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Mullis DM, Mueller C, Bonham SA, Hunt E, Uribe D, Miller H, Bianco YK. Gender diversity in pediatric surgery: academic ranks and scholarly productivity amongst pediatric surgeons. Front Surg 2024; 11:1442501. [PMID: 39149132 PMCID: PMC11324546 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1442501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite a growing number of women entering medical school, a small proportion of women pursue surgical specialties, including pediatric surgery. This multi-center study assesses gender-based differences in measures of scholarly productivity and distribution of faculty positions. Methods This is a retrospective web-based study of all pediatric surgeons at twelve large institutions across the United States. Data published by the American Association of Medical Colleges was compiled and analyzed to understand the gender distributions of medical students, general surgery residents, and pediatric surgery fellows. P-values were calculated using two-sided Student's independent t-tests and chi-squared tests. Results There have been a growing number of women applying into pediatric surgery, but the proportion of women matriculating into these fellowships is not concordant. Women are still underrepresented (28%) amongst the pediatric surgeon workforce. A total of 111 pediatric surgeons were identified for this study, which included 31 women (28%) and 80 males (72%). There was a significant difference in the distribution across academic ranks between genders (p < 0.001). Women had significantly fewer publications per year after residency, fewer total publications, and a lower h-index in comparison to men (p < .001, p = .005, p = .002, respectively). Conclusions Women are not only underrepresented in pediatric surgery, but there are also significant differences in the distribution of faculty positions and scholarly productivity when comparing men and women. There is a pressing need to improve gender diversity and identify barriers that may prevent women from advancing to leadership positions and achieving professional success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Mullis
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Claudia Mueller
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Spencer A Bonham
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Emily Hunt
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Uribe
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Hayley Miller
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Capacio BA, McCarthy PM, West E, Oseni TO, Jones E, Coleman D, Nelson D, Bingham J, Vicente D, Choi PM. Barriers to Academic Surgery in the US Armed Forces: A Study of the AAS Military Committee. J Surg Res 2024; 293:546-552. [PMID: 37832305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to explore current perceptions within the military surgery community to stratify key obstacles to pursuing a career in academic surgery and identify opportunities for mitigation. METHODS After receiving institutional review board approval, an anonymous electronic survey was distributed to military surgeons across all branches. Survey response data were collected and analyzed using chi-square test. RESULTS The response rate was approximately 22%. Of those who responded to the survey, most are interested in an academic career (61.5%); however, 64% believe this to be much more difficult as a military surgeon than as a civilian surgeon. The top three perceived obstacles include administrative obstacles (76.4%), operational commitments (65.8%), and lack of funding for academic pursuits (62.7%). Most respondents indicated that they have never received formal education regarding how to apply for research funding (84.5%) and most do not have a research mentor (60.9%). Additionally, 42.9% state that obstacles to an academic career in surgery impact their decision to leave the military. Younger surgeons were more likely to leave the military upon completion of their service commitment (67.9% versus 46.4% aged 20-39 y, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS We characterized the perceived challenges to academic surgery within the military. These barriers between academic surgery and military service risk medical force attrition, particularly in future generations of surgeons. Dedicated faculty billets (positions) with limited operational demands as well as associated mentorship and research funding may enhance the retention and productivity of military surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict A Capacio
- Department of Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Patrick M McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Erin West
- Department of Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Tawakalitu O Oseni
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward Jones
- Department of Surgery, University Of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dawn Coleman
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Nelson
- Department of Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Texas
| | - Jason Bingham
- Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Diego Vicente
- Department of Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Pamela M Choi
- Department of Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California.
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Meert C, Manon J, Cornu O. Female representation in orthopedic surgery: where do we stand in Belgium ? Acta Orthop Belg 2023; 89:671-677. [PMID: 38205759 DOI: 10.52628/89.4.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Female underrepresentation in Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology is a well-known issue worldwide, including in Belgium. Most of the literature comes from northern America. This two-part study aims to quantify the female workforce in orthopedic surgery in Belgium and assess the presence of unconscious biases among active orthopedic surgeons. Epidemiological data from national registries, orthopedic societies and universities in Belgium were analyzed. This included data on medical students, residents, active orthopedic surgeons and awards given by a Belgian orthopedic society. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to Belgian orthopedic surgeons, assessing their perceptions of gender stereotypes and potential unconscious biases. 90 participants responded with 70% of men and mean age was 36 years old. The data revealed that 12% of active orthopedic surgeons in Belgium were women in 2020. However, the representation f women was higher among residents, with a thirty percent distribution. In one university, women had a slightly higher chance of getting accepted in the orthopedic training then men. The questionnaire results indicated the presence of unconscious bias regarding subspecialties, which aligned with the actual distribution. Women tend to specialize more in upper limb surgery and pediatrics while men focus more frequently on lower limb surgery. The findings highlight the need for addressing the underrepresentation of women in orthopedic surgery and traumatology in Belgium. If the current rate of progress continues, it is projected that 30% of active orthopedic surgeons will be female by the year 2074. Identifying and addressing factors contributing to the underrepresentation, such as lack of mentorship, unconscious biases, visibility issues, and discrimination, is crucial for empowering future female orthopedic surgeons and fostering diversity in the field. Collaboration among European universities and orthopedic societies can play a vital role in reducing barriers and promoting gender equality in orthopedic surgery and traumatology.
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Norton EL, Castro-Varela A, Figueredo J, Do-Nguyen CC, Russell JL, Qiu J, Luc JGY, Hirji S, Miter SL. Academic Rank and Productivity Among United States Cardiothoracic Surgeons. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 116:1091-1097. [PMID: 37270085 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a significant growth of women trainees in cardiothoracic surgery recently, women remain a minority of cardiothoracic surgeons and hold a minority of leadership positions. This study evaluates differences in cardiothoracic surgeon subspecialty choices, academic rank, and academic productivity between men and women. METHODS The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education database was used to identify 78 cardiothoracic surgery academic programs in the United States, including integrated, 4+3, and traditional fellowships, as of June 2020. A total of 1179 faculty members were identified within these programs, 585 adult cardiac surgeons (50%), 386 thoracic surgeons (33%), and 168 congenital surgeons (14%), and other, 40 (3%). Data were collected using institutional websites, ctsnet.org, doximity.com, linkedin.com, and Scopus. RESULTS Of the 1179 surgeons, only 9.6% were women. Overall, women composed 6.7% of adult cardiac, 15% of thoracic, and 7.7% of congenital surgeons. Among subspecialties, women represent 4.5% (17 of 376) of full professors and 5% (11 of 195) of division chiefs in cardiothoracic surgery in the United States, have shorter career durations, and lower h-indices compared with men. However, women had similar m-indices, which factors in career length, compared with men in adult cardiac (0.63 vs 0.73), thoracic (0.77 vs 0.90), and congenital (0.67 vs 0.78) surgeons. CONCLUSIONS Career duration, including cumulative research productivity, appears to be the most important factors predicting full professor rank, potentially contributing to persistent sex-based disparities in academic cardiothoracic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Norton
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jessica Figueredo
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Chi Chi Do-Nguyen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Julie Qiu
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica G Y Luc
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sameer Hirji
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah L Miter
- Department of Surgery, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia.
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Isak E, Hegde YD, Barrett M, Mazer LM, Dimick JB, Sandhu G. "I Came up Short on the Academic Ladder": A Grounded Theory Study of Careerism in Academic Surgery. Ann Surg 2023; 278:e1148-e1153. [PMID: 37051902 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the definition of career success in academic surgery. BACKGROUND Career success in academic surgery is frequently defined as the achievement of a specific title, from full professor to department chair. This type of definition is convenient and established but potentially incomplete. The business literature has a more nuanced view of the relationship between titles and success, but this relationship has not been studied in medicine. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted from May to November 2020. Data were analyzed in an iterative fashion using grounded theory methodology to develop a conceptual model. RESULTS We conducted 26 semi-structured interviews with practicing surgeons differing in years of experience; 12 (46%) participants were female, mean age of 48. Participants included 5 chairs of surgery, 6 division chiefs, and 7 past or current presidents of national societies. Four themes emerged on the importance of titles: Some study participants reported that (1) titles are a barometer of success; others argued that (2) titles are not a sufficient metric to define success; (3) titles are a means to an end; and (4) there is a desire to achieve the title of a respected mentor. CONCLUSIONS As the definition of career success in academic surgery changes to encompass a broader range of interests and ambitions, the traditional markers of success must come into review. Academic surgeons see the value of titles as a marker of success and as a means to achieving other goals, but overwhelmingly our interviewees felt that titles were a double-edged sword and that a more inclusive definition of academic success was needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergest Isak
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI
| | - Yash D Hegde
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI
| | - Meredith Barrett
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Justin B Dimick
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gurjit Sandhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health, Ann Arbor, MI
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Shah NR, Maselli KM, Lotakis DM, Henry MC, Newman EA, Gadepalli SK, Perrone EE. Beyond Parity: Gender Diversity of National and International Pediatric Surgery Societal Leadership. J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:2181-2186. [PMID: 37286414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite trends toward equal gender representation among medical school graduates, surgical trainees and fellows, diversity in higher levels of pediatric surgery is largely unstudied. This study aims to quantify gender diversity among leadership of pediatric surgical associations and societies across the globe. METHODS National and international pediatric surgical organizations were identified from the websites of the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) and World Federation of Associations of Pediatric Surgery (WOFAPS). Compositional gender data of current and past organizational leadership was collected by examining publicly available archives of executive membership rosters. If roster pictures were not available, member names were input into social media sites and other search engines to ensure accurate gender denotation. Univariate analyses of organizational metrics and aggregate data of 5-year time intervals were performed via Fischer's Exact Test with significance of p < 0.05. RESULTS Nineteen pediatric surgical organizations were included for study analysis. Of 189 current organizational leaders, 50 (26.4%) are women. Eight organizations (42.1%) have less than 20% of leadership positions filled by women members, while two executive boards have no women members. Four organizations (22.2%) have a current woman seated as president/chairperson. Historical gender distribution stratified by organization demonstrates a range of 0-7.8% (p = 0.99), with one organization having yet to elect a woman president/chairperson. Longitudinally, women presidential representation remained consistently low (5-11%) across all time intervals from 1993 to 2022 (p = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS Despite advances in diversity in medical school graduates, surgical training, and workforce recruitment, there are still significant disparities in gender representation within pediatric surgery societal leadership. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil R Shah
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-4211, USA
| | - Kathryn M Maselli
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-4211, USA
| | - Dimitra M Lotakis
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-4211, USA
| | - Marion C Henry
- University of Chicago, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Erika A Newman
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-4211, USA
| | - Samir K Gadepalli
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-4211, USA
| | - Erin E Perrone
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-4211, USA.
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Oberoi MK, Reghunathan M, Aref Y, Dinis JJ, Balumuka D, Gosman A. Racial/Ethnic and Gender Disparities Over the Last Decade Within Microsurgery and Craniofacial Fellowship Training. Ann Plast Surg 2023; 90:S281-S286. [PMID: 36752557 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic and gender disparities persist in plastic surgery at nearly all levels of training, becoming more pronounced at each stage. Recent studies have demonstrated that the proportion of female plastic surgery residents has increased to nearly 40%, yet only 11% of full professors of plastic surgery are female. Other studies have identified severe declines in underrepresented minority plastic surgery representation between plastic surgery residents and academicians with only 1.6% of Black/African American and 4.9% of Hispanic/Latinx full professors of plastic surgery. Often, residents seek fellowship for advanced training before seeking an academic professorship. This study aims to describe the racial/ethnic and gender representation of microsurgery and craniofacial fellows. METHODS Names and photos of graduated fellows for the past 10 years (2012-2021) were extracted from microsurgery and craniofacial fellowship Web sites. Using a 2-person evaluation method, race/ethnicity and gender were primarily determined by photographic and surname and verified, when possible, through online confirmation methods (articles, social media). Distributions were analyzed with descriptive statistics and compared with the US population. RESULTS Among 30 microsurgery fellowships, 180 graduated fellows (52.7%) were identified, resulting in 66 female fellows (36.7%) and the following racial/ethnic distribution: 113 (62.8%) White, 49 (27.2%) Asian, 12 (6.7%) Hispanic/Latinx, and 6 (3.3%) Black/African American. Among 31 craniofacial fellowships, 136 graduated fellows (45.0%) were identified, resulting in 38 female fellows (27.9%) and the following racial/ethnic distribution: 75 (55.1%) White, 45 (33.1%) Asian, 8 (5.9%) Hispanic/Latinx, and 8 (5.9%) Black/African American. The intersection between race/ethnicity and gender revealed the most disproportionately low representation among Black women. Relative to the US population, Hispanic/Latinx (0.31-fold) and Black/African American (0.48-fold) fellows were underrepresented, White (0.90-fold) fellows were nearly equally represented, and Asian (5.42-fold) fellows are overrepresented relative to the US population. Furthermore, despite pursuing fellowships at a greater rate, Asian and Black fellows are not reaching adequate representation among academic plastic surgeons. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that female racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately underrepresented among microsurgery and craniofacial fellowships. Efforts should be made to improve the recruitment of fellows of underrepresented backgrounds and thus improve the pipeline into academic careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Oberoi
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX
| | - Meera Reghunathan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Youssef Aref
- California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA
| | - Jacob J Dinis
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, North Haven, CT
| | - Darius Balumuka
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR
| | - Amanda Gosman
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Neumayer LA. Are We There Yet? J Am Coll Surg 2022; 235:1-7. [PMID: 35703956 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Neumayer
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
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Career advancement in academic surgery: A career development resource initiative for trainees. Am J Surg 2022; 224:1009-1012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shen MR, Tzioumis E, Andersen E, Wouk K, McCall R, Li W, Girdler S, Malloy E. Impact of Mentoring on Academic Career Success for Women in Medicine: A Systematic Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:444-458. [PMID: 34907962 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research has shown that barriers to career success in academic medicine disproportionately affect women. These barriers include inadequate mentoring, which may perpetuate the underrepresentation of women in senior leadership positions. The purpose of this review was to summarize the qualitative and quantitative evidence of the impact of mentoring on women's career outcomes and to inform future interventions to support the promotion and retention of women in academic medicine. METHOD The authors conducted a systematic review of original research published in English-language, peer-reviewed journals through March 20, 2020. Search terms related to mentorship, women, and academic medicine. The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Current Contents Connect via Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. They excluded studies not specifically addressing women and those without gender-stratified outcomes. They extracted and analyzed the following data: study design, population, sample size, response rate, participant age, percentage of women, mentoring prevalence, and outcomes. RESULTS Of 2,439 citations identified, 91 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 65 quantitative and 26 qualitative studies. Mentoring was associated with objective and subjective measures of career success. Women perceived mentorship to be more valuable to their career development yet were more likely to report having no mentor. Additionally, women were more likely to report lower levels of research productivity, less career satisfaction, and greater barriers to promotion. Qualitative results indicated that women had less access to informal mentoring and family responsibilities had a greater effect on their career outcomes. Professional networking, female mentors, and relational aspects of mentoring were common themes. CONCLUSIONS This review examined gender disparities in mentoring and the impact on research productivity, promotion success, and career satisfaction for women in academic medicine. Institution-supported mentoring programs are needed to facilitate identification of appropriate mentors and promotion of a more equitable academic career environment for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Shen
- M.R. Shen is a resident, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8923-4174
| | - Emma Tzioumis
- E. Tzioumis is assistant professor, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Andersen
- E. Andersen is assistant professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn Wouk
- K. Wouk is a postdoctoral research fellow, Carolina Global Breastfeeding Institute, and adjunct associate professor, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca McCall
- R. McCall is clinical librarian, Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Winston Li
- W. Li is assistant professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Susan Girdler
- S. Girdler is professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Erin Malloy
- E. Malloy is professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Santosa KB, Priest CR, Oliver JD, Bellomo TR, Bonner S, Matusko N, Sandhu G, Waljee JF. Influence of faculty diversity on resident diversity across surgical subspecialties. Am J Surg 2022; 224:273-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schizas D, Papapanou M, Routsi E, Mastoraki A, Lidoriki I, Zavras N, Avgerinos DV, Lazaris AM, Tsaroucha A. Career barriers for women in surgery. Surgeon 2022; 20:275-283. [PMID: 34996719 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the increasing numbers of female medical students, surgery remains male-dominated. PURPOSE To highlight the principal career obstacles experienced by aspiring female surgeons. METHODS A narrative review of literature on the position and career barriers of female surgeons has been conducted, using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. MAIN FINDINGS Implicit and even explicit biases against female surgeons remain prevalent, negatively impacting their training performance and overall professional trajectory. Female surgeons are globally underrepresented in leadership positions and senior academic rankings, especially that of a full professor. They feel hampered by lack of effective mentorship, whose value for a successful career has been acknowledged by all medical students, surgeons and surgical leaders. Their work-life imbalance is sometimes expressed as lower likelihood than their male contemporaries of getting married or having children and may be attributed to their conventional association with the role of caretaker, their personal desire to accommodate occupational and family duties and the inadequate implementation of parental leave and childcare policies. Female surgeons' "infertility" may be further explained by direct and indirect pregnancy-related difficulties. Female surgeons are also financially undercompensated compared to their male contemporaries. Finally, specialty-specific challenges should not be overlooked. CONCLUSIONS While encouraging steps have been made, women in surgery feel still hindered by various obstacles. The qualitative, interview-based nature of current literature requires more meticulous studies on these barriers with a more quantitative and objective approach. Attenuation of gender imbalance in surgical specialties requires further changes in mentality and more targeted modifications in relevant policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Michail Papapanou
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleni Routsi
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Mastoraki
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Lidoriki
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Zavras
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios V Avgerinos
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork Presbyterian, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andreas M Lazaris
- Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsaroucha
- Second Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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13
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Casilla-Lennon M, Hanchuk S, Zheng S, Kim DD, Press B, Nguyen JV, Grimshaw A, Leapman MS, Cavallo JA. Pregnancy in physicians: A scoping review. Am J Surg 2022; 223:36-46. [PMID: 34315575 PMCID: PMC8688196 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The personal health and professional impact of physician pregnancy requires further study. We performed a comprehensive scoping review of physician pregnancy to synthesize and assess the evidence to aid decision-making for relevant stakeholders. METHODS A search of 7 databases resulted in 3733 citations. 407 manuscripts were included and scored for evidence level. Data were extracted into themes using template analysis. RESULTS Physician pregnancy impacted colleagues through perceived increased workload and resulted in persistent stigmatization and discrimination despite work productivity and academic metrics being independent of pregnancy events. Maternity leave policies were inconsistent and largely unsatisfactory. Women physicians incurred occupational hazard risk and had high rates of childbearing delay, abortion, and fertility treatment; obstetric and fetal complication rates compared to controls are conflicting. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive literature review found that physician pregnancy impacts colleagues, elicits negative perceptions of productivity, and is inadequately addressed by current parental leave policies. Data are poor and insufficient to definitively determine the impact of physician pregnancy on maternal and fetal health. Prospective risk-matched observational studies of physician pregnancy should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Hanchuk
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Sijin Zheng
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - David D Kim
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Benjamin Press
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Justin V Nguyen
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Alyssa Grimshaw
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Michael S Leapman
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven and Newington, CT, USA.
| | - Jaime A Cavallo
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven and Newington, CT, USA.
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Meyer AM, Henderson A, McDonald CE, Keith JN. Factors Associated with Matching into Surgical Specialties. J Surg Res 2021; 270:300-312. [PMID: 34731727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United States medical education system has a vested interest in understanding medical student specialty choice. The purpose of this study is to identify the demographic, educational, lifestyle preference, and other factors associated with matching into surgical specialties. METHODS An annual survey was given to students at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine from 2013-2019. 456 medical students were eligible to participate and 374 completed at least one survey. Surveys were distributed 5 times; M1, M2, M3, and M4 years and after the residency match process. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between various factors and the likelihood of matching into a surgical specialty. RESULTS Exposure to surgical fields, through a family member practicing surgery (aOR = 3.21), mentorship (aOR = 2.78), or research (aOR = 2.96) increase the likelihood of matching into a surgical specialty. Married students are less likely to pursue surgical specialties (aOR = 0.246). White students interested in surgery in their first two years of medical school were more likely (aOR = 6.472) to match into surgery than non-white students also interested in surgery (aOR = 0.155). CONCLUSIONS Factors associated with an increased likelihood of matching into surgical specialties include having surgical mentors, performing surgical research, and having family members in surgical specialties. Of the students interested in surgery early in medical school, being of Caucasian ethnicity is associated with higher rates of matching into surgery. Students who are married without children are less likely to enter a surgical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Meyer
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Austin Henderson
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine at Washington State University, Seattle, Washington State
| | - Corry E McDonald
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, Bronx, New York, New York
| | - Jerrod N Keith
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Ponce Beti MS, Pereyra Ferrero R, Bono GM, Panichelli L, Liaño JE, Palacios Huatuco RM. Surgical education in the COVID-19 era: What did the general surgery residents' report in Argentina leave us? Part 2. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 68:102684. [PMID: 34394923 PMCID: PMC8351256 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Social distancing to curb the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted medical and surgical education. This health crisis led us to raise doubts, controversies, and dilemmas in health care in general, and in surgery in particular, understanding that residents are possibly as or more vulnerable than all health professionals. During the 32nd International Congress of General Surgery in Cordoba, which was the first general surgery congress held in Argentina during 2021; The Association of Residents and Concurrent Surgery of Cordoba presented its official report about the current challenges faced by residents during their surgical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Ponce Beti
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital Militar Regional Córdoba, Av. Cruz Roja Argentina 1174, Córdoba Capital, Argentina
| | - Rafael Pereyra Ferrero
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Av. Naciones Unidas 346, Córdoba Capital, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo M Bono
- Department of General Surgery, Instituto Médico Río Cuarto, Hipólito Yrigoyen 1020, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas Panichelli
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Av. Naciones Unidas 346, Córdoba Capital, Argentina
| | - Julian E Liaño
- Department of General Surgery, Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Oncativo 1248, Córdoba Capital, Argentina
| | - René M Palacios Huatuco
- Department of General Surgery, Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Oncativo 1248, Córdoba Capital, Argentina
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Women in Leadership and Their Influence on the Gender Diversity of Academic Plastic Surgery Programs. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 147:516-526. [PMID: 33587563 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women seldom reach the highest leadership positions in academic plastic surgery. Contributing factors include lack of female role models/mentors and lack of gender diversity. Studies show that female role models and mentors are critical for recruiting and retaining female surgeons and that gender diversity within organizations more strongly influences women's career choices. The authors therefore sought to determine the current gender diversity of academic plastic surgery programs and investigate influences of gender and leadership on program gender composition. METHODS A cross-sectional study of U.S. plastic surgery residency programs was performed in December of 2018. Genders of the leadership were collected, including medical school dean, department of surgery chair, department/division of plastic surgery chair/chief, plastic surgery program director, plastic surgery faculty, and plastic surgery residents. Gender relationships among these groups were analyzed. RESULTS Ninety-nine residency programs were identified (79 integrated with or without independent and 20 independent). Women represented a smaller proportion of academic plastic surgeons in more senior positions (38 percent residents, 20 percent faculty, 13 percent program directors, and 8 percent chairs). Plastic surgery chair gender was significantly correlated with program director gender, and plastic surgery faculty gender was significantly associated with plastic surgery resident gender. Although not statistically significant, female plastic surgery chair gender was associated with a 45 percent relative increase in female plastic surgery residents. CONCLUSIONS Women in leadership and gender diversity influence the composition of academic plastic surgery programs. Gender disparity exists at all levels, worsening up the academic ladder. Recruitment, retention, and promotion of women is critical, as such diversity is required for continued progress in innovation and problem-solving within plastic surgery.
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Women in Maxillofacial Surgery and Otolaryngology; Career Obstacles and Success Factors. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:874-877. [PMID: 33038181 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Little is known on career factors and expectations for female oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFS) in developing countries. The study aimed to explore career perceptions of females in 2 related surgical specialties: oral and maxillofacial surgery and otolaryngology (ENT) with a focus on career obstacles and success factors. A structured questionnaire was distributed to female surgeons working in Jordan in the 2 surgical specialties. Questions addressed socio-professional characteristics and career-promoting and hindering factors. All surgeons registered in both specialties were invited. A total of 56 surgeons participated in the survey. Age range was 29 to 55 years (mean = 38.55 ± 5.799). Significantly more OMFS surgeons were single (P = 0.000) younger (P = 0.003), and had fewer years of experience (P = 0.01) than ENT surgeons. Significantly more ENT surgeons perceived the "hard working" attribute and "better communication skills" as career-promoting factors (P = 0.04, P = 0.015, respectively). Further, significantly more ENT surgeons believed that females in the surgical profession help in changing the traditional surgical stereotype linked with the male gender (93.8% ENT in contrast to 75% OMFS, P = 0.047), and expressed a preference for female mentors (48% ENT in contrast to 0% OMFS, P = 0.000). The results of this study indicate that female OMFS surgeons have different socio-professional characteristics and perceptions to their peers in ENT surgery, and this mainly manifested in professional experience, marital status, and important career perceptions. They seem to lack confidence in female participation and promotion of the surgical career, and they show preference for having exclusively male mentors.
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Taking Family Call: Understanding How Orthopaedic Surgeons Manage Home, Family, and Life Responsibilities. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2021; 29:e31-e40. [PMID: 32568993 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-20-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although women account for more than half of matriculating US medical students, they remain underrepresented in orthopaedic surgery, especially in leadership positions. This may, in part, be due to the disproportionate time spent on household responsibilities by women as compared to men. Understanding whether household responsibilities differ between female and male orthopaedic surgeons is critical to better understand how the demands of family life impacts their careers. METHODS A 28-question multiple-choice anonymous online survey was sent via e-mail to 2,107 orthopaedic surgeons practicing at academic institutions in the United States. Survey questions related to the demographics of respondents, respondents' household responsibilities, and childcare methods. RESULTS The survey was distributed to 2,043 orthopaedic surgeons, and 377 responded (response rate: 18.4%). Both female surgeons with and without children reported performing most household tasks, including grocery shopping, laundry, and meal preparation (P < 0.05). There was not a statistically significant difference between male and female surgeons without children who performed household repairs/maintenance in their homes (P = 0.186) and household finances (P = 1.00). Among surgeons with children, significantly more male surgeons completed financial tasks in the home (182 of 252 [72.2%] and 27 of 61 [44.3%]; M versus F, P < 0.0005) and completed household repairs (158 of 260 [60.8%] and 12 of 61 [19.7%]; M versus F, P < 0.0005). CONCLUSION This study provides a quantitative breakdown of the hours of unwaged household work of male and female orthopaedic surgeons with and without children and asserts that although both male and female orthopaedic surgeons perform unwaged household work, women do substantially more than their male counterparts. Additional household responsibilities, or "family call," create an environment of competing priorities for female orthopaedic surgeons, which may reduce the time they have to devote to clinical duties and professional advancement.
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Pendleton AA, McKinley SK, Pendleton VE, Ott QC, Petrusa ER, Srivastava SD, Lillemoe KD, Ferrone CR. A multi-institutional study of patient-derived gender-based discrimination experienced by resident physicians. Am J Surg 2020; 221:309-314. [PMID: 33081931 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study characterizes prevalence, frequency, and forms of patient-derived gender-based discrimination (GBD) experienced by resident physicians, as well as their experiences witnessing and reporting patient-derived GBD. METHODS A web-based survey was sent to residents from 12 programs at three academic institutions. RESULTS Response rate was 47.9% (309/645) with 55.0% of respondents identifying as women. Women were more likely than men to experience patient-derived GBD during residency (100% vs 68.8%, p < 0.001), including inappropriate physical contact, receiving less trust from patients, and being mistaken for a nurse (p < 0.001). While 85.9% of residents personally experienced and 95.0% of residents witnessed patient-derived GBD, only 3.4% of residents formally reported patient-derived GBD. Women were more likely to report negative personal and professional consequences of patient-derived GBD. CONCLUSIONS Patient-derived GBD is pervasive and disproportionately affects women residents. Current reporting mechanisms are not adequately capturing nor addressing patient-derived GBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alaska Pendleton
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sophia K McKinley
- Department of General Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Qi C Ott
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emil R Petrusa
- Department of General Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sunita D Srivastava
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith D Lillemoe
- Department of General Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Department of General Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Stephens EH, Heisler CA, Temkin SM, Miller P. The Current Status of Women in Surgery. JAMA Surg 2020; 155:876-885. [DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine A. Heisler
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Sarah M. Temkin
- Gynecologic Specialty Surgeons, Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, Maryland
| | - Pringl Miller
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Morello SL, Colopy SA, Chun R, Buhr KA. Work, life, and the gender effect: Perspectives of ACVIM Diplomates in 2017. Part 2-The intersection of personal life and professional career. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1837-1844. [PMID: 32813306 PMCID: PMC7517501 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the field of veterinary surgery, women neither marry nor have children at the same rate as men, and those who do may experience more career disruption as a result. The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) is 1 of the few areas of specialized medicine that is predominantly female; it is unknown if such a demographic shift would produce a different environment for individuals cultivating their personal life. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To report data regarding subjective and objective aspects of the intersection of the personal and professional lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM. SAMPLE Eight hundred ninety-six surveys (781 completed) of ACVIM Diplomates, including cardiology, large and small animal internal medicine, neurology, and oncology. METHODS An 82-item online survey was distributed to ACVIM Diplomates via Diplomate college listservs. Participation was voluntary. RESULTS Men were more likely to be married and have children than were women. Women had or adopted their first child at a later career stage compared with men, and agreed more strongly that career stage was an influential factor in family planning. Those with children worked fewer hours compared with those without, and this effect was greater among women. Women were more likely to require external childcare, but most men and women shared childcare responsibilities equally outside of working hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The intersection of personal and professional life differs between men and women in the ACVIM, which may create different needs, preferences, or barriers to work-life balance in the workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Morello
- Surgical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sara A. Colopy
- Surgical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Ruthanne Chun
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison, School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Kevin A. Buhr
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison, School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Abstract
The role of a surgeon is inherently that of a leader and as women become a larger minority in surgical specialties, the next step becomes greater representation of women in positions of surgical leadership. Leadership is a relationship of granting and claiming wherein society must accept that women are deserving of leadership and women must realize their rightfulness to lead. Implicit gender bias undermines this relationship by perpetuating traditional gender norms of women as followers and not as leaders. Though female representation in academia and leadership has increased over the past few decades, this process is unacceptably slow, in part due to manifestations of implicit bias including discrimination within academia, pay inequality, and lack of societal support for childbearing and childcare. The women who have achieved leadership roles are testament to woman's rightfulness to lead and their presence serves to encourage other young professional women that success is possible despite these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Wells
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James W Fleshman
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Heisler CA, Miller P, Stephens EH, Ton J, Temkin SM. Leading from Behind: Paucity of gender equity statements and policies among professional surgical societies. Am J Surg 2020; 220:1132-1135. [PMID: 32709410 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability and utility of public statements and policies on gender equity from professional surgical societies has not been studied. METHODS Professional surgical society websites were searched for publicly available statements and policies related to gender equity. These were compiled and assessed for critical components. RESULTS Publicly available statements/policies were published in every surgical society, though few pertained specifically to gender. Nearly all were recently written or revised. The most common statement/policy addressed discrimination and harassment. The only policies/statements that reliably contained all four key components pertained to professional conduct at national meetings. All policies that provided consequences also contained specific reporting processes. CONCLUSIONS Gender equity statements and policies are deficient among professional surgical societies. Prioritization of publicizing statements/policies that describe the challenges and provide potential solutions to well-documented gender inequities within surgical fields allows professional societies to promote a diverse and equitable workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Heisler
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
| | - Pringl Miller
- Founder #WoSurgMeToo, Founding Member TIME's UP Healthcare, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Jessica Ton
- Gynecologic Specialty Surgeons, Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD, 21401, USA
| | - Sarah M Temkin
- Gynecologic Specialty Surgeons, Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD, 21401, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The year 2017 marked the first year women comprised a majority of U.S. medical school matriculants. While more women are pursuing surgical training, within plastic surgery, there is a steady attrition of women advancing in leadership roles. The authors report the current status of women in academic plastic surgery, from trainees to chairwomen and national leadership positions. METHODS The Electronic Residency Applications Service, San Francisco Match, National Resident Matching Program, Association of American Medical Colleges, American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons, Plastic Surgery Education Network, and professional websites for journals and national societies were accessed for demographic information from 2007 to 2017. RESULTS The number of female integrated pathway applicants remained stable (30 percent), with an increased proportion of female residents from 30 percent to 40 percent. There was an increase in female faculty members from 14.6 percent to 22.0 percent, an increase of less than 1 percent per year. Twelve percent of program directors and 8.7 percent of department heads were women. Nationally, major professional societies and administrative boards demonstrated a proportion of female members ranging from 19 percent to 55 percent (average, 27.7 percent). The proportion of female committee leaders ranged from 0 percent to 50 percent (average, 21.5 percent). Only six societies have had female presidents. No major journal had had a female editor-in-chief. The proportion of female editorial board members ranged from 1 percent to 33 percent (average, 16.1 percent). CONCLUSIONS The authors' study shows a leak in the pipeline at all levels, from trainees to faculty to leadership on the national stage. This report serves as a starting point for investigating reasons for the underrepresentation of talented women in plastic surgery leadership.
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Al-Lami H, Bingener J. Faculty Diversity at Academic Surgical Meetings-Opportunity for Action? J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24:1183-1187. [PMID: 31515759 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Surgical Association delineated deficiencies of diversity, equity, and inclusion within academic surgery. Opportunities to increase diversity are membership in surgical societies and leadership development. We hypothesized that surgical society meetings represent additional opportunities, using gender diversity as an example. METHODS Published programs from annual meetings of three large surgical societies were reviewed. Participants' gender was classified by first name. Online search was used for equivocal names. We used JMP Pro 14.1.0 for univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS During six meetings (2016-2018), 415 sessions with 4078 participants were included, 61% educational panels with invited faculty and 39% abstract sessions. Across all meetings, 32% of abstracts were presented by women, 22% of panel chairs or invited faculty were women. Fifty-four percent of male meeting participants were invited by their societies as moderator or speaker, and 41% of female participants were invited faculty. Fifty-nine percent of all panel chairs had no woman participant. In both univariate and multivariate regression, women had more than threefold the odds of presenting an abstract than presenting on a panel (p < 0.0001). Women were three times more likely to present in a session that was co-chaired by a woman (< 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS One in three abstract presenters in national surgery meetings was a woman, demonstrating engagement in the societies. Historically, men are more likely invited as faculty than women. The presence of a woman co-chair on a panel correlated with increased female participation. Similar scenarios may apply to other underrepresented groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Al-Lami
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Juliane Bingener
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Sangji NF, Fuentes E, Donelan K, Cropano C, King D. Gender Disparity in Trauma Surgery: Compensation, Practice Patterns, Personal Life, and Wellness. J Surg Res 2020; 250:179-187. [PMID: 32070837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to understand differences in surgical practice, compensation, personal life, and health and wellness between male and female trauma surgeons. METHODS An electronic survey study of members of The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma was carried out. Using univariate and bivariate analyses, we compared the differences in surgical practice, compensation, family life, and health status among female and male trauma surgeons and used chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 25, IBM). RESULTS The overall response rate was 37.4%. Women reported working more than 80 h a week more commonly (30% versus 23%; P < 0.001), yet reported lower incomes, with 57% of female surgeons reporting before-tax incomes of $300,000 or higher, compared with 83% of male surgeons (P < 0.001). These differences persisted when adjusting for academic versus nonacademic practices. Gender-based salary disparity remained significant when adjusting for the age of the respondent. Divorce rates and never married status were significantly higher for women (9% versus 4%; P < 0.001 and 19% versus 4%; P < 0.001, respectively). Women surgeons also report higher rates of not having children compared with male surgeons (48% versus 13%; P < 0.001). There were no major age-adjusted health status differences reported between male and female surgeons. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights contemporary disparities in salaries, practice, and family life between male and female trauma surgeons. Overall, trauma surgeons do not report gender-based differences in health and wellness metrics but have ongoing disparity in compensation and family life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen F Sangji
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Eva Fuentes
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Donelan
- Mongan Institute for Health Policy at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catrina Cropano
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David King
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Matot I, De Hert S, Cohen B, Koch T. Women anaesthesiologists' attitudes and reported barriers to career advancement in anaesthesia: a survey of the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Br J Anaesth 2020; 124:e171-e177. [PMID: 31980158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have confirmed gender imbalance in anaesthesia leadership. Whether women anaesthesiologists aspire to career advancement has not been reported. This European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) survey explored anaesthesiologists' motivation to advance their careers into leadership positions, and to identify reported barriers to advancement. METHODS ESA members (n=10 033, 5245 men, 3759 women, 1029 undefined) were invited to complete a 25-item, Internet-based survey, and responses were analysed thematically. RESULTS In total, 3048 ESA members (1706 women, 1342 men, 30% of all members) responded to the survey. The majority were specialists, married or with a partner, and have children; 47% of women and 48% of men wish to pursue a leadership career. Barriers to career promotion noted by women were primarily attributed to work-private time considerations (extra workload and less personal time [84%], responsibility for care of family [65%], lack of part-time work opportunities [67%]), and the shift away from clinical work [59%]). Men respondents indicated the same barriers although the proportions were significantly lower. Considerations related to the partner (lack of support, career development of partner) were last on the list of variables reported by women as barriers. Importantly, many women noted deficiencies in leadership (68%) and research education (55%), and women role models (41%) and self-confidence (44%). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest survey to date of women anaesthesiologists' view on career advancement. Despite the many barriers noted by women, they are as eager as men to assume leadership positions. The survey results help in identifying possible areas for intervention to assist in career development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Matot
- Division of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Stefan De Hert
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barak Cohen
- Division of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thea Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
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Men surgeons’ perceptions of women surgeons: is there a bias against women in surgery? Surg Endosc 2020; 34:5122-5131. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-07294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Finding a Mentor. Health Serv Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28357-5_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Ainsworth S, Flanagan S. Contradictions concerning care: Female surgeons' accounts of the repression and resurfacing of care in their profession. GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/gwao.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ainsworth
- Department of Management and MarketingThe University of Melbourne Australia
| | - Stephanie Flanagan
- Department of Management and MarketingThe University of Melbourne Australia
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Tougas C, Valtanen R, Bajwa A, Beck JJ. Gender of presenters at orthopaedic meetings reflects gender diversity of society membership. J Orthop 2019; 19:212-217. [PMID: 32071516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify the number of women presenters and their roles at national meetings across all orthopaedic sub-specialties. Methods A retrospective review of annual meeting programs for 2008 and 2017 from ten North American orthopaedic societies was conducted. Results A statistically significant increase was seen in the proportion of women presenting at society annual meetings between 2008 and 2017 (p < 0.0001). Women were more often authors presenting abstracts (p < 0.0001)) and less frequently faculty/instructors (p = 0.0051) and moderators/chairs (p = 0.0003) when compared to men. Conclusion Men continue to hold a higher proportion of more respected roles within orthopaedic academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tougas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery - Children's Mercy Kansas City, UMKC School of Medicine, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Rosa Valtanen
- Stanford University, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion C, 4th Floor, Redwood City, CA, 94063-6342, USA
| | - Arpun Bajwa
- University of Illinois, Chicago Medical College, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, 820 South Wood St., Suite 100 CSN M/C 675, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jennifer J Beck
- Director of Outreach and Research, Center for Sports Medicine, Orthopaedic Institute for Children, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, DGSOM, UCLA, 403 W Adams Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 900007, USA
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Cochran A, Neumayer LA, Elder WB. Barriers to careers identified by women in academic surgery: A grounded theory model. Am J Surg 2019; 218:780-785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Blumenthal DM, Bergmark RW, Raol N, Bohnen JD, Eloy JA, Gray ST. Sex Differences in Faculty Rank Among Academic Surgeons in the United States in 2014. Ann Surg 2019; 268:193-200. [PMID: 29334559 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate sex differences in full professorship among a comprehensive, contemporary cohort of US academic surgeons. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous work demonstrates that women are less likely than men to be full professors in academic medicine, and in certain surgical subspecialties. Whether sex differences in academic rank exist across all surgical fields, and after adjustment for confounders, is not known. METHODS A comprehensive list of surgeons with faculty appointments at US medical schools in 2014 was obtained from Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) faculty roster and linked to a comprehensive physician database from Doximity, an online physician networking website, which contained the following data for all physicians: sex, age, years since residency, publication number (total and first/last author), clinical trials participation, National Institutes of Health grants, and surgical subspecialty. A 20% sample of 2013 Medicare payments for care was added to this dataset. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate sex differences in full professorship, adjusting for these variables and medical school-specific fixed effects. RESULTS Among 11,549 surgeon faculty at US medical schools in 2014, 1692 (14.7%) were women. Women comprised 19.4% of assistant professors (1072/5538), 13.8% of associate professors (404/2931), and 7.0% of full professors (216/3080). After multivariable analysis, women were less likely to be full professors than men (adjusted odds ratio: 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.6-0.9). CONCLUSION Among surgical faculty at US medical schools in 2014, women were less likely than men to be full professors after adjustment for multiple factors known to impact faculty rank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Blumenthal
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Regan W Bergmark
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nikhila Raol
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jordan D Bohnen
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jean Anderson Eloy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, and Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery at the Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Stacey T Gray
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Martin K. Conference proceeding from the 50 th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Paediatric Surgeons: "CAPS Serving Canada - Gender, Diversity, and CAPS". J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:887-890. [PMID: 30782444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gender and diversity in the workforce are hot topics in both the public and professional spheres. Medicine has not been immune to these discussions, with many recent publications highlighting the lack of equal representation of women and minorities within medicine and surgery. This paper will review the history and current state of gender and minority representation in the Canadian Association of Pediatric Surgeons (CAPS) as presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of CAPS in September 2018 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Martin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, PennState Health Children's Hospital, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA; Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA.
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Resident autonomy in the operating room: Does gender matter? Am J Surg 2019; 217:301-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Washington SL, Baradaran N, Gaither TW, Awad MA, Murphy GP, Downs TM, Breyer BN. Racial distribution of urology workforce in United States in comparison to general population. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7:526-534. [PMID: 30211043 PMCID: PMC6127557 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.05.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To compare the current racial/ethnic characteristics of practicing urologists to the U.S. population by American Urological Association (AUA) census geographic region. Methods We compared urologist demographics from the 2014 AUA census to U.S. census data. Underrepresented in medicine (URM) status was defined as African-American (AA) or Hispanic race/ethnicity. Percent differences by AUA section were calculated by subtracting weighted frequencies of race/ethnicity for urologists from the general population. A negative percent difference denotes underrepresentation of urologists relative to the general population; positive percent difference denotes overrepresentation. Results URM urologists (n=728, 6.5%) were younger and more often female than non-URM counterparts. Overall, AA and Hispanic urologists were underrepresented in most sections while Caucasian and Asian urologists were overrepresented. AA urologists were most underrepresented in the East South-Central section (−34.4%). Hispanic urologists (−38%) were most underrepresented in the Pacific section (−38%). Overall, the percentage of URM urologists, compared to non-URM urologists, were highest in the South Atlantic [37.9% (276/728) vs. 19.2% (1,984/10,319), P<0.01] and West South-Central [15.9% (116/728) vs. 11.1% (1,143/10,319), P<0.01]. Conclusions URM urologists tend to be younger with a higher proportion of female providers, indicating a shift in race and gender. URM urologists were most underrepresented in the East South-Central and Pacific sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Washington
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nima Baradaran
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas W Gaither
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mohannad A Awad
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory P Murphy
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tracy M Downs
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin N Breyer
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Amersi F, Choi J, Molkara A, Takanishi D, Deveney K, Tillou A. Associate Program Directors in Surgery: A Select Group of Surgical Educators. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2018; 75:286-293. [PMID: 28967576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of the Associate Program Director (APD) within surgical education is not clearly defined or regulated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, often leading to variations in the responsibilities among institutions. Required credentials are not specified and compensation and protected time are not regulated resulting in large discrepancies among institutions. APDs are brought into the fold of surgical education to parcel out the escalating responsibilities of program director (PD). The Association of Program Directors in Surgery, Associate Program Directors Committee sent a survey to all APDs to better understand the role of the APDs within the hierarchy of surgical education. DESIGN A survey was sent to all 235 general surgery residency programs through the Association of Program Directors in Surgery list serve. The survey collected information on APD demographics, characteristics, and program information, qualifications of the APD, time commitment and compensation, administrative duties, and projected career track. SETTING General surgery residency programs within the United States. PARTICIPANTS 108 Associate Program Directors in general surgery RESULTS: A total of 108 (46%) APDs responded to the survey. Seventy-three (70.2%) of the APD's were males. Most (77.8%) were in practice for more than 5 years, and 69% were at a university-based program. Most of the respondents felt that the administrative and curricular tasks were appropriately distributed between the APD and PD and many shared tasks with the PD. A total of 44.6% were on the path to become a future PD at their institution. An equal number of APDs (42.6%) were compensated above their base salary for being an APD vs no compensation at all; however, 16 (14.8%) had a reduced clinical load as part of their compensation for being an APD. CONCLUSION This is the first study to describe the characteristics of APDs within the hierarchy of surgical education. Our data demonstrate that APDs have a substantial role in the function of a residency program and they need to be developed to better define their position in the program leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farin Amersi
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | | | - Afshin Molkara
- University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | | | - Karen Deveney
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Areti Tillou
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Humphries LS, Lyon S, Garza R, Butz DR, Lemelman B, Park JE. Parental leave policies in graduate medical education: A systematic review. Am J Surg 2017; 214:634-639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bryant LD, Burkinshaw P, House AO, West RM, Ward V. Good practice or positive action? Using Q methodology to identify competing views on improving gender equality in academic medicine. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015973. [PMID: 28830870 PMCID: PMC5629690 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The number of women entering medicine has increased significantly, yet women are still under-represented at senior levels in academic medicine. To support the gender equality action plan at one School of Medicine, this study sought to (1) identify the range of viewpoints held by staff on how to address gender inequality and (2) identify attitudinal barriers to change. DESIGN Q methodology. 50 potential interventions representing good practice or positive action, and addressing cultural, organisational and individual barriers to gender equality, were ranked by participants according to their perception of priority. SETTING The School of Medicine at the University of Leeds, UK. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-five staff members were purposively sampled to represent gender and academic pay grade. RESULTS Principal components analysis identified six competing viewpoints on how to address gender inequality. Four viewpoints favoured positive action interventions: (1) support careers of women with childcare commitments, (2) support progression of women into leadership roles rather than focus on women with children, (3) support careers of all women rather than just those aiming for leadership, and (4) drive change via high-level financial and strategic initiatives. Two viewpoints favoured good practice with no specific focus on women by (5) recognising merit irrespective of gender and (6) improving existing career development practice. No viewpoint was strongly associated with gender, pay grade or role; however, latent class analysis identified that female staff were more likely than male to prioritise the setting of equality targets. Attitudinal barriers to the setting of targets and other positive action initiatives were identified, and it was clear that not all staff supported positive action approaches. CONCLUSIONS The findings and the approach have utility for those involved in gender equality work in other medical and academic institutions. However, the impact of such initiatives needs to be evaluated in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise D Bryant
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paula Burkinshaw
- Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Allan O House
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Robert M West
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Vicky Ward
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Maraolo AE, Ong DSY, Cortez J, Dedić K, Dušek D, Martin-Quiros A, Maver PJ, Skevaki C, Yusuf E, Poljak M, Sanguinetti M, Tacconelli E. Personal life and working conditions of trainees and young specialists in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases in Europe: a questionnaire survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1287-1295. [PMID: 28233138 PMCID: PMC5495844 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the balance between the personal and professional lives of trainees and young European specialists in clinical microbiology (CM) and infectious diseases (ID), and determine differences according to gender, country of training, workplace and specialty. The Steering Committee of the Trainee Association of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) devised a questionnaire survey consisting, beyond the demographic questions, of nine yes/no questions, 11 Likert scale self-evaluations and one open-response item on parenthood, working conditions, quality of life, alcohol consumption and burnout. This anonymous survey in English was held between April and July 2015 among European CM/ID trainees and young specialists (<3 years after training completion). Responses from 416 participants with a mean age of 32 years [standard deviation (SD) 5 years] were analysed. Females and physicians from Northern/Western Europe (NWE) benefit more from paternity/maternity leaves even during training than their counterparts. Among all respondents, only half of breastfeeding mothers enjoyed the benefit of working hours flexibility. Only two-thirds of respondents found their working environment stimulating. In comparison to colleagues from other parts of Europe, trainees and young specialists from Southern/Eastern Europe (SEE) had less frequent regular meetings with mentors/supervisors and head of departments where trainees’ issues are discussed. Also, physicians from SEE were more frequently victims of workplace mobbing/bullying in comparison to those from other regions. Finally, multivariate analysis showed that female gender, SEE region and ID specialty were associated with burnout feelings. Female gender and country of work from SEE largely determine satisfactory working conditions, the possibility of parenthood leaves, amount of leisure time, mobbing experiences and burnout feelings among European CM/ID trainees and young specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Maraolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - D S Y Ong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J Cortez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CISA, Health Research Centre of Angola, Caxito, Angola
| | - K Dedić
- Microbiology Department, Cantonal Hospital "Dr. Irfan Ljubijankic", Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - D Dušek
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljevic", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Martin-Quiros
- Emergency Department, Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - P J Maver
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - C Skevaki
- University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - E Yusuf
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - M Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - E Tacconelli
- Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, DZIF Center, Tübingen, Germany
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Ranieri V, Barratt H, Fulop N, Rees G. Factors that influence career progression among postdoctoral clinical academics: a scoping review of the literature. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e013523. [PMID: 27798036 PMCID: PMC5093673 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The future of academic medicine is uncertain. Concerns regarding the future availability of qualified and willing trainee clinical academics have been raised worldwide. Of significant concern is our failure to retain postdoctoral trainee clinical academics, who are likely to be our next generation of leaders in scientific discovery. OBJECTIVES To review the literature about factors that may influence postdoctoral career progression in early career clinical academics. DESIGN This study employed a scoping review method. Three reviewers separately assessed whether the articles found fit the inclusion criteria. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar (1991-2015). ARTICLE SELECTION The review encompassed a broad search of English language studies published anytime up to November 2015. All articles were eligible for inclusion, including research papers employing either quantitative or qualitative methods, as well as editorials and other summary articles. DATA EXTRACTION Data extracted from included publications were charted according to author(s), sample population, study design, key findings, country of origin and year of publication. RESULTS Our review identified 6 key influences: intrinsic motivation, work-life balance, inclusiveness, work environment, mentorship and availability of funding. It also detected significant gaps within the literature about these influences. CONCLUSIONS Three key steps are proposed to help support postdoctoral trainee clinical academics. These focus on ensuring that researchers feel encouraged in their workplace, involved in collaborative dialogue with key stakeholders and able to access reliable information regarding their chosen career pathway. Finally, we highlight recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ranieri
- Academic Careers Office, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Barratt
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naomi Fulop
- Health Care Organisation and Management, Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Geraint Rees
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Academic Careers Office, University College London, London, UK
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Development and initial results of a mandatory department of surgery faculty mentoring pilot program. J Surg Res 2016; 205:234-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mirbagher Ajorpaz N, Zagheri Tafreshi M, Mohtashami J, Zayeri F. Mentoring in Training of Operating Room Students: A Systematic Review. J Nurs Educ 2016. [DOI: 10.21859/jne-05037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Burgess D. Can a Brief Values Affirmation Help Achieve Gender Parity Within the Surgical Profession? The Promise and Limitations of "Wise" Interventions. J Grad Med Educ 2016; 8:439-41. [PMID: 27413453 PMCID: PMC4936868 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-16-00215.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Burgess
- Corresponding author: Diana Burgess, PhD, Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, 152/2E, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, 612.467.1591, fax 612.727.5699,
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Mirbagher Ajorpaz N, Zagheri Tafreshi M, Mohtashami J, Zayeri F, Rahemi Z. The effect of mentoring on clinical perioperative competence in operating room nursing students. J Clin Nurs 2016; 25:1319-25. [PMID: 26990142 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mentoring on the clinical perioperative competence of nursing operating room students in Iran. BACKGROUND Mentoring is an essential part of clinical education, which has been studied in different populations of students. However, there is a need to assess its effectiveness in operating room students' competence. DESIGN A randomised controlled trial was performed. METHODS Sixty nursing operating room students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Both the control and experimental groups had routine training in the form of faculty supervision. The experimental group had an additional mentoring program. Using the Persian Perceived Perioperative Competence Scale-Revised, clinical competence was compared between the two groups, before and after the intervention. Using SPSS 19, descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square and t-tests, were conducted. RESULTS In the experimental group, the difference between the mean scores of clinical competence before (19·43 ± 2·80) and after (27·86 ± 1·87) the intervention was significant (p ≤ 0·001). After intervention, the difference between the mean scores of the control (3·9 ± 0·15) and experimental (8·61 ± 0·68) groups was significant (p ≤ 0·003). CONCLUSION Findings affirmed the positive effect of mentorship programmes on clinical competence in nursing operating room students. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Mentoring is an effective method for preparing nursing students in practice. Health care systems may improve as a result of staff-student relationships that ultimately increase the quality care for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Mirbagher Ajorpaz
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, International Branch, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Zagheri Tafreshi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Mohtashami
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Zayeri
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Paramedical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rahemi
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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The Academic Scholar Award of the American Association of Plastic Surgeons: the first 20 years. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135:438e-444e. [PMID: 25626829 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the 20-year history of the American Association of Plastic Surgeons Academic Scholar Award from 1992 through 2012, to assess the program's value and justify future investment. METHODS The curricula vitae of 18 Academic Scholars who completed their award by 2012 were analyzed. Data were compiled into 5-year blocks and reviewed. RESULTS Award recipients has 589 grants, an average of 33 per recipient. Sixty-nine grants were active, and the recipient was the principal investigator in 61 of these grants. Active funding is $68 million. Recipients average 3.7 active grants per person, with a value of $3.8 million per grant. The average number of grants peaks at 5 to 10 years after award completion and then declines slightly to 42 at 10 to 15 years. During this time, total grant money increased from $956,667 to $8.1 million, suggesting that senior surgeons produce more money with fewer grants. Recipients produced 2378 peer-reviewed articles, and productivity was the highest 5 to 10 years after award completion. Three hundred forty-one individuals were mentored, and each recipient mentored an average of 18 individuals. Forty-two mentees entered academics, and 32 generated extramural funding. Scholars increased mentorship activity, as demonstrated by (1) increased grants as any role, (2) increased grant funding as any role, (3) increased median number of senior author publications, and (4) mentorship activities and accomplishments of mentees. CONCLUSIONS The Academic Scholar program met its goals based on (1) Scholars' careers, (2) increased mentorship, and (3) cost-benefit ratio of the American Association of Plastic Surgeons investment. Every $1 invested produces $70, with a return that exceeds 1000 percent.
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Seelandt JC, Kaderli RM, Tschan F, Businger AP. The surgeon's perspective: promoting and discouraging factors for choosing a career in surgery as perceived by surgeons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102756. [PMID: 25025428 PMCID: PMC4099181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify the factors perceived by surgeons that promote surgery as an attractive or unattractive career choice for today's graduates. In addition, it examined whether the perspectives of surgeons in different professional situations converges. The content of work, contextual work conditions, and calling to this job are discussed in the context of choosing surgery as a career. METHODS Eight hundred sixty-nine surgeons were asked to answer open-ended questions regarding the factors that promote surgery as an attractive or unattractive career choice for today's graduates. Four hundred ninety-two surgeons participated, and 1,525 statements were analyzed using Mayring's content-analyses method. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the differences among hierarchical positions. RESULTS With respect to the factors that promote surgery as a profession, 40.8% (209/492) of the surgeons stated that surgery is a calling, 29.1% (149/492) of the surgeons provided at least one argument related to the positive task characteristics, and 12.9% (66/492) of the surgeons provided statements related to the positive contextual factors. With respect to the factors that discourage surgery as a profession, 45.7% (234/492) of the surgeons provided at least one argument related to the discouraging work characteristics, and 67.6% (346/492) of the surgeons provided problematic contextual characteristics. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the importance of the calling to surgery as an important factor for choosing surgery as a career. However, the extensive workload, training, and poor work-family balance have been identified as factors that discourage graduates from choosing surgery as a career. The identified positive factors could be used to attract and maintain graduates in surgical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Seelandt
- Institute of Work Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Reto M. Kaderli
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Tschan
- Institute of Work Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian P. Businger
- Military Medical Service, Swiss Armed Forces, Ittigen-Bern, Switzerland
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
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Yehia BR, Cronholm PF, Wilson N, Palmer SC, Sisson SD, Guilliames CE, Poll-Hunter NI, Sánchez JP. Mentorship and pursuit of academic medicine careers: a mixed methods study of residents from diverse backgrounds. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 14:26. [PMID: 24512599 PMCID: PMC3922304 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mentorship influences career planning, academic productivity, professional satisfaction, and most notably, the pursuit of academic medicine careers. Little is known about the role of mentoring in recruiting Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino residents into academia. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of mentoring on academic medicine career choice among a cohort of racially and ethnically diverse residents. METHODS A strategic convenience sample of U.S. residents attending national professional conferences between March and July 2010; residents completed a quantitative survey and a subset participated in focus groups. RESULTS Of the 250 residents, 183 (73%) completed surveys and 48 participated in focus groups. Thirty-eight percent of residents were white, 31% Black/African American, 17% Asian/other, and 14% Hispanic/Latino. Most respondents (93%) reported that mentorship was important for entering academia, and 70% reported having sufficient mentorship to pursue academic careers. Three themes about mentorship emerged from focus groups: (1) qualities of successful mentorship models; (2) perceived benefits of mentorship; and (3) the value of racial/ethnic and gender concordance. Residents preferred mentors they selected rather than ones assigned to them, and expressed concern about faculty using checklists. Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and female residents described actively seeking out mentors of the same race/ethnicity and gender, but expressed difficulty finding such mentors. Lack of racial/ethnic concordance was perceived as an obstacle for minority mentees, requiring explanation of the context and nuances of their perspectives and situations to non-minority mentors. CONCLUSIONS The majority of residents in this study reported having access to mentors. However, data show that the lack of diverse faculty mentors may impede diverse residents' satisfaction and benefit from mentorship relationships compared to white residents. These findings are important for residency programs striving to enhance resident mentorship and for institutions working to diversify their faculty and staff to achieve institutional excellence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baligh R Yehia
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1309 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter F Cronholm
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven C Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen D Sisson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Conair E Guilliames
- Department of Family Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Norma I Poll-Hunter
- Diversity Policy and Programs, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John-Paul Sánchez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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