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Piran Filho FA, Maeda EM, Fluck AC, Hasse MCG, Gilioli D, Weiss EC, Costa OAD. Intake, digestibility and ruminal parameters of lambs fed with increasing levels of wheat bulgur. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20210172. [PMID: 37341268 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320210172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of wheat bulgur in the diet on intake, digestibility, N balance and ruminal parameters in cannulated lambs. Four castrated Santa Ines×Dorper lambs, cannulated in the rumen, (45 ± 9 kg) were housed in metabolism crates. They were randomly distributed in a 4×4 Latin Square,10-day adaption, a 6-day sampling period. The base diet was composed by ryegrass hay and concentrate, in a 40:60 roughage:concentrate ratio and four inclusions of wheat bulgur on the total diet: 0, 190, 380 and 570 g/kg dry matter. The inclusion of wheat bulgur did not affect the intake of non-structural carbohydrates. The intake of dry matter, fiber, crude protein, organic matter and crude fat decreased linearly (P<0.05). The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber decreased linearly (P=0.001). The N retained and the excreted in urine were not affected by wheat bulgur inclusion. Fecal excretion, total excretion and absorbed N, decreased linearly (P<0.05). There was no change on pH, ammonia, soluble carbohydrates and protozoa population in rumen. Increasing of wheat bulgur in the diet of lambs decrease the nutrient intake and fiber digestibility without affecting the digestibility of other compounds, ruminal parameters, and the protozoa count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Antonio Piran Filho
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Animal Science Research Program, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jd. Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Emilyn Midori Maeda
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Animal Science Degree Course, Dois Vizinhos Campus, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Animal Science Research Program, Dois Vizinhos Campus, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Fluck
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Animal Science Degree Course, Dois Vizinhos Campus, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Postdoctoral Student of the Animal Science Research Program, Dois Vizinhos Campus, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Marianne Cristina Gonçalves Hasse
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Animal Science Degree Course, Dois Vizinhos Campus, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Diana Gilioli
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Animal Science Degree Course, Dois Vizinhos Campus, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Emanoele Cristina Weiss
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Animal Science Research Program, Dois Vizinhos Campus, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Olmar Antônio Denardin Costa
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Postdoctoral Student of the Animal Science Research Program, Dois Vizinhos Campus, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 4, 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil
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Westreicher-Kristen E, Blank R, Paschke-Beese M, Kühl W, Wolffram S, Metges CC, Susenbeth A. Diets for Dairy Cows with Different Proportions of Crude Protein Originating from Red Clover Silage versus Soybean Meal: Ruminal Degradation and Intestinal Digestibility of Amino Acids. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2177. [PMID: 34438635 PMCID: PMC8388374 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to assess the effect of exchanging crude protein (CP) of soybean meal (SBM) with red clover silage (RCS) in total mixed rations (TMR) on ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility (ID) of essential amino acids (EAA). Four TMR and their individual feed components were studied. The TMR were composed of forage and concentrates (75:25), with proportions of RCS in TMR of 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 on a dry matter basis, resulting in diet groups RCS15, RCS30, RCS45, and RCS60, respectively. The ruminal degradation of EAA was determined using the nylon bag technique. For this, samples of TMR and their individual feed components were ruminally incubated for 16 h. The feed residues of TMR obtained after 16 h of incubation were used for the determination of ID of EAA using the mobile-bag technique. Increasing RCS and reducing SBM proportions linearly increased (p < 0.01) the in situ ruminal degradation of individual EAA from 75.5% to 83.5%. The degradation of EAA followed the trend of CP degradation among TMR, except for Cys that was lower (p < 0.05) than that of CP in RCS60 (79.7% vs. 86.3%). The degradation of EAA in individual feed ingredients not always corresponded to the degradation of CP and was feed dependent. Increasing the proportions of RCS in the TMR linearly reduced (p < 0.001) the ID of EAA (except for Ile) from 78.2% to 67.3%. However, the ID of EAA did not always reflect the ID of CP, and in general, the differences between the ID of CP and EAA increased as RCS increased in the TMR. The ID values of most of the EAA were similar (p > 0.05) to ID of CP in RCS15 and RCS30, while they mostly differed (p < 0.05) in RCS45 and RCS60, and being higher for EAA than CP (except for Cys that was lower than CP, p < 0.05). Similar trends were observed for intestinal absorbable AA, resulting in higher values (p < 0.05) of intestinal absorbable for all EAA than of CP in diet RCS60. In conclusion, increasing levels of RCS in TMR reduced the extent of EAA flow into the small intestine, the ID of EAA, and consequently the intestinal absorbable EAA. Therefore, accurate determination of metabolizable AA must be considered for optimal diet formulation when including high proportions of RCS in diets of high-producing dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Westreicher-Kristen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
- Schothorst Feed Research BV, P.O. Box 533, 8200 AM Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Blank
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Monika Paschke-Beese
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Wiebke Kühl
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Siegfried Wolffram
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Andreas Susenbeth
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
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Fonseca NVB, Cardoso ADS, Hoffmann A, Leite RG, Ferrari AC, Fernandes MHMDR, Reis RA. Characterization and effects of DDG on the intake and digestibility of finishing bulls in feedlots. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.51877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize four corn and sorghum co-products (DDG) in terms of their protein and carbohydrate fractions; we also evaluated the effects of substituting the protein source of the conventional supplement by DDG on consumption and nutrient digestibility in confined finishing cattle. Thirty-six male Nellore cattle with a mean age of 24 months were used. The treatments were: FA: concentrate with corn as an energy source and cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG50: concentrate with a 50% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG; DDG100: concentrate with 100% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates (pens) containing four animals per pen. We found that the use of DDG in the finishing phase did not interfere with the animals’ food intake or the digestibility of the nutrients (p > 0.05). Nutrients were used by the animals; therefore, DDGs may be viable substitutes of cottonseed meal. We conclude that the bromatological composition of this co-product is influenced a lot during processing; therefore, the nutritional values of this co-product present in the composition tables may not be true.
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Harlow BE, Flythe MD, Kagan IA, Goodman JP, Klotz JL, Aiken GE. Isoflavone supplementation, via red clover hay, alters the rumen microbial community and promotes weight gain of steers grazing mixed grass pastures. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229200. [PMID: 32168321 PMCID: PMC7069683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochanin A, an isoflavone present in the pasture legume red clover (Trifloium pratense L.), alters fermentation in the rumen of cattle and other ruminants. Biochanin A inhibits hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria and promotes cellulolytic bacteria and fiber catalysis in vitro and ex vivo. Consequently, biochanin A supplementation improves weight gain in grazing steers. Red clover contains biologically active isoflavones that may act synergistically. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect of two levels of red clover hay on growth performance and the microbial community in growing steers grazing mixed grass pastures. A grazing experiment was conducted over 2 early growing seasons (2016 and 2017) with 36 cross-bred steers and twelve rumen-fistulated, growing Holstein steers for evaluation of average daily gain and rumen microbiota, respectively. Steers were blocked by body weight and assigned to pastures with one of four treatments: 1) pasture only, 2) pasture + dry distillers' grains (DDG), 3) pasture + DDG + low level of red clover hay (~15% red clover diet), or 4) pasture + DDG + high level of red clover hay (~30% red clover diet). DDG were added to treatments to meet protein requirements and to balance total protein supplementation between treatments. All supplementation strategies (DDG ± red clover hay) increased average daily gains in comparison to pasture-only controls (P < 0.05), with a low level of red clover supplementation being the most effective (+0.17 kg d-1 > DDG only controls; P < 0.05). Similarly, hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria inhibition (10-100-fold; P < 0.05), fiber catalysis (+10-25%; P < 0.05) and short chain fatty acid concentrations were greatest with the low red clover supplement (+~25%; P < 0.05). These results provide evidence that lower levels or red clover supplementation may be optimal for maximizing overall microbial community function and animal performance in grazing steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E. Harlow
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Flythe
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Isabelle A. Kagan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jack P. Goodman
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - James L. Klotz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Glen E. Aiken
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forage Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Zhao YL, Yan SM, Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ. Feeding diets varying in forage proportion and particle length to lactating dairy cows: II. Effects on duodenal flows and intestinal digestibility of amino acids. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4355-4366. [PMID: 32113766 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio and forage particle length (FPL) on intake, duodenal flow, and digestibility of individual AA in the intestine of lactating dairy cows. The experiment was designed as a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using 4 lactating dairy cows (parity 2) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas. Low (35:65) and high (60:40) F:C ratios (dry matter basis) were combined with 2 FPL of alfalfa silage (short vs. long; 7.9 vs. 19.1 mm). Few interactions between F:C and FPL for duodenal flow and intestinal digestibility of AA occurred, but interactions were detected for intakes of several AA. Intake of essential AA and nonessential AA decreased with increasing F:C, and the intake of several individual AA increased or decreased with increasing FPL. Increasing F:C decreased duodenal flows of essential AA, nonessential AA, and microbial AA due to consistent decreased flows of most individual AA (except Glu). Degradability of most individual AA in the rumen was not affected by F:C ratio or FPL except that the degradability of His was greater with high than low F:C diets, and the degradability of Ser was greater with long versus short FPL diets. However, the degradability of individual AA within diet varied considerably. Overall, F:C ratio and FPL did not affect intestinal digestibility of AA and rumen undegradable protein AA, whereas the digestibility of individual AA in the intestine varied considerably regardless of dietary treatment. These results indicate that increasing F:C ratio decreased AA supply due to decreased flow of AA to the duodenum but altering FPL did not affect AA supply. The results also revealed the necessity to consider both the flows and digestibility of individual AA when optimizing ration formulation to meet AA requirements of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - S M Yan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - K A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - W Z Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
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Gaillard C, Sørensen MT, Vestergaard M, Weisbjerg MR, Basar A, Larsen MK, Martinussen H, Kidmose U, Sehested J. Effect of substituting soybean meal and canola cake with grain-based dried distillers grains with solubles as a protein source on feed intake, milk production, and milk quality in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7980-7989. [PMID: 28822549 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The growth of the bioethanol industry is leading to an increase in the production of coproducts such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Both corn-based DDGS and grain-based DDGS (gDDGS; defined as originating from grain sources such as barley, wheat, triticale, or a mix, excluding corn) appear to be relevant sources of feed and protein for dairy cows. To date, most of the studies investigating DDGS have been performed with corn-based DDGS. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of the proportion of gDDGS in the diet on feed intake, milk production, and milk quality. The present experiment involved 48 Holstein cows in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 grass-based dietary treatments consisting of 4, 13.5, and 23% gDDGS on a dry matter (DM) basis (L, M, and H, respectively) as a replacement for a concentrate mix. The concentrate mix consisted of soybean meal, canola cake, and beet pulp. Dry matter intake and energy-corrected milk yield were not affected by the proportion of gDDGS in the diet. Daily milk yield decreased with the H diet compared with the L and M diets. The percentage of fat in milk was higher when cows were fed the H diet compared with the L and M diets, whereas milk fat yield was not affected by dietary treatment. The M diet had a higher percentage of protein in milk compared with the L and H diets. Milk protein yield was similar for the L and M diets; however, it decreased for the H diet. Milk taste was not affected by the proportion of gDDGS in the diet or when milk was stored for 7 d. Linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid cis-9,trans-11 in milk increased with increasing proportion of gDDGS. To conclude, gDDGS can replace soybean meal and canola cake as a protein source in the diet of dairy cows. Up to 13.5% of the diet may consist of gDDGS without negatively affecting milk production, milk quality, or milk taste. When gDDGS represents 23% of dietary DM, milk production is reduced by 1.6 kg/d, whereas energy-corrected milk production is numerically reduced by 1 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gaillard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M T Sørensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Vestergaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A Basar
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M K Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - U Kidmose
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - J Sehested
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Böttger C, Südekum KH. European distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS): Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of feeding value for ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lei YG, Li XY, Wang YY, Li ZZ, Chen YL, Yang YX. Determination of ruminal dry matter and crude protein degradability and degradation kinetics of several concentrate feed ingredients in cashmere goat. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1276916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. G. Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - X. Y. Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Y. Y. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Z. Z. Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Y. L. Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Y. X. Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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Lee YH, Ahmadi F, Choi DY, Kwak WS. In situ ruminal degradation characteristics of dry matter and crude protein from dried corn, high-protein corn, and wheat distillers grains. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 58:33. [PMID: 27588208 PMCID: PMC5007693 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-016-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The continuing growth of the ethanol industry has generated large amounts of various distillers grains co-products. These are characterized by a wide variation in chemical composition and ruminal degradability. Therefore, their precise formulation in the ruminant diet requires the systematic evaluation of their degradation profiles in the rumen. Methods Three distillers grains plus soluble co-products (DDGS) namely, corn DDGS, high-protein corn DDGS (HP-DDGS), and wheat DDGS, were subjected to an in situ trial to determine the degradation kinetics of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). Soybean meal (SBM), a feed with highly degradable protein in the rumen, was included as the fourth feed. The four feeds were incubated in duplicate at each time point in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated Hanwoo cattle for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. Results Wheat DDGS had the highest filterable and soluble A fraction of its DM (37.2 %), but the lowest degradable B (49.5 %; P < 0.001) and an undegradable C fraction (13.3 %; P < 0.001). The filterable and soluble A fraction of CP was greatest with wheat DDGS, intermediate with corn DDGS, and lowest with HP-DDGS and SBM; however, the undegradable C fraction of CP was the greatest with HP-DDGS (41.2 %), intermediate with corn DDGS (2.7 %), and lowest with wheat DDGS and SMB (average 4.3 %). The degradation rate of degradable B fraction (% h−1) was ranked from highest to lowest as follows for 1) DM: SBM (13.3), wheat DDGS (9.1), and corn DDGS and HP-DDGS (average 5.2); 2) CP: SBM (17.6), wheat DDGS (11.6), and corn DDGS and HP-DDGS (average 4.4). The in situ effective degradability of CP, assuming a passage rate of 0.06 h−1, was the highest (P < 0.001) for SBM (73.9 %) and wheat DDGS (71.2 %), intermediate for corn DDGS (42.5 %), and the lowest for HP-DDGS (28.6 %), which suggests that corn DDGS and HP-DDGS are a good source of undegraded intake protein for ruminants. Conclusions This study provided a comparative estimate of ruminal DM and CP degradation characteristics for three DDGS co-products and SBM, which might be useful for their inclusion in the diet according to the ruminally undegraded to degraded intake protein ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Division of Food Biosciences, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk 380-701 Korea
| | - F Ahmadi
- Division of Food Biosciences, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk 380-701 Korea
| | - D Y Choi
- Division of Food Biosciences, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk 380-701 Korea
| | - W S Kwak
- Division of Food Biosciences, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk 380-701 Korea
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Mutsvangwa T, Kiran D, Abeysekara S. Effects of feeding canola meal or wheat dried distillers grains with solubles as a major protein source in low- or high-crude protein diets on ruminal fermentation, omasal flow, and production in cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1216-1227. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang Y, Jin L, Wen QN, Kopparapu NK, Liu J, Liu XL, Zhang YG. Rumen Degradability and Small Intestinal Digestibility of the Amino Acids in Four Protein Supplements. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:241-9. [PMID: 26732449 PMCID: PMC4698704 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The supplementation of livestock feed with animal protein is a present cause for public concern, and plant protein shortages have become increasingly prominent in China. This conflict may be resolved by fully utilizing currently available sources of plant protein. We estimated the rumen degradability and the small intestinal digestibility of the amino acids (AA) in rapeseed meal (RSM), soybean meal (SBM), sunflower seed meal (SFM) and sesame meal (SSM) using the mobile nylon bag method to determine the absorbable AA content of these protein supplements as a guide towards dietary formulations for the dairy industry. Overall, this study aimed to utilize protein supplements effectively to guide dietary formulations to increase milk yield and save plant protein resources. To this end, we studied four cows with a permanent rumen fistula and duodenal T-shape fistula in a 4×4 Latin square experimental design. The results showed that the total small intestine absorbable amino acids and small intestine absorbable essential amino acids were higher in the SBM (26.34% and 13.11% dry matter [DM], respectively) than in the SFM (13.97% and 6.89% DM, respectively). The small intestine absorbable Lys contents of the SFM, SSM, RSM and SBM were 0.86%, 0.88%, 1.43%, and 2.12% (DM basis), respectively, and the absorbable Met contents of these meals were 0.28%, 1.03%, 0.52%, and 0.47% (DM basis), respectively. Among the examined food sources, the milk protein score of the SBM (0.181) was highest followed by those of the RSM (0.136), SSM (0.108) and SFM (0.106). The absorbable amino acid contents of the protein supplements accurately reflected protein availability, which is an important indicator of the balance of feed formulation. Therefore, a database detailing the absorbable AA should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - L Jin
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Q N Wen
- Agricultural Machinery Research Institute of Liaoning, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - N K Kopparapu
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - J Liu
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - X L Liu
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Y G Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
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Wang Y, Zhang YG, Liu X, Kopparapu NK, Xin H, Liu J, Guo J. Measurement of the Intestinal Digestibility of Rumen Undegraded Protein Using Different Methods and Correlation Analysis. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1454-64. [PMID: 26323402 PMCID: PMC4554853 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Four methods were adopted, including the mobile nylon bag (MNB) method, modified three-step in vitro (MTS) method, original three-step in vitro (OTS) method, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) estimating method, to evaluate the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (DRUP) of 10 types of concentrates and 7 types of roughages. After correlation analysis to determine the DRUP values using the MNB, MTS, OTS, and ADIN methods, the study aimed to find out appropriate methods to replace the MNB method due to its disadvantages such as high price, long time period, and use of a duodenal T-fistula. Three dairy cows with a permanent ruminal fistula and duodenal T-fistula were used in a single-factor experimental design. The results showed that the determined DRUP values using the MNB method for soybean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, corn germ meal, corn, rice bran, barley, wheat bran, corn fiber feed, Alfalfa (Zhao dong), Alfalfa (Long mu 801), Alfalfa (Long mu 803), grass (North), Grass (Inner Mongolia), corn silage and corn straw were 98.13%, 87.37%, 88.47%, 82.60%, 75.40%, 93.23%, 69.27%, 91.27%, 72.37%, 79.03%, 66.72%, 68.64%, 73.57%, 50.47%, 51.52%, 54.05%, and 43.84%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.964) of the results between the MTS method and the MNB method was higher than that (R2 = 0.942) between the OTS method and the MNB method. The coefficient of determination of the DRUP values of the concentrates among the in vitro method (including the MTS and OTS methods) and the MNB method was higher than that of the roughage. There was a weak correlation between the determined DRUP values in concentrates obtained from the ADIN method and those from the MNB method, and there was a significant correlation (p<0.01) between the determined DRUP values of the roughage obtained from the MNB method and those obtained from ADIN method. The DRUP values were significantly correlated with the nutritional ingredients of the feeds. The regression equation was DRUP =100.5566+0.4169CP − 0.4344SP − 0.7102NDF − 0.7950EE (R2 = 0.8668, p<0.01; CP, crude protein; SP, soluble protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; EE, ether extract). It was concluded that both the MTS method and the OTS may suitable to replace the MNB method for determining the DRUP values and the former method was more effective. Only the ADIN method could be used to predict the values of the roughages but conventional nutritional ingredients were available for all of the samples’ DRUP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China ; Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Y G Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - N K Kopparapu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Hangshu Xin
- Animal Science and Technology Institute, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
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Paz HA, Klopfenstein TJ, Hostetler D, Fernando SC, Castillo-Lopez E, Kononoff PJ. Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of protein and amino acids in high-protein feedstuffs commonly used in dairy diets. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6485-98. [PMID: 25108871 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility of crude protein (CP) and AA, and AA composition of the rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) from 3 sources of blood meal (BM1, BM2, and BM3), canola meal (CM), low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles (LFDG), soybean meal (SBM), and expeller soybean meal (ESBM). Two Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and proximal duodenal cannulas were used for in situ incubation of 16h and for the mobile bag technique. To correct for bacterial contamination of the RUP, 2 methods were used: purines and DNA as bacterial markers. Ruminal degradations of CP were 85.3, 29.8, 40.7, 75.7, 76.9, 68.8, and 37.0 ± 3.93% for BM1, BM2, BM3, CM, LFDG, SBM, and ESBM, respectively. Ruminal degradation of both total essential AA and nonessential AA followed a similar pattern to that of CP across feedstuffs. Based on the ratio of AA concentration in the RUP to AA concentration in the original feedstuff, ruminal incubation decreased (ratio <1) the concentrations of His, Lys, and Trp, and increased (ratio >1) the concentrations of Ile and Met across feedstuffs. Compared with purines, the use of DNA as bacterial marker resulted in a higher estimate of bacterial CP contamination for CM and lower estimates for LFDG and ESBM. Intestinal digestibility of RUP could not be estimated for BM1, BM3, and SBM due to insufficient recovery of residue. For the remaining feedstuffs, intestinal digestibility of RUP was highest for ESBM, followed by BM2 and LFDG, and lowest for CM: 98.8, 87.9, 89.7, and 72.4 ± 1.40%, respectively. Intestinal absorbable dietary protein was higher for BM2 compared with CM and LFDG, at 61.7, 17.9, and 20.7 ± 2.73% CP, respectively. As prices fluctuate, intestinal absorbable protein or AA may be used as a tool to aid in the selection among feedstuffs with different protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Paz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - T J Klopfenstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - D Hostetler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - S C Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - E Castillo-Lopez
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - P J Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583.
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The energy and protein value of wheat, maize and blend DDGS for cattle and evaluation of prediction methods. Animal 2014; 8:1839-50. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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15
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Paz HA, Castillo-Lopez E, Ramirez-Ramirez HA, Christensen DA, Klopfenstein TJ, Kononoff PJ. Invited Review: Ethanol co-products for dairy cows: there goes our starch … now what? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paz, H. A., Castillo-Lopez, E., Ramirez-Ramirez, H. A., Christensen, D. A., Klopfenstein, T. J. and Kononoff, P. J. 2013. Invited Review: Ethanol co-products for dairy cows: there goes our starch … now what? Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 407–425. The rise of the grain-ethanol industry has resulted in a dramatic increase in the availability of feed co-products namely, distillers’ grains with solubles (DG). The cost of feeds that have traditionally been used for energy continues to increase and there is a need to understand the potential impact of replacing these feeds with DG on milk yield and composition. Using the Dairy National Research Council (2001) model and data from a total of 25 published studies (81 observations), we used a meta-analytical procedure to evaluate the impact of feeding corn milling co-products on lactating dairy cows. Based on our model, the inclusion of DG did not affect dry matter intake (P=0.35) but a trend for an increase in milk yield was observed (P=0. 10). Additionally, the percentages of milk fat and protein in the milk were not affected (P=0.24 and 0.25, respectively). The modeled daily rumen outflow of Lys in grams was significantly (P<0.01) reduced and Met was not affected (P=0.79) when DG were included. The error associated with net energy of lactation allowable milk averaged 5.0±1.0 kg d−1and was not affected by DG (P=0.79) but the error associated with metabolizable protein allowable milk tended (P=0.10) to be higher for cows consuming DG by 1.4±1.2 kg d−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Paz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - E. Castillo-Lopez
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - H. A. Ramirez-Ramirez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - D. A. Christensen
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - T. J. Klopfenstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - P. J. Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
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16
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In situ ruminal degradation of amino acids and in vitro protein digestibility of undegraded CP of dried distillers' grains with solubles from European ethanol plants. Animal 2013; 7:1901-9. [PMID: 24237671 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare the in situ ruminal degradation of CP and amino acids (AAs) of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), and to estimate intestinal digestibility (ID) of undegradable crude protein (UDP) with the in vitro pepsin-pancreatin solubility of CP (PPS), using either DDGS samples (DDGS-s) or DDGS residues (DDGS-r) obtained after 16 h ruminal incubation. Thirteen samples originating from wheat, corn, barley and blends were studied. Lysine and methionine content of DDGS-s varied from 1.4 to 4.0 and 1.3 to 2.0 g/16 g N, respectively. The milk protein score (MPS) of DDGS-s was low and ranged from 0.36 to 0.51, and lysine and isoleucine were estimated to be the most limiting AAs in DDGS-s and DDGS-r. DDGS-r contained slightly more essential AAs (EAAs) than did the DDGS-s. Rumen degradation after 16 h varied from 44% to 94% for CP, from 39% to 90% for lysine and from 35% to 92% for methionine. Linear regressions showed that the ruminal degradation of individual AAs can be predicted from CP degradation. The PPS of DDGS-s was higher than that of DDGS-r and it varied from 70% to 89% and from 47% to 81%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the PPS of DDGS-s and PPS of DDGS-r (R 2=0.31). The estimated intestinally absorbable dietary protein (IADP) averaged 21%. Moderate correlation was found between the crude fibre (CF) content and PPS of DDGS-r (R 2=0.43). This study suggests an overestimation of the contribution of UDP of DDGS to digestible protein supply in the duodenum in some currently used protein evaluation systems. More research is required and recommended to assess the intestinal digestibility of AAs from DDGS.
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Maxin G, Ouellet DR, Lapierre H. Effect of substitution of soybean meal by canola meal or distillers grains in dairy rations on amino acid and glucose availability. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7806-17. [PMID: 24140327 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Canola meal (CM) or by-products of ethanol production (dried distillers grain, DDG) may offer an economical alternative to soybean meal (SBM) in North American dairy rations. These protein supplements can effectively replace SBM and, in 2 recent meta-analyses, CM had a positive effect on milk and milk protein yields compared with SBM. The objective of this study was to determine if the positive responses observed with inclusion of CM in dairy rations could be explained by an increased availability of His, Lys, Met, or glucose. Eight Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square with 14-d periods. Cows were fed isonitrogenous (17.2% crude protein) and isoenergetic (1.56 Mcal/kg of net energy of lactation) diets formulated to slightly exceed nutrient requirements. Diets contained 38% grass hay and 62% corn-based concentrate including SBM, CM, corn high-protein DDG (HPDDG), or wheat DDG plus solubles (WDDGS) as the single protein supplement. The effect of protein supplements on availability of His, Lys, Met, and glucose was estimated using variations in the whole-body (WB) flux of these nutrients, determined by isotopic dilution. As planned, dry matter intake and milk and milk protein yields were not affected by treatments and averaged 23.7, 31.4, and 1.14 kg/d, respectively. Lactose yield did not differ among diets although milk lactose content tended to be lower with CM and WDDGS diets than with SBM and HPDDG diets. Lysine availability was affected by treatments: the highest WB irreversible loss rate (ILR) was observed for the CM diet (371 g/d) and the lowest for HPDDG diet (290 g/d); values for SBM and WDDGS were intermediate (330 and 316 g/d, respectively). Availability of His and Met did not vary among diets and WB ILR averaged, respectively, 129 and 124 g/d; the CM diet, however, had numerically the highest His and Met ILR. Plasma concentrations of most of the essential AA were higher with the CM diet and lower with the HPDDG diet, the exception being Leu for which the concentration was highest for the HPDDG diet. Glucose WB rate of appearance was altered by diet, with the highest mean observed for SBM (3,036 g/d) and the lowest for CM (2,795 g/d); the 2 diets with the lowest WB glucose rate of appearance (CM and WDDGS) also had the lowest dietary starch concentration. Overall, this study suggested that positive responses in milk and milk protein yields observed with inclusion of CM in dairy rations could be linked to a greater supply of metabolizable protein, including some essential AA, especially His, Lys, and Met, as glucose availability was certainly not increased in cows fed the CM diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maxin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8.
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18
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Li C, Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ. Effects of supplemental canola meal and various types of distillers grains on ruminal degradability, duodenal flow, and intestinal digestibility of protein and amino acids in backgrounded heifers. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5399-409. [PMID: 24045482 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the diets with and without supplemental protein or protein sources on ruminal degradability, duodenal flows, and intestinal digestibility of protein and AA in growing heifers; supplemental protein included canola meal (CM) or dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) that varied in grain source and milling process. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Angus heifers (initial BW, 386 kg±20 kg) were assigned to a 5×5 Latin square with 21-d experimental periods. The diets consisted of 60% barley silage and 40% barley grain-based concentrate (DM basis) varying in protein source: CON (no protein supplement), CM, wheat DDGS (wDDGS), corn DDGS (cDDGS), or fractionated corn DDGS (fDDGS) plus urea N. Dietary CP concentrations were 11.9, 14.4, 14.4, 14.3, and 14.3% (DM basis), respectively, for CON-, CM-, wDDGS-, cDDGS-, and fDDGS-based diets. Intake of DM was less (P<0.02) for heifers fed CON than those fed protein-supplemented diets (PSD), which did not differ. Intake of N followed the same pattern as DMI with less (P<0.01) N intake by heifers fed CON than those fed PSD. Flows of OM, NDF, and starch to duodenum, and their digestibility in the rumen and in the total digestive tract did not differ among treatments. Flows of nonammonia N (NAN) and microbial N to the duodenum were greater (P<0.05) for heifers fed PSD than those fed CON. Furthermore, heifers fed fDDGS had greater (P<0.05) duodenal flow of NAN than those fed CM or cDDGS. Ruminal degradability of protein did not differ among diets, whereas digestibility of protein in the intestine was greater (P<0.04) for fDDGS than CON. Overall, flows of essential AA, nonessential AA, and total AA were greatest (P<0.05) for wDDGS and fDDGS, intermediate for CM and cDDGS, and least (P<0.01) for CON diets. Ruminal total VFA concentration was greater for wDDGS (P<0.01) and fDDGS (P<0.05) than CON and cDDGS with no differences in molar proportion of individual VFA. Ruminal NH3 N was greater for CM (P<0.01) and wDDGS (P<0.02) than CON, which was not different from cDDGS and fDDGS diets. These results indicate that wDDGS and fDDGS supplemented backgrounding diets delivered greater amounts of protein and AA at the small intestine compared to CM and cDDGS diets when formulated to be isonitrogenous. Supplemental protein increased the supply of protein and AA at the small intestine of cattle fed backgrounding diets comprised of barley silage and barley grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028000 China
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19
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Xu L, Jin Y, He ML, Li C, McAllister TA, Yang WZ. Effects of increasing levels of corn dried distillers grains with solubles and monensin on intake, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in beef heifers fed high-barley grain diets. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5390-8. [PMID: 24045473 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether increasing corn-based dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in high-barley grain diets reduces the merit of using higher levels of monensin by assessing intake, digestibility, and ruminal pH and fermentation in feedlot heifers. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Angus heifers (average BW of 599±36 kg) were used in a 5×5 Latin square with a 2×2+1 factorial arrangement. Treatments were control (CON, 10% barley silage, 90% barley-based concentrate, and 28 mg monensin/kg DM) and diets substituting 20% (LDG) or 40% (HDG) DDGS for barley grain with 28 mg (ML) or 48 mg (MH) monensin/kg diet DM: 1) CONML, 2) LDGML, 3) HDGML, 4) LDGMH, and 5) HDGMH. Contrasts compared LDG vs. HDG, ML vs. MH, interactions between DDGS and monensin, and the effect of increasing DDGS in the diet. Increasing DDGS quadratically (P<0.01) increased DMI. There was no interaction for DMI between the dietary inclusion rate of DDGS and the dose of monensin; however, DMI was reduced (P<0.05) for heifers fed MH vs. ML. Ruminal digestibility of OM, NDF, and starch linearly decreased (P<0.01), but intestinal digestibility linearly increased (P<0.01) with increasing DDGS, resulting in no differences in total tract digestibility. Ruminal digestibility of OM was greater (P<0.04) in heifers fed MH than ML; however, the total tract digestibility of OM was not affected. Intake of N, flows of total N, nonammonia N, and dietary N were linearly (P<0.02) increased, and the efficiency of ruminal microbial synthesis linearly (P<0.04) improved with increasing DDGS. Increasing DDGS inclusion linearly decreased (P<0.04) the acetate to propionate ratio. Inclusion of MH decreased (P<0.04) acetate and increased (P<0.05) NH3-N compared to ML, but high monensin did not affect mean ruminal pH, the duration of pH<5.8, 5.5, 5.2, or the area below the curve at pH 5.8, 5.5, and 5.2, indicating that there was no evidence that it modulated ruminal pH. These results suggest that feeding monensin at 48 vs. 28 mg/kg diet DM altered nutrient availability and site of feed digestion, likely as a result of reduced DMI and increased ruminal digestion of DM. High levels of monensin may reduce the risk of acidosis through a reduction in DMI, but in the present study this was not evident in differences in the ruminal pH profiles between heifers fed ML and MH diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
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Maxin G, Ouellet DR, Lapierre H. Ruminal degradability of dry matter, crude protein, and amino acids in soybean meal, canola meal, corn, and wheat dried distillers grains. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5151-60. [PMID: 23769369 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Different protein sources, such as canola meal (CM) or dried distillers grains (DDG), are currently used in dairy rations to replace soybean meal (SBM). However, little data exists comparing their rumen degradation in a single study. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and AA of SBM, CM, high-protein corn DDG (HPDDG), and wheat DDG plus solubles (WDDGS). In situ studies were conducted with 4 rumen-fistulated lactating Holstein cows fed a diet containing 38% grass hay and 62% corn-based concentrate. Each protein source was incubated in the rumen of each cow in nylon bags for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h to determine DM and CP rumen degradation kinetics, whereas additional bags were also incubated for 16 h to evaluate AA ruminal disappearance. Rumen DM and CP degradability was calculated from rumen-undegraded residues corrected or not for small particle loss. Data were fitted to an exponential model to estimate degradation parameters and effective degradability (ED) was calculated with a passage rate of 0.074 h(-1). The WDDGS and SBM had higher uncorrected ED (DM=75.0 and 72.6%; CP=84.8 and 66.0%, respectively) than CM and HPDDG (DM=57.2 and 55.5%; CP=59.3 and 48.2%, respectively), due to higher soluble fraction in WDDGS and a combination of higher potentially degradable fraction and rate of degradation in SBM. Correction for small particle loss from bags, higher for WDDGS than for the other protein sources, decreased estimated ED but did not alter feed ranking. The ruminal disappearance of AA after 16 h of incubation reflected the overall pattern of CP degradation between protein supplements, but the ruminal disappearance of individual AA differed between protein supplements. Overall, these results indicate that, in the current study, (1) SBM and WDDGS were more degradable in the rumen than CM and HPDDG, and (2) that small particle loss correction is relevant but does not alter this ranking.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maxin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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Westreicher-Kristen E, Kaiser R, Steingass H, Rodehutscord M. Effect of feeding dried distillers' grains with solubles on milk yield and milk composition of cows in mid-lactation and digestibility in sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:347-56. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Kaiser
- Institut für Tierernährung; Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - H. Steingass
- Institut für Tierernährung; Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - M. Rodehutscord
- Institut für Tierernährung; Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
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Yang WZ, Xu L, Li C, Beauchemin KA. Short Communication: Effects of supplemental canola meal and various types of distillers’ grains on growth performance of backgrounded steers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yang, W. Z., Xu, L., Li, C. and Beauchemin, K. A. 2012. Short Communication: Effects of supplemental canola meal and various types of distillers’ grains on growth performance of backgrounded steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 281–286. A growth study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein source on growth performance of backgrounded steers. Partly replacing barley grain with canola meal (CM), corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (cDDGS) or fractionated corn dried distillers grains with solubles (fDDGS) increased averaged daily gain and feed conversion efficiency of backgrounded steers. Steers fed corn DDGS (cDDGS, fDDGS) improved feed conversion efficiency compared with steers fed wheat dried distillers’ grain with solubles (wDDGS). These results indicate that inclusion of protein ingredients in barley-based diets is necessary to improve growth performance of growing cattle. To maximize profits, the choice of protein source in cattle rations will depend upon availability and cost of ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Z. Yang
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - L. Xu
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - C. Li
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, 028000 China. Contribution no. 387-1203. 6
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
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