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Vargas JDJ, Tarnonsky F, Podversich F, Maderal A, Fernandez-Marenchino I, Gómez-López C, Heredia D, Schulmeister TM, Ruiz-Ascacibar I, Gonella-Diaza A, Ipharraguerre IR, DiLorenzo N. Impact of Supplementing a Backgrounding Diet with Nonprotein Nitrogen on In Vitro Methane Production, Nutrient Digestibility, and Steer Performance. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae048. [PMID: 38401155 PMCID: PMC10957118 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) supplementation on in vitro fermentation and animal performance using a backgrounding diet. In experiment 1, incubations were conducted on three separate days (replicates). Treatments were control (CTL, without NPN), urea (U), urea-biuret (UB), and urea-biuret-nitrate (UBN) mixtures. Except for control, treatments were isonitrogenous using 1% U inclusion as a reference. Ruminal fluid was collected from two Angus-crossbred steers fed a backgrounding diet plus 100 g of a UBN mixture for at least 35 d. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and total gas and methane (CH4) production were determined at 24 h of incubation. In experiment 2, 72 Angus-crossbred yearling steers (303 ± 29 kg of body weight [BW]) were stratified by BW and randomly allocated in nine pens (eight animals/pen and three pens/treatment). Steers consumed a backgrounding diet formulated to match the diet used in the in vitro fermentation experiment. Treatments were U, UB, and UBN and were isonitrogenous using 1% U inclusion as a reference. Steers were adapted to the NPN supplementation for 17 d. Then, digestibility evaluation was performed after 13 d of full NPN supplementation for 4 d using 36 steers (12 steers/treatment). After that, steer performance was evaluated for 56 d (24 steers/treatment). In experiment 1, NPN supplementation increased the concentration of NH3-N and VFA (P < 0.01) without affecting the IVOMD (P = 0.48), total gas (P = 0.51), and CH4 production (P = 0.57). Additionally, in vitro fermentation parameters did not differ (P > 0.05) among NPN sources. In experiment 2, NPN supplementation did not change dry matter and nutrient intake (P > 0.05). However, UB and UBN showed lower (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility than U, except for starch (P = 0.20). Dry matter intake (P = 0.28), average daily gain (P = 0.88), and gain:feed (P = 0.63) did not differ among steers receiving NPN mixtures. In conclusion, tested NPN mixtures have the potential to be included in the backgrounding diets without any apparent negative effects on animal performance and warrant further studies to evaluate other variables to fully assess the response of feeding these novel NPN mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de J Vargas
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Federico Tarnonsky
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Federico Podversich
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Araceli Maderal
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | | | - Camila Gómez-López
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Daniella Heredia
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Tessa M Schulmeister
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | | | - Angela Gonella-Diaza
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | | | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
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Almeida K, Santos G, Daniel J, Nino-de-Guzman C, Amaro F, Sultana H, Arriola K, Araujo R, Vyas D. Effects of nitrate sources on in vitro methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters in diets differing in starch degradability. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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3
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Fouts JQ, Honan MC, Roque BM, Tricarico JM, Kebreab E. Board Invited Review: Enteric methane mitigation interventions. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac041. [PMID: 35529040 PMCID: PMC9071062 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitigation of enteric methane (CH4) presents a feasible approach to curbing agriculture’s contribution to climate change. One intervention for reduction is dietary reformulation, which manipulates the composition of feedstuffs in ruminant diets to redirect fermentation processes toward low CH4 emissions. Examples include reducing the relative proportion of forages to concentrates, determining the rate of digestibility and passage rate from the rumen, and dietary lipid inclusion. Feed additives present another intervention for CH4 abatement and are classified based on their mode of action. Through inhibition of key enzymes, 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and halogenated compounds directly target the methanogenesis pathway. Rumen environment modifiers, including nitrates, essential oils, and tannins, act on the conditions that affect methanogens and remove the accessibility of fermentation products needed for CH4 formation. Low CH4-emitting animals can also be directly or indirectly selected through breeding interventions, and genome-wide association studies are expected to provide efficient selection decisions. Overall, dietary reformulation and feed additive inclusion provide immediate and reversible effects, while selective breeding produces lasting, cumulative CH4 emission reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Q Fouts
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mallory C Honan
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Breanna M Roque
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- FutureFeed Pty Ltd Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Almeida KV, Santos GT, Daniel JLP, Osorio JAC, Yamada KLG, Sippert MR, Cabral JF, Marchi FE, Araujo RC, Vyas D. Effects of calcium ammonium nitrate fed to dairy cows on nutrient intake and digestibility, milk quality, microbial protein synthesis, and ruminal fermentation parameters. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2228-2241. [PMID: 34998571 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of supplemental calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) fed to dairy cows on dry matter (DM) intake, nutrient digestibility, milk quality, microbial protein synthesis, and ruminal fermentation. Six multiparous Holstein cows at 106 ± 14.8 d in milk, with 551 ± 21.8 kg of body weight were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Experimental period lasted 21 d, with 14 d for an adaptation phase and 7 d for sampling and data collection. Cows were randomly assigned to receive the following treatments: URE, 12 g of urea/kg of DM as a control group; CAN15, 15 g of CAN/kg of DM; and CAN30, 30 g of CAN/kg of DM. Supplemental CAN reduced DM intake (URE 19.0 vs. CAN15 18.9 vs. CAN30 16.5 kg/d). No treatment effects were observed for apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber; however, CAN supplementation linearly increased nonfiber carbohydrate digestibility. Milk yield was not affected by treatments (average = 23.1 kg/d), whereas energy-corrected milk (ECM) and 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) decreased as the levels of CAN increased. Nitrate residue in milk increased linearly (URE 0.30 vs. CAN15 0.33 vs. CAN30 0.38 mg/L); however, treatments did not affect nitrite concentration (average: 0.042 mg/L). Milk fat concentration was decreased (URE 3.39 vs. CAN15 3.35 vs. CAN30 2.94%), and the proportion of saturated fatty acids was suppressed by CAN supplementation. No treatment effects were observed on the reducing power and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of milk, whereas conjugated dienes increased linearly (URE 47.6 vs. CAN15 52.7 vs. CAN30 63.4 mmol/g of fat) with CAN supplementation. Treatments had no effect on microbial protein synthesis; however, molar proportion of ruminal acetate and acetate-to-propionate ratio increased with CAN supplementation. Based on the results observed, supplementing CAN at 30 g/kg of DM should not be recommended as an optimal dose because it lowered DM intake along with ECM and 3.5% FCM, although no major changes were observed on milk quality and ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Almeida
- Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil 87020-900; Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - G T Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil 87020-900
| | - J L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil 87020-900
| | - J A C Osorio
- Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil 87020-900
| | - K L G Yamada
- Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil 87020-900
| | - M R Sippert
- Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil 87020-900
| | - J F Cabral
- Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil 87020-900
| | - F E Marchi
- Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil 87020-900
| | - R C Araujo
- GRASP Ind. & Com. Ltda., Curitiba, Brazil 81260-000
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Ortiz-Chura A, Gere J, Marcoppido G, Depetris G, Cravero S, Faverín C, Pinares-Patiño C, Cataldi A, Cerón-Cucchi ME. Dynamics of the ruminal microbial ecosystem, and inhibition of methanogenesis and propiogenesis in response to nitrate feeding to Holstein calves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1205-1218. [PMID: 34754962 PMCID: PMC8556761 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is known that nitrate inhibits ruminal methanogenesis, mainly through competition with hydrogenotrophic methanogens for available hydrogen (H2) and also through toxic effects on the methanogens. However, there is limited knowledge about its effects on the others members of ruminal microbiota and their metabolites. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary nitrate inclusion on enteric methane (CH4) emission, temporal changes in ruminal microbiota, and fermentation in Holstein calves. Eighteen animals were maintained in individual pens for 45 d. Animals were randomly allocated to either a control (CTR) or nitrate (NIT, containing 15 g of calcium nitrate/kg dry matter) diets. Methane emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer method. Ruminal microbiota changes and ruminal fermentation were evaluated at 0, 4, and 8 h post-feeding. In this study, feed dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ between dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Diets containing NIT reduced CH4 emissions by 27% (g/d) and yield by 21% (g/kg DMI) compared to the CTR (P < 0.05). The pH values and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration did not differ between dietary treatments (P > 0.05) but differed with time, and post-feeding (P < 0.05). Increases in the concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) and acetate were observed, whereas propionate decreased at 4 h post-feeding with the NIT diet (P < 0.05). Feeding the NIT diet reduced the populations of total bacteria, total methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and the abundance of Succiniclasticum, Coprococcus, Treponema, Shuttlewortia, Succinivibrio, Sharpea, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Selenomona (P < 0.05); whereas, the population of total fungi, protozoa, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Atopobium and Erysipelotrichaceae L7A_E11 increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding nitrate reduces enteric CH4 emissions and the methanogens population, whereas it decreases the propionate concentration and the abundance of bacteria involved in the succinate and acrylate pathways. Despite the altered fermentation profile and ruminal microbiota, DMI was not influenced by dietary nitrate. These findings suggest that nitrate has a predominantly direct effect on the reduction of methanogenesis and propionate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimael Ortiz-Chura
- Institute of Pathobiology, CICVyA National Institute of Agricultural Technology, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, C1686, Argentina
| | - José Gere
- Engineering Research and Development Division, National Technological University (UTN), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1179, Argentina
| | - Gisela Marcoppido
- Institute of Pathobiology, CICVyA National Institute of Agricultural Technology, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, C1686, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Depetris
- Agricultural Experimental Station of Balcarce, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Balcarce, B7620, Argentina
| | - Silvio Cravero
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology, IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Hurlingham, C1686, Argentina
| | - Claudia Faverín
- Agricultural Experimental Station of Balcarce, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Balcarce, B7620, Argentina
| | - Cesar Pinares-Patiño
- The Agribusiness Group, Lincoln University, PO Box 85016, Lincoln, 7674, New Zealand
| | - Angel Cataldi
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology, IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Hurlingham, C1686, Argentina
| | - María E Cerón-Cucchi
- Institute of Pathobiology, CICVyA National Institute of Agricultural Technology, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, C1686, Argentina
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6
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Araujo RC, Pereira ML, Couto VR, Lemos BJ, Jorge da Cunha PH, Arnhold E, Silva JA, Fernandes JJ. Dose-response effect of encapsulated nitrate replacing soybean meal on growth performance, ingestive behavior, and blood metabolites of feedlot finishing bulls. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Henry DD, Ciriaco FM, Araujo RC, Fontes PLP, Oosthuizen N, Mejia-Turcios SE, Garcia-Ascolani ME, Rostoll-Cangiano L, Schulmeister TM, Dubeux JCB, Lamb GC, DiLorenzo N. Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and encapsulated calcium ammonium nitrate on ruminal fermentation of beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5868550. [PMID: 32638002 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and encapsulated calcium ammonium nitrate (eCAN) on ruminal fermentation of beef cattle consuming bahiagrass hay (Paspalum notatum) and sugarcane molasses. Ten ruminally cannulated steers (n = 8; 461 ± 148 kg of body weight [BW]; average BW ± SD) and heifers (n = 2; 337 ± 74 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments as follows: 1) 2.7 g/kg of BW of molasses (NCTRL), 2) NCTRL + 182 mg/kg of BW of urea (U), 3) U + 58.4 mg/kg of BW of BSS (UB), 4) NCTRL + 538 mg/kg of BW of eCAN (NIT), and 5) NIT + 58.4 mg/kg of BW of BSS (NITB). With the exception of NCTRL, all treatments were isonitrogenous. Beginning on day 14 of each period, ruminal fluid was collected and rectal temperature was recorded 4× per day for 3 d to determine ruminal changes every 2 h from 0 to 22 h post-feeding. Ruminal gas cap samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h on day 0 of each period followed by 0 h on days 1, 2, 3, and 14. Microbial N flow was determined using Cr-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, YbCl3, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber for liquid, small particle, and large particle phases, respectively. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) inclusion, NPN source, BSS, and NPN source × BSS. There was no treatment effect (P > 0.05) on concentrations of H2S on day 0, 1, 2, or 14; however, on day 3, concentrations of H2S were reduced (P = 0.018) when NPN was provided. No effect of treatment (P = 0.864) occurred for ruminal pH. There was an effect of NPN source on total concentrations of VFA (P = 0.011), where a 6% reduction occurred when eCAN was provided. There were effects of NPN (P = 0.001) and NPN source (P = 0.009) on the concentration of NH3-N, where cattle consuming NPN had a greater concentration than those not consuming NPN, and eCAN reduced the concentration compared with urea. Total concentrations of VFA and NH3-N were not affected (P > 0.05) by BSS. There was an effect of BSS (P = 0.009) on rectal temperature, where cattle not consuming BSS had greater temperatures than those receiving BSS. No differences for NPN, NPN source, nor BSS (P > 0.05) were observed for microbial N flow. In conclusion, eCAN does not appear to deliver equivalent ruminal fermentation parameters compared with urea, and BSS has limited effects on fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren D Henry
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Francine M Ciriaco
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Rafael C Araujo
- GRASP Ind. & Com. LTDA, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,EW
- Nutrition GmbH, Visbek, Germany
| | - Pedro L P Fontes
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Nicola Oosthuizen
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Mariana E Garcia-Ascolani
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | - Lautaro Rostoll-Cangiano
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | - Tessa M Schulmeister
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | - Jose C B Dubeux
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | - G Cliff Lamb
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
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E Silva YRVB, Zervoudakis JT, Hatamoto-Zervoudakis LK, Abreu MLC, da Silva Cabral L, da Freiria LB, E Silva PIJLDR, Possamai AJ. Supplementation with different protein profiles for grazing beef cattle supplemented in tropical grass during the rainy-dry transition season. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 53:29. [PMID: 33230661 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate increasing levels of inclusion of dry distillery grains (DDGs) in substitution of corn and urea in multiple supplements for beef cattle of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu on the consumption, digestibility, and efficiency of microbial synthesis and use of nitrogen. We used four Nellore bulls cannulated in the rumen with an average age of 24 months and 445.12 ± 34.4 kg of body weight (BW), in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Supplements differed by the inclusion level of DDG (0%, 31.5%, 63.0%, and 94.5%). Increasing levels of DDG inclusion decreased dry matter intake (DMI) (P = 0.002), forage (P = 0.002), organic matter (OM) (P = 0.001), crude protein (CP) (P = 0.037), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) (P < 0.001) and had a quadratic effect on the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) (P = 0.002). It was observed an increase in the digestibility of ether extract (EE) (P = 0.005), however a decrease in the digestibility of NFC (P = 0.001). Inclusion of DDG did not influence ruminal pH. There was a quadratic effect at collection times for ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (P < 0.05), except for the supplement with 94.5% DDG where the effect was linear (P = 0.002). Nitrogen intake was 10.9% higher when there was no DDG in the supplement, compared with the supplement with 94.5% DDG (P = 0.039). The excretion of N by feces was greater when there was a greater amount of DDG in the supplement (P = 0.027), the opposite occurred with urine excretion of N, being higher when there was less amount of DDG in the supplement (P = 0.027). Increasing levels of DDG did not affect ruminal microbial protein yield (P > 0.05). Replacing corn and urea with up to 94.5% DDGs in multiple supplements resulted in no adverse effect efficiency of microbial synthesis, although nutrient intake, total digestible nutrients, and use of nitrogen were reduced at 94.5% DDG inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matheus Lima Corrêa Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Luciano da Silva Cabral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Bampidis V, Cottrill B, Frutos MJ, Furst P, Parker A, Binaglia M, Christodoulidou A, Gergelova P, Guajardo IM, Wenger C, Hogstrand C. Risk assessment of nitrate and nitrite in feed. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06290. [PMID: 33173543 PMCID: PMC7610142 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to animal health related to nitrite and nitrate in feed. For nitrate ion, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) identified a BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg body weight (bw) per day for adult cattle, based on methaemoglobin (MetHb) levels in animal's blood that would not induce clinical signs of hypoxia. The BMDL 10 is applicable to all bovines, except for pregnant cows in which reproductive effects were not clearly associated with MetHb formation. Since the data available suggested that ovines and caprines are not more sensitive than bovines, the BMDL 10 could also be applied to these species. Highest mean exposure estimates of 53 and 60 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in grass silage-based diets for beef cattle and fattening goats, respectively, may raise a health concern for ruminants when compared with the BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg bw per day. The concern may be higher because other forages might contain higher levels of nitrate. Highest mean exposure estimates of 2.0 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in pigs' feeds indicate a low risk for adverse health effects, when compared with an identified no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 410 mg nitrate/kg bw per day, although the levels of exposure might be underestimated due to the absence of data on certain key ingredients in the diets of this species. Due to the limitations of the data available, the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the health risk in species other than ruminants and pigs from nitrate and in all livestock and companion animals from nitrite. Based on a limited data set, both the transfer of nitrate and nitrite from feed to food products of animal origin and the nitrate- and nitrite-mediated formation of N-nitrosamines and their transfer into these products are likely to be negligible.
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10
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Effects of dietary replacement of urea with encapsulated nitrate and cashew nut shell liquid on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and carcass characteristics in growing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Rebelo LR, Luna IC, Messana JD, Araujo RC, Simioni TA, Granja-Salcedo YT, Vito ES, Lee C, Teixeira IA, Rooke JA, Berchielli TT. Effect of replacing soybean meal with urea or encapsulated nitrate with or without elemental sulfur on nitrogen digestion and methane emissions in feedlot cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Silveira R, Fernandes M, Almeida A, Araujo R, Biagioli B, Lima A, Teixeira I, Resende K. Energy partition and nitrogen utilization by male goats fed encapsulated calcium nitrate as a replacement for soybean meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Alemu AW, Romero-Pérez A, Araujo RC, Beauchemin KA. Effect of Encapsulated Nitrate and Microencapsulated Blend of Essential Oils on Growth Performance and Methane Emissions from Beef Steers Fed Backgrounding Diets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E21. [PMID: 30634606 PMCID: PMC6356342 DOI: 10.3390/ani9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-term study (112 days) was conducted to examine the effect of feeding encapsulated nitrate (NO₃-), microencapsulated blend of essential oils (EO), and their combination on growth performance, feeding behavior, and enteric methane (CH₄) emissions of beef cattle. A total of 88 crossbred steers were purchased and assigned to one of four treatments: (i) control, backgrounding high-forage diet supplemented with urea (1.17% in dietary DM); (ii) encapsulated NO₃- (EN), control diet supplemented with 2.5% encapsulated NO₃- as a replacement for urea (1.785% NO₃- in the dietary DM); (iii) microencapsulated blend of EO (MBEO), control diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg DM of microencapsulated blend of EO and pepper extract; and (iv) EN + MBEO, control diet supplemented with EN and MBEO. There was no interaction (p ≥ 0.080) between EN and MBEO on average dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), feeding behavior, and CH₄ emission (using GreenFeed system), implying independent effects of feeding EN and MBEO. Feeding MBEO increased CH₄ production (165.0 versus 183.2 g/day; p = 0.005) and yield (18.9 versus 21.4 g/kg DMI; p = 0.0002) but had no effect (p ≥ 0.479) on average DMI, ADG, G:F, and feeding behavior. However, feeding EN had no effect on ADG and G:F (p ≥ 0.119) but reduced DMI (8.9 versus 8.4 kg/day; p = 0.003) and CH₄ yield (21.5 versus 18.7 g/kg DMI; p < 0.001). Feeding EN slowed (p = 0.001) the feeding rate (g of DM/min) and increased (p = 0.002) meal frequency (events/day). Our results demonstrate that supplementing diets with a blend of EO did not lower CH₄ emissions and there were no advantages of feeding MBEO with EN. Inclusion of EN as a replacement for urea reduced CH₄ emissions but had no positive impact on animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklilu W Alemu
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Atmir Romero-Pérez
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Rafael C Araujo
- GRASP Ind. & Com. LTDA, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 81260-000/EW|Nutrition GmbH, 49429 Visbek, Germany.
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
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14
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Capelari M, Johnson KA, Latack B, Roth J, Powers W. The effect of encapsulated nitrate and monensin on ruminal fermentation using a semi-continuous culture system. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3446-3459. [PMID: 29800454 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because enteric methane (CH4) production from ruminants represents a source of greenhouse gas emissions and an energy loss for the host animal alternatives to minimize emissions is a current research priority. Seven 37-d trials tested the effect of encapsulated nitrate (EN) and sodium monensin (MON) in diets commonly fed to dairy (DAIRY; 50:50 forage to concentrate; four trials) and beef cattle (BEEF; 15:85 forage to concentrate; three trials) on rumen fermentation and CH4 production using a semi-continuous fermentation system. A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement was used and additives (0, 1.25, and 2.5% of EN; 0 and 4 mg/L of MON) were tested alone and combined (EN + MON) totaling six treatments. Rumen fluid was pooled from five nonadapted lactating cows fed 50:50 forage to concentrate diet 3 h after morning feeding, and 1 L of processed inoculum was transferred to 2.2-L vessels. Treatment diets were added to nylon bags which remained in the anaerobic fermentation of mixed rumen microorganisms for 48 h. Nitrate decreased CH4 production in DAIRY (24.7 vs. 32.1 mM/d; P < 0.01) and BEEF trials (33.5 vs. 43.5 mM/d; P < 0.01). Methane production was decreased by MON in DAIRY (26.3 vs. 32.1; P < 0.01) and BEEF (26.6 vs. 43.5 mM/d; P < 0.01). The combination of EN + MON further decreased CH4 in DAIRY (21.3 vs. 32.1 mM/d; P = 0.03) and BEEF (19.3 vs. 43.5 mM/d; P = 0.01). Nitrate did not affect major VFA production in DAIRY and BEEF trials, but significantly decreased digestion of protein (96.8 vs. 97.6%; P < 0.01) and starch (79.0 vs. 80.4%; P < 0.01) in DAIRY and NDF (29.3 vs. 32.5%; P < 0.01) and starch (88.5 vs. 90.3%; P < 0.01) in BEEF. Monensin significantly affected VFA pattern with an increase in propionate (P < 0.01) and a decrease on acetate (P < 0.01) production with consequent decrease on acetate-to-propionate ratio in DAIRY (1.6 vs. 2.0; P < 0.01) and BEEF (1.6 vs. 1.9; P < 0.01). Monensin decreased NDF digestion in BEEF only (29.3 vs. 32.5 %; P < 0.01). Significant concentrations of nitrate and nitrite were detected only for EN and EN + MON (P < 0.01). Nitrate and MON effectively decreased CH4 production when fed separately and the combination of additives additively decreased CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Capelari
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Brooke Latack
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Jolene Roth
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Wendy Powers
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Oakland, CA
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15
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Abstract
This study aimed at assigning climate-relevant gaseous emissions from ruminants to animal- or feed-related origin. Three adult rumen-cannulated German Holstein steers and three forage types (corn silage (CS), alfalfa silage (AS) and grass hay (GH)) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period consisted of 12 days (d), during which animals received 10 kg dry matter/day of one forage as sole feed. Gaseous samples from forages and the steers´ rumen were taken and analyzed for CO2, CH4, and N2O using gas chromatography. There were large differences in the amounts of CO2 and N2O emitting from the forage types. Most N2O came from AS and only small amounts from GH and CS. Results indicate that fermented forages rich in nitrogen can release climate-relevant N2O. The highest CO2 amounts were measured in CS. Methane was not detected in any forage sample. Animals consuming CS showed slightly lower CH4 concentrations in the rumen gas sample than animals fed AS or GH. Big differences were found for ruminal N2O with the highest concentration after AS ingestion such that the N2O measured in the rumen seems to originate from the used feedstuff.
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16
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Wang R, Wang M, Ungerfeld EM, Zhang XM, Long DL, Mao HX, Deng JP, Bannink A, Tan ZL. Nitrate improves ammonia incorporation into rumen microbial protein in lactating dairy cows fed a low-protein diet. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9789-9799. [PMID: 30172398 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Generation of ammonia from nitrate reduction is slower compared with urea hydrolysis and may be more efficiently incorporated into ruminal microbial protein. We hypothesized that nitrate supplementation could increase ammonia incorporation into microbial protein in the rumen compared with urea supplementation of a low-protein diet fed to lactating dairy cows. Eight multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows were used in a crossover design to investigate the effect of nitrate or an isonitrogenous urea inclusion in the basal low-protein diet on rumen fermentation, milk yield, and ruminal microbial community in dairy cows fed a low-protein diet in comparison with an isonitrogenous urea control. Eight lactating cows were blocked in 4 pairs according to days in milk, parity, and milk yield and allocated to urea (7.0 g urea/kg of dry matter of basal diet) or nitrate (14.6 g of NO3-/kg of dry matter of basal diet, supplemented as sodium nitrate) treatments, which were formulated on 75% of metabolizable protein requirements. Nitrate supplementation decreased ammonia concentration in the rumen liquids (-33.1%) and plasma (-30.6%) as well as methane emissions (-15.0%) and increased dissolved hydrogen concentration (102%), microbial N (22.8%), propionate molar percentage, milk yield, and 16S rRNA gene copies of Selenomonas ruminantium. Ruminal dissolved hydrogen was positively correlated with the molar proportion of propionate (r = 0.57), and negatively correlated with acetate-to-propionate ratio (r = -0.57) and estimated net metabolic hydrogen production relative to total VFA produced (r = -0.58). Nitrate reduction to ammonia redirected metabolic hydrogen away from methanogenesis, enhanced ammonia incorporation into rumen microbial protein, and shifted fermentation from acetate to propionate, along with increasing S. ruminantium 16S rRNA gene copies, likely leading to the increased milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, P. R. China; Department of Animal Science and Technology, University of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, P. R. China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China.
| | - Emilio M Ungerfeld
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA Carillanca, 8340422 Temuco, Chile
| | - Xiu Min Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, P. R. China
| | - Dong Lei Long
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, P. R. China; Department of Animal Science and Technology, University of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xiang Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, P. R. China; Department of Animal Science and Technology, University of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P. R. China
| | - Jin Ping Deng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, University of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P. R. China
| | - André Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhi Liang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, P. R. China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
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