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Rebelo LR, Lee C. Measuring bioavailability, utilization, and excretion of rumen-protected lysine in lactating cows using an isotope technique. Animal 2024; 18:101127. [PMID: 38574452 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Supplementing a diet with rumen-protected amino acids (AAs) is a common feeding strategy for efficient production. For a cost-effective use of rumen-protected AA, the accurate bioavailability of rumen-protected amino acids should be known and their metabolism after absorption needs to be well understood. The current study determined the bioavailability, absorption, utilization, and excretion of rumen-protected Lys (RP-Lys). Four ruminally cannulated cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design (12 d for diet adaptation; 5 or 6 d for total collections) received the following treatments: L0, a basal diet; L25, the basal diet and L-Lys infused into the abomasum to provide 25.9 g/d L-Lys; L50, the basal diet and L-Lys infused into the abomasum to provide 51.8 g/d L-Lys; and RPL, the basal diet supplemented with 105 g/d (as-is) of RP-Lys to provide 26.7 g of digestible Lys. During the last 5 or 6 d in each period, 15N-Lys (0.38 g/d) was infused into the abomasum for all cows to label the pool of AA, and the total collection of milk, urine, and feces were conducted. 15N enrichment of samples on d 4 and 5 were used to calculate the bioavailability and Lys metabolism. We used a model containing a fast AA turnover (≤ 5 d) and slow AA turnover pool (> 5 d) to calculate fluxes of Lys. The Lys flux to the fast AA turnover pool (absorbed Lys + Lys from the slow AA turnover pool to fast AA turnover pool) was calculated using 15N enrichment of milk Lys. The flux of Lys from the fast AA turnover pool to milk and urine was calculated using 15N transfer into milk and urine. Then, absorbed Lys was estimated by the sum of Lys flux to milk and urine assuming no net utilization of Lys by body tissues. Duodenal Lys flow was estimated by 15N enrichment of fecal Lys. The bioavailability of RP-Lys was calculated from duodenal Lys flows and Lys absorption for RPL. Increasing Lys supply from L25 to L50 increased Lys utilization for milk by 9 g/d but also increased urinary excretion by 10 g/d. For RPL, absorbed Lys was estimated to be 136 g/d where 28 g of absorbed Lys originated from RP-Lys. In conclusion, 68% of bioavailability was obtained for RP-Lys. The Lys provided from RP-Lys was not only utilized for milk protein (48%) but also excreted in urine (20%) after oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Rebelo
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - C Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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2
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Irawan A, Sofyan A, Wahyono T, Harahap MA, Febrisiantosa A, Sakti AA, Herdian H, Jayanegara A. Relationships between dietary rumen-protected lysine and methionine with the lactational performance of dairy cows - A meta-analysis. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1666-1684. [PMID: 37605536 PMCID: PMC10623038 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the relationships of supplemental rumen-protected lysine (RPL) or lysine + methionine (RPLM) on lactational performance, plasma amino acids (AA) concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows by using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS A total of 56 articles comprising 77 experiments with either RPL or RPLM supplementation were selected and analyzed using a mixed model methodology by considering the treatments and other potential covariates as fixed effects and different experiments as random effects. RESULTS In early lactating cows, milk yield was linearly increased by RPL (β1 = 0.013; p<0.001) and RPLM (β1 = 0.014; p<0.028) but 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) (kg/d) was increased by only RPL. RPL and RPLM did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) but positively increased (p<0.05) dairy efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and ECM/DMI). As a percentage, milk fat, protein, and lactose were unchanged by RPL or RPLM but the yield of all components was increased (p<0.05) by feeding RPL while only milk protein was increased by feeding RPLM. Plasma Lys concentration was linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing supplemental RPL while plasma Met increased (p<0.05) by RPLM supplementation. The increase in plasma Lys had a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.693 in the RPL dataset and R2 = 0.769 in the RPLM dataset) on milk protein synthesis (g/d) during early lactation. Nitrogen metabolism parameters were not affected by feeding RPL or RPLM, either top-dress or when supplemented to deficient diets. Lactation performance did not differ between AA-deficient or AA-adequate diets in response to RPL or RPLM supplementation. CONCLUSION RPL or RPLM showed a positive linear relationship on the lactational performance of dairy cows whereas greater improvement effects were observed during early lactation. Supplementing RPL or RPLM is recommended on deficient-AA diet but not on adequate-AA diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Irawan
- Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126,
Indonesia
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, OR,
USA
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Sofyan
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Teguh Wahyono
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55861,
Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ainsyar Harahap
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Andi Febrisiantosa
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55861,
Indonesia
| | - Awistaros Angger Sakti
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Hendra Herdian
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680,
Indonesia
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3
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Albuquerque J, Neves AR, Van Dorpe I, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ, Reis S. Production of rumen- and gastrointestinal-resistant nanoparticles to deliver lysine to dairy cows. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16667. [PMID: 37794129 PMCID: PMC10550922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementing diets with rumen-protected lysine is a common strategy to meet the nutritional needs of high-producing dairy cows. This work addressed two separate but crucial issues: the lysine protection degree across the entire digestive tract as well as the production scalability of the proposed delivery systems. This was achieved by evaluating, in vitro or ex vivo, previously developed rumen-resistant lipid nanoparticles regarding their stability in the digestive tract and in the bloodstream of the dairy cow as well as how their production could be scaled-up. Results showed that the developed nanoparticles were able to resist digestion along the digestive tract but were degraded in the blood over 24 h. Thus, releasing their content to be used by the animal. In vitro viability assays were also performed, with the nanoparticles being found not to be inherently toxic when using nanoparticle concentrations up to 1 mg/mL. Results showed that neither the purity of the used lipids nor the production method significantly altered the nanoparticles' properties or their ruminal resistance. Furthermore, the shelf-life of these nanoparticles was assessed, and they were found to retain their properties and remain usable after at least 1 month of storage. Moreover, a pilot-scale production allowed the production of nanoparticles with similar properties to the previous ones made using standard methods. To summarize, the proposed rumen-resistant nanoparticles presented potential as orally ingested lysine delivery systems for dairy cattle supplementation, being capable of a large-scale production using cheaper components while maintaining their properties and without any efficiency loss. It should however be noted that these results were obtained mainly in vitro and further in vivo bioavailability and production experiments are needed before this technology can be confirmed as a viable way of delivering lysine to dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Albuquerque
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CQM+-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ingrid Van Dorpe
- PREMIX-Especialidades Agrícolas e Pecuárias. Lda, Parque Indústrial II-Neiva, 4935-232, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Räisänen SE, Lapierre H, Price WJ, Hristov AN. Lactational performance effects of supplemental histidine in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6216-6231. [PMID: 37500429 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the effects of supplemental His on lactational performance, plasma His concentration and efficiency of utilization of digestible His (EffHis) in dairy cows. The meta-analysis was performed on data from 17 studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1999 and 2022. Five publications reported data from 2 separate experiments, which were included in the analyses as separate studies, therefore resulting in a total of 22 studies. In 10 studies, His was supplemented as rumen-protected (RP) His; in 1 study, 2 basal diets with different dHis levels were fed; and in the remaining experiments, free His was infused into the abomasum (4 studies), the jugular vein (3 studies) or deleted from a mixture of postruminally infused AA (4 studies). The main forages in the diets were corn silage in 14 and grass silage in 8 studies. If not reported in the publications, the supplies of dietary CP, metabolizable protein (MP), net energy of lactation, and digestible His (dHis) were estimated using NRC (2001). An initial meta-analysis was performed to test the standard mean difference (SMD; raw mean difference of treatment and control means divided by the pooled standard deviation of the means), that is, effect size, and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) in production parameters between His-supplemented groups versus control. Further, regression analyses were also conducted to examine and compare the relationships between several response variables and dHis supply. Across studies, His supplementation increased plasma His concentration (SMD = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.17-1.61), as well as DMI (SMD = 0.240; 95% CI: 0.051-0.429) and milk yield (MY; SMD = 0.667; 95% CI: 0.468-0.866), respectively. Further, milk true protein concentration (MTP; SMD = 0.236; 95% CI: 0.046-0.425) and milk true protein yield (MTPY; SMD = 0.581; 95% CI: 0.387-0.776) were increased by His supplementation. Notably, the increase in MTP concentration and MTPY were 3.9 and 1.3 times greater for studies with MP-deficient (according to NRC 2001) diets compared with studies with MP-adequate diets. The regression analyses revealed that production parameters (DMI, MY, and MTPY) responded in a nonlinear manner to increasing His supply. Further, we detected a difference in the magnitude of change in MTPY and plasma His concentration with the level of His supply and between His supplementation methods, being greater for infused His compared with RPHis. Lastly, a linear and negative relationship between EffHis and the ratio of total digestible His to net energy for lactation supply was observed, indicating an important interaction between dHis and energy supply and EffHis (i.e., utilization of dHis to support protein export). Overall, these analyses confirm His as an important AA in dairy cattle nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - W J Price
- Statistical Programs, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802.
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5
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Räisänen SE, Zhu X, Zhou C, Lage CFA, Fetter M, Silvestre T, Stefenoni H, Wasson DE, Cueva SF, Eun JS, Moon JO, Park JS, Hristov AN. Production effects and bioavailability of N-acetyl-l-methionine in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:313-328. [PMID: 34756433 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the production effects of N-acetyl-l-methionine (NALM; experiment 1) and to estimate its bioavailability (BA) and rumen escape (RE; experiment 2), respectively, in lactating dairy cows. In experiment 1, 18 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated, 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with three 28-d periods. Treatments were (1) basal diet estimated to supply 45 g/d digestible Met (dMet) or 1.47% of metabolizable protein (MP; control), (2) basal diet top-dressed with 32 g/d of NALM to achieve dMet supply of 2.2% of MP, and (3) basal diet top-dressed with 56 g/d of NALM to achieve dMet supply of 2.6% of MP. The NALM treatments supplied estimated 17 and 29 g/d dMet from NALM, respectively, based on manufacturer's specifications. In experiment 2, 4 rumen-cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with four 12-d periods. A 12-d period for baseline data collection and 4 d for determination of RE of NALM preceded the Latin square experiment. For determination of RE, 30 g of NALM were dosed into the rumen simultaneously with Cr-EDTA (used as a rumen fluid kinetics marker) and samples of ruminal contents were collected at 0 (before dosing), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, and 24 h after dosing. Rumen escape of NALM was calculated using the estimated passage rate based on the measured Cr rate of disappearance. Bioavailability of abomasally dosed NALM was determined using the area under the curve of plasma Met concentration technique. Two doses of l-Met (providing 7.5 and 15 g of dMet) and 2 doses of NALM (11.2 and 14.4 g dMet) were separately pulse-dosed into the abomasum of the cows and blood was collected from the jugular vein for Met concentration analysis at 0 (before dosing), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 h after dosing. Supplementation of NALM did not affect DMI, milk yield, feed efficiency, or milk protein and lactose concentrations and yields in experiment 1. Milk fat concentration and energy-corrected milk yield decreased linearly with NALM dose. Plasma Met concentration was not affected by NALM dose. The estimated relative BA of abomasally dosed NALM (experiment 2) was 50% when dosed at 14.4 g/cow (11.2 g/d dMet from NALM) and 24% when dosed at 28.8 g/cow (14.4 g/d dMet from NALM). The estimated RE of NALM was 19% based on the measured kp of Cr at 11%/h. The total availability of ingested NALM was estimated at 9.5% for the lower NALM dose when taking into account RE (19%) and bioavailability in the small intestine (50%). Overall, NALM supplementation to mid-lactation dairy cows fed a MP-adequate basal diet below NRC (2001) recommendations (45 g/d or 1.47% Met of MP) decreased milk fat and energy-corrected milk yields but did not affect milk or milk true protein yields. Further evaluation of BA of NALM at different doses is warranted. In addition, intestinal conversion of NALM to Met needs additional investigation to establish a possible saturation of the enzyme aminoacylase I at higher NALM doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Räisänen
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - X Zhu
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 0731, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C Zhou
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C F A Lage
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tulare 93274
| | - M Fetter
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - T Silvestre
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Stefenoni
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J-S Eun
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ Blossom Park, Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - J O Moon
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ Blossom Park, Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - J S Park
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ Blossom Park, Suwon 16495, Korea
| | - A N Hristov
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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6
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Räisänen SE, Lage CFA, Zhou C, Melgar A, Silvestre T, Wasson DE, Cueva SF, Werner J, Takagi T, Miura M, Hristov AN. Lactational performance and plasma and muscle amino acid concentrations in dairy cows fed diets supplying 2 levels of digestible histidine and metabolizable protein. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:170-187. [PMID: 34656346 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary levels of digestible histidine (dHis) and MP on lactational performance and plasma and muscle concentrations of free AA in dairy cows. A randomized block design experiment was conducted with 48 Holstein cows, including 20 primiparous, averaging (±SD) 103 ± 22 d in milk and 45 ± 9 kg/d milk yield at the beginning of the experiment. A 2-wk covariate period preceded 12 experimental wk, of which 10 wk were for data and sample collection. Experimental treatments were (1) MP-adequate (MPA) diet with 2.1% dHis of MP (MPA2.1), (2) MPA with 3.0% dHis (MPA3.0), (3) MP-deficient (MPD) diet with 2.1% dHis (MPD2.1), and (4) MPD with 3.0% dHis (MPD3.0). Actual dHis supply was estimated at 64, 97, 57, and 88 g/d, respectively. Diets supplied MP at 110% (MPA) and 96% (MPD) of NRC 2001 dairy model requirements calculated based on DMI and production data during the experiment. Dry matter intake and milk yield data were collected daily, milk samples for composition and blood samples for AA analysis were collected every other week, and muscle biopsies at the end of covariate period, and during wk 12 of the experiment. The overall DMI was not affected by dHis or MP level. Milk yield tended to be increased by 3.0% dHis compared with 2.1% dHis. Milk true protein concentration and yield were not affected by treatments, whereas milk urea nitrogen concentration was lower for MPD versus the MPA diet. Milk fat concentration was lower for MPD versus MPA. There was a MP × dHis interaction for milk fat yield and energy-corrected milk; milk fat was lower for MPD3.0 versus MPD2.1, but similar for cows fed the MPA diet regardless of dHis level whereas energy-corrected milk was greater for MPA3.0 versus MPA2.1 but tended to be lower for MPD3.0 versus MPD2.1. Plasma His concentration was greater for cows fed dHis3.0, and concentration of sum of essential AA was greater, whereas carnosine, 1-Methyl-His and 3-Methyl-His concentrations were lower for cows fed MPA versus MPD diet. Muscle concentration of His was greater for cows fed dHis3.0 treatment. The apparent efficiency of His utilization was increased at lower MP and His levels. Overall, cows fed a corn silage-based diet supplying MP at 110% of NRC (2001) requirements tended to have increased ECM yield and similar milk protein yield to cows fed a diet supplying MP at 96% of requirements. Supplying dHis at 3.0% of MP (or 86 and 96 g/d, for MPD3.0 and MPA3.0, respectively) tended to increase milk yield and increased plasma and muscle concentrations of His but had minor or no effects on other production variables in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tulare 93274
| | - C Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - A Melgar
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Agricultural Innovation Institute of Panama (IDIAP), City of Knowledge 07144, Panama
| | - T Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J Werner
- Animal Resource Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - T Takagi
- Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki, Japan 210-8681
| | - M Miura
- Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki, Japan 210-8681
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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7
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Vinyard JR, Sarmikasoglou E, Bennett SL, Arce-Cordero JA, Aines G, Estes K, Faciola AP. Adaptation of in vitro methodologies to estimate the intestinal digestion of lipids in ruminants. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab135. [PMID: 34527886 PMCID: PMC8436690 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to adapt existing in vitro methodologies to determine the extent of intestinal digestion of corn oil (CO), canola oil (CA), and beef tallow (BT) via manipulation of incubation length and concentrations of lipase, bile, and calcium within a buffer solution. Unless otherwise stated, 0.5 g of each lipid source were incubated separately and in triplicate, with triplicate batch culture runs for each treatment in 40 mL of 0.5 M KH2PO4 (pH = 7.6) for 24 h with pancreatin (8 g/L), bovine bile (2.5 g/L), and CaCl2 (10 mM). Individually, concentrations of pancreatin, bile, and CaCl2, as well as incubation length were tested. To examine the use of this assay to estimate in vitro total tract digestion, a KH2PO4 solution with concentrated amounts to reach the same final concentrations of pancreatin, bile, and Ca were used as the third step in a three-step total tract digestibility procedure. Free glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured using colorimetric assays as indicators of digestion. Data wereanalyzed as a completely randomized block design (block = run), using the Glimmix procedure of SAS. For each lipid source, free glycerol increased with increasing pancreatin; however, FFA was lowest at 0 g/L pancreatin but was similar at 6, 8, and 10 g/L. Both glycerol and FFA were greater for 2.5 and 5 g/L of bile than for 0 g/L for each lipid source. Calcium concentration did not affect glycerol or FFA for either CO or CA; however, glycerol and FFA for BT were greater when calcium was included at 5 and 10 mM than at 0 mM. For all fat sources, free glycerol and FFA increased after 1 h until 12 h, but did not increase from 12 to 24 h. When a concentrated mixture was used following fermentation and acidification steps, digestibility using FFA concentration increased as compared to just adding buffer; however, free glycerol concentration was indeterminable. Thus, free glycerol and FFA can be used as indicators of lipid digestion when a lipid source is incubated for at least 12 h in a buffer solution containing 8 g/L pancreatin, 2.5 g/L bile, and 5 mM Ca when only estimating in vitro intestinal digestion; however, when utilizing this assay in a three-step in vitro total tract digestibility procedure, only FFA can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Sarah L Bennett
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Glen Aines
- Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY, USA
| | - Kari Estes
- Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY, USA
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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8
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Räisänen SE, Lage CFA, Oh J, Melgar A, Nedelkov K, Chen X, Miura M, Hristov AN. Histidine dose-response effects on lactational performance and plasma amino acid concentrations in lactating dairy cows: 1. Metabolizable protein-adequate diet. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9902-9916. [PMID: 34099283 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of increasing digestible His (dHis) doses on milk production, milk composition, and plasma AA concentrations in lactating dairy cows fed diets that meet or exceed their energy and metabolizable protein (MP) requirements. In a companion paper (Räisänen et al., 2021) results are presented on the effect of increasing dHis dose with an MP-deficient basal diet. In this experiment, 16 Holstein cows (72 ± 15 d in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with four 28-d periods. Treatments were as follows: (1) control, total mixed ration (TMR) with 1.8% dHis of MP (TMR1; dHis1.8); (2) a different TMR with 2.2% dHis (TMR2; dHis2.2); (3) TMR2 supplemented with rumen-protected His (RP-His) to supply 2.6% dHis (dHis2.6); and (4) TMR2 supplemented with RP-His to supply 3.0% dHis of MP (dHis3.0). Estimated dHis intakes calculated at the end of the experiment were 46, 58, 69, and 79 g/d for dHis1.8, dHis2.2, dHis2.6, and dHis3.0, respectively. Contrasts were used to compare TMR1 with TMR2 and to test the linear and quadratic effects of RP-His inclusion rate on TMR2. We detected no effects of TMR or dHis dose on dry matter intake or milk yield, whereas energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield was quadratically increased, being greatest for cows on treatment dHis2.6. Milk true protein and lactose concentrations and milk true protein yield were not affected by TMR or dHis dose. Milk fat concentration and yield increased quadratically, and lactose yield tended to increase quadratically with increasing dHis dose. Calculated apparent efficiency of His utilization decreased quadratically with increasing dHis supply. Further, plasma concentration of His was greater for cows on TMR2 compared with TMR1. When an MP-adequate diet was fed to dairy cows, milk true protein concentration and yield were not affected by dHis supply, but milk fat and ECM yields of dairy cows were optimized at dHis supply of 69 g/d or 2.65% of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - C F A Lage
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Cargill Animal Nutrition, Seongnam, South Korea 13630
| | - A Melgar
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Agricultural Innovation Institute of Panama (IDIAP), City of Knowledge 07144, Panama
| | - K Nedelkov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria 6000
| | - X Chen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Livestock Production Science Branch, Agri-food Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, UK
| | - M Miura
- Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki, Japan 210-8681
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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