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Laska A, Rector BG, Przychodzka A, Majer A, Zalewska K, Kuczynski L, Skoracka A. Do mites eat and run? A systematic review of feeding and dispersal strategies. Zool J Linn Soc 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dispersal is an important process affecting the survival of organisms and the structure and dynamics of communities and ecosystems in space and time. It is a multiphase phenomenon influenced by many internal and external factors. Dispersal syndromes can be complicated, but they are vital to our knowledge of the biology of any organism. We analysed dispersal ability in mites (Acariformes and Parasitiformes), a highly diverse group of wingless arthropods, taking into consideration various modes of dispersal, feeding strategies, body size and the number of articles published for each species. Based on 174 articles summarized for this study, it appears that mites are opportunistic when it comes to dispersal, regardless of their feeding habits, and are often able to adopt several different strategies as needs arise. Moreover, we find a significant positive relationship between the amount of research effort that was put into studying a given species and the number of modes of dispersal that were described. The most salient conclusion to be drawn from this positive correlation is that additional studies are needed, especially on a broader set of mite taxa, until the aforementioned correlation is no longer demonstrably significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Laska
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Brian G Rector
- United States Department of Agricuture, Agriculture Research Service, Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit , Reno, NV , USA
| | - Anna Przychodzka
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Majer
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Kamila Zalewska
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Lechosław Kuczynski
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickewicz University , Poznań , Poland
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2
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Chetverikov PE, Klimov PB, He Q. Vertical transmission and seasonal dimorphism of eriophyoid mites (Acariformes, Eriophyoidea) parasitic on the Norway maple: a case study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220820. [PMID: 36147935 PMCID: PMC9490330 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eriophyoid mites are highly host-specific, microscopic phytoparasites that primarily disperse to new hosts passively via wind. This seems paradoxical, as the likelihood of landing on an appropriate host species needed to survive appears low. Here we investigate two eriophyoids found on the Norway maple Acer platanoides: Aceria platanoidea and Shevtchenkella serrata. For 14 months, we observed mite phenotypical changes and micro-habitat distribution on host plants and their propagules. Both mite species hibernate on twigs or samaras fallen on the ground, and, in the spring, feed on buds or seedlings, respectively. This apparently novel association with plant seeds indicates that the mites can exploit the host dispersal mechanism and colonize the next generation of hosts (vertical transmission). Our seasonal and DNA sequence data also indicate that S. serrata has two distinct morphotypes that partially overlap seasonally. This work can provide new insights into the dispersal routes of eriophyoid mites and transmission patterns of plant pathogens vectored by these mites, with implications for better pest mite species control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp E. Chetverikov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel B. Klimov
- X-BIO institute, Tyumen State University, 6 Volodarskogo Str., Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Qixin He
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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3
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Santos AC, Leite TRM, Cunha MSS, Gondim MGC, Lofego AC, Ferla NJ, Bizarro GL, Oliveira AR. A rotatory funnel-shaped collector for trapping airborne mites in a glycerin-based adhesive surface. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 86:189-200. [PMID: 35038078 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many mite species disperse via the air. However, most methods described for the study of aerial dispersal have some limitations in the collection and/or recovery of mites that could be improved. The aim of this study was to describe a rotatory funnel-shaped collector that directs the wind to adhesive surfaces covered with a glycerin-based solution. Tests were conducted on a soccer field at UESC, Ilhéus, Brazil, in four 8-day periods. In total, 330 mites of 52 species of Eriophyidae, Tarsonemidae, Diptilomiopidae, Iolinidae, Triophtydeidae, Astigmata, Tydeidae, Phytoseiidae, Scutacaridae, Oribatida, Ascidae, Dolichocybidae, Eupodidae, Pygmephoridae and Tenuipalpidae were collected. Of the mites captured in the first three periods, 67% were Aceria sp. (Eriophyidae), and in the fourth period 46% were Coccotydaeolus aff. bakeri and Paurotyndareus sp. (Iolinidae). Comparisons between the funnel-shaped collector with the tube-shaped rotatable model of Duffner et al. (J Pest Sci 74:1-6, 2001, adapted from Schliesske 1977) showed that the former captured >3× the number of mites and 2× the number of species. In conclusion, it is expected that the method described here could help in future pest management, and help solve ecological and behavioral problems involving airborne mite dispersal, offering a tool for monitoring, counting and identifying mites, or even other small arthropods, pollen and fungal spores, in experimental and applied studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal (PPGPV), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Thácyla R M Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal (PPGPV), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus S S Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal (PPGPV), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Manoel G C Gondim
- Departamento de Agronomia, Área de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Lofego
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Noeli J Ferla
- Museu de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, 95900-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L Bizarro
- Museu de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, 95900-000, Brazil
| | - Anibal R Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal (PPGPV), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
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Mechanisms of dispersal and colonisation in a wind-borne cereal pest, the haplodiploid wheat curl mite. Sci Rep 2022; 12:551. [PMID: 35017605 PMCID: PMC8752673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal and colonisation determine the survival and success of organisms, and influence the structure and dynamics of communities and ecosystems in space and time. Both affect the gene flow between populations, ensuring sufficient level of genetic variation and improving adaptation abilities. In haplodiploids, such as Aceria tosichella (wheat curl mite, WCM), a population may be founded even by a single unfertilised female, so there is a risk of heterozygosity loss (i.e. founder effect). It may lead to adverse outcomes, such as inbreeding depression. Yet, the strength of the founder effect partly depends on the genetic variation of the parental population. WCM is an economically important pest with a great invasive potential, but its dispersal and colonisation mechanisms were poorly studied before. Therefore, here we assessed WCM dispersal and colonisation potential in relation to the genetic variation of the parental population. We checked whether this potential may be linked to specific pre-dispersal actions (e.g. mating before dispersal and collective behaviour). Our study confirms that dispersal strategies of WCM are not dependent on heterozygosity in the parental population, and the efficient dispersal of this species depends on collective movement of fertilised females.
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Majer A, Laska A, Hein G, Kuczyński L, Skoracka A. Hitchhiking or hang gliding? Dispersal strategies of two cereal-feeding eriophyoid mite species. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 85:131-146. [PMID: 34609667 PMCID: PMC8604871 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal shapes the dynamics of populations, their genetic structure and species distribution; therefore, knowledge of an organisms' dispersal abilities is crucial, especially in economically important and invasive species. In this study, we investigated dispersal strategies of two phytophagous eriophyoid mite species: Aceria tosichella (wheat curl mite, WCM) and Abacarus hystrix (cereal rust mite, CRM). Both species are obligatory plant parasites that infest cereals and are of economic significance. We investigated their dispersal success using different dispersal agents: wind and vectors. We hypothesised that in both mite species the main mode of dispersal is moving via wind, whereas phoretic dispersal is rather accidental, as the majority of eriophyoid mite species do not possess clear morphological or behavioural adaptations for phoresy. Results confirmed our predictions that both species dispersed mainly with wind currents. Additionally, WCM was found to have a higher dispersal success than CRM. Thus, this study contributes to our understanding of the high invasive potential of WCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Majer
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Alicja Laska
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Gary Hein
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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Laska A, Magalhães S, Lewandowski M, Puchalska E, Karpicka-Ignatowska K, Radwańska A, Meagher S, Kuczyński L, Skoracka A. A sink host allows a specialist herbivore to persist in a seasonal source. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211604. [PMID: 34465242 PMCID: PMC8437026 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In seasonal environments, sinks that are more persistent than sources may serve as temporal stepping stones for specialists. However, this possibility has to our knowledge, not been demonstrated to date, as such environments are thought to select for generalists, and the role of sinks, both in the field and in the laboratory, is difficult to document. Here, we used laboratory experiments to show that herbivorous arthropods associated with seasonally absent main (source) habitats can endure on a suboptimal (sink) host for several generations, albeit with a negative growth rate. Additionally, they dispersed towards this host less often than towards the main host and accepted it less often than the main host. Finally, repeated experimental evolution attempts revealed no adaptation to the suboptimal host. Nevertheless, field observations showed that arthropods are found in suboptimal habitats when the main habitat is unavailable. Together, these results show that evolutionary rescue in the suboptimal habitat is not possible. Instead, the sink habitat functions as a temporal stepping stone, allowing for the persistence of a specialist when the source habitat is gone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Laska
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Section of Applied Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Puchalska
- Section of Applied Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Karpicka-Ignatowska
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Radwańska
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Shawn Meagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Karpicka-Ignatowska K, Laska A, Rector BG, Skoracka A, Kuczyński L. Temperature-dependent development and survival of an invasive genotype of wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 83:513-525. [PMID: 33661416 PMCID: PMC8041678 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00602-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying basic biological data, such as the effects of variable temperatures on development and survival, is crucial to predicting and monitoring population growth rates of pest species, many of which are highly invasive. One of the most globally important pests of cereals is the eriophyoid wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella, which is the primary vector of several plant viruses. The aim of this study was to evaluate temperature-dependent development and survival of WCM at a wide range of constant temperatures in the laboratory (17-33 °C). The development time of each stage depended significantly on temperature and it was negatively correlated with temperature increase. At high temperatures (27-33 °C), individuals had shorter developmental times, with the shortest (6 days) at 33 °C, whereas at the lowest tested temperatures (17-19 °C), developmental time was almost 3× longer. Moreover, temperature had a clear effect on survival: the higher the temperature, the lower the survival rate. These data provide information promoting more efficient and effective manipulation of WCM laboratory colonies, and further our understanding of the ramifications of temperature change on WCM physiology and implications for the growth and spread of this globally invasive pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Karpicka-Ignatowska
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Alicja Laska
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Brian G Rector
- USDA-ARS, Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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8
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Kuczyński L, Radwańska A, Karpicka-Ignatowska K, Laska A, Lewandowski M, Rector BG, Majer A, Raubic J, Skoracka A. A comprehensive and cost-effective approach for investigating passive dispersal in minute invertebrates with case studies of phytophagous eriophyid mites. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:17-31. [PMID: 32812209 PMCID: PMC7471196 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal is a fundamental biological process that operates at different temporal and spatial scales with consequences for individual fitness, population dynamics, population genetics, and species distributions. Studying this process is particularly challenging when the focus is on microscopic organisms that disperse passively, whilst controlling neither the transience nor the settlement phase of their movement. In this work we propose a comprehensive approach for studying passive dispersal of microscopic invertebrates and demonstrate it using wind and phoretic vectors. The protocol includes the construction of versatile, modifiable dispersal tunnels as well as a theoretical framework quantifying the movement of species via wind or vectors, and a hierarchical Bayesian approach appropriate to the structure of the dispersal data. The tunnels were used to investigate the three stages of dispersal (viz., departure, transience, and settlement) of two species of minute, phytophagous eriophyid mites Aceria tosichella and Abacarus hystrix. The proposed devices are inexpensive and easy to construct from readily sourced materials. Possible modifications enable studies of a wide range of mite species and facilitate manipulation of dispersal factors, thus opening a new important area of ecological study for many heretofore understudied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Radwańska
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamila Karpicka-Ignatowska
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Alicja Laska
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Section of Applied Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Brian G. Rector
- Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 920 Valley Road, Reno, NV 89512 USA
| | - Agnieszka Majer
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Raubic
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Valenzano D, Tumminello MT, Gualandri V, de Lillo E. Morphological and molecular characterization of the Colomerus vitis erineum strain (Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae) from grapevine erinea and buds. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 80:183-201. [PMID: 31953632 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00470-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The grapevine erineum mite strain (GEM) of Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) has spread throughout the main viticultural areas worldwide and was recently demonstrated to be a vector of Grapevine pinot gris virus (GPGV) and Grapevine inner necrosis virus (GINV). Its females mainly overwinter under the outer bud scales as winter morphs (deutogynes). Goals of this study were to characterize the morphology of protogynes (spring-summer morphs) and deutogynes (winter morphs), to confirm their genetic similarity, and to establish the seasonal period of the deutogyne occurrence. Buds or leaves from a single vineyard (cv. Luisa), Bari area, Apulia, Italy, infested with GEM were sampled 6 × from December 2015 to January 2017. Sixty-six traits commonly used for taxonomic identification were analysed on females. The length of the tibial setae l' on leg I and the tarsal setae ft' on leg II, as well as the number of smooth dorsal semiannuli differed significantly between protogynes and deutogynes, and were easier to detect than other significantly distinctive traits. ITS1 was investigated in individuals collected from buds and erinea, and the sequences confirmed that these two morphs have identical ITS1 fragments. The 1-year study demonstrated the simultaneous presence of protogynes and deutogynes in July and September 2016, whereas only protogynes were found in April and May 2016, and only deutogynes in December 2015 and January 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Valenzano
- Dipartimento di Science del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Amendola, 165/a, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Tumminello
- Dipartimento di Science del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Amendola, 165/a, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Gualandri
- Unità di Protezione delle Piante e Biodiversità' Agroforestale, Centro di Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Enrico de Lillo
- Dipartimento di Science del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via Amendola, 165/a, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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Valenzano D, Bari G, Valeria M, de Lillo E. Off-host survival of Eriophyoidea and remarks on their dispersal modes. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:21-33. [PMID: 31552560 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal of eriophyoid mites is crucial for the successful colonization of new plants. Literature suggests that their long-distance dispersal is through aerial transfer. During dispersal, eriophyoids might be captured in vapor or fine drops of water (perhaps most likely in clouds) where they might be protected against water loss and desiccation, but where they would have no food and be exposed to low temperatures and oxygen concentrations. Considerable resistance of these mites to these stressful environmental conditions is expected and has only partly been confirmed experimentally. The aim of the bioassays conducted here was to assess the survival of five eriophyoid species off their host plants, with poor oxygen availability under two temperature regimes. The bioassays were carried out on live mites dipped into two media used as microenvironments: (1) vaseline oil (used also as control treatment), and (2) water solution of Tween 80 (0.2%) and cycloheximide (50 mg/l). The bioassays were performed at 5 ± 1 and 25 ± 1 °C. The survival of mites was assessed weekly (5 °C) or daily (25 °C) by counting live and active specimens. The following species were subjected to the bioassays: Aceria caulobia (a stem gall mite), Aceria ficus (a vagrant mite), Cecidophyopsis hendersoni (a vagrant mite), Colomerus vitis (protogyne/male population and deutogyne morphs; a leaf gall mite) and Phytoptus avellanae (a bud gall mite). The survival rate of the mites was higher at 5 °C than at 25 °C under both experimental conditions. At 5 °C, the survival of almost all species was higher in the water solution (up to 6-7 weeks) than in vaseline oil (3-5 weeks). Longer survival was found for A. caulobia and P. avellanae (gall-making species) than for C. hendersoni and A. ficus (vagrant species). As expected, the deutogynes of C. vitis survived longer than its protogynes. The current results suggest that individuals of some of the tested species are well suited for withstanding cold, starvation and low oxygen rates, which could be found at higher atmospheric layers, within the clouds, allowing them an effective long-distance dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Valenzano
- Dipartimento di Science del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, sezione di Entomologia e Zoologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Amendola, 165/a, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bari
- Dipartimento di Science del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, sezione di Entomologia e Zoologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Amendola, 165/a, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Malagnini Valeria
- Centro di Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Enrico de Lillo
- Dipartimento di Science del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, sezione di Entomologia e Zoologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Amendola, 165/a, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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