total of 40.2 million US adults reported experiencing smell or taste disorders. Nearly one in 10 adults reported a taste disorder (9.8%), and 13.4% indicated a smell disorder. The prevalence of taste or smell disorder was higher among females (17.5%), Hispanics (19.5%), individuals identified as 'other' racial minorities (21.1%), and lower income groups (21%). Compared to non-tobacco users, the highest odds of experiencing smell or taste disorders were among poly-tobacco product users (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=1.44; 95% CI: 1.31-1.58), followed by e-cigarette-only users (AOR=1.38; 95% CI: 1.02-1.87), cigarette-only smokers (AOR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.04-1.32), and users of cigars, pipes, or smokeless tobacco (AOR=1.15; 1.00; and 1.33; respectively). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco product use was associated with an increased risk of smell and taste disorders. The rising use of e-cigarettes among adolescents and young adults is particularly concerning given the limited understanding of the sensory effects of e-cigarettes and their growing popularity among younger populations. The study findings highlight the need for interventions aimed at reducing tobacco use of all kinds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaf H. Bin Hamdan
- Dental Administration, Ministry of Health, Al Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia
- Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad R. AlAmri
- Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of Health, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muath A. Aldosari
- Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, United States
- Health Policy and Health Services Research, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, United States
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Kasim MF, Abbas AM. Evaluation of Olfactory Dysfunction Among COVID-19 Patients in Baghdad, Iraq. Cureus 2024; 16:e53721. [PMID: 38455837 PMCID: PMC10919444 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background SARS‑CoV‑2 (COVID-19) causes olfactory dysfunction which is characterized by anosmia or hyposmia. Characterization of olfactory dysfunction has added value to the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Nevertheless, scarce information exists about COVID-19 patients suffering from olfactory dysfunction in Iraq. This study aimed to identify olfactory dysfunction (anosmia or hyposmia) in Iraqi COVID-19 patients and examine their response to smell exercise at Baghdad Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq. Methodology This case series prospective study involving 300 patients (160 males and 140 females) with COVID-19 infection was conducted from June 1, 2020, to October 1, 2021. We recorded signs and symptoms of COVID-19 among patients by examining olfactory dysfunction, n-butanol olfaction test, and smell test exercise. Results Anosmia and hyposmia were found in 69.3% and 30.7% of the patients, respectively; of these, 65.7% were of sudden onset. The association between olfactory dysfunction and smoking was not significant. The most frequent signs and symptoms of COVID-19 were fatigue, fever, loss of taste, myalgia, headache, sore throat, cough, depressed appetite, dyspnea, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The highest frequencies of occurrence of anosmia (30.7%) and hyposmia (13.3%) were in the age group of 31-40 years. The majority (47.7%) of patients with olfactory dysfunction recovered within one month of COVID-19 onset. The rest of the patients recovered within one month to 16 months. The most commonly encountered ear, nose, and throat symptoms were nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and facial/ear pain. The percentages of patients with anosmia and hyposmia recovering with smell exercise were significant at 64.7% and 25.3%, respectively. Conclusions The prognosis of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients was good as most cases recovered within a short period with concomitant smell exercise. Olfactory dysfunction in the majority of COVID-19 patients was self-limiting in young age groups, albeit in association with the non-severity of the disease. Being an important public health issue, examining olfactory dysfunction aspects should be considered in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment protocols of COVID-19 patients. In-depth exploration is needed to examine olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in patients suffering from severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azzam M Abbas
- Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad and Martyr Ghazi Al-Hariri Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, IRQ
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10
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Okada M, Ishida N, Kanzaki S, Kawada I, Nagashima K, Terai H, Hiruma G, Namkoong H, Asakura T, Masaki K, Ohgino K, Miyata J, Chubachi S, Kodama N, Maeda S, Sakamoto S, Okamoto M, Nagasaki Y, Umeda A, Miyagawa K, Shimada H, Minami K, Hagiwara R, Ishii M, Sato Y, Fukunaga K. Upper Respiratory Symptoms as Long COVID: Insight from a Multicenter Cohort Study. OTO Open 2024; 8:e120. [PMID: 38435484 PMCID: PMC10909391 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical features of long COVID cases presenting with upper respiratory symptoms, a topic not yet fully elucidated. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Setting A multicenter study involving 26 medical facilities in Japan. Methods Inclusion criteria were patients aged ≥18 years old with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis via severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction or antigen testing, who were hospitalized at the participating medical facilities. Analyzing clinical information and patient-reported outcomes from 1009 patients were analyzed. The outcome measured the degree of initial symptoms for taste or olfactory disorders and assessed the likelihood of these symptoms persisting as long COVID, as well as the impact on quality of life if the upper respiratory symptoms persisted as long COVID. Results Patients with high albumin, low C-reactive protein, and low lactate dehydrogenase in laboratory tests tended to experience taste or olfactory disorders as part of long COVID. Those with severe initial symptoms had a higher risk of experiencing residual symptoms at 3 months, with an odds ratio of 2.933 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.282-6.526) for taste disorders and 3.534 (95% CI, 1.382-9.009) for olfactory disorders. Presence of upper respiratory symptoms consistently resulted in lower quality of life scores. Conclusion The findings from this cohort study suggest that severe taste or olfactory disorders as early COVID-19 symptoms correlate with an increased likelihood of persistent symptoms in those disorders as long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Okada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Noriyuki Ishida
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research CenterKeio University HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryKeio UniversityTokyoJapan
- Laboratory of Auditory Disorders, National Institute of Sensory Organs NationalHospital Organization Tokyo Medical CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Ichiro Kawada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Health CenterKeio UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Kengo Nagashima
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research CenterKeio University HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Hideki Terai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Keio Cancer CenterKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Gaku Hiruma
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research CenterKeio University HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Ho Namkoong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Respiratory MedicineKitasato University Kitasato Institute HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Katsunori Masaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Keiko Ohgino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Jun Miyata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Shotaro Chubachi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Nobuhiro Kodama
- Department of General Internal MedicineFukuoka Tokushukai HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Shunsuke Maeda
- Department of General Internal MedicineFukuoka Tokushukai HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Satoshi Sakamoto
- Department of RespirologyNational Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical CenterFukuokaJapan
| | - Masaki Okamoto
- Department of RespirologyNational Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical CenterFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoji Nagasaki
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Research CenterNational Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical CenterFukuokaJapan
| | - Akira Umeda
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, IUHW Shioya HospitalInternational University of Health and Welfare (IUHW)TochigiJapan
| | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of PharmacologyInternational University of Health and WelfareTochigiJapan
| | - Hisato Shimada
- Department of Respiratory MedicineInternational University of Health and Welfare Shioya HospitalTochigiJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Minami
- Department of Internal MedicineSaitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Rie Hagiwara
- Department of Internal MedicineSaitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary MedicineKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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11
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Nawab A, Acosta A, Levine CG, Hoffer ME, Casiano R, Liu XZ. Chemosensory function recovery in COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional study. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104047. [PMID: 37738881 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether subjects who have recovered from COVID-19 smell and taste disturbance perform similarly to their COVID-naïve baseline, on gold-standard smell and taste tests. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING University of Miami Department of Otolaryngology in Miami, FL between September 2021, and August 2022. METHODS Those previously COVID-19 positive composed the experimental group, those who reported being COVID-naïve composed the control group. Mean total score for the UPSIT Smell Test, and the Burghart Taste Strip test were the primary outcome measures. RESULTS 70 adult subjects (35 former COVID-positive, 35 COVID-naïve) were enrolled, with 21 females and 14 males in each group. 87 % of all subjects were white and were almost distributed evenly between Hispanic and non-Hispanic. Mean UPSIT total score for the experimental group was 30.6 (95 % CI 28.9-32.3), mean UPSIT total score for the control group was 31.2 (95 % CI 29.7-32.8). Mean Burghart total score for the experimental group was 11.3 (95 % CI 10.6-12.0), mean Burghart total score for the control group was 10.7 (95 % CI 9.7-11.8). These showed a significant overlap of the 95 % CI of the mean total score between the control group and the experimental group, suggesting no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that COVID-19 patients who experience smell and taste disturbance and recover, regain sensory ability similar to their pre-COVID ability. Further study is needed to validate these findings, but the results are promising in the long-term recovery of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Nawab
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Aura Acosta
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Corinna G Levine
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael E Hoffer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Roy Casiano
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Xue Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America.
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12
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Hintschich CA, Wege-Lüssen A, Göktas Ö, Stuck BA, Müller CA, Hummel T. [Persistent olfactory impairment after COVID-19-recommendations of the Working Group on Olfactology and Gustology of the German Society of Oto-rhino-laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery]. HNO 2023; 71:739-743. [PMID: 37801102 PMCID: PMC10589143 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-023-01368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This article does not intend to comprehensively review the existing literature on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated smell disorders, but aims to summarize scientific evidence for otorhinolaryngological practice and provide recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of persistent smell disorders following COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin A Hintschich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Deutschland.
| | | | | | - Boris A Stuck
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Christian A Müller
- Universitätsklinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Riechen und Schmecken, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland
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13
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Rass V, Tymoszuk P, Sahanic S, Heim B, Ausserhofer D, Lindner A, Kofler M, Mahlknecht P, Boehm A, Hüfner K, Pizzini A, Sonnweber T, Kurz K, Pfeifer B, Kiechl S, Peball M, Kindl P, Putnina L, Fava E, Djamshidian A, Huber A, Wiedermann CJ, Sperner-Unterweger B, Wöll E, Beer R, Schiefecker AJ, Bellmann-Weiler R, Bachler H, Tancevski I, Pfausler B, Piccoliori G, Seppi K, Weiss G, Löffler-Ragg J, Helbok R. Distinct smell and taste disorder phenotype of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:5115-5128. [PMID: 37670171 PMCID: PMC10562286 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Olfactory dysfunction (OD) commonly accompanies coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated the kinetics of OD resolution following SARS-CoV-2 infection (wild-type and alpha variant) and its impact on quality of life, physical and mental health. METHODS OD prevalence was assessed in an ambulatory COVID-19 survey (n = 906, ≥ 90 days follow-up) and an observational cohort of ambulatory and hospitalized individuals (n = 108, 360 days follow-up). Co-occurrence of OD with other symptoms and effects on quality of life, physical and mental health were analyzed by multi-dimensional scaling, association rule mining and semi-supervised clustering. RESULTS Both in the ambulatory COVID-19 survey study (72%) and the observational ambulatory and hospitalized cohort (41%) self-reported OD was frequent during acute COVID-19. Recovery from self-reported OD was slow (survey: median 28 days, observational cohort: 90 days). By clustering of the survey data, we identified a predominantly young, female, comorbidity-free group of convalescents with persistent OD and taste disorders (median recovery: 90 days) but low frequency of post-acute fatigue, respiratory or neurocognitive symptoms. This smell and taste disorder cluster was characterized by a high rating of physical performance, mental health, and quality of life as compared with convalescents affected by prolonged fatigue or neurocognitive complaints. CONCLUSION Our results underline the heterogeneity of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae calling for tailored management strategies. The persistent smell and taste disorder phenotype is characterized by good clinical, physical, and mental recovery and may pose a minor challenge for public health. STUDY REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04661462 (survey study), NCT04416100 (observational cohort).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Rass
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Sabina Sahanic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beatrice Heim
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Ausserhofer
- Institute of General Practice and Public Health, Claudiana College of Health Professions, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anna Lindner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mario Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Mahlknecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital for Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alex Pizzini
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Pfeifer
- Tyrolean Federal Institute for Integrated Care, Innsbruck, Austria
- Division for Health Networking and Telehealth, Biomedical Informatics and Mechatronics, UMIT, Hall in Tyrol, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marina Peball
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Kindl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lauma Putnina
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Fava
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Huber
- Tyrolean Federal Institute for Integrated Care, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian J Wiedermann
- Institute of General Practice and Public Health, Claudiana College of Health Professions, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Barbara Sperner-Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital for Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ewald Wöll
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vinzenz Hospital, Zams, Austria
| | - Ronny Beer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Bachler
- Institute of General Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Pfausler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giuliano Piccoliori
- Institute of General Practice and Public Health, Claudiana College of Health Professions, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
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14
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Sowerby LJ, Almubarak Z, Biadsee A, Rocha T, Hopkins C. Coronavirus disease 2019 related parosmia: an exploratory survey of demographics and treatment strategies. J Laryngol Otol 2023; 137:1256-1260. [PMID: 37194063 PMCID: PMC10627779 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215123000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical features, therapeutic efficacy and symptom time course of post-coronavirus disease 2019 parosmia. METHODS A 22-item online questionnaire was distributed to AbScent research group and Facebook coronavirus disease 2019 anosmia group adult members to assess clinical features, interventions and their subjective efficacy for parosmia. RESULTS A total of 209 participants (86 per cent females) reported: smell loss on average 3 days after coronavirus symptoms, recovery 4 weeks later, and first parosmia symptoms 12 weeks post infection. Respondents reported 10 per cent body weight loss, and listed onion and garlic as significant parosmia triggers. Regarding quality of life, depression was the most cited item (54 per cent). Smell training was trialled by 74 per cent of participants, followed by nasal corticosteroid spray (49 per cent). Stellate ganglion block, trialled by 16 per cent of respondents, had the highest reported improvement (45 per cent), with 21 per cent reporting a sustained benefit - the highest rate amongst registered treatment options. CONCLUSION Post-coronavirus parosmia has a significant impact and remains challenging to treat. Stellate ganglion block appears to be successful relative to other reported treatments. Further research into the pathophysiology, efficacy and mechanism of stellate ganglion block effect is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Sowerby
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Almubarak
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Biadsee
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - T Rocha
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Hopkins
- Department of ENT, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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15
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Mitchell MB, Workman AD, Rathi VK, Bhattacharyya N. Smell and Taste Loss Associated with COVID-19 Infection. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:2357-2361. [PMID: 37265267 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on olfactory and gustatory function in US adults. METHODS From the 2021 Adult National Health Interview Survey, demographic and survey-specific module data concerning COVID-19 diagnoses, testing and disease severity, and data quantifying disturbances and eventual recovery of smell and taste were extracted. Sample weights were applied to obtain nationally representative statistics. The overall rate of COVID-19 infection was determined, and those diagnosed with COVID-19 were analyzed with respect to disease severity, smell and taste disturbance, and respective recoveries. RESULTS In 2021, 35.8 million or 14% of the adult population (95% CI 13.5-14.7%; mean age, 43.9 years; 53.8% female) had been diagnosed with COVID-19. Among those, 60.5% (58.6-62.5%) and 58.2% (56.2-60.1%) reported accompanying losses in smell or taste, respectively; there was a significant association between overall COVID-19 symptom severity and smell (p < 0.001) and taste disturbance (p < 0.001). Following infection, 72.2% (69.9-74.3%), 24.1% (22.2-26.2%), and 3.7% (3.0-4.6%) of the patients experienced complete, partial, and no smell recovery, respectively. Recovery rates for gustatory function paralleled olfaction, with 76.8% (74.6-78.9%), 20.6% (18.7-22.7%), and 2.6 (1.9-3.4%) reporting complete, partial, and no recovery of taste, respectively. When sensory disturbance was present, severity of overall symptomatology was negatively associated with smell and taste recovery (p < 0.001 for each). CONCLUSION The majority of adults infected with COVID-19 in 2021 experienced olfactory or gustatory dysfunction with a non-negligible population reporting incomplete or no near-term sensory recovery. Our results are useful for providers counseling patients and suggest that interventions lessening overall COVID-19 symptom burden may prevent prolonged sensory dysfunction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 133:2357-2361, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Mitchell
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vinay K Rathi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil Bhattacharyya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Verro B, Vivoli G, Saraniti C. Hyposmia in COVID-19: Temporal Recovery of Smell: A Preliminary Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1511. [PMID: 37763630 PMCID: PMC10535790 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Hypo/anosmia is a characteristic symptom of COVID-19 infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the time of smell recovery and to identify a possible order of perception recovery of different odors in COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on not hospitalized COVID-19 patients, selected according to eligible criteria. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee. A questionnaire formulated by our team was submitted to patients in order to know the duration of the hypo/anosmia and hypo/ageusia and the order of odor recovery: vanillin (mixed olfactory/gustatory substances), phenyl ethyl alcohol (rosewater) (pure olfactory substances), eucalyptol (mixed olfactory/trigeminal substances), and eugenol (mixed olfactory/trigeminal/gustatory substances). Results: 181 patients were included. Hypo/ageusia and hypo/anosmia lasted on average 10.25 (±8.26) and 12.8 (±8.80) days, respectively. The most frequent odor recovery sequence was: (1) phenyl ethyl alcohol; (2) eucalyptol; (3) vanillin; and (4) eugenol. In COVID-19 patients, hypo/anosmia occurs more often in women and at a young age. Conclusions: This preliminary investigation highlighted novel data: there is a chronological order in perception recovery of different olfactory substances and, therefore, in the restoration of the various sensitive nerve pathways involved in the sense of smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Verro
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giulia Vivoli
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, Microvascular and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Maternal-Infant and Adult Surgical Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Saraniti
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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17
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Jegatheeswaran L, Gokani SA, Luke L, Klyvyte G, Espehana A, Garden EM, Tarantino A, Al Omari B, Philpott CM. Assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1165329. [PMID: 37599993 PMCID: PMC10436231 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1165329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review To provide a detailed overview of the assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Recent findings COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction can have a detrimental impact to the quality of life of patients. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, olfactory and taste disorders were a common but under-rated, under-researched and under-treated sensory loss. The pandemic has exacerbated the current unmet need for accessing good healthcare for patients living with olfactory disorders and other symptoms secondary to COVID-19. This review thus explores the associations that COVID-19 has with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms, and provide a framework and rationale for the assessment of patients presenting with COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Summary Acute COVID-19 infection and long COVID is not solely a disease of the respiratory and vascular systems. These two conditions have strong associations with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. A systematic approach with history taking and examination particularly with nasal endoscopy can determine the impact that this has on the patient. Specific olfactory disorder questionnaires can demonstrate the impact on quality of life, while psychophysical testing can objectively assess and monitor olfaction over time. The role of cross-sectional imaging is not yet described for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Management options are limited to conservative adjunctive measures, with some medical therapies described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavandan Jegatheeswaran
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Ajay Gokani
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Luke
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Gabija Klyvyte
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Espehana
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Mairenn Garden
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Tarantino
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Basil Al Omari
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Martin Philpott
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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18
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Kumari V, Chauhan S, Vakani K, Antonova E, Bryant J. Camera-based visual feedback learning aid for recovering sense of smell and taste in COVID-19 survivors: a proof-of-concept study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1213254. [PMID: 37502751 PMCID: PMC10371255 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A significant proportion of people report persistent COVID-19-related anosmia, hyposmia or parosmia, often accompanied with ageusia, hypogeusia or dysgeusia. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study that assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a new Camera-Based Visual Feedback Learning Aid (CVFLA) and explored its potential to restore or improve persistent COVID-19-related smell and/or taste impairment. Methods Fifteen adult participants with persistent smell and/or taste impairment were randomly allocated to 7-, 14-, or 21-days baseline of symptom monitoring before receiving the intervention in up to 10 sessions (length and frequency determined by participant's preference and progress) using a specialised CVFLA apparatus (patent no. 10186160). Smell and taste were assessed pre- and post-intervention subjectively, and also objectively using the ODOFIN Taste Strips and Sniffin Sticks. Participant feedback about their experience of receiving CVFLA was obtained via a semi-structured interview conducted by someone not involved in delivering the intervention. Results The intervention was extremely well received, with no dropouts related to the intervention. There was also a significant improvement in smell and taste from pre- to post-CVFLA intervention (mean number of sessions = 7.46, SD = 2.55; total duration = 389.96 min, SD = 150.93) both in subjective and objective measures. All participants, except one, reported experiencing some improvement from the 2nd or 3rd session. Discussion This new CVFLA intervention shows promise in improving COVID-19 related impairment in smell and taste with a very high level of acceptability. Further studies with larger samples are required to confirm its potential in restoring, improving or correcting smell and/or taste impairment in relevant clinical and non-clinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Kumari
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Satyam Chauhan
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krupa Vakani
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Antonova
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Espetvedt A, Wiig S, Myrnes-Hansen KV, Brønnick KK. The assessment of qualitative olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review of tools and their content validity. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1190994. [PMID: 37408960 PMCID: PMC10319418 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1190994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a lack of overview of the tools used to assess qualitative olfactory dysfunction, including parosmia and phantosmia, following COVID-19 illness. This could have an impact on the diagnosis and treatment offered to patients. Additionally, the formulations of symptoms are inconsistent and often unclear, and consensus around the wording of questions and responses is needed. Aim of study The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of tools used to assess qualitative olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19, in addition to addressing the content validity (i.e., item and response formulations) of these tools. Methods MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched 5th of August 2022 and updated on the 25th of April 2023 to identify studies that assess qualitative olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Primary outcomes were the tool used (i.e., questionnaire or objective test) and item and response formulations. Secondary outcomes included psychometric properties, study design, and demographic variables. Results The assessment of qualitative olfactory dysfunction is characterized by heterogeneity, inconsistency, and lack of validated tools to determine the presence and degree of symptoms. Several tools with overlapping and distinct features were identified in this review, of which some were thorough and detailed, while others were merely assessing the presence of symptoms as a binary measure. Item and response formulations are also inconsistent and often used interchangeably, which may lead to confusion, incorrect diagnoses, and inappropriate methods for solving the problem. Conclusions There is an unmet need for a reliable and validated tool for assessing qualitative olfactory dysfunction, preferably one that also captures quantitative olfactory issues (i.e., loss of smell), to ensure time-effective and specific assessment of the ability to smell. A consensus around the formulation of items and response options is also important to increase the understanding of the problem, both for clinicians, researchers, and the patient, and ultimately to provide the appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Registration and protocol The URL is https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=351621. A preregistered protocol was submitted and accepted (12.09.22) in the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) with the registration number CRD42022351621.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelin Espetvedt
- Department of Quality and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- SHARE–Centre for Resilience in Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- The Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Siri Wiig
- Department of Quality and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- SHARE–Centre for Resilience in Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kai Victor Myrnes-Hansen
- Department of Quality and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- The Norwegian School of Hotel Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kolbjørn Kallesten Brønnick
- Department of Quality and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- The Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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20
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Ali FA, Jassim G, Khalaf Z, Yusuf M, Ali S, Husain N, Ebrahim F. Transient Anosmia and Dysgeusia in COVID-19 Disease: A Cross Sectional Study. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:2393-2403. [PMID: 37333880 PMCID: PMC10275370 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s408706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to explore the prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia and their impact on COVID-19 patients. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between 1st October 2020 and 30th June 2021 were randomly selected from a national COVID-19 registry. COVID-19 cases were diagnosed using molecular testing method which measured the viral E gene. The Anosmia Reporting Tool, and a brief version of the questionnaire on olfactory disorders were used to measure the outcomes via telephone interviews. Data were analysed using SPSS 27 statistics software. Results A total of 405 COVID-19 adults were included in this study, 220 (54.3%) were males and 185 (45.8%) were females. The mean±SD age of participants was 38.2 ± 11.3 years. Alterations in the sense of smell and taste were reported by 206 (50.9%), and 195 (48.1%) of the patients, respectively. Sex and nationality of participants were significantly associated with anosmia and dysgeusia (p < 0.001) and (p-value=0.001) respectively. Among patients who experienced anosmia and dysgeusia, alterations in eating habits (64.2%), impact on mental wellbeing (38.9%), concerns that the alterations were permanent (35.4%), and physical implications and difficulty performing activities of daily living (34%) were reported. Conclusion Anosmia and dysgeusia are prevalent symptoms of COVID-19 disease, especially among females. Although transient, anosmia and dysgeusia had considerable impact on patient's life. Neuropsychological implications of COVID-19 in acute infection phase and prognosis of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19 are areas for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Ahmed Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, South West Acute Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ghufran Jassim
- Family Medicine Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland — Medical University of Bahrain (RCSI Bahrain), Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Zahra Khalaf
- Department of Postgraduate Studies, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Manaf Yusuf
- Children’s & Adolescent Services, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Sara Ali
- Ministry of Health Bahrain, COVID-19 National Team, Sanabis, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Nada Husain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Private Health Sector, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Fatema Ebrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Private Health Sector, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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21
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Doty RL. The Olfactory Dysfunction of COVID-19. Semin Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37196670 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1767712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Until the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, much of the scientific community and the general public lacked an appreciation of the impact of decreased smell function on everyday life, including the importance of this sensory system for safety, nutrition, and overall quality of life. It is now well established that the SARS-CoV-2 virus inflicts measurable but frequently reversible smell loss during its acute phase. Indeed, in many studies such loss is the most common symptom of COVID-19. Permanent or long-term deficits (i.e., deficits lasting over a year) may occur in up to 30% of those who have been infected, including the development of odor distortions (dysosmias; parosmias). This review presents up-to-date information on the epidemiology, severity, and pathophysiology of COVID-19-related smell dysfunction, including its association with psychological and neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Smell and Taste Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Coelho DH, Reiter ER, French E, Costanzo RM. Decreasing Incidence of Chemosensory Changes by COVID-19 Variant. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 168:704-706. [PMID: 35503739 PMCID: PMC9630171 DOI: 10.1177/01945998221097656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotal clinical observation suggests that rates of chemosensory dysfunction associated with COVID-19 infection may be decreasing. To investigate, the National COVID Cohort Collaborative database was queried for all patients with and without smell and taste loss within 2 weeks of COVID-19 diagnosis. Six-week periods of peak variant prevalence were selected by using CoVariants.org for analysis. Of 3,678,214 patients with COVID-19 in the database, 616,318 met inclusion criteria during the time intervals of interest, with 3431 having an associated smell or taste disturbance diagnosis. With the initial/untyped variant set as the baseline, the odds ratios for alpha, delta, and omicron (December 27, 2021-February 7, 2022) were 0.50 (95% CI, 0.45-0.55; P < .0001), 0.44 (95% CI, 0.41-0.48; P < .0001), and 0.17 (95% CI, 0.15-0.18; P < .0001), respectively. These data strongly support the clinical observation that patients infected with more recent variants are at a significantly lower risk of developing associated chemosensory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Coelho
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Evan R. Reiter
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Evan French
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard M. Costanzo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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23
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Molnár A, Maihoub S, Mavrogeni P, Krasznai M, Tamás L, Kraxner H. The Correlation between the Results of the Sniffin' Sticks Test, Demographic Data, and Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders in a Hungarian Population after a SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031041. [PMID: 36769688 PMCID: PMC9917422 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, smell disorders frequently occur, significantly affecting patients' quality of life (QoL). METHODS 110 patients with persistent olfactory disorder after coronavirus infection were enrolled. These patients underwent chemosensory testing using the Sniffin' Sticks test, and completed the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD). RESULTS 30% of the patients reported anosmia, and 70% reported hyposmia. Upon comparing subjective and chemosensory testing categories, good category matching was observed in 75.3% (i.e., anosmia based on both methods in 10 and hyposmia in 48 cases). Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test revealed a significant result (p = 0.001 *). Between the TDI (i.e., Threshold, Discrimination, Identification) results of the three subjective report groups (i.e., hyposmia, anosmia, and parosmia), no significant differences were observed. When the TDI and QOD results were compared, no consistent significant correlations were found in most TDI and QOD outcomes. Between the TDI and Scale 2 results, a significant, although slight correlation was observed by the Spearman's (rho = 0.213, p = 0.027 *) and Pearson's (rho = 0.201, p = 0.037 *) tests. CONCLUSIONS The nonsignificant correlation between objective and subjective methods suggests that these results should be interpreted independently. Moreover, adequate management is essential even in mild cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Molnár
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefani Maihoub
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panayiota Mavrogeni
- Tóth Ilona Health Service Clinical Medical Institute, Görgey Artúr tér 8, 1212 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Krasznai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Tamás
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Voice, Speech and Swallowing Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Vas u. 17, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Helga Kraxner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szigony u. 36, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Tai APL, Leung MK, Lau BWM, Ngai SPC, Lau WKW. Olfactory dysfunction: A plausible source of COVID-19-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1156914. [PMID: 37021130 PMCID: PMC10067586 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1156914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms are commonly reported by patients of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Evidence from recent research suggests linkages between altered or loss of smell and neuropsychiatric symptoms after infection with the coronavirus. Systemic inflammation and ischemic injury are believed to be the major cause of COVID-19-related CNS manifestation. Yet, some evidence suggest a neurotropic property of SARS-CoV-2. This mini-review article summarizes the neural correlates of olfaction and discusses the potential of trans-neuronal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 or its particles within the olfactory connections in the brain. The impact of the dysfunction in the olfactory network on the neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with COVID-19 will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Pui-Lun Tai
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Integrated Centre for Wellbeing, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Bioanalytical Laboratory for Educational Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mei-Kei Leung
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shirley Pui-Ching Ngai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Way Kwok-Wai Lau
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Integrated Centre for Wellbeing, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Bioanalytical Laboratory for Educational Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Way Kwok-Wai Lau,
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25
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Liao B, Deng YK, Zeng M, Liu Z. Long-term Consequences of COVID-19: Chemosensory Disorders. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:111-119. [PMID: 36574210 PMCID: PMC9792936 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A number of sequelae after acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affect the quality of life of patients. The chemosensory disorders including olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) are two of the commonest symptoms complained by patients with COVID-19. Although chemosensory function has been reported improved in over 60% of COVID-19 patients in a short time after acute infection, it may last as a major symptom for patients with long COVID-19. This narrative review discussed current literatures on OD and GD in long COVID-19 including the prevalence, risk factors, possible mechanisms, and potential therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Although the prevalence of OD and GD has declined continuously after acute COVID-19, a considerable number of patients had persistent chemosensory disorders 3 months to 2 years after symptom onset. Female gender, initial severity of dysfunction, nasal congestion, emotional distress and depression, and SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified as risk factors for persistent OD and GD in long COVID-19. The pathogenesis of OD and GD in long COVID-19 remains unknown, but may be analogous to the persistent OD and GD post common respiratory viral infection. Corticosteroids and olfactory training might be a potential choice regarding the treatment of lasting OD and GD after SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, more studies are needed to prove it. OD and GD are common long-term consequences of COVID-19 and influenced by gender, initial severity of dysfunction, emotional distress and depression, and SARS-CoV-2 variants. More studies are needed to illustrate their pathogenesis and to establish therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China ,Insititue of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ke Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China ,Insititue of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China ,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Insititue of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Insititue of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Pirola F, Giombi F, Ferreli F, Costantino A, Mercante G, Paoletti G, Heffler E, Canonica GW, Settimi S, De Corso E, Spriano G, Malvezzi L. Cross-Cultural Validation of the Short Version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements into Italian: Towards Personalized Patient Care. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122010. [PMID: 36556231 PMCID: PMC9782898 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high burden of olfactory dysfunction worldwide, recently increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is mandatory to adopt a specific questionnaire to assess the impact of olfactory impairment on quality of life, to be used in clinical practice. The aim of this study is to adapt and validate the short version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (svQOD-NS) for Italian. In the pilot phase, the Italian version of the questionnaire (ITA-svQOD-NS) was produced following recommended guidelines. It was then given to 50 healthy subjects and 50 patients (affected by either nasal polyposis or septal deviation), and results were compared to those of other widely used questionnaires. Test-retest reliability was assessed on a sample of 25 patients. All 50 patients repeated the questionnaires at one and nine months after surgery. The internal consistency of ITA-svQOD-NS measured with Cronbach α was excellent (α = 0.92). The intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was also optimal (0.93; 95%CI: 0.90-0.96). Concurrent validity tested with the Pearson coefficient was significant with all other tests administered; also, concerning responsiveness, statistically significant differences were obtained between pre- and post-operative conditions. ITA-svQOD-NS showed high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and significant correlation with all most-used clinical questionnaires; thus, it can be efficiently applied to assess olfaction-related QoL in the Italian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pirola
- Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Giombi
- Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferreli
- Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Costantino
- Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mercante
- Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paoletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Settimi
- Department of Head and Neck and Sensory Organs, Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio De Corso
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, A. Gemelli Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spriano
- Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Malvezzi
- Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
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27
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Pieniak M, Oleszkiewicz A, Avaro V, Calegari F, Hummel T. Olfactory training - Thirteen years of research reviewed. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104853. [PMID: 36064146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The sense of smell is interrelated with psychosocial functioning. Olfactory disorders often decrease quality of life but treatment options for people with olfactory loss are limited. Additionally, olfactory loss accompanies and precedes psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Regular, systematic exposure to a set of odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT) has been offered for rehabilitation of the sense of smell in clinical practice. As signals from the olfactory bulb are directly projected to the limbic system it has been also debated whether OT might benefit psychological functioning, i.e., mitigate cognitive deterioration or improve emotional processing. In this review we synthesize key findings on OT utility in the clinical practice and highlight the molecular, cellular, and neuroanatomical changes accompanying olfactory recovery in people with smell loss as well as in experimental animal models. We discuss how OT and its modifications have been used in interventions aiming to support cognitive functions and improve well-being. We delineate main methodological challenges in research on OT and suggest areas requiring further scientific attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pieniak
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany; University of Wrocław, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany; University of Wrocław, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Vittoria Avaro
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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28
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McWilliams MP, Coelho DH, Reiter ER, Costanzo RM. Recovery from Covid-19 smell loss: Two-years of follow up. Am J Otolaryngol 2022; 43:103607. [PMID: 35987099 PMCID: PMC9375644 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Objective To report long-term patterns of recovery and non-recovery in a large nationwide cohort of subjects with COVID-19 associated smell loss. Study design Prospectively, longitudinal questionnaires. Setting Web-based national survey. Methods A longitudinal survey of adults with COVID-19 and/or sudden change in smell or taste since January 1, 2020 was launched April 10, 2020. Participants were queried again in late May 2022 regarding recovery. Data from respondents with >2 years since loss were analyzed and compared to recovery status of those more recently effected. Results 1103 responded to the survey of whom 946 met inclusion criteria. Among the 267 respondents for whom at least 2 years of follow up was available, 38.2 % reported full recovery, 54.3 % partial, and 7.5 % no recovery. For the entire cohort (all with ≥3 months since smell loss), 38.7 % reported complete recovery, 51.0 % reported partial recovery (ranging from mild complaints to severe phantosmia or dysosmia), and 10.3 % reported no improvement at all. Complete recovery of smell function was significantly higher in those under 40 years old (45.6 % compared to 32.9 % in those over 40). Conclusion Although the vast majority of subjects who do recover do so within the first 3 months, long-term spontaneous recovery can occur. Rates of recovery do not seem to differ depending on when during the pandemic the loss first occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P McWilliams
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Daniel H Coelho
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Halimi S. De la madeleine de Proust à la COVID-19, le goût et l’odorat sont « essentiels ». De la mémoire olfactive à la perte de l’odorat ! MÉDECINE DES MALADIES MÉTABOLIQUES 2022. [PMCID: PMC9399123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmm.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: Pathology and Long-Term Implications for Brain Health. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:781-794. [PMID: 35810128 PMCID: PMC9212891 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zarachi A, Pezoulas V, Komnos I, Lianou A, Milionis O, Klouras E, Katsikatsos K, Fotiadis D, Kastanioudakis I, Milionis C, Liontos A. Clinical Symptoms in Hospitalized and Self-Quarantined Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Northwestern Greece - Association with Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction. MAEDICA 2022; 17:277-284. [PMID: 36032619 PMCID: PMC9375888 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.2.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Backround: We aimed to assess the relation of chemosensory dysfunction with the reported symptoms in two subgroups of patients in Northwestern Greece: the first one included patients with moderate to severe symptomatology who needed hospitalization and the second one, patients with mild symptoms who recovered at home. Methods:We used a questionnaire to select information about patient demographics, medical history and reported symptoms during infection. Three hundred COVID-19 positive patients who were identified via RT-PCR test in the University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece, were included in the present study, of which 150 recovered at home and the remaining 150 needed hospitalization. Statistical analysis was based on IBM-SPSS Statistics 26.0. Results:The majority of patients had fever during infection, while o minor percentage of those who needed hospitalization (12.67%) suffered from sore throat. There was a statistically significant difference between the loss of smell and clinical symptoms including fatigue, nose congestion, body aches and headache, and loss of taste and reported symptoms including fatigue, body aches, runny nose, headache and sore throat. Conclusion: Fever was the symptom with the highest percentage rate, while sore throat was the symptom with the lowest percentage rate. There are reported clinical symptoms related with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction during COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Zarachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasileios Pezoulas
- Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Komnos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Lianou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Orestis Milionis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleutherios Klouras
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Katsikatsos
- Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kastanioudakis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Charalampos Milionis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angelos Liontos
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Impact of the loss of smell on the sleep quality and fatigue level in COVID‑19 survivors. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4443-4449. [PMID: 35429261 PMCID: PMC9013181 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are reported to have symptoms such as shortness of breath, dry cough, headache, fatigue, and diarrhea. Loss of smell is a symptom that some patients have suffered from due to inflammation of olfactory epithelium and neuroinvasion of COVID-19 resulting in damage to the olfactory nerves and olfactory bulb. Losing an important sense such as smell might have unfavorable consequences on the lives of COVID-19 survivors; however, these unfavorable consequences have not been sufficiently investigated. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, 81 COVID-19 survivors (51.85% male) answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Results COVID-19 survivors who lost their smell were more likely to have poor sleep quality, high fatigue severity, and depression symptoms compared to others who did not lose their smell. Most COVID-19 survivors who lost their smell were women and had breathing difficulties. Conclusion Our knowledge of this relationship will assist in establishing more efficient treatment regimens that consider both psychological and physiological factors. Future research is needed to investigate the causality relationship between poor sleep quality, increased fatigue, and depression symptoms in COVID-19 survivors who experienced loss of the sense of smell.
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Otte MS, Haehner A, Bork ML, Klussmann JP, Luers JC, Hummel T. Impact of COVID-19-Mediated Olfactory Loss on Quality of Life. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2022; 85:1-6. [PMID: 35413715 PMCID: PMC9148912 DOI: 10.1159/000523893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 can be associated with a variety of longer-lasting impairments that can have a significant impact on patients' quality of life (QoL). While this is well described in the literature for limitations in lung capacity or permanent headaches, there is little research on the impact of olfactory dysfunction in the context of COVID-19 on patients' QoL. METHODS In 65 patients with a history of COVID-19, the present olfactory ability was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test. In addition, olfactory QoL was assessed by the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders. Self-assessment was performed with visual analogue scales. The data were compared with the results obtained in healthy individuals and in patients with hyposmia due to other viral infections. RESULTS The QoL of COVID-19 patients was significantly lower compared to the healthy control group. Even recovered subjects whose olfaction had already returned to the normal range still had a reduced QoL. The severity of the olfactory impairment correlated with the reduction in QoL. However, the olfactory QoL of COVID-19 patients was not worse than that of patients' olfactory loss due to other viral infections. Patients with parosmia had reduced QoL and rated their situation worse than patients without parosmia. CONCLUSION QoL appears to be impaired in patients with long-lasting COVID-19 olfactory disorders several months after overcoming acute symptoms, even if olfaction has normalized. However, the impairment is not more pronounced than in patients with other postviral olfactory disorders of the same duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sylvester Otte
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,*Martin Sylvester Otte,
| | - Antje Haehner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Bork
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Peter Klussmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Christoffer Luers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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SARS-CoV-2 entry sites are present in all structural elements of the human glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves: Clinical implications. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103981. [PMID: 35390636 PMCID: PMC8978584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections result in the temporary loss of smell and taste in about one third of confirmed cases. Methods We used immunohistochemistry to confirm the presence of ACE2, NRP1 and TMPRSS2 in two cranial nerves (IX and X) that mediate taste where they leave/join the medulla. Samples from three (two paraffin embedded and one frozen) postmortem samples were studied (facial (VII) nerve was not available). We also performed immunohistochemistry using the same antibodies in two human cell lines (oligodendrocytes and fibroblasts), and we isolated RNA from one nerve and performed PCR to confirm the presence of the mRNAs that encode the proteins visualized. Findings All three of the proteins (ACE-2, NRP1 and TMPRSS2) required for SARS-CoV-2 infections appear to be present in all cellular components (Schwann cells, axons, vascular endothelium, and connective tissue) of the human IXth and Xth nerves near the medulla. We also found their mRNAs in the nerve and in human oligodendrocytes and fibroblasts which were stained by antibodies directed at the three proteins examined. Interpretation Infection of the IXth and Xth nerves by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is likely to cause the loss of taste experienced by many Covid patients. Migration of the virus from the oral cavity through these nerves to brainstem respiratory centers might contribute to the problems that patients experience. Funding This study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH (intramural project no. ZDE000755-01), and the Human Brain Tissue Bank, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary from the Hungarian Brain Research Program (2017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002).
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Klopfenstein T, Tipirdamaz C, Gendrin V, Osman M, Mercier J, Bouvier E, Bouiller K, Lepiller Q, Toko L, Pierron A, Royer PY, Garnier P, Kadiane-Oussou NJ, Chirouze C, Zayet S. Third of patients have gustatory dysfunction 9 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection: the ANOSVID study. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 119:114-116. [PMID: 35364286 PMCID: PMC8964443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Can Tipirdamaz
- Infectious Disease Department, Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France
| | - Vincent Gendrin
- Infectious Disease Department, Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France
| | - Molka Osman
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Julien Mercier
- Infectious Disease Department, Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France
| | - Elodie Bouvier
- Clinical Research Unit, Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France
| | - Kevin Bouiller
- Infectious Disease Department, University Hospital of Besançon, France
| | | | - Lynda Toko
- Infectious Disease Department, Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France
| | - Alix Pierron
- Infectious Disease Department, Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France
| | | | - Pauline Garnier
- Microbiology Department, Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France
| | | | | | - Souheil Zayet
- Infectious Disease Department, Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France.
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Zarachi A, Pezoulas V, Milionis O, Lianou AN, Klouras E, Komnos I, Fotiadis D, Kastanioudakis I, Milionis C, Liontos A. The Impact of Age and Gender and Their Association with Chemosensory Dysfunction, in Hospitalized and Self-Quarantine Patients with Covid-19 Infection, in Epirus, Greece. MAEDICA 2022; 17:28-36. [PMID: 35733759 PMCID: PMC9168572 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective:Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction that relates with the infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has already improved. The relation between chemosensory dysfunction and age and gender in covid-19 positive patients is the main objective of the present study. Methods:We used a questionnaire to select information about medical history, patient demographics and reported symptoms during infection. Three hundred covid-19 positive patients, who underwent a RT-PCR test in the University Hospital of Ioannina, Grecce, were included in this study; 150 of them recovered at home and the remaining 150 were admitted to hospital. Statistical analysis based on ÉBM-SPSS Statistics 26.0 was done. Results:The total sample included 300 patients, of which 106 females and 194 males. There was a statistically significant difference between the subgroup of patients aged 21-25, 61-65 and 71-75 with loss of smell, that of hospitalized patients aged 41-45 with loss of smell and the subgroup of those aged 31-35 and 71-75 with loss of taste. Conclusion:There is a significant association between chemosensory dysfunction and younger age groups. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction appears more frequently in women than men. Male gender relates with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Zarachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasileios Pezoulas
- Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, Departement of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Orestis Milionis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aikaterini N Lianou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleutherios Klouras
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Komnos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, Departement of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kastanioudakis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Charalampos Milionis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angelos Liontos
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Fortunato F, Martinelli D, Iannelli G, Milazzo M, Farina U, Di Matteo G, De Nittis R, Ascatigno L, Cassano M, Lopalco PL, Prato R. Self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients: a 1-year follow-up study in Foggia district, Italy. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:77. [PMID: 35065619 PMCID: PMC8783175 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From the initial stages of the pandemic in early 2020, COVID-19-related olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions have been widely reported and are emerging as one of the most frequent long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, data regarding the long-term recovery of the sense of smell and taste are lacking. This study aimed to characterize the evolution up to one year after the diagnosis of self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 cases. METHODS Based on the data of the active surveillance platform of the Apulia region, Italy, we selected the residents of Foggia district who were confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 from March 1st to June 16th, 2020, and home-quarantined with paucisymptomatic-to-mild clinical presentation. Self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions were recorded at baseline through a survey of dichotomous questions. The evolution of these symptoms at approximately one year was prospectively assessed via telephone by the validated sino-nasal outcome test 22 (SNOT-22, Italian version). RESULTS Among the 1,175 COVID-19 cases notified in the Foggia district during the first epidemic wave, 488 had paucisymptomatic-to-mild clinical presentation. Of these, 41.2% (n = 201, 95% confidence interval [CI] 36.8-45.7%) reported at least one sensory dysfunction. A total of 178 to 201 (88.5%) patients agreed to participate in the follow-up survey. According to the SNOT-22 results, the persistence of a sensory dysfunction was observed in the 29.8% (n = 53, 95% CI 23.2-37.1%) of them. Particularly, loss of smell persisted in 25.8% (n = 46, 95% CI 19.6-32.9%), loss of taste in 21.3% (n = 38, 95% CI 15.6-28.1%), loss of both in 17.4% (n = 31, 95% CI 12.2-23.8%) of participants in the follow-up. The rates of full recovery increased over time: from 59% at 30 days to 71.9% at 90 days for the sense of smell; from 61.3% at 30 days to 74.7% at 90 days for the sense of taste. CONCLUSIONS The persistence of COVID-19-related olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions up to 12 months after the disease onset in a noteworthy proportion (approximately 3 out of 10) of patients with paucisymptomatic-to-mild clinical presentation deserves further investigations due to its possible pathophysiological implications and impact on the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fortunato
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenico Martinelli
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Iannelli
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marica Milazzo
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Umberto Farina
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Matteo
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosella De Nittis
- Microbiology and Virology Section, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Foggia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ascatigno
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Cassano
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Lopalco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosa Prato
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
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The Effects of Persistent Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions on Quality of Life in Long-COVID-19 Patients. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020141. [PMID: 35207429 PMCID: PMC8878431 DOI: 10.3390/life12020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Persistent olfactory (POD) and gustatory (PGD) dysfunctions are one of the most frequent symptoms of long-Coronavirus Disease 2019 but their effect on the quality of life (QoL) of patients is still largely unexplored. (2) Methods: An online survey was administered to individuals who reported to have had SARS-CoV-2 infection at least 6 months prior with persisting COVID-19 symptoms (using the COVID symptom index), including ratings of POD and PGD, and their physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) components of quality of life were assessed using the standardized short form 12 questionnaire (SF-12). (3) Results: Responses from 431 unique individuals were included in the analyses. The most frequent persistent symptoms were: fatigue (185 cases, 42.9%), olfactory dysfunction (127 cases, 29.5%), gustatory dysfunction (96 cases, 22.3%) and muscle pain (83 cases, 19.3%). Respondents who reported persisting muscle pain, joint pain, fatigue, headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, and dyspnea had significantly worse PCS. Those experiencing persistent fatigue and dyspnea also showed significantly lower MCS. Respondents reporting POD or PGD showed significantly worse QoL, but only pertaining to the MCS. Multiple regressions predicted MCS based on olfactory and marginally on gustatory ratings, but not PCS. Age significantly affected the prediction of PCS but not MCS, and gender and temporal distance from the COVID-19 diagnosis had no effect. (4) Conclusions: POD and PGD are frequent symptoms of the long-COVID-19 syndrome and significantly reduce QoL, specifically in the mental health component. This evidence should stimulate the establishment of appropriate infrastructure to support individuals with persistent CD, while research on effective therapies scales up.
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Subjective Mouthfeel and Temperature Alterations in COVID-19 Patients Six to Ten Months After Diagnosis. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2022; 15:165-174. [PMID: 36406042 PMCID: PMC9660145 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The characteristics and impact of mouthfeel, temperature, smell, and taste alterations in patients with COVID-19 at a long term are yet not well known. In this study, these characteristics and their impact on daily life and quality of life (QoL) were assessed, six to ten months after infection, in patients with COVID-19 searching for peer support on Facebook. Methods Between December 2020 and January 2021, members of two COVID-19 Facebook groups were invited to complete a questionnaire. Participants were asked to report their perception of mouthfeel, temperature, smell, and taste alterations and their impact. Results The questionnaire was completed by 157/216 respondents (73%), with 92% being women. Alterations in mouthfeel, temperature, smell, and taste were reported by respectively 66, 40, 148, and 133 participants. The most frequently reported mouthfeel alterations were "a different feeling" and "dry mouth" in 38 and 30 participants, respectively. Preferences for food temperature were equally changed to "freezing", "cool", "room temperature", "a bit warmer", and "warmer". An impact on daily life and QoL was reported by most patients with alterations in mouthfeel (91% and 79%), temperature (78% and 60%), smell (98% and 93%), and taste (93% and 88%), respectively. Conclusions Patients with COVID-19 searching for peer support on Facebook experienced, next to smell and taste alterations, mouthfeel and temperature disturbances, six to ten months after infection. These alterations have an impact on daily life and QoL. Implications Health professionals should, next to smell and taste alterations, be aware of mouthfeel and temperature alterations in patients with COVID-19. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12078-022-09304-y.
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Coelho DH, Reiter ER, Budd SG, Shin Y, Kons ZA, Costanzo RM. Predictors of smell recovery in a nationwide prospective cohort of patients with COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol 2022; 43:103239. [PMID: 34547716 PMCID: PMC8443532 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine which factors (demographic, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments) are associated with recovery of smell in patients with COVID-19 associated olfactory loss. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal questionnaires. SETTING National survey. METHODS A longitudinal web-based nationwide survey of adults with COVID-19 associated smell and taste loss was launched April 10, 2020. After completing an initial entry survey, participants received detailed follow-up questionnaires 14 days, and 1, 3 and 6 months later. RESULTS As of June 25, 2021, 798 participants met study inclusion criteria and completed 6-month questionnaires. Of demographic characteristics only age <40 years was positively associated with smell recovery (p < .003). Of symptoms, difficulty breathing was negatively associated with smell recovery (p < .004), and nasal congestion positively associated with smell recovery (p < .03). Of pre-existing comorbidities only previous head injury (p < .017) was negatively associated with smell recovery. None of the queried medications used to treat COVID were associated with better rates of smell recovery. CONCLUSIONS Age <40 and presence of nasal congestion at time of COVID-19 infection were predictive of improved rates of smell recovery, while difficulty breathing at time of COVID-19 infection, and prior head trauma predicted worsened rates of recovery. Further study will be required to identify potential mechanisms for the other observed associations. Such information can be used by clinicians to counsel patients suffering COVID-19 associated smell loss as to prognosis for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Coelho
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Serenity G Budd
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yongyun Shin
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zachary A Kons
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Said M, Jang SS, Luong T, Bernstein JD, DeConde AS, Yan CH. Measurements of health utility value in COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 12:863-867. [PMID: 34821478 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mena Said
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sophie S Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thanh Luong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Bernstein
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam S DeConde
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Sharma S, Jagadeesh H, Saxena A, Chakravarthy H, Devanathan V. Central nervous system as a target of novel coronavirus infections: Potential routes of entry and pathogenic mechanisms. J Biosci 2021. [PMID: 34840148 PMCID: PMC8612883 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic started in December 2019, there have been several reports of patients succumbing to neurological complications. Early reports were suggestive of a possibility, while by early 2020 it was clearly evident that although SARS-CoV-2 primarily attacks the respiratory system, the brain is one of the most affected organs post-recovery. Although it may be premature to comment on the long-term effects of COVID-19 in brain, some reliable predictions can be made based on the data currently available. Further, exploring the CNS connections of SARS-CoV-2 is of keen interest for neuroscience researchers. As soon as the virus enters the nasal region, it is exposed to the olfactory nervous system which is interlinked with the visual system, and hence we explore the mechanism of entry of this virus into CNS, including brain, olfactory and retinal nervous systems. In this review, we have thoroughly reviewed reports about both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 with respect to their ability to breach the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. We have compiled different neurological conditions resulting from COVID-19 and looked into viral infections related to COVID-19 to understand how the virus may gain control of the olfactory and visual systems. Once the dust settles on the pandemic, it would be interesting to explore the extent of viral infection in the CNS. The long-term effects of this virus in the CNS are not yet known, and several scientific research papers evolving in this field will throw light on the same.
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Impact of olfactory dysfunction on quality of life in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic review. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2021; 135:947-952. [PMID: 34425929 PMCID: PMC8438414 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215121002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To outline the impact on quality of life in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction. METHODS Five databases were searched for articles referring to the impact on quality of life in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction. The search was conducted for the period from November 2019 to April 2021. The search was conducted over one month (May 2021). RESULTS Four studies that met the objective were included. Altogether, there were 1045 patients. Various questionnaires were used to assess quality of life. Overall, the quality of life deficit affected 67.7 per cent of patients. Quality of life domains investigated include overall quality of life (four studies), food and taste dysfunction (two studies), mental health (two studies), cognitive function (one study), functional outcome (one study) and safety domains (one study). CONCLUSION Quality of life deficit was reported to be 67.7 per cent among coronavirus disease 2019 patients with olfactory dysfunction. The high prevalence of persistent olfactory dysfunction prompts more serious research, as the long-standing consequences of olfactory dysfunction are detrimental.
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Kirsch CFE. MRI of the Sinonasal Cavity. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 30:131-132. [PMID: 34096895 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Francoise Eve Kirsch
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, NorthwellHealth, Zucker Hofstra School of Medicine at Northwell, North ShoreUniversity Hospital, Manhasset, NY
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