1
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Soben C, Llorente M, Villariezo P, Liebal K, Amici F. Maternal Investment Fosters Male but Not Female Social Interactions with Other Group Members in Immature Wild Spider Monkeys ( Ateles geoffroyi). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1802. [PMID: 37889718 PMCID: PMC10251948 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In several species, individuals form long-lasting social relationships with other group members, which provide them with important fitness benefits. In primates, patterns of social relationships are known to differ between sexes, but little is known about how these differences emerge through development or the role that mothers might have in this process. Here, we investigated how sex differences in social behaviour emerge during the first six years of primate life and how sex-biased maternal investment can foster immatures' social development and social interaction with other group members. For this purpose, we observed 20 males and females aged between zero and six years in a wild group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) that was male-philopatric and, therefore, expected to show sex-biased maternal investment. Our results showed no sex difference in the social development of offspring with regards to body contact and grooming, but the probability of play was rather constant throughout age for females, whereas, for males, it became higher than females around two years of age, peaking between three and four years of age. Moreover, we found differences between female and male immatures in the importance of maternal investment (which included the time mothers spent nursing, carrying, grooming, touching and playing with their offspring) for their social integration in the natal group. In particular, maternal investment increased the probability of playing with other group members for sons, but not for daughters. Our findings suggest that mothers, through sex-biased maternal investment, might have a crucial function in the social development of spider monkeys, fostering the abilities that young offspring need to thrive as adults. By shedding light on maternal investment and social development in a still understudied primate species, these findings contribute to understanding the evolutionary roots of human maternal care and social development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Soben
- Fundació UdG: Innovació i Formació, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Fundació UdG: Innovació i Formació, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d’Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Paula Villariezo
- Fundació UdG: Innovació i Formació, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Katja Liebal
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Federica Amici
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Aureli F, Schaffner CM, Schino G. Variation in communicative complexity in relation to social structure and organization in non-human primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210306. [PMID: 35934958 PMCID: PMC9358317 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Communicative complexity relates to social complexity, as individuals in more complex social systems either use more signals or more complex signals than individuals living in less complex ones. Taking the individual group member's perspective, here we examine communicative complexity in relation to social complexity, which arises from two components of social systems: social structure and social organization. We review the concepts of social relationships and social complexity and evaluate their implications for communicative and cognitive complexity using examples from primate species. We focus on spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), as their social organization is characterized by flexibility in grouping dynamics and they use a variety of communicative signals. We conclude that no simple relationship exists among social complexity, communicative complexity and cognitive complexity, with social complexity not necessarily implying cognitive complexity, and communicative and cognitive complexity being independently linked to social complexity. To better understand the commonly implied link between social complexity and cognitive complexity it is crucial to recognize the complementary role of communicative complexity. A more elaborated communicative toolkit provides the needed flexibility to deal with dynamic and multifaceted social relationships and high variation in fission-fusion dynamics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala, Xalapa, Veracruz 91190, Mexico
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Schino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Rome, Italy
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3
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Saldaña-Sánchez AA, Schaffner CM, Smith-Aguilar S, Aureli F. Not just females: the socio-ecology of social interactions between spider monkey males. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212808. [PMID: 35858053 PMCID: PMC9257287 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Male-male relationships are mostly characterized by competition. However, males also cooperate with one another if socio-ecological conditions are suitable. Due to their male philopatry, the need for cooperation in home range defence and high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, spider monkeys provide an opportunity to investigate how male-male interactions are associated with socio-ecological factors, such as the presence of potentially receptive females, the degree of food availability and the likelihood of home range defence. We tested predictions about changes in social interactions between wild spider monkey males in relation to these factors. First, males did not change their interaction patterns when potentially receptive females were in the subgroup compared to when they were absent. Second, males tended to be less tolerant of one another when feeding, but spent more time grooming, in contact and proximity with one another when food availability was lower than when it was higher. Third, males exchanged fewer embraces, spent less time grooming, in proximity and in contact with one another, and spent more time vigilant at the home range boundary area than at other locations. Our findings contribute to the understanding of social flexibility and the importance of considering males in socio-ecological models of any group-living species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen M. Schaffner
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico,Psychology Department, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Adam State University, Alamosa, CO, USA
| | - Sandra Smith-Aguilar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico,Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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4
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Cheng L, Shaw A, Surbeck M. Mothers stick together: how the death of an infant affects female social relationships in a group of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus). Primates 2022; 63:343-353. [PMID: 35435534 PMCID: PMC9273548 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-00986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sociality is widespread among group-living primates and is beneficial in many ways. Sociality amongst female bonobos (Pan paniscus) has been proposed to have evolved as a female counterstrategy to male infanticide and sexual coercion. In male-philopatric bonobo societies, females mostly form relationships with unrelated females. Among these social relationships, it has been proposed that females with infants (also referred to as mothers) tend to have strong relationships with each other (mother-bonding hypothesis). In this paper, we use the case of an infant death in a group of wild bonobos in the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo, to test this hypothesis. By using dyadic sociality indices for grooming, proximity, and aggression, we investigated whether the infant death influenced dyadic relationships the mother had with other group members. Before the infant death, grooming index (GI) and proximity index (PI) scores were the highest between the focal mother and another mother. After the death, the relationship of this mother dyad weakened, as indicated by lower GI and PI scores, whereas the relationship of another mother dyad became stronger. Aggression index scores among the mothers were comparable before and after the death, suggesting that changes in mother affiliative relationships were not a by-product of changes in overall interaction frequencies. Also, PI scores increased between the focal mother and three non-mothers after the death. Collectively, the shift in social dynamics between the focal mother and other group members after the infant death partially supported the mother-bonding hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leveda Cheng
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Amber Shaw
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Martin Surbeck
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Dell'Anna F, Schino G, Aureli F. Anxiety in Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi): Can scratching be used as an indicator? Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23373. [PMID: 35313035 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Self-directed behavior, such as self-scratching (hereafter, scratching), occurs in several taxa across the animal kingdom, including nonhuman primates. There is substantial evidence that scratching is an indicator of anxiety-like emotions in a variety of nonhuman primate species. Despite its importance as a window into emotional states, few studies have investigated scratching in Platyrrhines. We investigated scratching patterns of 24 Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) belonging to a group living in the Otoch Ma'ax Yetel Kooh protected area in the Yucatàn peninsula (Mexico). We assessed whether scratching could be used as an indicator of anxiety levels in this species by testing predictions based on contexts and behaviors associated with risk and uncertainty. We found no effect of the subject's sex and age, subgroup size, male presence, and the occurrence of fusions between subgroups on scratching rates. Similarly, we found no effect of infant proximity on their mother's scratching rates. Supporting our prediction, we found evidence that isolation from conspecifics affected scratching rates as individuals scratched more frequently the more time they spent isolated. Being in proximity with a partner with a relationship characterized by uncertainty affected scratching rates as individuals scratched more frequently when in proximity with a partner with whom they engaged in embraces (an indicator of uncertainty) than when in proximity with a partner with whom they did not exchange embraces. Our study provides insight into the factors affecting scratching in Geoffroy's spider monkeys, suggesting that scratching may indicate anxiety in this species at least in some contexts and thus opening a window into the emotional experience of another Platyrrhine monkey species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Schino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico.,Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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6
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7
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Infant handling increases grooming towards mothers in wild geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Behav Processes 2021; 192:104501. [PMID: 34517089 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infant handling - involving affiliative behavior from non-mothers to infants - is a phenomenon that is variably present in Old World monkeys and can be granted by mothers to obtain social services, such as grooming. Here we investigated for the first time whether infant handling could influence grooming exchange in wild geladas. We gathered data on the population of Kundi highland (Ethiopia) in 2019/2020. Via sampling on 15 focal mothers from eight different One-Male Units, we video-recorded 55 grooming sessions between focal mothers and non-focal females (mothers or non-mothers). We also recorded the possible occurrence of infant handling performed by non-focal females. We found that grooming sessions were longer between mother and non-mothers and in the presence than in the absence of infant handling. Hence, our results show that infant handling can influence the grooming exchange between wild gelada females. Because grooming is used to establish and reinforce social bonds in primates, infant handling may act as a 'social bridge' in a female bonded society. From an evolutionary perspective, infant handling strategies might represent the stepping stone to more complex forms of infant care, such as allomaternal care and cooperative breeding.
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8
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de Lima VCC, Ferreira RG. Social network changes during the development of immature capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Primates 2021; 62:801-815. [PMID: 34273030 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immature indivuduals influence the formation and maintenance of social relationships within groups in diverse ways. Because of the increased interest of group members toward newborns, lactating females may use infants as social tools to temporally gain rank positions in matrilineal societies, and differential support received by the mothers may bias the network of immatures born to females of different ranks. In this study, we investigated the changes in proximity, grooming, play, and agonism networks of lactating females and immatures of different developmental periods, sex, and mothers' dominance rank. A semi-free-ranging group of 22 capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp) was monitored for 12 months, totaling over 300 hours of observation. During this period, the age changes of 13 immatures were monitored and recorded. Best regression models showed that an increased number of grooming partners while lactating did not translate into changes in the proximity or agonistic network positions for females. Age was the main predictor of social network changes, while sex had a minor influence on the play network and no influence on the grooming or agonistic networks. Finally, mothers' rank predicted differences in the affiliative but not the agonistic social network. This pattern points to a more affiliative and individual-based rather than agonistic and nepotism-based strategy for social network insertion, which can be explained by the decreased competition faced by the focal group and by the behavioral flexibility of the clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Carla Coelho de Lima
- Department of Physiology and Behavior, Psychobiology Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Senador Salgado Filho Av., 3000, Natal, Rio Grande Do Norte, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Renata Gonçalves Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Behavior, Psychobiology Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Senador Salgado Filho Av., 3000, Natal, Rio Grande Do Norte, 59078-970, Brazil.
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9
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Melin AD, Hogan JD, Campos FA, Wikberg E, King‐Bailey G, Webb S, Kalbitzer U, Asensio N, Murillo‐Chacon E, Cheves Hernandez S, Guadamuz Chavarria A, Schaffner CM, Kawamura S, Aureli F, Fedigan L, Jack KM. Primate life history, social dynamics, ecology, and conservation: Contributions from long‐term research in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie Deutsches Primatenzentrum – Leibniz‐Institut für Primatenforschung Göttingen Germany
| | - Jeremy D. Hogan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | | | - Eva Wikberg
- Department of Anthropology Tulane University New Orleans LA USA
| | | | - Shasta Webb
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Urs Kalbitzer
- Department of Anthropology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Norberto Asensio
- Departamento de Psicología Social y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento Universidad del País Vasco Bilbao Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Japan
| | - Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetología Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa Mexico
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Linda Fedigan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Katharine M. Jack
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
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10
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Saldaña Sánchez AA, Aureli F, Busia L, Schaffner CM. Who’s there? Third parties affect social interactions between spider monkey males. BEHAVIOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Spider monkeys provide an intriguing opportunity to examine behavioural flexibility in relation to their social environment given their high degree of fission–fusion dynamics and the nature of male–male relationships. These characteristics allow us to examine how flexibility in social interactions is modulated by the perception of risk and uncertainty related to other group members. We investigated whether male–male interactions vary according to partner identity and presence of third parties in wild Geoffroy’s spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). We used proportion of approaches followed by an embrace, an indicator of risk and uncertainty, or by grooming, an affiliative behaviour. To confirm the monkeys’ perception of risk or uncertainty we used aggression rates and time spent vigilant. We collected data on eight adult spider monkey males: three of them belonged to one clique and the other five to another clique based on distinct patterns of residence. We found higher proportions of approaches followed by embraces and lower proportions of approaches followed by grooming between males of different cliques than between males of the same clique. In addition, we found higher aggression rates between males from different cliques. The proportions of approaches followed by embraces in the five-male clique were higher when the three-male clique was no longer in the group. The five males were more vigilant when the other three males were present in the group, indicating the monkeys perceived higher risk or uncertainty under these circumstances. We found lower proportions of approaches followed by grooming between two males when there was at least one other male in the subgroup than when there were only the two males. Our results provide evidence for behavioural flexibility in the interactions between spider monkey males as an example of how animals can cope with social challenges by adjusting their behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Aureli
- aInstituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- bResearch Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Busia
- cSchool of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Colleen M. Schaffner
- aInstituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- dPsychology Department, Adams State University, Alamosa, CO, USA
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11
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Boeving ER, Rodrigues MA, Nelson EL. Network analysis as a tool to understand social development in spider monkeys. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23182. [PMID: 32794244 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of network science has demonstrated that an individual's connectedness within their social network has cascading effects to other dimensions of life. Like humans, spider monkeys live in societies with high fission-fusion dynamics, and are remarkably social. Social network analysis (SNA) is a powerful tool for quantifying connections that may vary as a function of initiating or receiving social behaviors, which has been described as shifting social roles. In primatology, the SNA literature is dominated by work in catarrhines, and has yet to be applied to the study of development in a platyrrhine model. Here, SNA was utilized in combination with R-Index social role calculation to characterize social interaction patterns in juvenile and adult Colombian spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps rufiventris). Connections were examined across five behaviors: embrace, face-embrace, grooming, agonism, and tail-wrapping from 186 hr of observation and four network metrics. Mann-Whitney U tests were utilized to determine differences between adult and juvenile social network patterns for each behavior. Face-embrace emerged as the behavior with different network patterns for adults and juveniles for every network metric. With regard to social role, juveniles were receivers, not initiators, for embrace, face-embrace, and grooming (ps < .05). Network and social role differences are discussed in light of social development and aspects of the different behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Boeving
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Michelle A Rodrigues
- Beckman Institute for Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.,Department of Social and Cultural Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Eliza L Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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12
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13
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Aureli F, Schino G. Social complexity from within: how individuals experience the structure and organization of their groups. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Using multiplex networks to capture the multidimensional nature of social structure. Primates 2018; 60:277-295. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-0686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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15
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16
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Busia L, Schaffner CM, Aureli F. Relationship quality affects fission decisions in wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Busia
- Instituto de Neuroetologia; Universidad Veracruzana; Xalapa Veracruz Mexico
| | | | - Filippo Aureli
- Instituto de Neuroetologia; Universidad Veracruzana; Xalapa Veracruz Mexico
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
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17
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Moscovice LR, Douglas PH, Martinez-Iñigo L, Surbeck M, Vigilant L, Hohmann G. Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:158-172. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liza R. Moscovice
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04133 Germany
| | - Pamela Heidi Douglas
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04133 Germany
| | - Laura Martinez-Iñigo
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science; University of Lincoln; Lincolnshire United Kingdom
| | - Martin Surbeck
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04133 Germany
| | - Linda Vigilant
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04133 Germany
| | - Gottfried Hohmann
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04133 Germany
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18
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Dunayer ES, Berman CM. Biological markets: theory, interpretation, and proximate perspectives. A response to. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Sánchez-Amaro A, Amici F. Markets carefully interpreted: a reply to Kaburu and Newton-Fisher (2016). Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Smith-Aguilar SE, Ramos-Fernández G, Getz WM. Seasonal Changes in Socio-Spatial Structure in a Group of Free-Living Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157228. [PMID: 27280800 PMCID: PMC4900631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological and social factors influence individual movement and group membership decisions, which ultimately determine how animal groups adjust their behavior in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments. The mechanisms behind these behavioral adjustments can be better understood by studying the relationship between association and space use patterns of groups and how these change over time. We examined the socio-spatial patterns of adult individuals in a free-ranging group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), a species with high fission-fusion dynamics. Data comprised 4916 subgroup scans collected during 325 days throughout a 20-month period and was used to evaluate changes from fruit-scarce to fruit-abundant periods in individual core-area size, subgroup size and two types of association measures: spatial (core-area overlap) and spatio-temporal (occurrence in the same subgroup) associations. We developed a 3-level analysis framework to distinguish passive associations, where individuals are mostly brought together by resources of common interest, from active association, where individuals actively seek or avoid certain others. Results indicated a more concentrated use of space, increased individual gregariousness and higher spatio-temporal association rates in the fruit-abundant seasons, as is compatible with an increase in passive associations. Nevertheless, results also suggested active associations in all the periods analyzed, although associations differed across seasons. In particular, females seem to actively avoid males, perhaps prompted by an increased probability of random encounters among individuals, resulting from the contraction of individual core areas. Our framework proved useful in investigating the interplay between ecological and social constraints and how these constraints can influence individual ranging and grouping decisions in spider monkeys, and possibly other species with high fission-fusion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E. Smith-Aguilar
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México
| | - Gabriel Ramos-Fernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Wayne M. Getz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Peoples BK, Frimpong EA. Context-dependent outcomes in a reproductive mutualism between two freshwater fish species. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1214-23. [PMID: 26941947 PMCID: PMC4761764 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of encompassing general models of ecology is precluded by underrepresentation of certain taxa and systems. Models predicting context‐dependent outcomes of biotic interactions have been tested using plants and bacteria, but their applicability to higher taxa is largely unknown. We examined context dependency in a reproductive mutualism between two stream fish species: mound nest‐building bluehead chub Nocomis leptocephalus and mountain redbelly dace Chrosomus oreas, which often uses N. leptocephalus nests for spawning. We hypothesized that increased predator density and decreased substrate availability would increase the propensity of C. oreas to associate with N. leptocephalus and decrease reproductive success of both species. In a large‐scale in situ experiment, we manipulated egg predator density and presence of both symbionts (biotic context), and replicated the experiment in habitats containing high‐ and low‐quality spawning substrate (abiotic context). Contradictory to our first hypothesis, we observed that C. oreas did not spawn without its host. The interaction outcome switched from commensalistic to mutualistic with changing abiotic and biotic contexts, although the net outcome was mutualistic. The results of this study yielded novel insight into how context dependency operates in vertebrate mutualisms. Although the dilution effect provided by C. oreas positively influenced reproductive success of N. leptocephalus, it was not enough to overcome both egg predation and poor spawning habitat quality. Outcomes of the interaction may be ultimately determined by associate density. Studies of context dependency in vertebrate systems require detailed knowledge of species life‐history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Peoples
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 100 Cheatham Hall Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Emmanuel A Frimpong
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 100 Cheatham Hall Blacksburg Virginia 24061
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Otovic P, Partan SR, Bryant JB, Hutchinson E. Let's Call A Truce…For Now: The Silent Bared‐Teeth Face Expression in Mandrills (
Mandrillus sphinx
) During Baseline and Post‐Conflict Conditions. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pete Otovic
- Research Animal Resources Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Sarah R. Partan
- Department of Psychology University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | | | - Eric Hutchinson
- Research Animal Resources Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
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Hartwell KS, Notman H, Bonenfant C, Pavelka MSM. Assessing the Occurrence of Sexual Segregation in Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis), Its Mechanisms and Function. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aureli F, Di Fiore A, Murillo-Chacon E, Kawamura S, Schaffner CM. Male philopatry in spider monkeys revisited. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:86-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology; University of Texas at Austin; Austin; TX 78712
| | - Evin Murillo-Chacon
- Santa Rosa Sector, Área de Conservación Guanacaste; Liberia; 169-5000; Costa Rica
| | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences; University of Tokyo; Kashiwa; 277-8562; Japan
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Wei W, Qi X, Garber PA, Guo S, Zhang P, Li B. Supply and demand determine the market value of access to infants in the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). PLoS One 2013; 8:e65962. [PMID: 23776580 PMCID: PMC3680491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to a biological market paradigm, trading decisions between partners will be influenced by the current 'exchange rate' of commodities (good and services), which is affected by supply and demand, and the trader's ability to outbid competitors. In several species of nonhuman primates, newborn infants are attractive to female group members and may become a desired commodity that can be traded for grooming within a biological market place. We investigated whether grooming was interchanged for infant handling in female golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) inhabiting the Qinling Mountains of central China. R. roxellana exhibit a multilevel social organization characterized by over 100 troop members organized into 6-11 one-male units each composed one adult male and several adult females and their offspring. Behavioral data were collected over the course of 28 months on grooming patterns between mothers with infants less than 6 months old (N = 36) and other adult female troop members. Our results provide strong evidence for the interchange of grooming for access to infants. Grooming for infant access was more likely to be initiated by potential handlers (nonmothers) and less likely reciprocated by mothers. Moreover, grooming bout duration was inversely related to the number of infants per female present in each one-male unit indicating the possibility of a supply and demand market effect. The rank difference between mothers and handlers was negatively correlated with grooming duration. With increasing infant age, the duration of grooming provided by handlers was shorter suggesting that the 'value' of older infants had decreased. Finally, frequent grooming partners were allowed to handle and maintain access to infants longer than infrequent groomers. These results support the contention that grooming and infant handling may be traded in R. roxellana and that the price individuals paid for access to infants fluctuated with supply and demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - XiaoGuang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Anthropology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - SongTao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - BaoGuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China
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30
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Aureli F, Schaffner CM, Asensio N, Lusseau D. What is a subgroup? How socioecological factors influence interindividual distance. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Scheel MH, Edwards D. Captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) arm-raise to solicit allo-grooming. Behav Processes 2011; 89:311-3. [PMID: 22206992 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Old World monkeys solicit allo-grooming from conspecifics. However, there are relatively few studies of allo-grooming among spider monkeys, and descriptions of allo-grooming solicitation among spider monkeys are anecdotal. In this study, eighty-one hours of video, shot over eight weeks, captured 271 allo-grooming bouts among small groups of captive spider monkeys. Six of eight monkeys made heretofore unreported arm-raises that solicited higher than normal rates of allo-grooming. Allo-grooming bout durations following arm-raises also tended to be longer than bouts not preceded by arm-raises. The efficacy of the arm-raise at soliciting allo-grooming suggests spider monkeys are capable of intentional communication.
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Universal behaviors as candidate traditions in wild spider monkeys. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24400. [PMID: 21949715 PMCID: PMC3176216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate traditions were documented across three communities of wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) using an a priori approach to identify behavioral variants and a statistical approach to examine differences in their proportional use. This methodology differs from previous studies of animal traditions, which used retrospective data and relied on the ‘exclusion method’ to identify candidate traditions. Our a priori approach increased the likelihood that behavior variants with equivalent functions were considered and our statistical approach enabled the proportional use of ‘universal’ behaviors, i.e., used across all communities, to be examined for the first time in any animal species as candidate traditions. Among universal behaviors we found 14 ‘community preferred’ variants. After considering the extent to which community preferred variants were due to ecological and, to a lesser degree, genetic differences, we concluded that at least six were likely maintained through social learning. Our findings have two main implications: (i) tradition repertoires could be larger than assumed from previous studies using the exclusion method; (ii) the relative use of universal behavior variants can reinforce community membership.
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Schaffner CM, Slater KY, Aureli F. Age related variation in male-male relationships in wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis). Primates 2011; 53:49-56. [PMID: 21881958 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-011-0271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In social organizations characterized by male philopatry, social relationships between males are argued to be the strongest. Little is known about the social relationships of philopatric male spider monkeys. To address this limitation, we investigated social relationships among individually recognized wild adult male spider monkeys from two well-habituated communities in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, focusing on affiliative behaviors important in regulating male social relationships, including grooming, embracing, arm-wrapping, and grappling. We examined whether behaviors were reciprocated between male partners and whether age was a factor in how the behaviors were distributed or reciprocated, by examining differences between younger adult males (<10 years) and older adult males (≥14 years). Although we found evidence that affiliative behaviors were overall reciprocated between spider monkey adult males, there were pronounced differences in the interactions depending on their relative age. Reciprocation in grooming and embraces between same-age males suggests their relationships are valuable to both partners. Among different-age dyads, younger males gave more embraces than they received, were the initiators of grappling and arm-wrapped more often than with same-age males, suggesting relationships between younger and older males are more risky. This confirms that younger males are attracted to older males, probably because they value relationships with older males more than the reverse, but they are also at risk.
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Fruteau C, van de Waal E, van Damme E, Noë R. Infant access and handling in sooty mangabeys and vervet monkeys. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Grooming for infant handling in tufted capuchin monkeys: a reappraisal of the primate infant market. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Toscano JE, Bauman MD, Mason WA, Amaral DG. Interest in infants by female rhesus monkeys with neonatal lesions of the amygdala or hippocampus. Neuroscience 2009; 162:881-91. [PMID: 19482067 PMCID: PMC2836226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in our laboratory has shown that damage to the amygdala in neonatal rhesus monkeys profoundly alters behaviors associated with fear processing, while leaving many aspects of social development intact. Little is known, however, about the impact of neonatal lesions of the amygdala on later developing aspects of social behavior. A well-defined phenomenon in the development of young female rhesus monkeys is an intense interest in infants that is typically characterized by initiating proximity or attempting to hold them. The extent to which young females are interested in infants may have important consequences for the development of species-typical maternal behavior. Here we report the results of a study that was designed to assess interest in infants by female rhesus monkeys that received neonatal lesions to the amygdala, hippocampus or a sham surgical procedure. Subjects were first paired with pregnant "stimulus" females to assess social interactions with them prior to the birth of the infants. There were few behavioral differences between lesion groups when interacting with the pregnant females. However, following the birth of the infants, the amygdala-lesioned females showed significantly less interest in the infants than did control or hippocampus-lesioned females. They directed fewer affiliative vocalizations and facial expressions to the mother-infant pair compared to the hippocampus-lesioned and control females. These findings suggest that neonatal damage to the amygdala, but not the hippocampus, impairs important precursors of non-human primate maternal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Toscano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 2230 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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40
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Expectant parents groom adult sons according to previous alloparenting in a biparental cooperatively breeding primate. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fruteau C, Voelkl B, van Damme E, Noë R. Supply and demand determine the market value of food providers in wild vervet monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12007-12. [PMID: 19581578 PMCID: PMC2706267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812280106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals neither negotiate verbally nor conclude binding contracts, but nevertheless regularly exchange goods and services without overt coercion and manage to arrive at agreements over exchange rates. Biological market theory predicts that such exchange rates fluctuate according to the law of supply and demand. Previous studies showed that primates pay more when commodities become scarcer: subordinates groomed dominants longer before being tolerated at food sites in periods of shortage; females groomed mothers longer before obtaining permission to handle their infants when there were fewer newborns and males groomed fertile females longer before obtaining their compliance when fewer such females were present. We further substantiated these results by conducting a 2-step experiment in 2 groups of free-ranging vervet monkeys in the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa. We first allowed a single low-ranking female to repeatedly provide food to her entire group by triggering the opening of a container and measured grooming bouts involving this female in the hour after she made the reward available. We then measured the shifts in grooming patterns after we added a second food container that could be opened by another low-ranking female, the second provider. All 4 providers received more grooming, relative to the amount of grooming they provided themselves. As biological market theory predicts, the initial gain of first providers was partially lost again after the introduction of a second provider in both groups. We conclude that grooming was fine-tuned to changes in the value of these females as social partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Fruteau
- CentER for Economic Research, University of Tilburg, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Ethologie des Primates, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Bernhard Voelkl
- Ethologie des Primates, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric van Damme
- CentER for Economic Research, University of Tilburg, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Tilburg Law and Economics Center, University of Tilburg, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ronald Noë
- Ethologie des Primates, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Applied Behavioural Ecology Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa
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Barrett L. A guide to practical babooning: Historical, social, and cognitive contingency. Evol Anthropol 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schino G, Di Giuseppe F, Visalberghi E. The Time Frame of Partner Choice in the Grooming Reciprocation ofCebus apella. Ethology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Slater KY, Schaffner CM, Aureli F. Sex differences in the social behavior of wild spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis). Am J Primatol 2009; 71:21-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schino G, Aureli F. Grooming reciprocation among female primates: a meta-analysis. Biol Lett 2008; 4:9-11. [PMID: 17999942 PMCID: PMC2412934 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of reciprocal altruism offers an explanation for the evolution of altruistic behaviours among unrelated animals. Among primates, grooming is one of the most common altruistic behaviours. Primates have been suggested to exchange grooming both for itself and for rank-related benefits. While previous meta-analyses have shown that they direct their grooming up the hierarchy and exchange it for agonistic support, no comprehensive evaluation of grooming reciprocation has been made. Here we report on a meta-analysis of grooming reciprocation among female primates based on 48 social groups belonging to 22 different species and 12 genera. The results of this meta-analysis showed that female primates groom preferentially those group mates that groom them most. To the extent allowed by the availability of kinship data, this result holds true when controlling for maternal kinship. These results, together with previous findings, suggest that primates are indeed able to exchange grooming both for itself and for different rank-related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Schino
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00197 Roma, Italy.
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