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Mikulski D, Juśkiewicz J, Ognik K, Fotschki B, Tykałowski B, Jankowski J. Gastrointestinal response to the early administration of antimicrobial agents in growing turkeys infected with Escherichia coli. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103720. [PMID: 38652949 PMCID: PMC11063517 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the early administration of enrofloxacin (E) or doxycycline (D) for the first 5 consecutive days of life, or the continuous administration of the coccidiostat monensin (M) throughout the rearing period on gastrointestinal function in turkeys infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in an early or later stage of rearing. Experiment 1 lasted 21 d, and turkeys in groups E, D, and M were infected with APEC on d 15. Experiment 2 lasted 56 d, and it had a factorial arrangement of treatments where birds in groups E, D, and M were infected with APEC on d 15 or d 50. In both experiments, control groups (C) consisted of infected and uninfected birds without antibiotic or coccidiostat administration. On d 21 (Experiment 1) and d 56 (Experiment 2), 8 birds from each subgroup were killed, and the ileal and cecal digesta were sampled to analyze the activity of bacterial enzymes and the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The experimental treatments did not affect the final body weight or body weight gain of birds. Both experiments demonstrated that APEC contributed to an increase in ammonia levels of the cecal digesta (means from 2 experiments: 0.311 vs. 0.225 mg/g in uninfected birds) and ileal pH (6.79 vs. 6.00) and viscosity (2.43 vs. 1.83 mPa⋅s). Moreover, the E. coli challenge enhanced the extracellular activity of several cecal bacterial enzymes, especially in older turkeys infected with APEC in a later stage of life. The continuous administration of monensin throughout the rearing period resulted in a weaker gastrointestinal response in older birds, compared with the other 2 antibiotics administered for the first 5 d of life. The results of the study are inconclusive as both desirable and undesirable effects of preventive early short-term antibiotic therapy were observed in turkeys, including normalization of ileal viscosity and cecal ammonia concentration (positive effect), and disruption in cecal SCFA production (negative effect).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Mikulski
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin 20-950, Poland
| | - Bartosz Fotschki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Tykałowski
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
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Zduńczyk Z, Mikulski D, Jankowski J, Slominski BA, Juśkiewicz J. The effect of the dietary inclusion of pea seeds of colored-flowered and white-flowered varieties on gastrointestinal function in turkeys. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 10:167-177. [PMID: 35785251 PMCID: PMC9207289 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with graded levels of pea seeds (PS) on the gastrointestinal function of turkeys. Seeds of 2 pea varieties, a colored-flowered variety and a white-flowered variety (CFP and WFP, respectively) were fed to 56-d-old birds for 8 wk. A total of 539 female Hybrid turkeys were allocated to 7 groups, each group consisted of 7 pens with 11 birds per pen. The experiment had a 2-factorial design, with 3 dietary inclusion levels of PS (100, 200 and 300 g/kg) and 2 pea varieties (CFP and WFP). The control group (diets without PS) was compared with CFP and WFP treatments by simple contrast analysis. In comparison with CFP seeds, WFP seeds contained 7-fold less tannins (0.67 vs. 4.66 g/kg) and less non-starch polysaccharides (NSP, 117.8 vs. 132.7 g/kg), but more trypsin inhibitors (1.34 vs. 0.98 g/kg) and starch (489 vs. 455 g/kg). A rise in the PS content of diets from 100 to 200 and 300 g/kg increased the weight of the small intestine (P = 0.031) and the dry matter (DM) content of intestinal digesta (P = 0.001), but it had no effect on the pH of digesta. Only the highest PS content differentiated the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the small intestinal digesta (WFP > CFP, P = 0.008), whereas PS did not cause any changes in the morphological parameters of the small intestinal mucosa. The dietary inclusion of PS had no influence on the levels of acetate, butyrate, putrefactive SCFAs or total SCFAs in the cecal contents. Apart from increasing the activities of β-glucosidase (P = 0.017) and β-galactosidase (P = 0.025), pea varieties did not affect the activities of the analyzed cecal microbial enzymes. However, CFP seeds decreased the DM content (P = 0.041) and increased the pH of cecal digesta, compared with WFP seeds (P = 0.013). The results of this study, pointing to a few differences in the functional parameters of the small intestine and cecum, indicate that tannins are not a factor differentiating the suitability of CFP and WFP seeds in the nutrition of finisher turkeys. The inclusion of PS at 200 and 300 g/kg of the diet reduces the content of SBM and wheat in turkey diets, which has a positive effect on gastrointestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Zduńczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mikulski
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-718, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-718, Poland
| | - Bogdan A. Slominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland
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Flores KR, Fahrenholz A, Ferket PR, Biggs TJ, Grimes JL. Effect of methionine chelated Zn and Mn and corn particle size on Large White male turkey live performance and carcass yields. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101444. [PMID: 34547618 PMCID: PMC8463767 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most turkey research has been conducted with a regular corn particle size set through phase-feeding programs. This study's first objective was to determine the effect of increasing corn particle size through the feed phases on performance, processing yield, and feed milling energy usage in Large White commercial male turkey production. Zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) are essential microminerals for animals' healthy growth. The source in which these elements are supplied to the bird will determine their bioavailability, effect on bird growth, and subsequent environmental impact. This study's second objective was to measure both inorganic and chelated Zn and Mn sources on turkey performance, turkey carcass processing yields, and subsequent litter residues. Twelve hundred Nicolas Select male poults were randomly assigned to 48 concrete; litter-covered floor pens. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 sources of minerals (organic blend vs. inorganic) formulated to match breeder recommendations and 2 types of corn mean particle size (coarse corn [1,000-3,500 µm] vs. fine corn [276 µm]). The ASABE S319.4 standard was used to measure corn mean particle size. Bird performance, carcass processing yield, litter content of Zn and Mn, and pellet mill energy consumption were analyzed in SAS 9.4 in a mixed model. There was a reduction of pellet mill energy usage of 36% when coarse corn was added post-pelleting. Birds fed increasing coarse corn mean particle size were 250 g lighter on average in body weight (BW) than birds fed a constant control mean particle size. No difference was found in feed intake (FI) or feed conversion ratio (FCR). Birds fed methionine chelated Zn and Mn blended with inorganic mineral sources were 250 g heavier on average than birds fed only an inorganic source of minerals. In addition, feeding an organic blend of Zn and Mn resulted in greater breast meat yield. Litter from birds fed the control corn mean particle size, and inorganic minerals had a higher concentration of Zn in the litter but were not different when the chelated Zn/Mn were fed. In conclusion, increasing the corn mean particle size and adding it post pellet could save money during feed milling; however, birds might have a slightly lower BW. A combination of inorganic and chelated Zn and Mn may improve performance and increase total breast meat yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Flores
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - A Fahrenholz
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - P R Ferket
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - T J Biggs
- Global Animal Products, Inc. Amarillo, TX 79118, USA
| | - J L Grimes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA.
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Ngunjiri JM, Taylor KJM, Ji H, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Kc M, Lee CW. Influenza A virus infection in turkeys induces respiratory and enteric bacterial dysbiosis correlating with cytokine gene expression. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11806. [PMID: 34327060 PMCID: PMC8310620 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey respiratory and gut microbiota play important roles in promoting health and production performance. Loss of microbiota homeostasis due to pathogen infection can worsen the disease or predispose the bird to infection by other pathogens. While turkeys are highly susceptible to influenza viruses of different origins, the impact of influenza virus infection on turkey gut and respiratory microbiota has not been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the relationships between low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus replication, cytokine gene expression, and respiratory and gut microbiota disruption in specific-pathogen-free turkeys. Differential replication of two LPAI H5N2 viruses paralleled the levels of clinical signs and cytokine gene expression. During active virus shedding, there was significant increase of ileal and nasal bacterial contents, which inversely corresponded with bacterial species diversity. Spearman’s correlation tests between bacterial abundance and local viral titers revealed that LPAI virus-induced dysbiosis was strongest in the nasal cavity followed by trachea, and weakest in the gut. Significant correlations were also observed between cytokine gene expression levels and relative abundances of several bacteria in tracheas of infected turkeys. For example, interferon γ/λ and interleukin-6 gene expression levels were correlated positively with Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas abundances, and negatively with Lactobacillus abundance. Overall, our data suggest a potential relationship where bacterial community diversity and enrichment or depletion of several bacterial genera in the gut and respiratory tract are dependent on the level of LPAI virus replication. Further work is needed to establish whether respiratory and enteric dysbiosis in LPAI virus-infected turkeys is a result of host immunological responses or other causes such as changes in nutritional uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ngunjiri
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Kara J M Taylor
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Hana Ji
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael C Abundo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Mahesh Kc
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Wachowiak R, Homska N, Józefiak D. A Preliminary Study of Chemically Preserved and High-Moisture Whole Maize ( Zea mays L.) Usage in Pekin Duck Nutrition: Effect on Growth Performance and Selected Internal Organ Traits. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041018. [PMID: 33916534 PMCID: PMC8065844 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Harvested maize grains characterized by high moisture require the use of additional preservation processes to secure against the microbiota. The most commonly used practice is heat-drying, which is energy- and cost-consuming, as well as environmentally unfriendly. Thus, there is a need to omit these harmful techniques and evaluate the usage of wet maize in animal nutrition. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the chemically preserved, high-moisture whole maize grain addition in Pekin duck nutrition on their growth performance and selected internal organ and gastrointestinal tract measurements and digesta pH values. The results of the experiment clearly showed that there is a possibility to partially replace commonly used heat-dry maize with the preserved whole-grain form without an adverse effect on the birds’ performances and selected organ morphometrical parameters. However, due to surprising changes in the pH values in the gizzard and caeca, further investigations, including microbiota analyses, are recommended. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemically preserved, high-moisture whole maize grain addition in Pekin duck diets on their growth performance and selected internal organ and gastrointestinal tract measurements and digesta pH values. A total of 300 29-d-old male Pekin ducks were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments using five replicate pens per group and 20 birds per pen. The following treatment groups were applied: CON—basal diet, 5HM—5% of high-moisture, chemically preserved whole maize (HM) inclusion, and 10HM—10% of HM addition. The experiment lasted 21 d. The implementation of 5HM or 10HM did not affect (p > 0.05) the growth performance parameters, selected internal organ weights, and the gastrointestinal tract segment weights and lengths. However, significant changes in terms of the gizzard (p = 0.005), ileum (p = 0.030), and caecal (p < 0.001) digesta pH were observed, especially in the case of the 10HM group, which exhibited the greatest increase in pH in the gizzard and caecal digesta and decrease in the ileal digesta pH. The implementation of whole wet maize may be used in waterfowl diets from 29 d of age. Additionally, chemical preservation can efficiently reduce the cost of maize preparation in duck nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (Z.M.); (R.W.); (D.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-691-712-183
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland; (M.R.); (N.H.)
| | - Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (Z.M.); (R.W.); (D.J.)
| | - Roksana Wachowiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (Z.M.); (R.W.); (D.J.)
| | - Natalia Homska
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland; (M.R.); (N.H.)
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (Z.M.); (R.W.); (D.J.)
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Colombino E, Ferrocino I, Biasato I, Cocolin LS, Prieto-Botella D, Zduńczyk Z, Jankowski J, Milala J, Kosmala M, Fotschki B, Capucchio MT, Juśkiewicz J. Dried fruit pomace inclusion in poultry diet: growth performance, intestinal morphology and physiology. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:63. [PMID: 32577234 PMCID: PMC7304194 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fruit pomaces are by-products rich in polyphenol compounds and dietary fiber. They seem to play an important role in regulating the gut microbiota, morphology and physiology. The aim of this study was to assess whether apple (A), blackurrant (B) or strawberry (S) pomaces could be suitable ingredients in broiler diets and their effect on gut health. A total of 480 male broilers were randomly allotted to 8 dietary treatments with lower (3%-L) or higher (6%-H) dietary fiber content: two control groups (CL/CH), two A diets (AL/AH), two B diets (BL/BH), two S diets (SL/SH). Diet and fruit pomaces were chemically analyzed to assess polyphenol concentration and fibre fraction content. After the evaluation of growth performance, 6 birds/group were slaughtered at 35 days of age. Morphometric and histopathological investigations were performed on duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Excreta were collected to perform microbiota evaluation by 16S DNA sequencing. Weight, viscosity, enzymatic activity, short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) and ammonia concentration were determined in ileum and/or ceca content. Results A pomace and A diets showed the lowest polyphenol content and the highest content of soluble fibre fraction. No significant differences were observed for growth performance, gut morphometry and histopathology (P > 0.05). Dietary fruit pomace inclusion increased the weight of ileum and ceca and the ileum digesta viscosity (P < 0.05). In the ileum, A and S groups showed lower bacterial α-glucosidase activity than C groups. Moreover, small intestine SCFAs concentration was higher in fruit pomaces diets (P < 0.05). In ceca, B and S groups showed lower ammonia concentration and higher SCFAs than C. Dietary treatments also influenced the activity of α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase β-glucuronidase and xylase. Regarding microbiota, at phylum level, Firmicutes were differentially abundant across treatment (maximum for C and minimum in S, FDR > 0.05). At genus level, an increase of Weissella in AH and Erwinia in S/B diets, as well as a decrease of Lactobacillus in all fruit pomace groups were recorded (P < 0.05). Conclusions Fruit pomaces could be suitable ingredients in poultry nutrition even if further studies are needed to better understand which doses is more recommended to avoid negative effects on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Simone Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniel Prieto-Botella
- Research Team on Occupational Therapy (InTeO), Department of Surgery and Pathology, University Miguel Hernandez of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Zenon Zduńczyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Milala
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Food, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Kosmala
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Food, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Fotschki
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Olsztyn, Poland
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Taylor KJM, Ngunjiri JM, Abundo MC, Jang H, Elaish M, Ghorbani A, Kc M, Weber BP, Johnson TJ, Lee CW. Respiratory and Gut Microbiota in Commercial Turkey Flocks with Disparate Weight Gain Trajectories Display Differential Compositional Dynamics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00431-20. [PMID: 32276973 PMCID: PMC7267191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00431-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Communities of gut bacteria (microbiota) are known to play roles in resistance to pathogen infection and optimal weight gain in turkey flocks. However, knowledge of turkey respiratory microbiota and its link to gut microbiota is lacking. This study presents a 16S rRNA gene-based census of the turkey respiratory microbiota (nasal cavity and trachea) alongside gut microbiota (cecum and ileum) in two identical commercial Hybrid Converter turkey flocks raised in parallel under typical field commercial conditions. The flocks were housed in adjacent barns during the brood stage and in geographically separated farms during the grow-out stage. Several bacterial taxa, primarily Staphylococcus, that were acquired in the respiratory tract at the beginning of the brood stage persisted throughout the flock cycle. Late-emerging predominant taxa in the respiratory tract included Deinococcus and Corynebacterium Tracheal and nasal microbiota of turkeys were identifiably distinct from one another and from gut microbiota. Nevertheless, gut and respiratory microbiota changed in parallel over time and appeared to share many taxa. During the brood stage, the two flocks generally acquired similar gut and respiratory microbiota, and their average body weights were comparable. However, there were qualitative and quantitative differences in microbial profiles and body weight gain trajectories after the flocks were transferred to geographically separated grow-out farms. Lower weight gain corresponded to the emergence of Deinococcus and Ornithobacterium in the respiratory tract and Fusobacterium and Parasutterella in gut. This study provides an overview of turkey microbiota under field conditions and suggests several hypotheses concerning the respiratory microbiome.IMPORTANCE Turkey meat is an important source of animal protein, and the industry around its production contributes significantly to the agricultural economy. The microorganisms present in the gut of turkeys are known to impact bird health and flock performance. However, the respiratory microbiota in turkeys is entirely unexplored. This study has elucidated the microbiota of respiratory tracts of turkeys from two commercial flocks raised in parallel throughout a normal flock cycle. Further, the study suggests that bacteria originating in the gut or in poultry house environments influence respiratory communities; consequently, they induce poor performance, either directly or indirectly. Future attempts to develop microbiome-based interventions for turkey health should delimit the contributions of respiratory microbiota and aim to limit disturbances to those communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J M Taylor
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - John M Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael C Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mahesh Kc
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bonnie P Weber
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Chemically preserved high-moisture corn in the turkey diet does not compromise performance and maintains the functional status of the gut. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Zduńczyk Z, Jankowski J, Mikulski D, Zduńczyk P, Juśkiewicz J, Slominski B. The effect of NSP-degrading enzymes on gut physiology and growth performance of turkeys fed soybean meal and peas-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Kokoszyński D, Saleh M, Bernacki Z, Topoliński T, Andryszczyk M, Wirwicki M. Growth performance, carcass composition, leg bones, and digestive system characteristics in Pekin duck broilers fed a diet diluted with whole wheat grain. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 270 Pekin ducks were reared for 49 d to determine the effect of feeding a diluted complete commercial wheat grain diet on live weight, feed intake and conversion, carcass, leg bone, and digestive system traits. Different feeding regimes had a significant effect on the body weight of the ducks aged 35 d and the feed conversion ratio in the period between days 22 and 35 of rearing. Dilution of a complete commercial diet with whole wheat grain had no significant influence on the final live weight (day 49), feed intake, and feed conversion ratio during the entire rearing period. Ducks fed a diet with whole wheat grain had a significantly higher dressing percentage after higher percentage of pectoral muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, as well as a significantly lower percentage of carcass remainders at the age of 49 d. Dilution of a complete commercial diet with whole wheat grain had no impact on the length of the respective intestinal sections nor on the weight and percentage share of gizzard, liver, heart, and spleen. However, it significantly lowered the fracture strength of the tibiotarsus, and decreased some dimensions of the femur and tibiotarsus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Kokoszyński
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85084, Poland
| | - Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Poultry and Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Zenon Bernacki
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85084, Poland
| | - Tomasz Topoliński
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85796, Poland
| | - Marek Andryszczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85796, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wirwicki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85796, Poland
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11
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Functioning of the Intestinal Ecosystem: From New Technologies in Microbial Research to Practical Poultry Feeding – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Unlike classical microbiology which focuses on bacteria capable of growing in vitro, metagenomics is a study of genetic information originating from microflora which aims to characterise the microbiome, namely the common genome of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses living in the host. Metagenomics relies on next-generation sequencing (NGS), a large-scale sequencing technique which allows millions of sequential reactions to be carried out in parallel to decode entire communities of microorganisms. Metagenomic analyses support taxonomic analyses (involving gene fragments encoding ribosomal RNAs 5S and 16S in bacteria) or functional analyses for identifying genes encoding proteins that participate in the regulation of metabolic pathways in the body. New metagenomics technologies expand our knowledge of the phylogenetic structure of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry, and they support the identification of previously unknown groups of microbiota, mainly those occurring in small numbers. Next-generation sequencing also provides indirect information about the quantitative structure of the genes of gut microorganisms, but microbial activity and changes in the proportions of microbial metabolites that affect the host’s intestinal integrity and metabolism remain insufficiently investigated. Therefore, research studies are undertaken to investigate the proportions of the key microbial metabolites in the intestinal contents of poultry relative to changes in the population size of the most important bacterial groups, including those determined by cheaper techniques.
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12
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Gong L, Chi H, Wang J, Zhang H, Sun B. In vitro fermentabilities of whole wheat as compared with refined wheat in different cultivars. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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13
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Ahmed R, Juniper D, Tonks A, Rymer C. The effect of incremental inclusion of whole grain wheat in the diet of growing turkeys on growth performance, feed conversion ratio, cecal health, and digesta characteristics. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Mikulski D, Juskiewicz J, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Sosnowska E, Slominski BA, Jankowski J, Zdunczyk Z. The effect of dietary faba bean and non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes on the growth performance and gut physiology of young turkeys. Animal 2017; 11:2147-2155. [PMID: 28506328 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111700101x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of soya bean meal (SBM) with faba bean (FB) and a blend of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzymes on the gastrointestinal function, growth performance and welfare of young turkeys (1 to 56 days of age). An experiment with a 2×2 factorial design was performed to compare the efficacy of four diets: a SBM-based diet and a diet containing FB, with and without enzyme supplementation (C, FB, CE and FBE, respectively). In comparison with groups C, higher dry matter content and lower viscosity of the small intestinal digesta were noted in groups FB. The content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the small intestinal digesta was higher in groups FB, but SCFA concentrations in the caecal digesta were comparable in groups C and FB. In comparison with control groups, similar BW gains, higher feed conversion ratio (FCR), higher dry matter content of excreta and milder symptoms of footpad dermatitis (FPD) were noted in groups FB. Enzyme supplementation increased the concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total SCFAs, but it did not increase the SCFA pool in the caecal digesta. The enzymatic preparation significantly improved FCR, reduced excreta hydration and the severity of FPD in turkeys. It can be concluded that in comparison with the SBM-based diet, the diet containing 30% of FB enables to achieve comparable BW gains accompanied by lower feed efficiency during the first 8 weeks of rearing. Non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes can be used to improve the nutritional value of diets for young turkeys, but more desirable results of enzyme supplementation were noted in the SBM-based diet than in the FB-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mikulski
- 1Department of Poultry Science,University of Warmia and Mazury,Oczapowskiego 5,10-718 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - J Juskiewicz
- 2Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research,Polish Academy of Sciences,Tuwima 10,10-747 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - B Przybylska-Gornowicz
- 3Department of Histology and Embryology,University of Warmia and Mazury,Oczapowskiego 13,10-713 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - E Sosnowska
- 1Department of Poultry Science,University of Warmia and Mazury,Oczapowskiego 5,10-718 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - B A Slominski
- 4Department of Animal Science,University of Manitoba,Winnipeg,CanadaR3T 2N2
| | - J Jankowski
- 1Department of Poultry Science,University of Warmia and Mazury,Oczapowskiego 5,10-718 Olsztyn,Poland
| | - Z Zdunczyk
- 2Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research,Polish Academy of Sciences,Tuwima 10,10-747 Olsztyn,Poland
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Veldkamp T, Hocking PM, Vinco LJ. Effect of crude protein concentration and dietary electrolyte balance on litter quality, foot pad dermatitis, growth performance and processing yields in two medium heavy turkey hybrids. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:557-568. [PMID: 28675310 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1349296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of crude protein (CP) concentration and dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on growth performance, processing yields, litter quality and foot pad dermatitis (FPD) in male turkeys from two commercial hybrids. Soya bean meal was replaced by vegetable protein sources selected for lower K concentrations to lower DEB in order to improve litter quality and subsequent quality of foot pads. 2. Effects of CP on litter friability and wetness were not consistent during the production period. FPD in turkeys fed on diets with low CP was significantly lower than FPD in turkeys fed on diets with high CP until 84 d. Growth performance was adversely affected at low CP. Processing yields were not affected by CP. 3. Litter was significantly dryer in pens of turkeys fed on diets with low DEB than in pens of turkeys fed on diets with high DEB. FPD in turkeys fed on diets with low DEB was significantly lower than in turkeys fed on diets with high DEB. Growth performance and processing yields were adversely affected at low DEB. 4. FPD in turkey hybrid A was higher than in turkey hybrid B at 28 d of age. Thereafter, no differences in FPD between turkey hybrids were observed. Growth performance and processing yields were not affected by turkey hybrid. 5. Overall, a significant interaction effect of CP × DEB was observed for FCR: in turkeys fed on the high DEB treatment, FCR of turkeys fed on the high CP diets was lower than FCR of turkeys fed on the low CP (LCP) diets whereas on the low DEB treatment, FCR was not affected by CP treatment. 6. It was concluded that litter quality can be improved and FPD may be decreased in turkeys fed on diets containing lower CP and DEB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Veldkamp
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - P M Hocking
- b The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , University of Edinburgh , Midlothian , UK
| | - L J Vinco
- c National Reference Centre for Animal Welfare , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Brescia , Italy
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16
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Xie P, Jiang XY, Bu Z, Fu SY, Zhang SY, Tang QP. Free choice feeding of whole grains in meat-type pigeons: 1. effect on performance, carcass traits and organ development. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:699-706. [PMID: 27352009 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1206191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 5 different feeding systems on the performance, carcass traits and organ development were studied in pigeon squabs. The 5 treatments were (1) whole grains of maize, pea and wheat plus concentrate feed; (2)whole grains of maize and wheat plus concentrate feed (CWC); (3) whole grains of maize and pea plus concentrate feed; (4)whole grain of maize plus concentrate feed (CC); and (5) compound feed (CF). Feed intake of parent pigeons increased significantly from 0 to 21 d and it was higher in the CF treatment. Body weight of squabs in the CWC treatment was the highest among the 5 treatments in 4 weeks. Body weight losses of parental pigeons during the rearing period were not significantly different among the 5 treatments. Protein intake in CC and CWC treatments was lower than that of the other three treatments. The CWC treatment had the highest daily weight gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio. Treatments were statistically similar in the relative weight of carcass, breast and thigh. CF had the lower relative weight of abdominal fat. Relative weight of gizzard in the CF treatment was significantly lower than that of CWC. It was concluded that the application of free choice feeding of whole grains of maize and wheat plus concentrate feed increased the body weight of 28-d-old pigeon squabs and decreased the feed conversion rate of parent pigeons. This feeding strategy could be commercially interesting in meat-type pigeon production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Xie
- a Poultry Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Yangzhou , China
| | - X-Y Jiang
- b College of Animal Science and Technology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Z Bu
- a Poultry Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Yangzhou , China
| | - S-Y Fu
- a Poultry Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Yangzhou , China
| | - S-Y Zhang
- b College of Animal Science and Technology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Q-P Tang
- a Poultry Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Yangzhou , China
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17
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Whole grain in turkey nutrition. Part 2: Production results in different feeding systems. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933916000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Whole grain in turkey nutrition. Part 1: Gastrointestinal development and function. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933916000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Yang YY, Fan YF, Cao YH, Guo PP, Dong B, Ma YX. Effects of exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, and pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:57-63. [PMID: 27004820 PMCID: PMC5205592 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, as well as pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and the performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets. METHODS In Experiment 1, forty-eight barrows with an initial body weight of 35.9±0.6 kg were randomly assigned to a 2×4 factorial experiment with the main effects being feed form (pellet vs meal) and enzyme supplementation (none, 10,000 U/kg phytase, 4,000 U/kg xylanase or 10,000 U/kg phytase plus 4,000 U/kg xylanase). The basal diet contained 97.8% wheat. Pigs were placed in metabolic cages for a 7-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Nutrient digestibility and available energy content were determined. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effects of pelleting and enzymes on performance of wheat for growing pigs. In this experiment, 180 growing pigs (35.2±9.0 kg BW) were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments according to a 2×3 factorial treatment arrangement with the main effects being feed form (meal vs pellet) and enzyme supplementation (0, 2,500 or 5,000 U/kg xylanase). RESULTS In Experiment 1, there were no interactions between feed form and enzyme supplementation. Pelleting reduced the digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 6.4 percentage units (p<0.01), increased the digestibility of energy by 0.6 percentage units (p<0.05), and tended to improve the digestibility of crude protein by 0.5 percentage units (p = 0.07) compared with diets in mash form. The addition of phytase improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) and calcium (p<0.01) by 6.9 and 7.6 percentage units respectively compared with control group. Adding xylanase tended to increase the digestibility of crude protein by 1.0 percentage units (p = 0.09) and increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p<0.01) compared with control group. Supplementation of the xylanase-phytase combination improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) but impaired NDF digestibility (p<0.05) compared with adding xylanase alone. In Experiment 2, adding xylanase increased average daily gain (p<0.01) and linearly improved the feed:gain ratio (p<0.01) compared with control group. CONCLUSION Pelleting improved energy digestibility but decreased ADF digestibility. Adding xylanase increased crude protein digestibility and pig performance. Phytase increased the apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium. The combination of phytase-xylanase supplementation impaired the effects of xylanase on NDF digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y F Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y H Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - P P Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - B Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y X Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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The effect of different blue lupine (L. angustifolius) inclusion levels on gastrointestinal function, growth performance and meat quality in growing-finishing turkeys. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Zduńczyk Z, Jankowski J, Mikulski D, Mikulska M, Lamparski G, Slominski BA, Juśkiewicz J. Growth performance, gastrointestinal function and meat quality in growing-finishing turkeys fed diets with different levels of yellow lupine (L. luteus) seeds. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:211-26. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.920642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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