The Investigation of Changes in Bacterial Community of Pasteurized Milk during Cold Storage

The quality of pasteurized milk is commonly assessed through microbiological analysis, with variations in storage conditions significantly impacting the suppression of bacterial growth throughout the milk's shelf life. This study investigated the dynamics of total bacterial counts (TBCs) and bacterial community shifts in milk that underwent pasteurization at 80 °C for 15 s. The milk was subsequently stored at 4 °C for varying intervals of 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16 days. Culture-based testing revealed a significant TBC increase during the storage period spanning 1 to 16 days (up to -log10 4.2 CFU/mL at day 16). The TBC in pasteurized milk exhibited accelerated microbial growth from day 13 onwards, ultimately peaking on day 16. Bacillus was detected through 16S rRNA identification. Principal component analysis demonstrated a significant impact of storage time on bacterial communities in pasteurized milk. Analysis of bacterial diversity revealed a negative correlation between the Shannon index and the duration of pasteurized milk storage. Using high-throughput sequencing, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter were detected as prevalent bacterial genera, with Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis showing as dominant taxa. The presence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis in pasteurized milk might be attributed to the initial contamination from raw milk with mastitis. This study offers new evidence of the prevalence of bacterial community in pasteurized milk, thereby adding value to the enhancement of quality control and the development of strategies for reducing microbial risks.

Appropriate particle size of rice straw promoted rumen fermentation and regulated bacterial microbiota in a rumen simulation technique system

The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of different particle sizes of rice straw on the rumen protozoa count, nutrient disappearance rate, rumen fermentation, and microbial community in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system. In this experiment, a single-factor random trial design was adopted. According to the different particle sizes of rice straw, there were three treatments with three replies in each treatment. Three kinds of goat total mixed ration (TMR), with the same nutrients were used to carry out a 10 days in vitro fermentation experiment using the rumen simulation system developed by Hunan Agricultural University, including 6 days the pretrial period and 4 days formal period. This study found that the organic matter disappearance rate, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), acetate, propionate, and iso-butyrate were greatest in the 4 mm group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the alpha diversity, among the three groups (p > 0.05). The relative abundance of Treponema and Ruminococcus of the 2 mm group increased; the relative abundance of Butyrivibrio and Prevotella in samples increased in the 4 mm group. In addition, the results of correlation analysis showed that Prevotella and Ruminococcus was positively correlated with butyrate, ammonia-N, dOM and d ADF (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with valerate (p < 0.05); Oscillospira was positively correlated with valerate (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with propionate, butyrate, ammonia-N, dOM and dADF (p < 0.05). The present results imply that compared to the other groups, rice straw particle size of 4 mm may improve the disappearance rate of nutrients and promote the production of volatile fatty acids by regulating ruminal microorganisms.

Assessing the construction of a Healthy City in China: a conceptual framework and evaluation index system

OBJECTIVES

COVID-19 has brought challenges to the health of all mankind. It is particularly important to promote the construction of a 'Healthy China' and build a 'healthy community'. The aims of this study were to construct a reasonable conceptual framework for the Healthy City concept and to assess Healthy City construction in China.

STUDY DESIGN

This study combined qualitative and quantitative research.

METHODS

This study proposes the concept model of 'nature-human body-Healthy City' and accordingly constructs an evaluation index system for the construction of a Healthy City that integrates five dimensions, namely, the medical level, economic basis, cultural development, social services, and ecological environment to explore the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Healthy City construction in China. Finally, the influencing factors of Healthy City construction patterns are explored using GeoDetector.

RESULTS

(1) The pace of Healthy City construction is generally on the rise; (2) the construction of Healthy Cities exhibits significant global spatial autocorrelation and gradually increasing agglomeration. The spatial distribution of cold hotspot areas was relatively stable; (3) medical and health progress is an important factor; the level of economic development is the leading support; the endowment of resources and environment is the basic condition; public service support provides important support; and scientific and technological innovation capabilities provide technical support for the construction of a Healthy City.

CONCLUSIONS

The spatial heterogeneity of Healthy City construction in China is evident, and the state of spatial distribution is relatively stable. The spatial pattern of Healthy City construction is shaped by a combination of factors. Our research will provide a scientific basis for promoting the construction of Healthy Cities and helping to implement the Health China Strategy.

Resveratrol inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells: the role of PGC1α-SIRT3 axis

Resveratrol (Res) is a bioactive dietary component and alleviates apoptosis in multiple cell types. However, its effect and mechanism on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) apoptosis, which commonly happens in dairy cows with mastitis, is unknown. We hypothesized that Res would inhibit LPS-induced apoptosis in BMEC through SIRT3, a NAD + -dependent deacetylase activated by Res. To test the dose-response effect on apoptosis, 0-50 μM Res were incubated with BMEC for 12 h, followed by 250 μg/mL LPS treatment for 12 h. To investigate the role of SIRT3 in Res-mediated alleviation of apoptosis, BMEC were pretreated with 50 μM Res for 12 h, then incubated with si-SIRT3 for 12 h and were finally treated with 250 μg/mL LPS for 12 h. Res dose-dependently promoted the cell viability and protein levels of Bcl-2 (Linear P < 0.001) but decreased protein levels of Bax, Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 (Linear P < 0.001). TUNEL assays indicated that cellular fluorescence intensity declined with the rising doses of Res. Res also dose-dependently upregulated SIRT3 expression, but LPS had the opposite effect. SIRT3 silencing abolished these results with Res incubation. Mechanically, Res enhanced the nuclear translocation of PGC1α, the transcriptional cofactor for SIRT3. Further molecular docking analysis revealed that Res could directly bind to PGC1α by forming a hydrogen bond with Tyr-722. Overall, our data suggested that Res relieved LPS-induced BMEC apoptosis through the PGC1α-SIRT3 axis, providing a basis for further in vivo investigations of applying Res to relieve mastitis in dairy cows.

Recent advances in feed and nutrition of beef cattle in China - A review

The beef cattle industry in China has advanced remarkably since its reform and opening up; consequently, China has become the world's third-largest beef cattle producer. China is also one of the countries with the most substantial research input and output in the field of beef cattle feed and nutrition. The progress and innovation by China in the research field of beef cattle feed and nutrition have undoubtedly promoted the development of the domestic beef cattle industry. This review summarizes recent advances in feed resource development, nutrient requirements, and nutritional regulation of beef cattle in China. Limitations in current research and perspectives on future work are also discussed.

A radiomics model development via the associations with genomics features in predicting axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer: a study based on a public database and single-centre verification

AIM

To evaluate the predictive performance of the radiomics model in predicting axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis through the associations between radiomics features and genomic features in patients with breast cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with breast cancer were enrolled retrospectively from a public database (111 patients as training group) and one hospital (15 patients as external validation group). The genomics features from transcriptome data and radiomics features from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were collected. Firstly, overlapping genes were identified using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and differentially expressed gene analysis, while radiomics features were reduced using a data-driven method. Then, the associations between overlapping genes and retained radiomics features were assessed to obtain key pairs of radiomics-genomics features. Furthermore, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm was used to detect the key-pairs features. Finally, radiomics and genomics models were constructed to predict ALN metastasis.

RESULTS

After using the hybrid data- and gene-driven selection method, key pairs of features were detected, which consisted of six radiomic features associated with four genomic features. The radiomics model exhibited comparable performance to the genomics model in predicting ALN metastasis (radiomic model: area under the curve [AUC] = 0.71, sensitivity = 77%, specificity = 56%; genomic model: AUC = 0.72, sensitivity = 85%, specificity = 74%). The four genomic features were enriched in six pathways and related to metabolism and human diseases.

CONCLUSION

The radiomics model established using the gene-driven hybrid selection method could predict ALN metastasis in breast cancer, which showed comparable performance to the genomics model.

Multi-Level Information Encryption/Decryption of Fluorescent Hydrogels Based on Spatially Programmed Crystal Phases

The growing urgence of information protection promotes continuously the development of information-encryption technique. To date, hydrogels have become an emerging candidate for advanced information-encryption materials, because of their unique stimulus responsiveness. However, current methods to design multi-level information-encrypted hydrogels usually need sophisticated chemistry or experimental setup. Herein, a novel strategy is reported to fabricate hydrogels with multi-level information encryption/decryption functions through spatially programming the polymorphic crystal phases. As homocrystalline and stereocomplex crystal phases in fluorescent hydrogels have different solvent stabilities, the transparency and fluorescence of the hydrogels can be regulated, thereby enabling the multi-level encryption/decryption processes. Moreover, the structural origins behind these processes are discussed. It is believe that this work will inspire future research on developing advanced information-encryption materials upon programming the polymer crystal structure.

Evaluation of stirring time through a rumen simulation technique: Influences on rumen fermentation and bacterial community

Introduction

Rumen motility is a key element that influences ruminant nutrition, whereas little is known about the effects of rumen contraction duration on rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiome. We previously reported that proper rotation speed of a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system enhanced rumen fermentation and microbial protein (MCP) production. In the present study, different contraction durations and intervals were simulated by setting different stirring times and intervals of the stirrers in a RUSITEC system. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the influences of stirring time on rumen fermentation characteristics, nutrient degradation, and ruminal bacterial microbiota in vitro.

Methods

This experiment was performed in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with each experimental period comprising 4 d for adjustment and 3 d for sample collection. Three stirring time treatments were set: the constant stir (CS), the intermittent stir 1 (each stir for 5 min with an interval of 2 min, IS1), and the intermittent stir 2 (each stir for 4 min with an interval of 3 min, IS2).

Results

The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration, valerate molar proportion, ammonia nitrogen level, MCP density, protozoa count, disappearance rates of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, emissions of total gas and methane, and the richness index Chao 1 for the bacterial community were higher (p < 0.05) in the IS1 when compared to those in the CS. The greatest TVFA, MCP, protozoa count, nutrient disappearance rates, gas productions, and bacterial richness indices of Ace and Chao 1 amongst all treatments were observed in the IS2. The relative abundance of the genus Treponema was enriched (p < 0.05) in CS, while the enrichment (p < 0.05) of Agathobacter ruminis and another two less known bacterial genera were identified in IS2.

Discussion

It could be concluded that the proper reduction in the stirring time might help to enhance the feed fermentation, MCP synthesis, gas production, and the relative abundances of specific bacterial taxa.

Tannic acid supplementation in the diet of Holstein bulls: Impacts on production performance, physiological and immunological characteristics, and ruminal microbiota

This study was conducted to evaluate the influences of supplementing tannic acid (TA) at different doses on the production performance, physiological and immunological characteristics, and rumen bacterial microbiome of cattle. Forty-eight Holstein bulls were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments: the control (CON, basal diet), the low-dose TA treatment [TAL, 0.3% dry matter (DM)], the mid-dose TA treatment (TAM, 0.9% DM), and the high-dose TA treatment (TAH, 2.7% DM). This trial consisted of 7 days for adaptation and 90 days for data and sample collection, and samples of blood and rumen fluid were collected on 37, 67, and 97 d, respectively. The average daily gain was unaffected (P > 0.05), whilst the ruminal NH3-N was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) by TA supplementation. The 0.3% TA addition lowered (P < 0.05) the levels of ruminal isobutyrate, valerate, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and tended to (P < 0.1) increase the gain to feed ratio. The digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), and crude protein, and percentages of butyrate, isobutyrate, and valerate were lower (P < 0.05), while the acetate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio in both TAM and TAH were higher (P < 0.05) than the CON. Besides, the 0.9% TA inclusion lessened (P < 0.05) the concentrations of glucagon and TNF-α, but enhanced (P < 0.05) the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) level and Simpson index of ruminal bacteria. The 2.7% TA supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the intake of DM and OM, and levels of malondialdehyde and thyroxine, while elevated (P < 0.05) the Shannon index of the rumen bacterial populations. Moreover, the relative abundances of the phyla Fibrobacteres and Lentisphaerae, the genera Fibrobacter and Bradyrhizobium, and the species Bradyrhizobium sp., Lachnospiraceae bacterium RM29, and Lachnospiraceae bacterium CG57 were highly significantly (q < 0.01) or significantly (q < 0.05) raised by adding 2.7% TA. Results suggested that the TA addition at 0.3% is more suitable for the cattle, based on the general comparison on the impacts of supplementing TA at different doses on all the measured parameters.

Tannic acid reduced apparent protein digestibility and induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response without altering growth performance and ruminal microbiota diversity of Xiangdong black goats

The present study was performed to evaluate the impacts of tannic acid (TA) supplementation at different levels on the growth performance, physiological, oxidative and immunological metrics, and ruminal microflora of Xiangdong black goats. Twenty-four goats were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: the control (CON, basal diet), the low-dose TA group [TAL, 0.3 % of dry matter (DM)], the mid-dose TA group (TAM, 0.6 % of DM), and the high-dose TA group (TAH, 0.9 % of DM). Results showed that the growth performance was unaffected (P > 0.05) by adding TA, whilst the 0.3 % and 0.6 % TA supplementation significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ruminal NH3-N concentration, and raised (P < 0.05) the level of total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) in rumen. The increments of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), cortisol (CORT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and serumamyloid A (SAA), and decrements of globulin (GLB), immunoglobulin G (IgG), cholinesterase (CHE), glutathione reductase (GR), creatinine (CRE), growth hormone (GH), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to different extents by TA addition were observed. Although the Alpha and Beta diversity of rumen bacterial community remained unchanged by supplementing TA, the relative abundance of the predominant genus Prevotella_1 was significantly enriched (P < 0.05) in TAL. It could hence be concluded that the TA supplementation in the present trial generally decreased CP digestion and caused oxidative stress and inflammatory response without influencing growth performance and ruminal microbiota diversity. More research is needed to explore the premium dosage and mechanisms of effects for TA addition in the diet of goats.

An experimental comparison: Horizontal evaluation of valuable metal extraction and arsenic emission characteristics of tailings from different copper smelting slag recovery processes

This study comprehensively investigated arsenic's enrichment, distribution, and characteristics in tailings. XRD and SEM-EDS characterized the phase and morphology of tailings from various smelting processes. At the same time, the embedding characteristics of arsenic in the ore phase were analyzed by EPMA. The differences between arsenic's leading ore phase carriers in different recovery processes were found. It was discussed that this phenomenon would be related to the element-binding ability and the precipitation priority of the ore phase. The occurrence state of arsenic was discussed by sequential chemical extraction experiments. The proportion of leachable arsenic is higher than the low-risk limit, whatever which smelting method is adopted, which leads to high environmental risk. In the experiment of comparing the leaching toxicity of tailings by different leaching methods, the arsenic concentration in the leaching solution of tailings recovered by the flotation method exceeds the specified safety range. Although the tailings after reduction smelting did not show high leaching toxicity, a large number of accumulations also would not represent absolute safety.

[Association between dietary vitamin A intake and gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between dietary vitamin A intake and its sources in the first trimester and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A prospective study was conducted to select women at 6-14 weeks of gestation in an obstetric clinic of a maternal and child health care medical institution in Chengdu in 2017. The types and quantities of food during the first trimester were collected by 3-day 24-hour dietary recalls. Dietary vitamin A intake was calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table (2018), and it was divided into animal and plant vitamin A intakes according to its food sources. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed at 24-28 weeks of gestation to diagnose GDM according to the Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (2014). According to the estimated average requirement (EAR) and recommended nutrient intake (RNI), dietary vitamin A intake was divided into low-level group (<EAR), medium-level group (EAR-RNI) and high-level group (>RNI). Animal and plant vitamin A intakes were divided into four groups (Q1-Q4) according to the quartile method, respectively. The association between dietary vitamin A intake, its different sources of vitamin A intake and GDM in the first trimester was analyzed by log-binomial regression models. Results: A total of 1 298 valid samples were finally included. The average dietary vitamin A intake, animal and plant vitamin A intakes in the first trimester were 341.1 (227.8-501.0) μgRAE/d, 139.3 (69.6-195.3) μgRAE/d and 184.2 (99.4-301.1) μgRAE/d, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, log-binomial regression analysis showed that the risk of GDM in high-level group of dietary vitamin A intake was lower than that in low-level group [RR (95%CI):0.53 (0.36-0.80)]. Pregnant women in the highest quartile of animal vitamin A intake had a lower risk of GDM than those in the lowest quartile [RR (95%CI):0.66 (0.47-0.95)]. No relationship between plant vitamin A intake and GDM was found. Conclusion: Dietary vitamin A intake in the first trimester is associated with the occurrence of GDM, and higher intake than RNI may reduce the risk of GDM. Higher vitamin A intake from animal-derived food is associated with decreased risk of GDM.

Improved Constraints on Global Methane Emissions and Sinks Using δ 13C-CH4

We study the drivers behind the global atmospheric methane (CH4) increase observed after 2006. Candidate emission and sink scenarios are constructed based on proposed hypotheses in the literature. These scenarios are simulated in the TM5 tracer transport model for 1984-2016 to produce three-dimensional fields of CH4 and δ 13C-CH4, which are compared with observations to test the competing hypotheses in the literature in one common model framework. We find that the fossil fuel (FF) CH4 emission trend from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research 4.3.2 inventory does not agree with observed δ 13C-CH4. Increased FF CH4 emissions are unlikely to be the dominant driver for the post-2006 global CH4 increase despite the possibility for a small FF emission increase. We also find that a significant decrease in the abundance of hydroxyl radicals (OH) cannot explain the post-2006 global CH4 increase since it does not track the observed decrease in global mean δ 13C-CH4. Different CH4 sinks have different fractionation factors for δ 13C-CH4, thus we can investigate the uncertainty introduced by the reaction of CH4 with tropospheric chlorine (Cl), a CH4 sink whose abundance, spatial distribution, and temporal changes remain uncertain. Our results show that including or excluding tropospheric Cl as a 13 Tg/year CH4 sink in our model changes the magnitude of estimated fossil emissions by ∼20%. We also found that by using different wetland emissions based on a static versus a dynamic wetland area map, the partitioning between FF and microbial sources differs by 20 Tg/year, ∼12% of estimated fossil emissions.

Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals the response mechanism of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to imbibitional chilling stress

Imbibitional chilling stress inhibits normal seed germination and seedling establishment and leads to large losses in peanut production. This is a major limiting factor when sowing peanut earlier and further north. To reveal the response mechanism of peanut to imbibitional chilling stress, a Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics analysis was conducted to identify differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) under imbibitional chilling stress. Hormone profiling and transcriptional analysis were performed to confirm the proteomics data. Further seed priming analysis with exogenous cytokinins was conducted to validate the role of cytokinins in alleviating imbibitional chilling injury. A total of 5029 proteins were identified and quantified in all of the experimental groups. Among these, 104 proteins were DAPs as compared with the control. Enrichment analysis revealed that these DAPs were significant in various molecular functional and biological processes, especially for biosynthesis and metabolism of plant hormones. Hormone profiling and transcription analysis suggested that the reduced abundance of cytokinin oxidase may be caused by down-regulation of gene expression of the corresponding genes and leads to an elevated content of cytokinins under chilling stress. Seed priming analysis suggested that exogenous application of cytokinins may alleviate injury caused by imbibitional chilling. Our study provides a comprehensive proteomics analysis of peanut under imbibitional chilling stress, suggesting the role of plant hormones in the response mechanism. The results provide a better understanding of the imbibitional chilling stress response mechanism in peanut that will aid in peanut production.

Effects of oral sialic acid on gut development, liver function and gut microbiota in mice

Sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid), a 9-carbon monosaccharide, has been widely studied in immunology, oncology and neurology. However, the effects of sialic acid on organ and intestinal development, liver function and gut microbiota were rarely studied. In this study, we found that oral sialic acid tended to increase the relative weight of liver and decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase (GPT) activity. In addition, sialic acid treatment markedly reduced gut villus length, depth, the ratio of villus length/depth (L/D), areas, width and the number of goblet cells. Furthermore, gut microbes were changed in response to oral sialic acid, such as Staphylococcus lentus, Corynebacterium stationis, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Jeotgalibaca sp_PTS2502, Ignatzschineria indica, Sporosarcina pasteurii, Sporosarcina sp_HW10C2, Facklamia tabacinasalis, Oblitimonas alkaliphila, Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum, Blautia sp_YL58, Bacteroids thetaiotaomicron, Morganella morganii, Clostridioides difficile, Helicobacter tryphlonius, Clostridium sp_Clone47, Alistipes finegoldii, [pseudomonas]_geniculata and Pseudomonas parafulva at the species level. In conclusion, oral sialic acid altered the intestinal pathological state and microbial compositions, and the effect of sialic acid on host health should be further studied.

The KMT2A gene: mRNA differential expression in the ovary and a novel 13-nt nucleotide sequence variant associated with litter size in cashmere goats

A genome-wide association study had shown that lysine methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A), which encodes the histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase and reportedly can regulate gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, and development as well as other biological processes, is a potential candidate gene influencing litter size in the dairy goat, suggesting its key function in animal reproduction. Here, we aimed to explore the genetic effects of the KMT2A gene on litter size in females of the Chinese indigenous cashmere goat, using a large sample size (n > 1,000), based on their levels of RNA transcription and DNA variation. First, mRNA expression levels of this gene in ovarian tissues between the low-prolific group (first-born litter size = 1) and high-prolific group (first-born litter size ≥2) were significantly different, revealing the potential functioning of KMT2A in goat prolific. Moreover, a novel 13-nt nucleotide sequence variant was identified in Shaanbei white cashmere goats (n = 1,616). In accordance with the independent chi-square (χ²) analysis, the distribution of genotypes (P = 2.57 × 10^-9) and allelotypes (P = 3.00 × 10^-7) between the low- and high-prolific groups differed significantly, indicating the 13-nt mutation was associated with litter size. Further analysis showed that the insertion/insertion (II) genotype was significantly different with insertion/deletion (ID) (P = 1.76 × 10^-9) and deletion/deletion (DD) (P = 7.00 × 10^-6), with goats having the DD genotype producing an average litter size larger than the other genotypes. Taken together, these findings suggest KMT2A can serve as a candidate gene for breeding goats, which may have implications for improving the future development of the goat industry.

MiR-503 Contributes to Glucocorticoid Sensitivity in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia via Targeting WNT3A

Abnormal accumulation of lymphoblasts in the blood and bone marrow is the main characteristic of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Glucocorticoids are effective drugs for ALL, while glucocorticoid resistance is an obstacle to ALL therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in the drug resistance and modulate the response of ALL to glucocorticoids. The role of miR-503 in glucocorticoid sensitivity of ALL was investigated in this study. Firstly, T-leukaemic cells were isolated from patients with ALL. The human ALL cell line (CCRF/CEM) was incubated with dexamethasone to establish a glucocorticoid- resistant ALL cell line (CCRF/CEM-R). Data from MTT showed that IC⁵⁰ (50% inhibitory concentration) of dexamethasone in T-leukaemic cells isolated from glucocorticoid-resistant ALL patients or CCRF/CEM-R was increased compared with IC50 in T-leukaemic cells isolated from glucocorticoid- sensitive ALL patients or CCRF/CEM. MiR- 503 was down-regulated in glucocorticoid-resistant leukaemic cells and CCRF/CEM-R. Secondly, overexpression of miR-503 sensitized CCRF/CEM-R to dexamethasone. Moreover, over-expression of miR- 503 also promoted the sensitivity of ALL cells to dexamethasone. Thirdly, miR-503 bound to WNT3A mRNA and negatively regulated the expression of WNT3A. Over-expression of miR-503 reduced protein expression of nuclear β-catenin, and over-expression of WNT3A attenuated the miR-503 overexpression- induced decrease in nuclear β-catenin. Lastly, the over-expression of miR-503-induced increased sensitivity of ALL-resistant cells and CCRF/ CEM-R to dexamethasone was attenuated by overexpression of WNT3A. In conclusion, miR-503 targeted WNT3A mRNA to sensitize ALL cells to glucocorticoids through inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A3 is increased in IBD patients and functions as an anti-inflammatory modulator

Growing evidence shows that a homozygous 6·7-kb deletion of the novel anti-inflammatory molecule leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A3 (LILRA3) is associated with many autoimmune disorders. However, its effects on pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have yet not been clarified. LILRA3 is mainly expressed in monocytes, whereas its effects on biological behaviors of monocytes have not been systematically reported. In our study, to investigate the association between LILRA3 polymorphism and IBD susceptibility, LILRA3 polymorphism was assessed in 378 IBD patients and 509 healthy controls. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were employed to detect the LILRA3 expression in IBD patient blood and intestinal samples. The human U937 monocyte cell line was employed to establish LILRA3 over-expressing cells and the effects of LILRA3 on the biological behaviors of U937 cells were systematically explored. Although no association of the polymorphism with IBD development was found, LILRA3 expression was markedly increased in IBD patients compared with healthy controls. Over-expression of LILRA3 in monocytes led to significant decreases in secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. Additionally, LILRA3 abated monocyte migration by reducing the expression of several chemokines and enhanced monocyte phagocytosis by increasing CD36 expression. Furthermore, LILRA3 promoted monocyte proliferation through a combination of Akt and extracellular receptor kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Erk/MEK) signaling pathways. We report for the first time, to our knowledge, that LILRA3 is related to IBD and functions as an anti-inflammatory modulator in U937 cells.

[Association between dietary glycemic load during first trimester and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective study]

Objective: To explore the effects of dietary glycemic load (GL) during first trimester on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A prospective study was conducted among healthy women with singleton pregnancy at 8-14 weeks of gestation in a maternity out-patient clinic of maternal-and-child health care institution in Chengdu, Sichuan province. Information on dietary intake during the first trimester was collected through a 3-day 24-hour dietary recall. Glycemic index (GI) values were obtained from China Food Composition Tables (Standard Edition) and International Tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values (2008). Dietary GL and GLs of staple foods were calculated based on GI values and the amount of carbohydrate consumed per day. Diagnostic criteria of GDM was followed the Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pregnancy Diabetes in China (2014), and used on participants who underwent an oral glucose tolerant test during 24-28 weeks of gestation. Log-binomial regression models were used to explore the associations between both quartiles of dietary GL, GLs of staple foods and the risks of GDM,respectively. Results: The medians of dietary GL and GL of staple foods were 145.70 (113.23-180.85) and 121.05 (89.08-155.70), respectively. The median GL of both rice and tubers were 73.14 (43.89-107.50) and 3.43 (0.00-9.84), respectively. After adjusting for the age at pregnancy, pre-pregnancy body mass index and other confounding factors, results of log-binomial regressions analysis showed that when compared with the lowest quartile of dietary GL group, the third and highest quartiles of dietary GL groups increased the risk of GDM (RR=1.47, 95%CI: 1.20-1.80; RR=1.31, 95%CI: 1.04-1.64), respectively. Compared with the lowest quartile of GL of staple foods, the third and highest quartiles of GL of staple foods groups also increased the risk of GDM (RR=1.28, 95%CI: 1.04-1.58; RR=1.27, 95%CI: 1.02-1.60), respectively. The third and highest quartiles of GL of rice groups increased the risk of GDM (RR=1.30, 95%CI: 1.06-1.59; RR=1.28, 95%CI: 1.03-1.59), respectively, than the lowest quartile of GL of rice group. When compared with the lowest quartile of GL of tubers group, the highest quartile of GL of tubers group increased the risk of GDM (RR=1.30, 95%CI: 1.09-1.54). However, we did not notice the effects of wheat GL and coarse grain GL on the risk of GDM. Conclusions: A positive association was found between dietary glycemic load and the risk of GDM. Higher dietary glycemic load, especially in rice and tubers during first trimester, seemed to have increased the risk of GDM.

Correction to: Nuclear medicine services after COVID-19: gearing up back to normality

The authors P. Orellana and N. El-Haj were inadvertently deleted in the original paper.

Effect of inclusion of HMBi in the ration of goats on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen bacteria community and blood serum parameters

The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of supplementation of analogues of methionine 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoic acid isopropyl ester (HMBi) on growth, digestibility, antioxidant index, abundance and composition of rumen bacterial community in Xiangdong Black Goats. Thirty-six growing Xiangdong Black Goats were divided into four groups in such a way that each group had three replicate and each replicate had three animals. Experimental groups were assigned four levels of HMBi in basal diet: 0% HMBi (on dietary DM basis); 0.05% HMBi; 0.10% HMBi and 0.20% HMBi. Goats fed 0.10% HMBi in basal diet had higher average daily weight gain (p < .05). Goats fed 0.05% HMBi had higher apparent digestibility of gross energy (p < .01). The group 0% HMBi supplementation had a higher level of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde (p < .01). The goats fed 0.20% HMBi in basal diet had a higher level of insulin and leptin (p < .01) than 0% HMBi supplementation goats. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed similarities in the community composition, species diversity and relative abundance of dominant bacteria at the phylum and genus levels among the four groups. In conclusion, HMBi supplementation has no negative effect on apparent digestibility, antioxidant index and the ruminal bacteria composition. Therefore, 0.10% supplementation of HMBi is recommended in the diet of goats to improve the growth performance.

InDels within caprine IGF2BP1 intron 2 and the 3'-untranslated regions are associated with goat growth traits

Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) is involved in the Hedgehog pathway and has been shown to regulate the RNA stability of several growth-related target genes. It is located in a quantitative trait locus showing a strong association with traits related to body size in ducks. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) also participates in Hedgehog signaling pathways and has been reported to be associated with organic growth and development. FGFR1-knockout mice have been shown to have severe postnatal growth defects, including an approximately 50% reduction in body weight and bone mass. Meanwhile, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay factor (SMG6) can maintain genomic stability, which is associated with organic growth and development. Therefore, we hypothesized that IGF2BP1, FGFR1 and SMG6 genes may play important roles in the growth traits of goats. In this study, the existence of two insertion/deletion (InDel) variants within IGF2BP1, one InDel within FGFR1 and two InDels within SMG6 was verified and their correlation with growth traits was analyzed in 2429 female Shaanbei white cashmere goats. Results showed both the 15 bp InDel in intron 2 and the 5 bp InDel in the 3' regulatory region within IGF2BP1 were significantly associated with growth traits (P < 0.05) and goats with the combinatorial homozygous insertion genotypes of these two loci had the highest body weight (P = 0.046). The other InDels within FGFR1 and SMG6 were not obviously associated with growth traits (P > 0.05). Therefore, the two InDels in IGF2BP1 were vital mutations affecting goat growth traits.

Maintenance of SOX9 stability and ECM homeostasis by selenium-sensitive PRMT5 in cartilage

OBJECTIVES

Selenium (Se) plays pivotal roles in maintaining optimal health. Nevertheless, how Se influences the metabolism of extracellular matrix (ECM) in cartilage remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to observe protein dimethylation by certain Se-sensitive PRMT and to elucidate its effects on the key transcriptional factor in cartilage.

METHODS

We observed the expression of selenoproteins and markers of ECM metabolism in chondrocytes and articular cartilage of the rats under Se-deficiency by RT-qPCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Then, we analyzed the expression of total dimethylated protein by using specific antibody under different Se statuses. After Se sensitive PRMT was identified, we used siRNA or PRMT inhibitor or stably overexpressing vector to intervene in the PRMT expression and identified the key transcriptional factor. Co-immunoprecipitation was applied to verify the interaction between PRMT and the key transcriptional factor. Finally, we measured the half-life time of the key transcriptional factor by immunoblotting after cycloheximide treatment.

RESULTS

In chondrocytes and cartilage of the rats with Se deficiency, we found an aberrant metabolism manifesting decreased expression of Col2a1 and increased expression of Mmp-3. Then, we identified that PRMT5 was the unique type II PRMT, sensitive to Se status. PRMT5 upregulation led to the increased COL2A1 expression but decreased MMP-3 expression in chondrocytes. Furthermore, we revealed that PRMT5 improved SOX9 stability by dimethylating the protein, which contributed to maintain the matrix metabolic homeostasis of the chondrocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

Se-sensitive PRMT5 increases the half-life of SOX9 protein via PTM and helps to maintain ECM homeostasis of the articular cartilage.

[Association between gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a prospective study]

Objective: To explore the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: A prospective study was conducted among 1 220 healthy singleton pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, from Chengdu city, Sichuan province. Pre-gestational body mass and other basic information were collected through a set of questionnaires. Weight at the last week before delivery was measured and GWG was classified by IOM criteria (2009). Related information on pregnancy outcomes was collected after delivery, through the hospital information system. Multiple non-conditional logistic regression models were used to test the association between GWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results: In total, data on 1 045 pregnant women were analyzed. Compared with adequate GWG, excessive GWG was associated with the increased risks of cord entanglement and large for gestational age (OR=1.641, 95%CI: 1.197-2.252; OR=1.678, 95%CI: 0.132-2.488), respectively. Additionally, when compared with the adequate GWG, insufficient GWG was associated with the increased risk of preterm delivery (OR=3.189, 95%CI: 1.604-6.341). Conclusions: Both excessive and insufficient GWG appeared associated with the pregnancy outcomes. Weight monitoring should be strengthened for pregnant women to reduce related risks on adverse pregnancy outcomes.

CA916798 affects growth and metastasis of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells

OBJECTIVE

Abnormal activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway is a critical pathogenic mechanism and therapeutic target for prostate cancer (PCa). The CA916798 is a tumor-associated gene and may be regulated by the androgen-AR pathway. This study aims to investigate the function of CA916798 in the growth and metastasis of androgen-dependent PCa cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CA916798 expression in PCa cell lines was investigated. LNCap cells were divided into 4 groups: LNCap, LNCap+ Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), LNCap+DHT+siCA916798, and LNCap+DHT+siRA group. CA916798 expressions in LNCap cells treated with siCA917698 or siAR were examined. The viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of PCa cells were examined. Dual luciferase and ChIP assays were used to examine the interaction between the AR and CA916798.

RESULTS

Endogenous CA916798 mRNA levels in PC3 cells were significantly higher than those in LNCap cells (p < 0.05). However, CA916798 was androgen-sensitive in LNCap cells, but not in PC-3 cells. Dual luciferase and ChIP assays showed that AR could specifically bind to the promoter regions of the CA916798. Knockdown of CA916798 (LNCap+DHT+siCA916798) and AR (LNCap+DHT+siAR) resulted in decreased cell viability, migration, and invasion, while it induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest in LNCap cells.

CONCLUSIONS

DHT could initiate the transcription of CA916798, which further mediates the androgen-AR signaling pathway-dependent cell growth and metastasis of the prostate cancer cell line LNCap.

Randomised clinical trial: Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang granules versus placebo for patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

BACKGROUND

Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang (TXYF) is a Chinese herbal formula for treating chronic diarrhoea accompanied by abdominal pain. The results were inconsistent in previous trials examining its effect.

AIM

To study the efficacy of TXYF granules for treating diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D).

METHODS

We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial and enrolled 160 participants with IBS-D. The participants had VAS scores ≥3 cm in IBS-D global symptoms and ≥2 days in a week with abdominal pain and loose stools (Bristol score 5, 6 or 7). They were randomly assigned to received TXYF or placebo during a treatment period of 4 weeks, and they were followed up for 8 weeks after treatment. The primary outcome was adequate relief of IBS-D global symptoms for at least 2 of 4 weeks during weeks 1-4. Secondary outcomes included mean weekly VAS scores of IBS-D major symptoms, mean weekly stool frequency, mean weekly Bristol score, and adverse events.

RESULTS

155 of 160 patients completed the trial. We found a significantly higher rate of adequate relief of global symptoms in TXFY group during weeks 1 to 4 (57.5% vs 37.5%, χ² = 5.6391, P = 0.017); logistic regression analysis showed a similar result (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.4, P = 0.016). Most of the secondary outcomes showed superiority of TXYF over placebo in weekly assessment from week 3 to week 7. The adverse event rate was low in both groups (3.8% vs 3.8%, P = 1.000).

CONCLUSION

During a 4 week trial, TXFY granules were superior to placebo in controlling symptoms of IBS-D.

Temporal regulation of two cytosolic phosphoglucomutases during stigma development in ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

Phosphoglucomutases (PGM) (5.4.2.2.) belong to the Phosphohexomutases superfamily and are highly specific in catalyzing the interconversion of Glc-1-P to Glc-6-P. In this study, we characterize the expression and activity of two cytosolic PGMs (cPGM2 and cPGM3) stigmas of ornamental kale during flower development. In stigmas, cPGM expression and activity showed a gradual increase during stigma development with the highest activity around the time of anthesis. Blocking of cPGM activity in the stigmas using a known inhibitor, resulted in breakdown of self-incompatibility in immature S3 and S4 stigmas, but had no effect on the fully mature S5 stigmas. It is likely that cPGMs are required for accumulation of factors necessary for SI response in mature stigmas.

Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy herds in northern China

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens involved in dairy cow mastitis. Monitoring of antibiotic use would prove useful to assess the risk of Staph. aureus in raw milk. The objective of this work was to investigate the prevalence of Staph. aureus strais isolated from raw milk in northern China, and to characterize antimicrobial susceptibility of these strains and their key virulence genes. In total, 195 raw milk samples were collected from 195 dairy farms located in 4 cities of northern China from May to September 2015. Out of 195 samples, 54 (27.7%) were positive for Staph. aureus. Among these 54 samples, 54 strains of Staph. aureus were isolated, and 16 strains were identified as methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus. The strains exhibited high percentages of resistance to penicillin G (85.2%), ampicillin (79.6%), and erythromycin (46.3%). Moreover, 72% of the strains showed resistance to more than one antimicrobial agent. Overall, 63% of penicillin-resistant strains possessed the blaZ gene, and 60% of the erythromycin-resistant strains possessed erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), msr(A), or msr(B) genes with 8 different gene patterns. All isolates resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, and oxacillin carried the aac6'-aph2", ant(4')-Ia, and mecA genes, respectively. Two tet(M)-positive isolates carried specific genes of the Tn916-Tn1545 transposon. The most predominant virulence genes were sec, sea, and pvl, which encode staphylococcal enterotoxins (sec and sea) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin, respectively. Thirty-two isolates (59.2%) harbored one or more virulence genes. The majority of Staph. aureus strains were multidrug resistant and carried multiple virulence genes, which may pose a risk to public health. Our data indicated that antimicrobial resistance of Staph. aureus was prevalent in dairy herds in northern China, and that antibiotics, especially penicillin G and ampicillin, to treat mastitis caused by Staph. aureus should be used with caution in northern China.

From solitons to rogue waves in nonlinear left-handed metamaterials

In the present work, we explore soliton and roguelike wave solutions in the transmission line analog of a nonlinear left-handed metamaterial. The nonlinearity is expressed through a voltage-dependent, symmetric capacitance motivated by recently developed ferroelectric barium strontium titanate thin-film capacitor designs. We develop both the corresponding nonlinear dynamical lattice and its reduction via a multiple scales expansion to a nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) model for the envelope of a given carrier wave. The reduced model can feature either a focusing or a defocusing nonlinearity depending on the frequency (wave number) of the carrier. We then consider the robustness of different types of solitary waves of the reduced model within the original nonlinear left-handed medium. We find that both bright and dark solitons persist in a suitable parametric regime, where the reduction to the NLS model is valid. Additionally, for suitable initial conditions, we observe a rogue wave type of behavior that differs significantly from the classic Peregrine rogue wave evolution, including most notably the breakup of a single Peregrine-like pattern into solutions with multiple wave peaks. Finally, we touch upon the behavior of generalized members of the family of the Peregrine solitons, namely, Akhmediev breathers and Kuznetsov-Ma solitons, and explore how these evolve in the left-handed transmission line.

HSFY and ZNF280BY show copy number variations within 17 water buffalo populations

Recent transcriptomic analysis of the bovine Y chromosome revealed abundant presence of multi-copy protein coding gene families on the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY). Copy number variations (CNVs) of several MSY genes are closely related to semen quality and male reproduction in cattle. However, the CNVs of MSY genes in water buffalo are largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the CNVs of HSFY and ZNF280BY of 298 buffaloes from 17 populations distributed in China, Vietnam and Laos using quantitative PCR. Our results revealed that the median copy numbers of the HSFY and ZNF280BY genes were 47 (ranging from 20 to 145) and 269 (ranging from 73 to 974) respectively. In conclusion, this study indicated that HSFY and ZNF280BY showed abundant CNVs within swamp buffalo populations.

The developmental transcriptome landscape of bovine skeletal muscle defined by Ribo-Zero ribonucleic acid sequencing

Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-Seq) libraries are normally prepared with oligo(dT) selection of poly(A)+ mRNA, but it depends on intact total RNA samples. Recent studies have described Ribo-Zero technology, a novel method that can capture both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- transcripts from intact or fragmented RNA samples. We report here the first application of Ribo-Zero RNA-Seq for the analysis of the bovine embryonic, neonatal, and adult skeletal muscle whole transcriptome at an unprecedented depth. Overall, 19,893 genes were found to be expressed, with a high correlation of expression levels between the calf and the adult. Hundreds of genes were found to be highly expressed in the embryo and decreased at least 10-fold after birth, indicating their potential roles in embryonic muscle development. In addition, we present for the first time the analysis of global transcript isoform discovery in bovine skeletal muscle and identified 36,694 transcript isoforms. Transcriptomic data were also analyzed to unravel sequence variations; 185,036 putative SNP and 12,428 putative short insertions-deletions (InDel) were detected. Specifically, many stop-gain, stop-loss, and frameshift mutations were identified that probably change the relative protein production and sequentially affect the gene function. Notably, the numbers of stage-specific transcripts, alternative splicing events, SNP, and InDel were greater in the embryo than in the calf and the adult, suggesting that gene expression is most active in the embryo. The resulting view of the transcriptome at a single-base resolution greatly enhances the comprehensive transcript catalog and uncovers the global trends in gene expression during bovine skeletal muscle development.

Overexpression of angiopoietin 2 promotes the formation of oral squamous cell carcinoma by increasing epithelial-mesenchymal transition-induced angiogenesis

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common cancer of the head and neck and is associated with a high rate of lymph node metastasis. The initial step in the metastasis and transition of tumors is epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-induced angiogenesis, which can be mediated by angiopoietin 2 (ANG2), a key regulatory factor in angiogenesis. In the present study, immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT-PCR) were used to measure the expression of ANG2 in OSCC tissues. Plasmids encoding ANG2 mRNA were used for increased ANG2 expression in the OSCC cell line TCA8113. The short interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeting ANG2 mRNA sequences were used to inhibit ANG2 expression in TCA8113 cells. Subsequently, transwell assays were performed to examine the effects of ANG2 on TCA8113 cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, in vivo assays were performed to assess the effect of ANG2 on tumor growth. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays and immunohistochemistry were used to examine cell apoptosis and angiogenesis in tumor tissues, respectively. Finally, western blot analysis was performed to evaluate tumor formation-related proteins in OSCC tissues. We found that protein expression of ANG2 was remarkably upregulated in OSCC tissues. Overexpression of ANG2 increased the migration and invasion of TCA8113 cells by regulating EMT. Further investigations showed that overexpression of ANG2 increased tumor growth in nude mice, and angiogenesis of OSCC tissues increased in the presence of ANG2 overexpression. Overexpression of ANG2 also reduced cell apoptosis in tumor tissue cells. Finally, we found that overexpression of ANG2 resulted in changes in the expression of tumor formation-related proteins including vimentin, E-cadherin, Bim, PUMA, Bcl-2, Bax, Cyclin D1, PCNA and CD31. Our findings show that ANG2 has an important role in the migration and invasion of OSCC. More importantly, further investigations suggested that overexpression of ANG2 might increase OSCC metastasis by promoting angiogenesis in nude mice. This stimulatory effect could be achieved by inducing abnormal EMT and by reducing apoptosis and increasing proliferation of cells.

[Meta-analysis on effect of combined supplementation of folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 on risk of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in randomized control trials]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of the combined supplementation of folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 on the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.

METHODS

The literatures of randomized control trials about the relationship between the combined supplementation of folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 and risk of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases from 1980 to 2014 were retrieved, and the eligible studies were screened for a Meta-analysis. The study indicators were the incidences of cardiovascular disease events, myocardial infarction and stroke. The cffect indicators were relative risk(RR)and 95% confidence interval(CI). Jadad score was used for the quality evaluation of the trials used in the study.

RESULTS

The literatures of 11 randomized control trials, involving 26 395 patients, were used in the Meta-analysis. The combined supplementation of B vitamins had no effect on the incidence of cardiovascular disease events(RR=1.00, 95% CI: 0.94-1.07)based on 8 studies. The combined supplementation of B vitamins had no effect on the incidence of myocardial infarction(RR= 1.03, 95% CI: 0.94-1.13)based on 9 studies. The combined supplementation of B vitamins could reduce the incidence of stroke by 14%(RR=0.86, 95%CI: 0.78-0.95)based on 9 studies. Compared with the control group, Taking folic acid combined with vitamin B12 and B6 could reduce the level of homocysteine by 2.53 μmol/L(95%CI:-3.93--1.12). Subgroup analysis indicated that the follow-up time, the dosage of folic acid and vitamin B12 and B6, the history of diseases had no confounding effect on the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease events. But the subgroup analysis for stroke showed that with the extension of follow-up time, the supplementation of B vitamins could reduce the risk of stroke. The effect of folic acid and B12 in small dosage seemed more significant in the prevention of stroke, while the preventive effect of B6 increased with increasing dosage. The preventive effect of combined supplementation of B vitamins was more significant for the patients with a history of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.

CONCLUSION

Taking folic acid combined with vitamin B6 and B12 might have no significant effect on the incidences of cardio-cerebrovascular disease events and myocardial infarction, but could lower the risk of stroke and the level of homocysteine.

Indels within the bovine visfatin gene affect its mRNA expression in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat

Abstract. Visfatin, an adipokine hormone produced primarily by visceral adipose tissue in mammals, has been identified as having a crucial role in growth and development of skeletal muscle and lipids. In this research, the effects of two indel loci (35 bp indel: AC_000161.1: g. 20540–20541 Ins ACTGGAATTCTAGTTTAAAAATTGCTACTAATGAA located in intron 4; 6 bp indel: AC_000161.1: g. 25873–25878 Del: TAAAAA located in intron 5) of the visfatin gene on mRNA expression levels were studied by means of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat from 95 Qinchuan cattle. Firstly, visfatin expression level in longissimus muscle of fetal cattle was prominently greater than that in calves and adult cattle (P < 0.05). The expression level of visfatin in subcutaneous fat was notably higher than that in longissimus muscle of calves and adult cattle (P < 0.05). Secondly, there were three genotypes (ins/ins, del/del and ins/del) and two genotypes (ins/del and ins/ins) detected in the 35 bp locus and 6 bp locus, respectively. Visfatin showed a minimum expression level in longissimus muscle in the homozygous deletion genotype at the 35 bp indel locus. Especially in calves, expression of visfatin was significantly greater in the heterozygous genotype than that in the homozygous insertion genotpye (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were found among visfatin expression level based on genotypes in the 6 bp indel locus (P > 0.05). Compared to heterozygous genotype, the expression level of homozygous insertion genotype was lower in longissimus muscle but greater in subcutaneous fat. These results imply that the expression levels of bovine visfatin vary with age and its indels might be putative variants mediating the expression of the bovine visfatin gene. This study provides useful information for further functional studies of bovine visfatin.

Effects of sex and age on chicken TBC1D1 gene mRNA expression

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sex and slaughter age of chickens on fatty acid composition and TBC1D1 gene expression in 4 different tissues: breast muscle, thigh muscle, abdominal fat, and subcutaneous fat. Sixty Erlang mountainous chickens (hybrid SD02 x SD03) were raised under the same conditions and slaughtered at 8, 10, and 13 weeks of age. The results showed that the sex of the animal significantly affected the content of arachidic acid (C20:0), sinapic (C22:1), linoleic (C18:2n-6), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acids (C22:6n-3), whereas other fatty acid contents were not affected. Age had a significant effect on most monounsaturated fatty acids, except for octadecenoic acid (C18:1). TBC1D1 mRNA was abundant in all tissues at all 3 ages of slaughter. Cocks exhibited higher TBC1D1 mRNA levels than hens in the thigh muscle and abdominal fat at 10 and 13 weeks, respectively.

Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR identified a missense mutation of the bovine <i>NRIP1</i> gene associated with growth traits

Abstract. Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) specifically interacts with the hormone-dependent activation domain AF2 of nuclear receptors to inhibit transcription. Previous work has demonstrated this protein to be a key regulator in modulating transcriptional activity of many transcription factors, some of which are closely related to development and growth. In this study, we have successfully genotyped two newly identified bovine NRIP1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (c.605A > G and c.1301G > A) using the T-ARMS-PCR method and validated the accuracy by means of PCR-RFLP assay using 1809 individuals of 9 different cattle breeds. The association analyses results indicated that c.605A > G locus was significantly associated with body weight and average daily gain in Nanyang cattle at 18 months (P < 0.05). Thus it can be inferred that T-ARMS-PCR is a rapid, reliable, and cheap method for SNP genotyping and that c.605A > G polymorphism in bovine NRIP1 is associated with growth traits. These findings will be of benefit for the application of DNA markers related to growth traits in marker-assisted selection (MAS), and will improve the promotion of beef cattle.

Altered microRNA expression in bovine skeletal muscle with age

Age-dependent decline in skeletal muscle function leads to several inherited and acquired muscular disorders in elderly individuals. The levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) could be altered during muscle maintenance and repair. We therefore performed a comprehensive investigation for miRNAs from five different periods of bovine skeletal muscle development using next-generation small RNA sequencing. In total, 511 miRNAs, including one putatively novel miRNA, were identified. Thirty-six miRNAs were differentially expressed between prenatal and postnatal stages of muscle development including several myomiRs (miR-1, miR-206 and let-7 families). Compared with miRNA expression between different muscle tissues, 14 miRNAs were up-regulated and 22 miRNAs were down-regulated in the muscle of postnatal stage. In addition, a novel miRNA was predicted and submitted to the miRBase database as bta-mir-10020. A dual luciferase reporter assay was used to demonstrate that bta-mir-10020 directly targeted the 3'-UTR of the bovine ANGPT1 gene. The overexpression of bta-mir-10020 significantly decreased the DsRed fluorescence in the wild-type expression cassette compared to the mutant type. Using three computational approaches - miranda, pita and rnahybrid - these differentially expressed miRNAs were also predicted to target 3609 bovine genes. Disease and biological function analyses and the KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these targets were statistically enriched in functionality for muscle growth and disease. Our miRNA expression analysis findings from different states of muscle development and aging significantly expand the repertoire of bovine miRNAs now shown to be expressed in muscle and could contribute to further studies on growth and developmental disorders in this tissue type.