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Madrigal-Valverde M, Loiola MVG, de Freitas Júnior JE, Santiago MR, Dantas LL, Menezes AA, de Matos Brandão Carneiro I, Xavier GM, Araujo EAB, Pereira JR, Bittencourt RF. Improving Milk Yield, Milk Quality, and Follicular Functionality Behavior in Dairy Cows from the Implementation of Microencapsulated Chili Pepper Supplements in Their Diets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2361. [PMID: 39199895 PMCID: PMC11350710 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effect of including microencapsulated hot chili pepper (MHCP) in the diet of crossbred dairy cows on the volume and quality of milk and on ovarian morphofunctionality. Twenty-four crossbred females in their lactating period were used. The cows were divided into two experimental groups, a control (CT) and an MHCP -supplemented group (CP) given 1 g a day per animal of microencapsulated hot chili in concentrate for 42 days. Over seven weeks of daily milk production was measured, and sample milk was collected weekly for composition analysis. Animals were subject to an ovulation synchronization protocol on day 0 (D0), and an intravaginal progesterone (P4) implant, estradiol benzoate, and prostaglandin (PGF2α) were administered. On D8, the P4 implant was removed and PGF2α, equine chorionic gonadotropin, and estradiol cypionate were administered to the animals. The ovarian dynamics were evaluated in B mode and color Doppler. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the group X time interaction, the volume of milk produced, and the amount in kg/day of milk components. There was a higher percentage of vascularization in the preovulatory follicle in the CP group (p ≥ 0.10). The findings show that the inclusion of MHCP in the diet of dairy cows does influence their milk production and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Madrigal-Valverde
- Escuela de Agronomía, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, San Carlos, Alajuela 223-21001, Costa Rica
- Área Académica del Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, San Carlos, Alajuela 223-21001, Costa Rica
- Doctorado en Ciencia Naturales de para el Desarrollo (DOCINADE), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Costa Rica
| | - Marcus Vinicius Galvão Loiola
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - José E. de Freitas Júnior
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Murilo R. Santiago
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Lara Lôbo Dantas
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Artur Azevedo Menezes
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Isabella de Matos Brandão Carneiro
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Gleice Mendes Xavier
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Endrigo Adonis Braga Araujo
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | | | - Rodrigo Freitas Bittencourt
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
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2
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Cusack P. Alternatives to conventional antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of commonly occurring diseases in feedlot cattle. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:229-241. [PMID: 38267062 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a problem in human medicine. The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria in feedlot cattle could have negative effects on their health and welfare and there is a theoretical possibility of transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from food animals to humans. Alternatives to conventional antibiotics in feedlot health management could reduce the selective pressure for the development of antibiotic resistance. This review assesses the evidence supporting potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of diseases in feedlot cattle, including nitric oxide, plant extracts, supplemental yeast or yeast products, bacterial probiotics, organic acids, bacteriophages and non-specific immunostimulants. Further research is warranted with lactate utilising bacteria, the organic acid malate, bacteriophages and the non-specific immunostimulants β-1,3 glucan and those based on pox viruses. However, none of the alternatives to conventional antibiotics investigated in this review have sufficient supporting evidence to date to justify their use with feedlot cattle. Frequently, statistically weak results and studies without negative controls are cited as support for similar studies. The health and welfare of feedlot cattle are dependent on the use of products that have robust supporting data to ensure efficacy and to avoid adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pmv Cusack
- Australian Livestock Production Services, Cowra, New South Wales, 2794, Australia
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia
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3
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Orzuna-Orzuna JF, Godina-Rodríguez JE, Garay-Martínez JR, Lara-Bueno A. Capsaicin as a Dietary Additive for Dairy Cows: A Meta-Analysis on Performance, Milk Composition, Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Serum Metabolites. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1075. [PMID: 38612314 PMCID: PMC11010920 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with capsaicin (CAP) on productive performance, milk composition, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and serum metabolites of dairy cows using a meta-analytical approach. The database included 13 studies, from which the response variables of interest were obtained. Data were analyzed using a random effects model, and results were expressed as weighted mean differences between treatments supplemented with and without CAP. Dietary supplementation with CAP increased (p < 0.05) dry matter intake, milk yield, feed efficiency, milk fat yield, and milk fat content. However, CAP supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) milk protein and lactose yield, milk urea nitrogen, or milk somatic cell count. Greater (p < 0.05) apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was observed in response to the dietary inclusion of CAP. Likewise, supplementation with CAP increased (p < 0.05) the rumen concentration of total volatile fatty acids. In contrast, CAP supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) ruminal pH or the ruminal concentration of ammonia nitrogen, acetate, propionate, and butyrate. In blood serum, CAP supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the glucose concentration and decreased (p < 0.05) the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids. However, CAP supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) the serum concentration of urea and beta-hydroxybutyrate. In conclusion, capsaicin can be used as a dietary additive to improve the productive performance, milk composition, and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows and, at the same time, improve the ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids and serum levels of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Eduardo Godina-Rodríguez
- Campo Experimental Uruapan, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Av. Latinoamérica 1001, Uruapan C.P. 60150, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Jonathan Raúl Garay-Martínez
- Campo Experimental Las Huastecas, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Altamira C.P. 89610, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Lara-Bueno
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Chapingo C.P. 56230, Mexico;
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Wells CW. Effects of essential oils on economically important characteristics of ruminant species: A comprehensive review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:1-10. [PMID: 38131027 PMCID: PMC10731003 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils derived from plants can provide biological impacts to livestock species. Scientific studies researching essential oils in livestock have investigated various essential oils for prevention and treatment of microbial infection and parasites as well as to enhance milk production, animal performance and rumen function. Despite the availability of several commercial products containing essential oils to promote animal health and production, the vast amount of essential oils, modes of application, and effective concentrations of the essential oils suggest there are more opportunities for essential oils to be utilized in commercial livestock production and veterinary medicine. The objective of this review is to contribute to the understanding of the value that essential oils can provide to the ruminant diet and to examine the biological impact of various essential oils on economically important production traits of ruminant species.
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Giacomelli CM, Marchiori MS, do Nascimento AL, de Vitt MG, Molosse VL, de Oliveira FDC, Wagner R, Milarch CF, Vedovatto M, da Silva AS. Encapsulated pepper blend in the diet of confined Holstein bullocks: effect on ruminal volatile fatty acid profiles, growth performance, and animal health. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:114. [PMID: 36928365 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Dairy bulls in feedlots have been a viable alternative for dairy producers to reinforce the family's income. Aspects such as balanced diets and proper management are essential for these animals to develop and allow an economic return fully. Plant extracts are performance enhancers and ruminal and intestinal health promoters. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate whether the addition of encapsulated pepper (EP) blend (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense - rich in capsaicin) interferes with the volatile fatty acid profile in the rumen and enhances the growth performance of Holstein bullocks in a feedlot. For the experiment, 24 whole bullocks were used, distributed into three treatments, with eight replicates per treatment (one animal as an experimental unit, kept in an individual stall): groups T0, T200, and T400, receiving 0 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg EP/kg of concentrate, respectively. Knowing the intake of concentrate and the average body weight during the experiment, we calculated the dose in mg/kg/day of the EP; that is, the T200 animals consumed 2.45 mg EP/kg (body weight -BW)/day; and T400 consumed 4.9 mg EP/kg BW/day. The animals from T400 presented a more significant weight gain between days 15 and 45 of confinement compared to T0 (P=0.05). This same treatment (T400) had a trend of lower weight gain between days 46 and 90 (P=0.09). Likewise, the T400 group had higher feed efficiency than T0 between days 15 and 45. Furthermore, the treatments affected the white blood cell count, with the T400 bullocks showing a higher number of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in the serum of steers from both groups that consumed pepper (P<0.01). Interaction between treatment × day was observed for the activity of glutathione enzymes (GST and GPx) and levels of lipoperoxidation (LPO) (characterized by antioxidant stimulation) associated with the reduction in serum LPO; similar antioxidant enzymes behavior was observed in the liver. In the small intestine (jejunum), the activities of antioxidant enzymes (GST and GPx) were lower in the two groups of cattle that consumed EP, and LPO was lower. The treatments affected the concentration of acetic acid in the rumen fluid, presenting lower levels in T400 compared to T200 and similar T0 (P≤0.05). There was an interaction of day vs. treatment for propionic acid, presenting a higher concentration on day 45 at T400 than T0. These results, therefore, allow us to conclude that adding 400 mg of pepper extract can be an excellent additive for weight gain at the beginning of the experiment; however, over time, this dose of additive negatively affects weight gain. Both EP doses stimulated serum and tissue antioxidant responses, reducing lipoperoxidation. However, the 400 mg EP/kg concentrate suggests a pro-inflammatory response (leukocytosis and elevated CRP), s probably related to the high dose (i.e., between 1.7 and 2.4 g/animal/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Marcon Giacomelli
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Maiara Sulzbach Marchiori
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | | | - Maksuel Gatto de Vitt
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Vitor Luiz Molosse
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil
| | | | - Roger Wagner
- Graduate Program in Food Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Chapecó, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aleksandro Schafer da Silva
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Science, UDESC, Chapecó, Brazil.
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Vakili AR, Ehtesham S, Danesh-Mesgaran M, Rohani A, Rahimi M. Toward Modeling the In Vitro Gas Production Process by Using Propolis Extract Oil Treatment: Machine Learning and Kinetic Models. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Vakili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Shahab Ehtesham
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Mohsen Danesh-Mesgaran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Abbas Rohani
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahimi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
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An Z, Luo G, Abdelrahman M, Riaz U, Gao S, Yao Z, Ye T, Lv H, Zhao J, Chen C, Yang L. Effects of capsicum oleoresin supplementation on rumen fermentation and microbial abundance under different temperature and dietary conditions in vitro. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1005818. [PMID: 36225375 PMCID: PMC9549126 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of capsicum oleoresin (CAP) on rumen fermentation and microbial abundance under different temperature and dietary conditions in vitro. The experimental design was arranged in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial format together with two temperatures (normal: 39°C; hyperthermal: 42°C), two forage/concentrate ratios (30:70; 70:30), and two CAP concentrations in the incubation fluid at 20 and 200 mg/L with a control group. Regarding the fermentation characteristics, high temperature reduced short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production except for molar percentages of butyrate while increasing acetate-to-propionate ratio and ammonia concentration. The diets increased total SCFA, propionate, and ammonia concentrations while decreasing acetate percentage and acetate-to-propionate ratio. CAP reduced acetate percentage and acetate-to-propionate ratio. Under hyperthermal condition, CAP could reduce acetate percentage and increase acetate-to-propionate ratio, lessening the negative effect of high heat on SCFA. Hyperthermal condition and diet altered the relative abundance of microbial abundance in cellulose-degrading bacteria. CAP showed little effect on the microbial abundance which only increased Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Thus, CAP could improve rumen fermentation under different conditions, with plasticity in response to the ramp of different temperature and dietary conditions, although hardly affecting rumen microbial abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohamed Abdelrahman
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Umair Riaz
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingzhu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haimiao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jvnwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province’s Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Liguo Yang,
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Kheirandish P, Petri RM, Sener-Aydemir A, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Berthiller F, Zebeli Q, Pacífico C. Characterization of Microbial Intolerances and Ruminal Dysbiosis Towards Different Dietary Carbohydrate Sources Using an in vitro Model. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:458-476. [PMID: 35396778 PMCID: PMC9545568 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to characterize the critical points for determining the development of dysbiosis associated with feed intolerances and ruminal acidosis. METHODS AND RESULTS A metabologenomics approach was used to characterize dynamic microbial and metabolomics shifts using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) by feeding native cornstarch (ST), chemically-modified cornstarch (CMS), or sucrose (SU). SU and CMS elicited the most drastic changes as rapidly as 4 h after feeding. This was accompanied by a swift accumulation of D-lactate, and the decline of benzoic and malonic acid. A consistent increase in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus as well as a decrease in fibrolytic bacteria was observed for both CMS and ST after 24 h, indicating intolerances within the fiber degrading populations. However, an increase in Lactobacillus was already evident in SU after 8 h. An inverse relationship between Fibrobacter and Bifidobacterium was observed in ST. In fact, Fibrobacter was positively correlated with several short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), while Lactobacillus was positively correlated with lactic acid, hexoses, hexose-phosphates, pentose phosphate pathway (PENTOSE-P-PWY) and heterolactic fermentation (P122-PWY). CONCLUSIONS The feeding of sucrose and modified starches, followed by native cornstarch, had a strong disruptive effect in the ruminal microbial community. Feed intolerances were shown to develop at different rates based on the availability of glucose for ruminal microorganisms. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY These results can be used to establish patterns of early dysbiosis (biomarkers) and develop strategies for preventing undesirable shifts in the ruminal microbial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Kheirandish
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renee Maxine Petri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Elisabeth Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cátia Pacífico
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Gouvêa VN, Duff GC, Sowers CA, Barnes ML. Effects of supplemental phytomolecules on growth performance, carcass characteristics and liver abnormalities of finishing beef steers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1960841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius N. Gouvêa
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Clayton Livestock Research Center, New Mexico State University, Clayton, USA
| | - Glenn C. Duff
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Clayton Livestock Research Center, New Mexico State University, Clayton, USA
| | - Consuelo A. Sowers
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Clayton Livestock Research Center, New Mexico State University, Clayton, USA
| | - Michael L. Barnes
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Clayton Livestock Research Center, New Mexico State University, Clayton, USA
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10
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Beck MR, Gregorini P. Animal Design Through Functional Dietary Diversity for Future Productive Landscapes. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.546581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pastoral livestock production systems are facing considerable societal pressure to reduce environmental impact, enhance animal welfare, and promote product integrity, while maintaining or increasing system profitability. Design theory is the conscious tailoring of a system for a specific or set of purposes. Then, animals—as biological systems nested in grazing environments—can be designed in order to achieve multi-faceted goals. We argue that phytochemical rich diets through dietary taxonomical diversity can be used as a design tool for both current animal product integrity and to develop future multipurpose animals. Through conscious choice, animals offered a diverse array of plants tailor a diet, which better meets their individual requirements for nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and prophylactics. Phytochemical rich diets with diverse arrangements of plant secondary compounds also reduce environmental impacts of grazing animals by manipulating the use of C and N, thereby reducing methane production and excretion of N. Subsequently functional dietary diversity (FDD), as opposed to dietary monotony, offers better nourishment, health benefits and hedonic value (positive reward increasing “liking” of feed), as well as the opportunity for individualism; and thereby eudaimonic well-being. Moreover, phytochemical rich diets with diverse arrangements of plant secondary compounds may translate in animal products with similar richness, enhancing consumer human health and well-being. Functional dietary diversity also allows us to design future animals. Dietary exposure begins in utero, continues through mothers' milk, and carries on in early-life experiences, influencing dietary preferences later in life. More specifically, in utero exposure to specific flavors cause epigenetic changes that alter morphological and physiological mechanisms that influence future “wanting,” “liking” and learning of particular foods and foodscapes. In this context, we argue that in utero and early life exposure to designed flavors of future multifunctional foodscapes allow us to graze future ruminants with enhanced multiple ecosystem services. Collectively, the strategic use of FDD allows us to “create” animals and their products for immediate and future food, health, and wealth. Finally, implementing design theory provides a link between our thoughtscape (i.e., the use of FDD as design) to future landscapes, which provides a beneficial foodscape to the animals, an subsequently to us.
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Torres RNS, Paschoaloto JR, Ezequiel JMB, da Silva DAV, Almeida MTC. Meta-analysis of the effects of essential oil as an alternative to monensin in diets for beef cattle. Vet J 2021; 272:105659. [PMID: 33941330 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Additives used to improve feed efficiency of beef cattle on high-grain diets requires products that not only increase animal performance but also provide food safety for consumers. Since phytogenic additives such as essential oils (EO) are the main substitutes for monensin in the diet of cattle fed high-grain diets, this study aimed to evaluate, through meta-analysis, the effects of EO as an alternative to monensin in diets for beef cattle on feed intake, performance, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentative parameters. Ten peer-reviewed publications with 27 treatment means were included in the data set. These effects were evaluated using random-effect models to examine the weighted mean differences (WMD) between EO treatment and control treatment (diets with monensin). Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression and subgroup analysis. The substitution of EO for monensin did not affect methane production, ruminal pH values, average daily gain, feed efficiency or carcass weight. However, carcass dressing percentage (WMD = 0.38%; P = 0.03), ribeye area (WMD = 0.82 cm2; P < 0.0001) and subcutaneous fat thickness (WMD = 0.56 mm; P < 0.0001) values increased. Although the use of EO instead of monensin had no influence on the performance of beef cattle fed high-grain diets, the prevalence of hepatic abscesses increased 84.9% and the replacement of monensin by EO increased the risk ratio of hepatic abscess prevalence by 107%. Therefore, the use of EO in high-grain beef cattle diets was ineffective in protecting the liver against abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N S Torres
- Animal Unit of Digestive and Metabolic Studies, Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - J M B Ezequiel
- Animal Unit of Digestive and Metabolic Studies, Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - D A V da Silva
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - M T C Almeida
- Federal University of Espírito Santo, Department of Animal Science, Alegre, ES, Brazil
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12
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Tedeschi LO, Muir JP, Naumann HD, Norris AB, Ramírez-Restrepo CA, Mertens-Talcott SU. Nutritional Aspects of Ecologically Relevant Phytochemicals in Ruminant Production. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628445. [PMID: 33748210 PMCID: PMC7973208 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update of ecologically relevant phytochemicals for ruminant production, focusing on their contribution to advancing nutrition. Phytochemicals embody a broad spectrum of chemical components that influence resource competence and biological advantage in determining plant species' distribution and density in different ecosystems. These natural compounds also often act as plant defensive chemicals against predatorial microbes, insects, and herbivores. They may modulate or exacerbate microbial transactions in the gastrointestinal tract and physiological responses in ruminant microbiomes. To harness their production-enhancing characteristics, phytochemicals have been actively researched as feed additives to manipulate ruminal fermentation and establish other phytochemoprophylactic (prevent animal diseases) and phytochemotherapeutic (treat animal diseases) roles. However, phytochemical-host interactions, the exact mechanism of action, and their effects require more profound elucidation to provide definitive recommendations for ruminant production. The majority of phytochemicals of nutritional and pharmacological interest are typically classified as flavonoids (9%), terpenoids (55%), and alkaloids (36%). Within flavonoids, polyphenolics (e.g., hydrolyzable and condensed tannins) have many benefits to ruminants, including reducing methane (CH4) emission, gastrointestinal nematode parasitism, and ruminal proteolysis. Within terpenoids, saponins and essential oils also mitigate CH4 emission, but triterpenoid saponins have rich biochemical structures with many clinical benefits in humans. The anti-methanogenic property in ruminants is variable because of the simultaneous targeting of several physiological pathways. This may explain saponin-containing forages' relative safety for long-term use and describe associated molecular interactions on all ruminant metabolism phases. Alkaloids are N-containing compounds with vast pharmacological properties currently used to treat humans, but their phytochemical usage as feed additives in ruminants has yet to be exploited as they may act as ghost compounds alongside other phytochemicals of known importance. We discussed strategic recommendations for phytochemicals to support sustainable ruminant production, such as replacements for antibiotics and anthelmintics. Topics that merit further examination are discussed and include the role of fresh forages vis-à-vis processed feeds in confined ruminant operations. Applications and benefits of phytochemicals to humankind are yet to be fully understood or utilized. Scientific explorations have provided promising results, pending thorough vetting before primetime use, such that academic and commercial interests in the technology are fully adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis O. Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - James P. Muir
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Stephenville, TX, United States
| | - Harley D. Naumann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Aaron B. Norris
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Castillo-Lopez E, Rivera-Chacon R, Ricci S, Petri RM, Reisinger N, Zebeli Q. Short-term screening of multiple phytogenic compounds for their potential to modulate chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation profile, and pH in cattle fed grain-rich diets. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4271-4289. [PMID: 33612222 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In cattle, proper rumen functioning and digestion are intimately linked to chewing behavior. Yet, high grain feeding impairs chewing activity, increasing the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis and dysfermentation. This study aimed to screen 9 different phytogenic compounds for their potential to modulate chewing activity, meal size, rumino-reticular short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and pH during consumption in a first daily meal and shortly thereafter in cattle fed a grain-rich diet. Treatments were control (total mixed ration without phytogenic) or addition of a phytogenic compound at a low or high dose. Phytogenic compounds and doses (all in mg/kg) were angelica root (6.6 and 66), capsaicin (10 and 100), gentian root (6.6 and 66), garlic oil (0.3 and 3), ginger extract (40 and 400), L-menthol (6.7 and 67), mint oil (15.3 and 153), thyme oil (9.4 and 94), and thymol (5 and 50), for the low and high groups, respectively. Before the start of the screening experiment, cows were fed to reach subacute ruminal acidosis conditions, confirmed with the time of ruminal pH <5.8 being 655 ± 148.2 min/d. During the screening experiment, the treatments were offered in a controlled meal (2.5 kg of DM for 4 h) as part of the daily diet with 65% concentrate. Each treatment was tested in 4 of the 9 cannulated Holstein cows using an incomplete Latin square design. Ruminal and reticular fluids were sampled before and after each treatment, and data collected before the meal were used as covariates. Chewing and ruminal pH were monitored during the treatment, followed by 2 h of complete feed restriction, and then 4 h of ad libitum feed intake without phytogenic. Data showed that supplementation of angelica root tended to linearly increase rumination time immediately after the first meal when feed was restricted (27.3, 41.9, and 42.6 ± 5.99 min for control, low and high groups, respectively). Capsaicin increased eating time (43.6, 49.4, and 66.4 ± 4.93 min) during consumption but did not affect ruminal total SCFA or mean ruminal pH. Garlic oil reduced the concentration of reticular total SCFA (75.7, 71.3, and 60.1 mM) and tended to decrease ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio (2.50, 1.78, and 1.87 ± 0.177) with no effect on ruminal pH. The L-menthol affected reticular total SCFA quadratically (76.1, 64.9, and 81.0 ± 4.22%), and ruminal pH responded quadratically when feed was reintroduced ad libitum (6.0, 6.3, and 6.1 ± 0.07). Mint oil did not affect chewing or total SCFA during consumption, but the low dose increased ruminal pH (6.5, 6.7, and 6.5 ± 0.08). Thyme oil tended to lower the severity of ruminal acidosis. Overall, phytogenic compounds demonstrated distinct dose-dependent effects to beneficially influence chewing behavior, modulate fermentation, and mitigate ruminal acidosis in dairy cows under a high-grain challenge diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul Rivera-Chacon
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Ricci
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renee M Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - N Reisinger
- BIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Sahebi Ala M, Pirmohammadi R, Khalilvandi-Behroozyar H, Anassori E. Changes in vitro rumen fermentation, methane production and microbial populations in response to green tea extract. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1938715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sahebi Ala
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rasoul Pirmohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Anassori
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Abd El Tawab AM, Khattab MSA, Hadhoud FI, Shaaban MM. Effect of mixture of herbal plants on ruminal fermentation, degradability and gas production. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 43:e48549. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.48549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing livestock negative environmental impacts get great interest in last years. So, present study was carried out to determine the effect of adding different levels of mixture of thyme and celery versus salinomycin on ruminal fermentation, gas production, dry, organic matter and fiber degradation. Four experimental treatments were used by in-vitro batch culture technique, as follow: 60% CFM, 40% clover hay (control), control diet + 2.5 gm thyme + 2.5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T1), control diet + 5 gm thyme + 5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T2), control diet + 10 gm thyme + 10 gm celery kg-1 DM (T3), control diet + 0.4 gm Salinomycin kg-1 DM (T4). Ruminal pH value was significantly increased (p < 0.05) with T4 compared with other treatments. While, the T4 recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05) for microbial protein, short chain fatty acids concentrations (SCFA), total gas production, dry matter and organic matter degradability (DMd and OMd) compared with other treatments. Fiber fraction degradability (NDFd and ADFd) appeared no significant variance (p > 0.05) between control and other treatments except for T1 that recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05). It is concluded that mixture of thyme plus celery could be alternate for ionophores in the ruminant diets to enhance ruminal fermentation, reducing gas production without any negative effect on nutrients degradability.
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The Influence of Topically Applied Oil–Based Palatants on Eating Behavior in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:102995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Foskolos A, Ferret A, Siurana A, Castillejos L, Calsamiglia S. Effects of Capsicum and Propyl-Propane Thiosulfonate on Rumen Fermentation, Digestion, and Milk Production and Composition in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050859. [PMID: 32429202 PMCID: PMC7278403 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils may affect rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion, and milk production and composition. The objective of this study was to test the effects of capsicum oleoresin (CAP) and propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO) on rumen fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk yield and composition in lactating dairy cattle. Six lactating Holstein cows (averaging (mean ± SD) 130 ± 40 days in milk and 723 ± 55 kg of body weight) fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a duplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments were: a control diet (CTR), the CTR diet with the addition of 500 mg/d/cow of CAP, and the CTR diet with the addition of 250 mg/d/cow of PTSO. Dry matter intake (DMI) averaged 20.7 kg/d with a tendency towards higher intake in cows fed CAP and lower in those fed PTSO (p = 0.08). Milk yield averaged 31.8 kg/d with no difference among treatments. However, feed efficiency was higher in PTSO supplemented cows compared with CTR (1.65 and 1.41 kg of milk yield/kg of DMI, respectively; p < 0.01). At the doses used in this experiment, CAP and PTSO failed to demonstrate any effects on rumen fermentation, but PTSO increased the efficiency of feed utilization to produce milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Foskolos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.F.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, Campus Gaiopolis, 411 10 Larisa, Greece
| | - Alfred Ferret
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.F.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Adriana Siurana
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.F.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Lorena Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.F.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Sergio Calsamiglia
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.F.); (A.F.); (A.S.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93581495
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Fandiño I, Ferret A, Calsamiglia S. Dose and combinations of anise oil and capsicum oleoresin as rumen fermentation modifiers in vitro and in vivo with high concentrate diets fed to Holstein beef heifers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Chen X, Nedelkov K, Oh J, Harper M, Wall E, Felix T, Hristov A. Effect of a blend of artificial sweetener and capsicum on productive performance and blood chemistry in growing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Ribeiro A, Ferraz Junior M, Polizel D, Miszura A, Gobato L, Barroso J, Susin I, Pires A. Thyme essential oil for sheep: effect on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, and growth. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (EO) doses on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen metabolism, as well as performance and coccidia oocyst discharge. In experiment I, 20 rumen-cannulated wethers received the experimental diets containing 80% dry matter (DM) of haylage and 20% DM of concentrate. Treatments were 25mg of monensin/kg DM or doses of 1.25, 2.50, or 3.75g of thyme EO/kg DM. In experiment II, 50 ewe lambs received the same diets from experiment I, including a diet without feed additives. Wethers fed with diets containing 1.25g/kg DM of thyme EO had higher molar proportion of propionate (P= 0.03) and butyrate (P< 0.01), and lower (P= 0.04) acetate to propionate ratio than other treatments. Adding thyme EO to diets increased (P= 0.02) nitrogen retention compared to monensin. The performance of ewe lambs was not affected (P≥ 0.05) by treatments. However, lambs fed monensin had a lower (P= 0.04) number of coccidia oocyst discharge than others. Adding 1.25g/kg DM of thyme EO in high-forage diet improved ruminal fermentation. Thyme EO enhanced nitrogen metabolism, however, it did not improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D.M. Polizel
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - I. Susin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A.V. Pires
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Adaszek Ł, Gadomska D, Mazurek Ł, Łyp P, Madany J, Winiarczyk S. Properties of capsaicin and its utility in veterinary and human medicine. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:14-19. [PMID: 30579138 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this paper was to show the variety of capsaicin's properties. Capsaicin is an active component of plants of the Capsicum genus, and is known for its pungency. Capsaicin is used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Additional properties of capsaicin have been demonstrated, including pain relief, weight loss, body thermoregulation, and antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Studies of capsaicin's effects on the human and animal organism need to be continued, with special emphasis on new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Gadomska
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mazurek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Łyp
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Madany
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, 20-612 Lublin, Głęboka 30, Poland
| | - Stanisław Winiarczyk
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland
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Lillehoj H, Liu Y, Calsamiglia S, Fernandez-Miyakawa ME, Chi F, Cravens RL, Oh S, Gay CG. Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health. Vet Res 2018; 49:76. [PMID: 30060764 PMCID: PMC6066919 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There are heightened concerns globally on emerging drug-resistant superbugs and the lack of new antibiotics for treating human and animal diseases. For the agricultural industry, there is an urgent need to develop strategies to replace antibiotics for food-producing animals, especially poultry and livestock. The 2nd International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics was held at the World Organization for Animal Health in Paris, France, December 12-15, 2016 to discuss recent scientific developments on strategic antibiotic-free management plans, to evaluate regional differences in policies regarding the reduction of antibiotics in animal agriculture and to develop antibiotic alternatives to combat the global increase in antibiotic resistance. More than 270 participants from academia, government research institutions, regulatory agencies, and private animal industries from >25 different countries came together to discuss recent research and promising novel technologies that could provide alternatives to antibiotics for use in animal health and production; assess challenges associated with their commercialization; and devise actionable strategies to facilitate the development of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) without hampering animal production. The 3-day meeting consisted of four scientific sessions including vaccines, microbial products, phytochemicals, immune-related products, and innovative drugs, chemicals and enzymes, followed by the last session on regulation and funding. Each session was followed by an expert panel discussion that included industry representatives and session speakers. The session on phytochemicals included talks describing recent research achievements, with examples of successful agricultural use of various phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives and their mode of action in major agricultural animals (poultry, swine and ruminants). Scientists from industry and academia and government research institutes shared their experience in developing and applying potential antibiotic-alternative phytochemicals commercially to reduce AGPs and to develop a sustainable animal production system in the absence of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Sergio Calsamiglia
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariano E. Fernandez-Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, Castelar, 1712 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fang Chi
- Amlan International, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | | | - Sungtaek Oh
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Cyril G. Gay
- National Program Staff-Animal Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
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Performance, health and physiological responses of newly weaned feedlot cattle supplemented with feed-grade antibiotics or alternative feed ingredients. Animal 2018; 12:2521-2528. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ornaghi MG, Passetti RA, Torrecilhas JA, Mottin C, Vital ACP, Guerrero A, Sañudo C, del Mar Campo M, Prado IN. Essential oils in the diet of young bulls: Effect on animal performance, digestibility, temperament, feeding behaviour and carcass characteristics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Humer E, Petri RM, Aschenbach JR, Bradford BJ, Penner GB, Tafaj M, Südekum KH, Zebeli Q. Invited review: Practical feeding management recommendations to mitigate the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:872-888. [PMID: 29153519 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rumen health is of vital importance in ensuring healthy and efficient dairy cattle production. Current feeding programs for cattle recommend concentrate-rich diets to meet the high nutritional needs of cows during lactation and enhance cost-efficiency. These diets, however, can impair rumen health. The term "subacute ruminal acidosis" (SARA) is often used as a synonym for poor rumen health. In this review, we first describe the physiological demands of cattle for dietary physically effective fiber. We also provide background information on the importance of enhancing salivary secretions and short-chain fatty acid absorption across the stratified squamous epithelium of the rumen; thus, preventing the disruption of the ruminal acid-base balance, a process that paves the way for acidification of the rumen. On-farm evaluation of dietary fiber adequacy is challenging for both nutritionists and veterinarians; therefore, this review provides practical recommendations on how to evaluate the physical effectiveness of the diet based on differences in particle size distribution, fiber content, and the type of concentrate fed, both when the latter is part of total mixed ration and when it is supplemented in partial mixed rations. Besides considering the absolute amount of physically effective fiber and starch types in the diet, we highlight the role of several feeding management factors that affect rumen health and should be considered to control and mitigate SARA. Most importantly, transitional feeding to ensure gradual adaptation of the ruminal epithelium and microbiota; monitoring and careful management of particle size distribution; controlling feed sorting, meal size, and meal frequency; and paying special attention to primiparous cows are some of the feeding management tools that can help in sustaining rumen health in high-producing dairy herds. Supplementation of feed additives including yeast products, phytogenic compounds, and buffers may help attenuate SARA, especially during stress periods when the risk of a deficiency of physically effective fiber in the diet is high, such as during early lactation. However, the usage of feed additives cannot fully compensate for suboptimal feeding management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R M Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - J R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - G B Penner
- Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - M Tafaj
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture University of Tirana, Tirana 1000, Albania
| | - K-H Südekum
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Paraskevakis N. Effects of dietary Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) supplementation on rumen fermentation, enzyme profile and microbial communities in goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:701-705. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Paraskevakis
- Department of Animal Physiology and Nutrition; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
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Zotti CA, Silva AP, Carvalho R, Marino CT, Rodrigues PHM, Silva LFP, McAllister TA, Leme PR. Monensin and a blend of castor oil and cashew nut shell liquid used in a high-concentrate diet abruptly fed to Nellore cattle1. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Zotti
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Xanxerê, Santa Catarina, Brazil 89820-000
| | - A. P. Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
| | - R. Carvalho
- Universidade de São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
| | - C. T. Marino
- Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil 79106-550
| | - P. H. M. Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
| | - L. F. P. Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - P. R. Leme
- Universidade de São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
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Simitzis PE. Enrichment of Animal Diets with Essential Oils-A Great Perspective on Improving Animal Performance and Quality Characteristics of the Derived Products. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4020035. [PMID: 28930250 PMCID: PMC5590071 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Food industry operates in a competitive market and is continually facing challenges to retain or even increase its market share. Consistent high-quality animal products are required to maintain consumer confidence and consumption. Enrichment of foods with bioactive compounds such as the essential oils appears to improve quality characteristics of the derived products and protects consumers against oxidation and bacterial spoilage effects. Synthetic additives are nowadays questioned due to their suspected carcinogenic potential, and therefore extensive research has been undertaken to identify safe and efficient alternatives. Aromatic plants and their respective essential oils belong to natural products and are generally used in pig, poultry, rabbit and ruminant nutrition. The inclusion of essential oils in livestock diets is nowadays becoming a common practice, since dietary supplementation has been proven a simple and convenient strategy to effectively inhibit the oxidative reactions or microbial spoilage at their localized sites. A wide range of essential oils contain bioactive compounds that have the potential to act as multifunctional feed supplements for animals including effects on growth performance, digestive system, pathogenic bacterial growth and lipid oxidation. However, further studies are needed to clarify their exact action and establish their regular use in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis E Simitzis
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens 11855, Greece.
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Oh J, Wall EH, Bravo DM, Hristov AN. Host-mediated effects of phytonutrients in ruminants: A review. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5974-5983. [PMID: 28390713 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce an extensive array of organic compounds derived from secondary metabolism that may be useful in animal nutrition because of their chemical makeup. These plant-derived bioactive compounds, also referred to as phytonutrients (PN) or phytobiotics, have been shown to express antimicrobial activities against a wide range of bacteria, yeast, and fungi and have been investigated as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition. Studies have reported that PN may inhibit deamination of AA and methanogenesis in the rumen and shift fermentation toward propionate and butyrate. Most of the experiments, however, have been conducted in vitro, and responses have been highly variable and inconsistent in animal experiments. In addition, some studies have reported that PN had positive effects on productivity, although rumen fermentation was not affected. Other than antimicrobial effects in the gut, PN are known to bind specific receptors expressed in neurons, intestines, and other cells and exhibit related physiological effects in nonruminants. The receptor-mediated effects include immune responses, oxidative stress, and insulin secretion and activity. Some PN, due to their phenolic nature, are likely less susceptible to microbial degradation in the rumen and may exhibit activities postruminally, similar to their mode of action in nonruminant species. This opens a new area of research in ruminants, including effects of PN on the animal's immune system, postruminal nutrient use, and animal physiology. Although limited, studies with ruminants provide first evidence of PN's regulatory effects on the host responses. For example, PN were reported to regulate immune cells related to adaptive and innate immunity in challenged or nonchallenged dairy cows. Supplementation of PN reduced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing endogenous antioxidants in ruminants. Additionally, insulin secretion and sensitivity were reportedly regulated by PN in dairy cows. The regulatory effects of PN on immunity may be beneficial for immune suppression and inflammation in dairy cows. In addition, PN could positively affect energy partitioning for milk production through their effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity. Further research is needed to elucidate the effect and mode of action of PN on immune function and animal energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - E H Wall
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D M Bravo
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Oh J, Harper M, Giallongo F, Bravo DM, Wall EH, Hristov AN. Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin on productivity and responses to a glucose tolerance test in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1888-1901. [PMID: 28088423 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin (RPC) supplementation on feed intake, milk yield and composition, nutrient utilization, fecal microbial ecology, and responses to a glucose tolerance test in lactating dairy cows. Nine multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design balanced for residual effects with three 28-d periods. Each period consisted of 14 d for adaptation and 14 d for data collection and sampling. Treatments were 0 (control), 100, and 200 mg of RPC/cow per day. They were mixed with a small portion of the total mixed ration and top-dressed. Glucose tolerance test was conducted once during each experimental period by intravenous administration of glucose at a rate of 0.3 g/kg of body weight. Dry matter intake was not affected by RPC. Milk yield tended to increase for RPC treatments compared to the control. Feed efficiency was linearly increased by RPC supplementation. Concentrations of fat, true protein, and lactose in milk were not affected by RPC. Apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein was linearly increased, and fecal nitrogen excretion was linearly decreased by RPC supplementation. Rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin did not affect the composition of fecal bacteria. Glucose concentration in serum was not affected by RPC supplementation post glucose challenge. However, compared to the control, RPC decreased serum insulin concentration at 5, 10, and 40 min post glucose challenge. The area under the insulin concentration curve was also decreased 25% by RPC. Concentration of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in serum were not affected by RPC following glucose administration. In this study, RPC tended to increase milk production and increased feed efficiency in dairy cows. In addition, RPC decreased serum insulin concentration during the glucose tolerance test, but glucose concentration was not affected by treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - M Harper
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - F Giallongo
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D M Bravo
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E H Wall
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Cobellis G, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Yu Z. Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:556-68. [PMID: 26760275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ruminant livestock systems contribute significantly to emission of methane, a potent greenhouse gas as they waste a portion of the ingested energy (2-15%) as methane and a large proportion (75-95%) of the ingested nitrogen as ammonia. Recently, numerous researches have been conducted to evaluate plant secondary metabolites, including essential oils (EO), as natural feed additives in ruminant nutrition and to exploit their potential to improve rumen fermentation efficiency. Essential oils appeared to be very promising compounds as they selectively reduced methane production and protein breakdown in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, in some studies, the use of EO as feed additives was accompanied with decreased feed degradability and lowered volatile fatty acid. These adverse effects could be attributed to their broad and often non-specific antimicrobial activities within the rumen. Future research should be directed to identification of the active and useful EO compounds, optimization of EO doses, and use of a whole-farm approach with a focus on animal welfare, performance and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Cobellis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Salem AZ, Kholif AE, Elghandour MM, Buendía G, Mariezcurrena MD, Hernandez SR, Camacho LM. Influence of Oral Administration ofSalix BabylonicaExtract on Milk Production and Composition in Dairy Cows. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oliveira HBN, Leonel FDP, Villela SDJ, Lobo Júnior AR, Guimarães EC, Santiago BT, Carvalho JMD, Resende RJVD, Araújo RP. Desempenho de vacas em lactação consumindo dietas contendo misturas de óleos essenciais. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402014000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos de uma mistura comercial de óleos essenciais (capsaicina, eugenol, cinamaldeído e carvacrol) microencapsulados com inclusões crescentes (0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,0g/dia) sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho e a composição do leite de 20 vacas Holandesas primíparas confinadas em baias com cama de areia. Não houve interação entre os tratamentos e os períodos avaliados, e o efeito dos tratamentos não foi significativo (P>0,05) para as variáveis consumo de matéria seca, expresso em % PV e em kg/dia, proteína bruta (% PV), extrato etéreo (% PV), fibra em detergente neutro (% PV), fibra em detergente ácido (% PV); digestibilidade da matéria seca (%), proteína bruta (%), extrato etéreo (%), fibra em detergente neutro (%); produção de leite (kg) e seus componentes gordura (%), proteína (%), lactose (%), sólidos totais (%), extrato seco desengordurado (%), contagem de células somáticas (log) e nitrogênio ureico (mg/dL). No entanto, avaliando separadamente os períodos testados, encontrou-se diminuição significativa (P<0,05) na produção de leite e aumento nas concentrações de sólidos totais (%). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para os teores de extrato seco desengordurado (%) e contagem de células somáticas (log). Pôde-se concluir que a utilização de óleos essenciais contendo capsaicina, eugenol, cinamaldeído e carvacrol não influencia o consumo, digestibilidade, produção e composição do leite de vacas Holandesas primíparas.
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Vakili AR, Khorrami B, Mesgaran MD, Parand E. The effects of thyme and cinnamon essential oils on performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in holstein calves consuming high concentrate diet. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:935-44. [PMID: 25049871 PMCID: PMC4093501 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils have been shown to favorably effect in vitro ruminal fermentation, but there are few in vivo studies that have examined animal responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of thyme (THY) and cinnamon (CIN) essential oils on feed intake, growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in feedlot calves fed high-concentrate diets. Twelve growing Holstein calves (213±17 kg initial BW) were used in a completely randomized design and received their respective dietary treatments for 45 d. Treatments were: 1-control (no additive), 2-THY (5 g/d/calf) and 3-CIN (5 g/d/calf). Calves were fed ad libitum diets consisting of 15% forage and 85% concentrate, and adapted to the finishing diet by gradually increasing the concentrate ratio with feeding a series of transition diets 5 wk before the experiment started. Supplementation of THY or CIN did not affect DMI and ADG, and feed efficiency was similar between treatment groups. There were no effects of additives on ruminal pH and rumen concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total VFA; whereas molar proportion of acetate and ratio of acetate to propionate decreased, and the molar proportion of propionate increased with THY and CIN supplementation. Rumen molar concentration of butyrate was significantly increased by adding CIN compared to control; but no change was observed with THY compared with control group. No effects of THY, or CIN were observed on valerate, isobutyrate or isovalerate proportions. Plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea-N, β-hydroxybutyrate, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were not changed by feeding THY or CIN. Results from this study suggest that supplementing a feedlot finishing diet with THY or CIN essential oil might be useful as ruminal fermentation modifiers in beef production systems, but has minor impacts on blood metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Vakili
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - B Khorrami
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Danesh Mesgaran
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - E Parand
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Khiaosa-ard R, Zebeli Q. Meta-analysis of the effects of essential oils and their bioactive compounds on rumen fermentation characteristics and feed efficiency in ruminants1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1819-30. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Khiaosa-ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q. Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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37
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Plant extracts containing cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and capsicum oleoresin added to feedlot cattle diets: Ruminal environment, short term intake pattern and animal performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ellis JL, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Kebreab E, Hook SE, Archibeque S, France J. Quantifying the effect of monensin dose on the rumen volatile fatty acid profile in high-grain-fed beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2717-26. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Ellis
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WD, the Netherlands
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J. Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WD, the Netherlands
| | - A. Bannink
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen University Research Centre, Lelystad 8200 AB, the Netherlands
| | - E. Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S. E. Hook
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S. Archibeque
- Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - J. France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Rodríguez-Prado M, Ferret A, Zwieten J, Gonzalez L, Bravo D, Calsamiglia S. Effects of dietary addition of capsicum extract on intake, water consumption, and rumen fermentation of fattening heifers fed a high-concentrate diet1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1879-84. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rodríguez-Prado
- Animal Nutrition, Management, and Welfare Research Group, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 - Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Ferret
- Animal Nutrition, Management, and Welfare Research Group, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 - Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Zwieten
- Animal Nutrition, Management, and Welfare Research Group, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 - Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Gonzalez
- Animal Nutrition, Management, and Welfare Research Group, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 - Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - S. Calsamiglia
- Animal Nutrition, Management, and Welfare Research Group, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 - Bellaterra, Spain
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40
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Jesus LPD, Cabral LDS, Espinosa MM, Abreu JGD, Zervoudakis JT, Morenz MJF. Modelagem estatística para estimação da população de protozoários ruminais em função da relação volumoso: concentrado na dieta e da presença de aditivos. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402012000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho desenvolver modelos estatísticos para estimar as variações da população de protozoários ruminais em função da relação volumoso:concentrado e da presença ou não de aditivos na dieta. Foram construídas planilhas mediante a utilização do software Excel com dados referentes à composição da dieta, presença e ausência de aditivos e do número de protozoários do rúmen de bovinos de 23 artigos científicos e três teses realizados no Brasil. Estas variáveis foram utilizadas e testadas para obtenção da equação para predição do perfil da população de protozoários. Os modelos estatísticos obtidos foram verificados por análise residual e a seleção das variáveis foi realizada considerando o nível de significância de 5% de probabilidade do erro experimental. Verificou-se que dietas com maior proporção de volumosos favorecem o incremento na população de protozoários totais e em particular, de Entodinium, enquanto a presença de ionóforos reduz o número desses microorganismos ruminais. O modelo estatísticos desenvolvido pode auxiliar na identificação antecipada de fatores nutricionais limitantes para o desenvolvimento da microbiota ruminal.
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Calsamiglia S, Blanch M, Ferret A, Moya D. Is subacute ruminal acidosis a pH related problem? Causes and tools for its control. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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