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Li L, Xie X, Zhao G, He J, Zhang Y. The effects of applying cellulase and laccase on fermentation quality and microbial community in mixed silage containing corn stover and wet brewer's grains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1441873. [PMID: 39385987 PMCID: PMC11462621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1441873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this experiment was to explore the effect of adding cellulase and laccase on fermentation quality and microbial community in mixed silage of corn stover and wet brewer's grains. Try to a new approach for the proper preservation and utilization of the agro-industrial by-products (corn stover and wet brewer's grains). Methods The experiment was divided into four groups: CK (control), C (cellulase, 120 U/g fresh matter [FM]), L (laccase, 50 U/g FM), CL (cellulase 120 U/g FW and laccase 50 U/g FM), and the chemical composition, fermentation quality, microbial population and microbial community in mixed silage of corn stover and wet brewer's grains after 30 day's fermentation were determined. Results Compared to control, the addition of cellulase significantly increased crude protein (CP), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts, while significantly decreased the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (P < 0.05). Adding laccase significantly decreased the acid detergent lignin (ADL) content (P < 0.05). Combined application of cellulase and laccase significantly increased the CP, WSC content and LAB counts, while significantly decreased pH value, NDF, ADF and ADL content (P < 0.05), thereby improving fermentation quality. In addition, the application of cellulase and laccase increased the abundance of Firmicutes and LAB genera, and decreased microbial diversity level of the sample. Conclusion The combined application of cellulase and laccase further improved fermentation quality and microbial community in mixed silage of corn stover and wet brewer's grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangxue Xie
- Ruminant Product Research and Development Department, Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Ruminant Product Research and Development Department, Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiajun He
- Ruminant Product Research and Development Department, Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Liu X, Wang A, Zhu L, Guo W, Guo X, Zhu B, Yang M. Effect of additive cellulase on fermentation quality of whole-plant corn silage ensiling by a Bacillus inoculant and dynamic microbial community analysis. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1330538. [PMID: 38264477 PMCID: PMC10803609 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1330538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) has been widely used as the main roughage for ruminant, which promoted the utilization of corn stover for animal feed production. However, rigid cell wall structure of corn stover limits the fiber digestion and nutrients adsorption of WPCS. This study investigated the effect of adding cellulase on improving the fermentation quality of WPCS ensiling with a Bacillus complex inoculant. With the Bacillus (BA), the lactic acid accumulation in the WPCS was significantly higher than that in control (CK). The additive cellulase (BC) increased the lactic acid content to the highest of 8.2% DW at 60 days, which was significantly higher than that in the CK and BA groups, and it reduced the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents from 42.5 to 31.7% DW and 28.4 to 20.3% DW, respectively, which were significantly lower than that in the CK and BA groups. The crude protein and starch were not obviously lost. Dynamic microbial community analysis showed that the Bacillus inoculant promoted the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation, because higher abundance of Lactobacillus as the dominant bacteria was observed in BA group. Although the addition of cellulase slowed the Lactobacillus fermentation, it increased the bacterial community, where potential lignocellulolytic microorganisms and more functional enzymes were observed, thus leading to the significant degradation of NDF and ADF. The results revealed the mechanism behind the degradation of NDF and ADF in corn stover, and also suggested the potential of cellulase for improving the nutritional quality of WPCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Aifang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Liqi Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Waste Resource Utilization, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Waste Resource Utilization, Baoding, China
| | - Baocheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Waste Resource Utilization, Baoding, China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Waste Resource Utilization, Baoding, China
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Shao H. Cloning, expression, and molecular modification of glycoside hydrolase family 5 genes from Thermoascus aurantiacus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285680. [PMID: 37713448 PMCID: PMC10503741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a novel bifunctional cellulase gene cel1 was cloned from Thermoascus aurantiacus by PCR and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. Bioinformatics and other related tools were used to compare the nucleotide homology of target genes, and analyze the signal peptide, transmembrane domain, hydrophilicity, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. It was concluded that cel1 has similar endoglucanase nucleotide sequences and falls under the GH5 family. It was also found that cel1 has nucleotide sequences similar to glucosidase, which can infer that cel1 may have the properties of glucosidase, indicating that cel1 is multifunctional. At the same time, a part of the nucleotide sequence of the gene was removed to obtain a new gene cel2, and after highly efficient heterologous expression, its specific activity was found to be 2.1 times higher. Its enhancement is related to the exposure of the protein's hollow three-dimensional structure. This paper provides good material for exploring the relationship between the structure of bifunctional enzymes and their functions, which lays a solid foundation for further research and applications, and provides useful insight for gene mining of other novel enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Ji’nan, China
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Mu L, Xie Z, Hu L, Chen G, Zhang Z. Cellulase interacts with Lactobacillus plantarum to affect chemical composition, bacterial communities, and aerobic stability in mixed silage of high-moisture amaranth and rice straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 315:123772. [PMID: 32653750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and/or cellulase on fermentation, aerobic stability and bacterial community of mixed high-moisture amaranth (AF) and rice straw (RS) silage. The mixtures were treated with no addition (C), L. plantarum (L), cellulase (F) and their combination (LF). Additives increased the abundances of Lactobacillus and reduced the abundances of Weissella, Pediococcus, Lactococcus, decreased pH, acetic acid, ammonia nitrogen and increased lactic acid concentration as compared to C silage over the ensiling period. The LF silage had the highest lactic acid concentration among all silages over the 7 d of ensiling and also the lowest abundance of Enterobacteriaceae over 30 d of ensiling. Aerobic spoilage occurred in C and LF silages after 2 d of aerobic exposure, whereas the L and F silages remained stable > 4 d. In conclusion, silage treated with LF showed best silage quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhan Xie
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Longxing Hu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guihua Chen
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Li F, Ding Z, Ke W, Xu D, Zhang P, Bai J, Mudassar S, Muhammad I, Guo X. Ferulic acid esterase-producing lactic acid bacteria and cellulase pretreatments of corn stalk silage at two different temperatures: Ensiling characteristics, carbohydrates composition and enzymatic saccharification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 282:211-221. [PMID: 30861451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Acremonium cellulase and L. plantarum A1 with ferulic acid esterase activity on corn stalk silage fermentation characteristics, carbohydrate composition and enzymatic saccharification were studied at 25 and 40 °C, respectively. Corn stalk was ensiled without additive (C), Acremonium cellulase (AC), L. plantarum A1 (Lp) and AC + Lp for 60 days. Pretreatment with Lp or AC + Lp promoted the better silage fermentation and the degradation of lignocellulose as indicated by high lactic acid and low pH and lignocellulose content compared to control silages at 25 °C. AC + Lp performed better in reducing lignocellulose and DM loss. In addition, Lp alone enhanced enzymatic saccharification of corn stalk silage. However, the influence of L. plantarum A1 on corn stalk silage was not obvious at 40 °C. Corn stalk ensiled with combined additive is a suitable pretreatment method for subsequent biofuel production at 25 °C, but addition of Acremonium cellulase alone at 40 °C may be a promising method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhou Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zitong Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wencan Ke
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ping Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jie Bai
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Shah Mudassar
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ishaq Muhammad
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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Kanengoni AT, Chimonyo M, Ndimba BK, Dzama K. Potential of Using Maize Cobs in Pig Diets - A Review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1669-79. [PMID: 26580433 PMCID: PMC4647074 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The quest to broaden the narrow range of feed ingredients available to pig producers has prompted research on the use of low cost, unconventional feedstuffs, which are typically fibrous and abundant. Maize cobs, a by-product of a major cereal grown worldwide, have potential to be used as a pig feed ingredient. Presently, maize cobs are either dumped or burnt for fuel. The major challenge in using maize cobs in pig diets is their lignocellulosic nature (45% to 55% cellulose, 25% to 35% hemicellulose, and 20% to 30% lignin) which is resistant to pigs' digestive enzymes. The high fiber in maize cobs (930 g neutral detergent fiber/kg dry matter [DM]; 573 g acid detergent fiber/kg DM) increases rate of passage and sequestration of nutrients in the fiber reducing their digestion. However, grinding, heating and fermentation can modify the structure of the fibrous components in the maize cobs and improve their utilization. Pigs can also extract up to 25% of energy maintenance requirements from fermentation products. In addition, dietary fiber improves pig intestinal health by promoting the growth of lactic acid bacteria, which suppress proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines. This paper reviews maize cob composition and the effect on digestibility of nutrients, intestinal microflora and growth performance and proposes the use of ensiling using exogenous enzymes to enhance utilization in diets of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Kanengoni
- Agricultural Research Council-Animal Production Institute, Pretoria 0062,
South Africa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602,
South Africa
| | - M. Chimonyo
- Discipline of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209,
South Africa
| | - B. K. Ndimba
- Agricultural Research Council, Proteomics Research and Services Unit, Infruitech-Nietvoorbij Institute, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535,
South Africa
| | - K. Dzama
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602,
South Africa
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Lynch J, Baah J, Beauchemin K. Conservation, fiber digestibility, and nutritive value of corn harvested at 2 cutting heights and ensiled with fibrolytic enzymes, either alone or with a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculant. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1214-24. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
An Endo-cellulase was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography from newly isolated strain of Thermoascus aurantiacus RBB-1. The recovery and purification fold were 13.3% and 6.6, respectively, after size exclusion chromatography. The purified cellulase has a molecular mass (M) of 35 kDa. Optimum temperature for the enzyme was found to be 70 °C and stability was upto 80 °C for 1 h. Along with higher stability at 80 °C, enzyme showed half lives of 192 h and 144 h at 50 and 70 °C respectively. The purified cellulase was optimally active at pH 4.0 and was stable over a broad pH range of 3.0–7.0. The enzyme purified showed apparent Km and Vmax values of 37 mg/ml and 82.6 U/min/mg protein respectively with higher salt tolerance of 10% for 1 h.
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Thomas ME, Foster JL, McCuistion KC, Redmon LA, Jessup RW. Nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, and in situ disappearance kinetics of sorghum silage treated with inoculants. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7120-7131. [PMID: 24035020 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrolytic enzymes and microbial inoculants have the potential to improve the value of sorghum feedstuff and feedstock. An experiment was conducted to determine nutritive value, ensiling characteristics, and in situ disappearance kinetics of 4 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) silage varieties: Dairy Master BMR (DBMR; brown midrib; Richardson Seed, Vega, TX), PS 747 (PS; photoperiod sensitive; Pogue Seed, Kenedy, TX), Silo 700D (S700D; conventional forage type; Richardson Seed), and MMR 381/73 (MMR; conventional forage type; Richardson Seed) pretreated with fibrolytic enzyme (xylanase plus cellulase, XC; 50:50 mixture of Cellulase Plus and Xylanase Plus; Dyadic, Juniper, FL) or microbial [Promote ASB (Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum); Cargill Animal Nutrition, Indianapolis, IN; PRO] inoculants. The greatest yield was for cultivar PS and the least for MMR. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was least for XC-treated silage, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentration was least for XC- and PRO-treated silage. When silage was treated with XC, concentrations of NDF concentrations decreased, on average, 4.81% across all cultivars and ADF concentrations decreased, on average, 3.23% in all cultivars except MMR. Inoculant PRO reduced the NDF concentration of DBMR by 6.47%. The ADF concentrations of DBMR and PS treated with PRO were decreased by 3.25%. Treating sorghum silage with XC or PRO reduced the NDF and ADF fractions, which increased cell wall degradability. In vitro true digestibility was greatest for PRO-treated DBMR, whereas acid detergent lignin was least for PRO-treated DBMR. Aerobic stability was not improved by PRO; however, aerobic stability of XC-treated MMR was 63 h greater than that of the control. Acetate concentrations were greatest for XC-treated MMR, which explains the 63-h improvement in aerobic stability due to the inhibition of fungi. However, inoculant PRO did not improve yeast and mold counts or aerobic stability of sorghum silage compared with the control, which may be due to the lesser acetate concentrations, especially of PRO-treated S700D silage. Generally, in situ disappearance kinetics were improved with the application of XC and PRO, and XC had the greatest effect on silage with greater NDF and ADF concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Thomas
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - J L Foster
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, Beeville 78410.
| | - K C McCuistion
- King Ranch Institute for Ranch Management, Texas A&M University-Kingsville 78363
| | - L A Redmon
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - R W Jessup
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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González-García E, Albanell E, Caja G, Casals R. In vitrofermentative characteristics of ruminant diets supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes and ranges of optimal endo-β-1,4-glucanase activity. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:250-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Expression of fungal cellulase gene in Lactococcus lactis to construct novel recombinant silage inoculants. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2009; 54:335-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-009-0043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Adsorption of major endoglucanase from Thermoascus aurantiacus on cellulosic substrates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pakarinen O, Lehtomäki A, Rissanen S, Rintala J. Storing energy crops for methane production: effects of solids content and biological additive. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:7074-82. [PMID: 18328694 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of storage on chemical characteristics and CH4 yield (taking into account loss of VS during storage) of a mixture of grasses and ryegrass, ensiled as such (low solids content) and after drying (medium and high solids) with and without biological additive, were studied in field and laboratory trials. Up to 87% and 98% of CH4 yield was preserved with low solids grass (initial TS 15.6%) and high solids ryegrass (initial TS 30.4%), respectively, after storage for 6months, while under suboptimal conditions at most 37% and 52% of CH4 yield were lost. Loss in CH4 yield was mainly due to VS loss, presumably caused by secondary fermentation as also suggested by increasing pH during storage. Biological additive did not assist in preserving the CH4 yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Pakarinen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Graminha E, Gonçalves A, Pirota R, Balsalobre M, Da Silva R, Gomes E. Enzyme production by solid-state fermentation: Application to animal nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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