1
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Omyla K, Conley A, Varner D, Dini P. Limited association between stallion-like behavior and hormonal indicators of testicular remnants in geldings. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 139:105104. [PMID: 38852927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Persistent stallion-like behavior is a common sign of cryptorchidism in supposed geldings. The presence of testicular tissue can be evaluated by analyzing hormones such as testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Here, we used hormonal analysis to investigate relationships between the likely presence of testicular tissue and stallion-like behavior in samples submitted from presumptive geldings (n = 1,202), retrospectively. Most geldings with stallion-like behaviors had serum concentrations of testosterone (851/1,056; 80.6 %) and AMH (682/877; 77.8 %) below the laboratory reference range for cryptorchids (< 60 pg/mL and ≤ 0.15 ng/mL for testosterone and AMH, respectively). A total of 13 samples (13/716; 1.8 %) showed AMH concentrations typical for geldings but testosterone above the cryptorchid range. Conversely, 31 samples (31/716; 4.3 %) had high AMH, suggesting cryptorchidism, but testosterone concentrations implied no testicular tissue. Among the cryptorchid stallions, the AMH and testosterone concentrations did not vary based on the season. However, age categories affected the concentration of both hormones among the presumptive true cryptorchid stallions. The results of this study demonstrate that undesirable behavior in geldings is rarely associated with the presence of testicular tissue, as assessed by these two hormonal biomarkers. This information highlights the complexity of behavior and demonstrates that persistent stallion-like behavior in geldings could be related to factors other than the presence of testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Omyla
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A Conley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D Varner
- Texas Tech University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - P Dini
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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Gautier C, Aurich J, Melchert M, Wagner LH, Kaps M, Okada CTC, Ertl R, Walter I, Aurich C. Endocrine changes induced by GnRH immunisation and subsequent early re-stimulation of testicular function with a GnRH agonist in stallions. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD23185. [PMID: 38237640 DOI: 10.1071/rd23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Resumption of testicular function after gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunisation varies among individual animals and some stallions regain fertility only after a prolonged time. AIMS This study evaluated endocrine effects of GnRH immunisation and early subsequent re-stimulation with a GnRH agonist. We hypothesised that GnRH agonist treatment advances resumption of normal endocrine function in GnRH-vaccinated stallions. METHODS Shetland stallions were assigned to an experimental and a control group (n =6 each). Experimental stallions were GnRH-immunised twice, 4weeks apart. Each experimental stallion was hemicastrated together with an age-matched control animal when testosterone concentration decreased below 0.3ng/mL. Three weeks later, daily treatment with the GnRH agonist buserelin was initiated (4μg/day for 4weeks followed by 8μg/day). The remaining testicle was removed when testosterone concentration exceeded 0.5ng/mL in vaccinated stallions. Blood was collected for LH, FSH, oestradiol and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) analyses, and testicular and epididymal tissue were conserved for real-time qPCR and histology. KEY RESULTS GnRH vaccination reduced blood concentrations of LH and FSH, with a structural deterioration of testicular tissue and disruption of spermatogenesis. Daily buserelin treatment for approximately 60days partially restored gonadotropin secretion and induced a recovery of the functional organisation of the testicular tissue with effective spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Endocrine testicular function can be restored in GnRH-vaccinated stallions by daily low-dose buserelin treatment. The buserelin treatment protocol may potentially be improved regarding the dose, interval and duration. IMPLICATIONS Daily buserelin treatment can be recommended for treatment of GnRH-vaccinated stallions with prolonged inhibition of testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Gautier
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Jörg Aurich
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Maria Melchert
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Lisa-Hélène Wagner
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Martim Kaps
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Carolina T C Okada
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Ingrid Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria; and Institute of Morphology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
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3
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Masoud SR, Kishta AA, Canisso IF, Abdel-Megeid NS, Fathalla SI, Shawky SM, Abdoon ASS. Age-related changes in testicular morphometry and function in Egyptian donkeys. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:1319-1326. [PMID: 35856895 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of age on testicular morphometry and function in donkeys. Testes and epididymides of 57 donkeys were harvested immediately after slaughtering. The donkeys were grouped: young (1-4 years-old, n=13); adult (5-15 years-old, n=25) and aged (>15 years-old, n=19). Each testis and epididymis were weighted separated. Testicular volume was calculated. Epididymal sperm was harvested by retrograde flushing method, and sperm parameters were evaluated. The testicular parenchyma was immunolabelled for BAX and COX2. Adult and aged donkeys had greater testicular weight and volume than young (P<0.05). Epididymal sperm concentration, motility, and viability were greater (P<0.05) in adults and aged (931.8±39.3 and 858.2±33.2× 106 /mL) than in young animals (316.3±72.8× 106 /mL). Aged donkeys had higher percentage of morphologic sperm defects than the other categories (P<0.05). Histological examination revealed the presence of age-related degenerative changes in testicular tissue of donkeys. Aged donkeys had higher COX2 protein expression than adult and young donkeys. BAX protein was overly expressed in adults than aged or young animals. In conclusion, advancement of age affects the testicular morphometry and function in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa R Masoud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Afaf A Kishta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nazema S Abdel-Megeid
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Said I Fathalla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Sherif M Shawky
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sabry S Abdoon
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Shakeel M, Yoon M. Functions of somatic cells for spermatogenesis in
stallions. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:654-670. [PMID: 35969700 PMCID: PMC9353347 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis and testis development are highly structured physiological
processes responsible for post-pubertal fertility in stallions. Spermatogenesis
comprises spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. Although germ cell
degeneration is a continuous process, its effects are more pronounced during
spermatocytogenesis and meiosis. The productivity and efficiency of
spermatogenesis are directly linked to pubertal development, degenerated germ
cell populations, aging, nutrition, and season of the year in stallions. The
multiplex interplay of germ cells with somatic cells, endocrine and paracrine
factors, growth factors, and signaling molecules contributes to the regulation
of spermatogenesis. A cell-to-cell communication within the testes of these
factors is a fundamental requirement of normal spermatogenesis. A noteworthy
development has been made recently on discovering the effects of different
somatic cells including Leydig, Sertoli, and peritubular myoid cells on
manipulation the fate of spermatogonial stem cells. In this review, we discuss
the self-renewal, differentiation, and apoptotic roles of somatic cells and the
relationship between somatic and germ cells during normal spermatogenesis. We
also summarize the roles of different growth factors, their
paracrine/endocrine/autocrine pathways, and the different cytokines associated
with spermatogenesis. Furthermore, we highlight important matters for further
studies on the regulation of spermatogenesis. This review presents an insight
into the mechanism of spermatogenesis, and helpful in developing better
understanding of the functions of somatic cells, particularly in stallions and
would offer new research goals for developing curative techniques to address
infertility/subfertility in stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of
Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi 44000, Pakistan
| | - Minjung Yoon
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Department of Horse, Companion and Wild
Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Reseach Center for Horse Industry,
Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
- Corresponding author: Minjung Yoon,
Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University,
Sangju 37224, Korea. Tel: +82-54-530-1233, E-mail:
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5
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La Y, Ma F, Ma X, Bao P, Chu M, Liang C, Guo X, Yin M, Li J, Yan P. Different expression of LHR, PRLR, GH and IGF1 during testicular development of yak. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 57:221-227. [PMID: 34752661 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), prolactin receptor (PRLR), growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) have been shown to be key regulators of germ cell development. However, the role of LHR, PRLR, GH and IGF1 in the development of yak testis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to describe and compare gene expression and protein localization of LHR, PRLR, GH and IGF1 in the development of yak testes. Testes were collected from 6, 24, 36 and 72 months yak, and the kidney, liver, testicular, lung, skeletal muscle, heart and spleen tissues were collected from 36 months yak. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the expression of these four genes was widely expressed in kidney, liver, testicular, lung, skeletal muscle, heart and spleen, while the LHR and PRLR were highly expressed in the kidney, skeletal muscle and testis, and higher levels of GH and IGF were expressed in spleen and testis. Moreover, the mRNA expression of these genes in adults was higher than in pre-pubertal yak. In the testis, the LHR-, PRLR-, GH- and IGF1-positive signals were detected in the Leydig cells of the 6 months, while the intense positive signals were discovered in Leydig cells, spermatogonia and spermatocytes of the 36 and 72 months. Thus, LHR, PRLR, GH and IGF1 may be involved in the development of spermatids and spermatocytes, and in the regulation of spermatogonia proliferation and Leydig cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu La
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fulong Ma
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Chu
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mancai Yin
- Datong Breeding Farm in Qinghai Province, Datong, China
| | - Jiye Li
- Datong Breeding Farm in Qinghai Province, Datong, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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6
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IGF-1 as selected growth factor multi-response to antidepressant-like substances activity in C57BL/6J mouse testis model. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151685. [PMID: 33556704 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) affects almost all cells in the body. Extremely important functions of this growth factor have been demonstrated in the brain and the reproductive system of both, females and males. Also, it is considered as a pro-inflammatory cytokine adjusting tissue homeostasis. However, it seems to play a special role in the male reproductive system and it may be disturbed by the application of antidepressants with different mechanisms of drug action during therapy. To date, the effect of antidepressant-like substances (ALS) on the course of physiological processes in male testicular cells is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to determine the presence, localizationof IGF-1R (insulin-like growth factor 1 β receptor) and mRNA gene expression of IGF-1R and IGF-1 after administration of 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-tiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-pyridine (MTEP) and N-[2-(Cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide (NS-398) in the different scheme in the testis of mice. Imipramine was used as a reference drug having a documented interaction with the mGluR5 receptors. The immunohistochemical analyses showed the localization of IGF-1R in Sertoli, Leydig, and germinal cells after all used substances. Differences in receptor localization were observed depending on the drugs applied and the type of analyzed cells. In contrast, there was a significant increase in IGF-1 gene expression after IMI + NS-398 and in IGF-1R after MTEP + NS-398 and IMI + NS-398 administration. It can, therefore, be assumed that the use of a combination of NS-398 with some ALS may run different mechanisms of action and affect the regulation of reproductive function in mouse testis through maintaining homeostasis at the molecular and immunological levels related to IGF.
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7
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Stucker S, De Angelis J, Kusumbe AP. Heterogeneity and Dynamics of Vasculature in the Endocrine System During Aging and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624928. [PMID: 33767633 PMCID: PMC7987104 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine system consists of several highly vascularized glands that produce and secrete hormones to maintain body homeostasis and regulate a range of bodily functions and processes, including growth, metabolism and development. The dense and highly vascularized capillary network functions as the main transport system for hormones and regulatory factors to enable efficient endocrine function. The specialized capillary types provide the microenvironments to support stem and progenitor cells, by regulating their survival, maintenance and differentiation. Moreover, the vasculature interacts with endocrine cells supporting their endocrine function. However, the structure and niche function of vasculature in endocrine tissues remain poorly understood. Aging and endocrine disorders are associated with vascular perturbations. Understanding the cellular and molecular cues driving the disease, and age-related vascular perturbations hold potential to manage or even treat endocrine disorders and comorbidities associated with aging. This review aims to describe the structure and niche functions of the vasculature in various endocrine glands and define the vascular changes in aging and endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anjali P. Kusumbe
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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8
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Nasimi M, Jorsaraei SGA, Fattahi E, Tabari MG, Neyshaburi EZ. SCF Improves In Vitro Differentiation of SSCs Through Transcriptionally Up-regulating PRTM1, STRA8, c-KIT, PIWIL2, and OCT4 Genes. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:963-972. [PMID: 33492648 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence strongly suggest that retinoic acid (RA) and stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit signal transduction pathways are involved in the differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). This study was aimed to investigate the effect of RA and SCF on in vitro differentiation of SSCs via evaluation of the mRNA expression of meiosis-specific genes in cultured testicular tissues. Testicular tissue samples were obtained from bilaterally vasectomized rats and also healthy adult rats and then were cultured for 25, 30, and 35 days on different conditions. The cultured testicular pieces were sectioned and stained with PAS to histological analysis. The total RNA was extracted from cultured testicular samples, and the expression of ACR, PRTM1, SYCP3, STRA8, c-KIT, PIWIL2, and OCT4 genes at mRNA level was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) procedure. After 1-month surgery, bilateral testicular weight showed a significant decrease in vasectomized adult rats compared with healthy adult rats (P < 0.05). Reduction in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and depletion of advanced germinal elements in vasectomized rats compared with healthy adult rats were also observed. Our findings also demonstrated that the mRNA expression level of PRTM1, STRA8, c-KIT, PIWIL2, and OCT4 genes in cultured testicular tissues significantly up-regulated in experimental group II compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Our findings lead us to conclude that SCF improves in vitro differentiation of SSCs in the OA rats, at least partially, by transcriptionally upregulating PRTM1, STRA8, c-KIT, PIWIL2, and OCT4 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Nasimi
- Department of Biology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Seyed Gholam Ali Jorsaraei
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Infertility and Health Reproductive Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 4136747176, Babol, Iran.
| | - Esmail Fattahi
- Department of Biology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Ebrahim Zabihi Neyshaburi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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9
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Jung Y, Yoon M. Oxytocin receptor expression in stallion testes and epididymides. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106562. [PMID: 33038836 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors orchestrate the development and physiology of the stallion reproductive system. Oxytocin (OXT) is one of the critical endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors for the male reproductive system. Previous studies have investigated OXT receptor (OXTR) expression in testes and epididymides, including humans, marmosets, macaques, swine, and sheep. This study aimed to explore (1) OXTR localization in the testes and epididymides and (2) the seasonal modification of OXTR expression in the testes. Adult stallion testis and epididymis samples were prepared using routine castration procedures. Reverse-transcription PCR was performed to detect the presence of OXTR messenger RNA (mRNA) in the testes. Western blot procedure was performed to confirm the cross-reactivity of OXTR antibody to horse OXTR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect OXTR protein expression in the testes and epididymides. Oxytocin receptor mRNA was detected in the stallion testes. The OXTR protein band was observed at 55 kDa. Interestingly, the relative intensity of the OXTR protein band varied between nonbreeding and breeding season. The OXTR protein level in the testes collected during the breeding season was higher than that during the nonbreeding season. Oxytocin receptor localization was observed in the cytoplasm of Type A spermatogonia and spermatid. Oxytocin receptor protein expression was also observed in the cytoplasmic area of Leydig cells and the membrane of the seminiferous tubules. The cytoplasm of principal and basal cells in the caput, corpus, and cauda was also immunolabeled with OXTR antibody. In conclusion, based on the expression of OXTR in tissues of testes and epididymides, OXT-OXTR system may be a critical factor for stallion testicular and epididymal function. In addition, according to the seasonal alteration of intensity, the OXT-OXTR system may be associated with seasonal changes in the reproductive system in stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - M Yoon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea; Department of Horse, Companion and Wild Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Otsuka K, Matsubara S, Shiraishi A, Takei N, Satoh Y, Terao M, Takada S, Kotani T, Satake H, Kimura AP. A Testis-Specific Long Noncoding RNA, Start, Is a Regulator of Steroidogenesis in Mouse Leydig Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:665874. [PMID: 33897623 PMCID: PMC8061315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis expresses many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), but their functions and overview of lncRNA variety are not well understood. The mouse Prss/Tessp locus contains six serine protease genes and two lncRNAs that have been suggested to play important roles in spermatogenesis. Here, we found a novel testis-specific lncRNA, Start (Steroidogenesis activating lncRNA in testis), in this locus. Start is 1822 nucleotides in length and was found to be localized mostly in the cytosol of germ cells and Leydig cells, although nuclear localization was also observed. Start-knockout (KO) mice generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system were fertile and showed no morphological abnormality in adults. However, in adult Start-KO testes, RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses revealed an increase in the expression of steroidogenic genes such as Star and Hsd3b1, while ELISA analysis revealed that the testosterone levels in serum and testis were significantly low. Interestingly, at 8 days postpartum, both steroidogenic gene expression and testosterone level were decreased in Start-KO mice. Since overexpression of Start in two Leydig-derived cell lines resulted in elevation of the expression of steroidogenic genes including Star and Hsd3b1, Start is likely to be involved in their upregulation. The increase in expression of steroidogenic genes in adult Start-KO testes might be caused by a secondary effect via the androgen receptor autocrine pathway or the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Additionally, we observed a reduced number of Leydig cells at 8 days postpartum. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that Start is a regulator of steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. The current study provides an insight into the overall picture of the function of testis lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Otsuka
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin Matsubara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Natsumi Takei
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yui Satoh
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miho Terao
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of NCCHD Child Health and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kotani
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi P. Kimura
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsushi P. Kimura,
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11
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Birrell JR, Schulman ML, Botha AE, Ganswindt A, Fosgate GT, Bertschinger HJ. Vaccination against GnRH as a prelude to surgical castration of horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1141-1149. [PMID: 33354803 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical castration is one of the most frequently performed surgeries in horses and is associated with various post-surgical complications ranging in severity. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of administering an anti-GnRH vaccine to colts for reduction of testis size on the incidence of complications associated with their subsequent surgical castration. STUDY DESIGN Randomised open controlled trial. METHODS Nineteen colts were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. Treatment Groups V1-57 and V2-100 received two treatments of Improvac® (Zoetis, South Africa) before their castration in the field on either Day 57 or Day 100 following first treatment, respectively. Controls similarly received placebo treatments followed by castration on Day 57. Serial measurements of testicular dimensions and serum samples for measuring serum testosterone concentrations (STCs) and anti-GnRH antibody titres (ABTs) were obtained pre- and post-vaccination and on the day of castration. Clinical data recorded for 10 days determined post-surgical complications. RESULTS All vaccinated colts showed a baseline STC concentration at castration with a strong ABT response. Mean testicular volume of Groups V1-57 and V2-100 reduced by 49.7% and 30.8%, respectively, on Day 57 and this further reduced in Group V2-100 by 63.9% at castration on Day 100. Testis size was significantly correlated with post-surgical preputial (P = 0.001) and scrotal (P = 0.025) swelling. MAIN LIMITATIONS A study population of young light horse breed colts and a relatively small sample size limited this pilot study. CONCLUSIONS Administering two doses of Improvac® in colts 28 days apart prior to castration effectively reduced their testicular volumes with associated significant post-surgical improvement in both the incidence and degree of local swelling. These results may inform mitigation of potential post-surgical complications associated with castration in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Birrell
- Division Visible Policing, Veterinary Science Services, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Martin L Schulman
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Alma E Botha
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - André Ganswindt
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Henk J Bertschinger
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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12
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Esteller-Vico A, Ball BA, Bridges JW, Hughes SE, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT. Changes in circulating concentrations of testosterone and estrone sulfate after human chorionic gonadotropin administration and subsequent to castration of 2-year-old stallions. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 225:106670. [PMID: 33338983 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive steroids testosterone (T) and estrone sulfate (E1S) are used as diagnostic markers for cryptorchidism in horses. The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation test is used as a diagnostic aid because administration of this hormone results in greater incremental differences in circulating steroid concentrations. Thoughts regarding optimal sampling times following hCG administration, however, are inconsistent. Additionally, determination of half-life of these steroids is important in postsurgical samples to confirm complete removal of testicular tissue. Objectives of this study, therefore, were to determine optimal sampling periods for peak T and E1S after hCG administration and half-life of these steroids after castration. Eight pony stallions were randomly assigned to control or treatment groups (5000 IU hCG). Blood samples were collected following hCG administration. Subsequently, stallions were castrated and blood samples were collected post-castration. The T concentrations were greatest at 72 h after hCG and were greater (P < 0.02) in samples from hCG-treated than control animals: 9,903.4 ± 384 and 784.0 ± 192 pg/mL, respectively (Mean ± SEM). The T concentrations were also greater at 1, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h. The E1S concentrations did not change after administration of hCG. The T response to hCG administration was biphasic with a maximal response between 48-96 h after administration. Half-lives of T and E1S were 1.1 and 0.7 h, respectively, and concentration of T and E1S was similar to that of geldings at 24 h post-castration, which, therefore, should be considered an optimal time to ensure complete castration has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Esteller-Vico
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - B A Ball
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - J W Bridges
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - S E Hughes
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA; Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | - E L Squires
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - M H T Troedsson
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Dept. of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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13
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El Zawam A, Tibary A, Patino C. Basal Levels and hCG Responses of Serum Testosterone and Estrogen in Male Alpacas. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:595856. [PMID: 33263018 PMCID: PMC7688520 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.595856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid response to human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) administration has been used in various species to study testicular function and for diagnostic purposes. In this study, two experiments were conducted to determine serum testosterone concentration response to administration of hCG and its correlation with testicular weight. In the second experiment the relationship between age, testosterone and estrogen response to hCG, and testicular histometry was in pre-pubertal and post-pubertal male alpacas. For experiment 1, males in two age groups (2 to 3 years, n = 9) and (4 to 7 years; n = 15) received 3,000 IU hCG IV, 36 to 48 h before castration. Serum testosterone concentration was determined before (T0), 1 h (T1), 2 h (T2), 8 h (T8), and 24 h (T24) after administration of hCG. Basal concentrations of serum testosterone was significantly different (P < 0.01) between age groups. Serum testosterone concentrations increased over time and doubled 2 h after treatment. The highest change (250 to 300% increase from T0) was observed at 8 h (3.5 ± 0.3 ng/ml). A significant correlation (P < 0.01; r = 0.64) was found between serum testosterone concentration and total testicular weight. For experiment 2, 60 males ranging in age from 6 to 60 months were used. Serum testosterone and estrogen was determined in samples taken just prior to and 2 h after administration of 3,000 IU hCG. Basal serum testosterone concentrations were very low (≤0.1 ng/mL) until 9 months of age then increased steadily with age. There was a significant variation amongst males within the same age group. Serum testosterone concentration increased by 2- to 4-fold 2 h after hCG injection (P ≤ 0.05). Males in the 13 to 14 months of age group had the highest rise. Estrogen concentration increased in response to hCG administration and was detected only in males with high testosterone. We conclude that administration of 3,000 IU of hCG IV can be used reliably to detect testicular tissue and study its steroidogenic activity. The response is correlated with testicular weight and Leydig cell number. Testicular growth and sensitivity to LH stimulation increases between the ages of 13 and 14 months. The aromatizing ability of Leydig cells increased significantly in post-pubertal male alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen El Zawam
- Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ahmed Tibary
- Comparative Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Cristian Patino
- Comparative Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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14
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Baghel K, Niranjan MK, Srivastava R. Water and Food restriction decreases immunoreactivity of oestrogen receptor alpha and antioxidant activity in testes of sexually mature Coturnix coturnix japonica. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1738-1747. [PMID: 32483881 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Food and water are closely associated with reproductive willingness in vertebrates. These are important for animals and their non-availability act as stressors which decrease sex steroid secretion suppressing reproductive behaviour. Oestrogen plays a crucial role in reproduction via its receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ). This study tested the hypothesis that ERα in testes of male Japanese quail is regulated during water and food deprivations. The present study reveals that both water and food deprivations cause oxidative stress and subsequently decrease catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, while these increase malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Both deprivations reduce plasma oestradiol whereas elevate corticosterone level. The immunofluorescent localization of ERα in the testes occurs predominantly in the seminiferous tubules of control while reduces after both food and water deprivations. All types of spermatogenic cells were seen in control testis, while after water and food deprivations size of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells population decreased. Scanning electron microscopic study exhibited fully mature sperms in clusters with head and elongated flagellum, whereas after water deprivation maximum sperms were distorted, scattered with highly reduced head. On food deprivation, only few sperms were seen with head and tail. Thus, taking into account the localization of ERα in testis, it is obvious that oestrogens produced locally are involved in regulation of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Baghel
- Avian Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Mukesh K Niranjan
- Avian Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
| | - Rashmi Srivastava
- Avian Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India
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15
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Fallah HP, Rodrigues MS, Corchuelo S, Nóbrega RH, Habibi HR. Role of GnRH Isoforms in Paracrine/Autocrine Control of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Spermatogenesis. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5701481. [PMID: 31930304 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
It is well established that hypothalamic GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is one of the key peptides involved in the neuroendocrine control of testicular development and spermatogenesis. However, the role of GnRH as a paracrine regulator of testicular function has not been fully investigated. The present study demonstrates the presence of GnRH and its receptors in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) testis, and provides information on direct action of native GnRH isoforms (GnRH2 and GnRH3) on different stages of spermatogenesis in this model. Both GnRH2 and GnRH3 stimulated basal spermatogenesis by increasing numbers of type Aund spermatogonia, spermatozoa, and testosterone release, and in this study GnRH2 exerted higher relative activity than GnRH3. Next, we evaluated the effects of GnRH isoforms on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)- and follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh)-induced spermatogenesis. The 2 GnRH isoforms were found to have different effects on Fsh- and hCG-induced response depending on the stage of spermatogenesis and concentration of the peptides. The results provide strong support for the hypothesis that locally produced GnRH2 and GnRH3 are important components of the complex multifactorial system that regulates testicular germinal cell development and function in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh P Fallah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maira S Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Morphology, Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheryll Corchuelo
- Department of Morphology, Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael H Nóbrega
- Department of Morphology, Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Tse LH, Wong YH. GPCRs in Autocrine and Paracrine Regulations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:428. [PMID: 31354618 PMCID: PMC6639758 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest superfamily of integral membrane protein receptors. As signal detectors, the several 100 known GPCRs are responsible for sensing the plethora of endogenous ligands that are critical for the functioning of our endocrine system. Although GPCRs are typically considered as detectors for first messengers in classical signal transduction pathways, they seldom operate in isolation in complex biological systems. Intercellular communication between identical or different cell types is often mediated by autocrine or paracrine signals that are generated upon activation of specific GPCRs. In the context of energy homeostasis, the distinct complement of GPCRs in each cell type bridges the autocrine and paracrine communication within an organ, and the various downstream signaling mechanisms regulated by GPCRs can be integrated in a cell to produce an ultimate output. GPCRs thus act as gatekeepers that coordinate and fine-tune a response. By examining the role of GPCRs in activating and receiving autocrine and paracrine signals, one may have a better understanding of endocrine diseases that are associated with GPCR mutations, thereby providing new insights for treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Hang Tse
- Division of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yung Hou Wong
- Division of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- *Correspondence: Yung Hou Wong
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17
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Tabecka-Lonczynska A, Mytych J, Solek P, Kowalewski MP, Koziorowski M. Seasonal expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), its receptor IGF-1R and klotho in testis and epididymis of the European bison (Bison bonasus, Linnaeus 1758). Theriogenology 2018; 126:199-205. [PMID: 30579142 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The European bisons are the largest mammals of Europe that are still in danger of extinction. The species conservation is associated with their continuous reproduction, and bisons are characterized by the well-pronounced seasonality of reproductive processes. However, the exact mechanisms regulating their reproduction still remain unknown. Our previous studies indicated the involvement of some of the growth factors in the regulation of male seasonal reproductive activities in bison, showing expression patterns that seemed to be regulated by the length of the daylight. In the present study, using RT-PCR and Western blot approaches, we verified the expression and possible relationship between the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), its receptor (IGF-1R), and klotho in testis and epididymis of the European bison in pre- and post-reproductive periods, i.e., in June and in December. The observed expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R mRNA in testis and epididymis was higher in June than in December. At the same time, klotho mRNA expression in both testis and epididymis did not differ between the analyzed seasons. However, along with the higher levels of IGF-1R protein observed in June, klotho protein levels for the membrane form and for the secrete form were higher in December than in June. Finally, the messenger and protein expression profiles presented herein indicate the importance of both the IGF-system and klotho in reproductive processes in the European bison, implying their involvement in the regulation of seasonal testicular activity in males of this threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tabecka-Lonczynska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland.
| | - Jennifer Mytych
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Solek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Mariusz P Kowalewski
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Marek Koziorowski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
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18
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Koziorowska-Gilun M, Gilun P, Mietelska K, Kordan W. Determination of the activity and relative abundance of mRNA for antioxidant enzymes in stallion testicular and epididymal tissues: A comparison between two breeding seasons. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 196:230-238. [PMID: 30115520 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The key prerequisite for successful insemination is sperm characterized to have positive values for morphological and biological variables which are determined by, among others, effective antioxidant protection during the lifespan of sperm cells. This study evaluated the activity and relative abundance of mRNA for antioxidant enzymes in stallion testicular and epididymal tissues during breeding (n = 5) and non-breeding (n = 5) seasons. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was greater (P < 0.05) during the breeding season, in particular in the testes and the caput epididymis, and SOD1 was the predominant isoform of the enzyme. The expression of the SOD3 gene was markedly less in the analyzed tissues, which indicates that this enzyme contributes to the antioxidant protection of the stallion reproductive tract. The activity of catalase (CAT) was less (P < 0.05) in the testes during both seasons while its relative abundances only during the breeding season. The greatest CAT activity was noted in the cauda epididymis during the breeding season. The activity of glutathione peroxidases (GPx) was greater (P < 0.05) in the testes than in other tissues and 10-fold greater during the breeding season. Similarly, relative abundance of GPx5 mRNA was greater (P < 0.05) in the caput epididymis than in the remaining tissues during both seasons. This study demonstrated that season has an ambiguous influence on the antioxidant defense system in stallion reproductive tissues. Seasonal differences in the present study, however, indicate that the reproductive system of stallions adapts well to environmental seasonal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Koziorowska-Gilun
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Gilun
- Department of Local Physiological Regulations, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bydgoska 7, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mietelska
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Władysław Kordan
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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19
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Ivanova VV, Mil'to IV, Sukhodolo IV, Miller AA. Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Testicular Interstitial Endocrinocytes of Adult Rats Subjected to Total Sialoadenectomy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:280-283. [PMID: 29931628 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The major salivary glands of rats release into the saliva and blood a wide spectrum of bioactive substances, essential for many organs, including the testes. Sialoadenectomy leads to the development of degenerative changes in the cells of the twisted testicular tubules. However, the effects of bioactive factors released by the major salivary glands on the morphology and function of Leydig cells remain little studied. Sialoadenectomy in adult rats led (in 1-4 weeks) to a decrease in the nuclear and cytoplasmatic areas of Leydig cells, violation of the plasmalemma integrity, dilatation of perinuclear space and agranular endoplasmatic reticulum vesicles, and to destruction of the mitochondria. Ultrastructural changes caused by sialoadenectomy completely resolved by week 6 of the experiment at the expense of compensatory activation of the synthesis of the major salivary gland factors by other sources in the organism of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Ivanova
- Department of Morphology and General Pathology, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - I V Mil'to
- Department of Morphology and General Pathology, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of Biotechnology and Organic Chemistry, Tomsk National Research Polytechnological University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - I V Sukhodolo
- Department of Morphology and General Pathology, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A A Miller
- Department of Morphology and General Pathology, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
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20
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Devesa J, Almengló C, Devesa P. Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2016; 9:47-71. [PMID: 27773998 PMCID: PMC5063841 DOI: 10.4137/cmed.s38201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the effects of growth hormone on a number of tissues and organs and its putative role in the longitudinal growth of an organism. We conclude that the hormone plays a very important role in maintaining the homogeneity of tissues and organs during the normal development of the human body or after an injury. Its effects on growth do not seem to take place during the fetal period or during the early infancy and are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during childhood and puberty. In turn, IGF-I transcription is dependent on an adequate GH secretion, and in many tissues, it occurs independent of GH. We propose that GH may be a prohormone, rather than a hormone, since in many tissues and organs, it is proteolytically cleaved in a tissue-specific manner giving origin to shorter GH forms whose activity is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Center Foltra, 15886-Teo, Spain
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21
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Urocortinergic system in the testes of normal and cryptorchid dogs. Ann Anat 2016; 207:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Genome-wide association study for semen quality traits in German Warmblood stallions. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 171:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Gottschalk M, Sieme H, Martinsson G, Distl O. Analysis of breed effects on semen traits in light horse, warmblood, and draught horse breeds. Theriogenology 2016; 85:1375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Herrera-Luna CV, Scarlet D, Walter I, Aurich C. Effect of stallion age on the expression of LH and FSH receptors and aromatase P450 in equine male reproductive tissues. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:2016-2026. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterise receptors for LH and FSH (LHR and FSHR, respectively) and aromatase in epididymal and testicular tissue from stallions of different ages (prepubertal, young, mature and old). Gene and protein expression were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR), immunohistochemistry and multiple immunofluorescence labelling. There were no differences in LHR mRNA expression in epididymal and testicular parenchyma in stallions of different age. In contrast, expression of FSHR and CYP19A1 in caput, corpus and cauda epididymis and in testicular parenchyma increased with age (P < 0.001). Immunolabelling for LHR, FSHR and aromatase was influenced by puberty. In postpubertal stallions, positive staining for LHR and aromatase was detected in Leydig cells, whereas protein expression of FSHR was present in Sertoli cells and primary spermatocytes. In prepubertal colts, staining for LHR, FSHR and aromatase was detected in seminiferous tubules. In epididymal tissue, aromatase was present in the cauda epididymis only, regardless of age. In conclusion, the results highlight the significance of gonadotropin action and oestrogen production for the maturation of male reproductive tissue in the horse. The presence of FSHR in the seminiferous tubules suggests effects of FSH on spermatogenesis in this species. The importance of oestrogen production for maintenance of testicular function in stallions was confirmed.
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Piotrowska K, Sluczanowska-Glabowska S, Kucia M, Bartke A, Laszczynska M, Ratajczak MZ. Histological changes of testes in growth hormone transgenic mice with high plasma level of GH and insulin-like growth factor-1. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2015; 53:249-58. [PMID: 26348370 DOI: 10.5603/fhc.a2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overexpression of growth hormone (GH) leads to increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plasma level, stimulation of growth and increase in body size, organomegaly and reduced body fat. The action of GH affects all the organs and transgenic mice that overexpress bovine GH (bGH mice) serve as convenient model to study somatotropic axis. Male mice overexpressing GH are fertile, however, they show reduced overall lifespan as well as reproductive life span. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphology and expression of androgen receptor (AR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) of bGH mice testes. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was performed on 6 and 12 month-old bGH male mice and 6 and 12 month-old wild type (WT) littermates (8 animals in each group). The morphology of testes was evaluated on deparaffinized sections stained by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method. Expression of AR and LHR was investigated by immunohistochemistry and diameters of seminiferous tubules (ST) were measured on round cross sections of ST. RESULTS We noted larger testes in 6-month bGH mice as compared to normal WT littermates. The morpho-logical observations revealed essentially normal structure of Leydig cells, seminiferous epithelium and other morphological structures. However, some changes like tubules containing only Sertoli cells, tubules with arrested spermatogenesis or vacuoles in seminiferous epithelium could be attributed to the overexpression of GH. In contrast to WT mice, 12 month-old bGH mice displayed first symptoms of testicular aging. The immunoexpres-sion of AR and LHR was decreased in 12 month-old bGH males as compared to 12 month-old WT mice and younger animals. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to elevated GH level accelerates testicular aging and thus potentially may change response of Leydig cells to LH and Sertoli and germ cells to testosterone.
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Leska A, Kiezun J, Kaminska B, Dusza L. Estradiol concentration and the expression of estrogen receptors in the testes of the domestic goose (Anser anser f. domestica) during the annual reproductive cycle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 51:96-104. [PMID: 25616248 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal fluctuations in the activity of bird testes are regulated by a complex mechanism where androgens play a key role. Until recently, the role played by estrogens in males has been significantly underestimated. However, there is growing evidence that the proper functioning of the testes is associated with optimal estradiol (E2) concentration in both the plasma and testes of many mammalian species. Estrogens are gradually emerging as very important players in hormonal regulation of reproductive processes in male mammals. Despite the previously mentioned, it should be noted that estrogenic action is limited by the availability of specific receptors--estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). Interestingly, there is a general scarcity of information concerning the estrogen responsive system in the testes of male birds, which is of particular interest in exploring the phenomenon of seasonality of reproduction. To address this question, we have investigated for the first time the simultaneous expression of testicular ERα and ERβ genes and proteins with the accompanying plasma and testicular E2 concentrations during the annual reproductive cycle of male bird. The research model was the domestic goose (Anser anser f. domestica), a species whose annual reproductive cycle can be divided into 3 distinct phases characterized by changes in testicular activity. It has been revealed that the stable plasma E2 profile did not correspond to changing intratesticular E2 profile throughout the experiment. The expression of ERα and ERβ genes and proteins was detected in gander testes and it fluctuated on a seasonal basis with lower level in breeding and sexual reactivation stages and higher level during the nonbreeding stage. Our results demonstrated changes in testicular sensitivity to estrogens in male domestic goose during the annual reproductive cycle. The seasonal pattern of estrogen receptors (ERs) expression was analyzed against the hormonal background and a potential mechanism of ERs regulation in bird testes was proposed. The present study revealed seasonal variations in the estrogen responsive system, but further research is needed to fully explore the role of estrogens in the reproductive tract of male birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leska
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - J Kiezun
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B Kaminska
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - L Dusza
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Edwards KL, Shultz S, Pilgrim M, Walker SL. Male reproductive success is correlated with testosterone in the eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 213:40-9. [PMID: 25562628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Among natural populations of polygynous species, males often vary in their lifetime reproductive success. However, in managed populations of endangered species, either in situ or as part of captive breeding programmes, it is important to understand why differences in reproductive success occur. The European captive population of the critically endangered eastern black rhinoceros is currently under-performing relative to their wild counterparts, with low reproductive output and high reproductive skew limiting growth and genetic diversity. To investigate why over 40% of captive males fail to breed, faecal samples were collected weekly from 23 males at 12 institutions across Europe for 4-32 months. Testosterone metabolite concentration was compared between proven and non-proven males and a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could influence reproductive success were also investigated. Males that sired within the last 3½ years had significantly higher androgen concentrations than non-proven males, and average testosterone was positively correlated with the number of offspring sired per year spent in the reproductive age class. Proven and non-proven males did not differ in their body condition, or in average faecal glucocorticoid concentration. Differences in individual temperament were associated with adrenal activity, but did not correlate with reproductive category. Highest testosterone concentrations were observed in proven males that were housed with females during oestrus, and lowest concentrations in non-proven females not housed with females at all during the study period. Further work is necessary to determine whether proven males had higher testosterone due to underlying differences associated with quality, or whether external stimuli such as access to females could influence testosterone concentration and increase a male's chances of becoming a successful breeder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK.
| | - Susanne Shultz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark Pilgrim
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Susan L Walker
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
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Hull KL, Harvey S. Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:234014. [PMID: 25580121 PMCID: PMC4279787 DOI: 10.1155/2014/234014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition. Axiomatically, since optimal body composition enhances reproductive function, general somatic actions of GH modulate reproductive function. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that GH also modulates reproduction directly, exerting both gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent actions in both males and females. Moreover, recent studies indicate GH produced within reproductive tissues differs from pituitary GH in terms of secretion and action. Accordingly, GH is increasingly used as a fertility adjunct in males and females, both humans and nonhumans. This review reconsiders reproductive actions of GH in vertebrates in respect to these new conceptual developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hull
- Department of Biology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 1Z7 ; Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3
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Schrimpf R, Metzger J, Martinsson G, Sieme H, Distl O. Implication of FKBP6
for Male Fertility in Horses. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 50:195-199. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Schrimpf
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - J Metzger
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | | | - H Sieme
- Clinic for Horses; Unit for Reproduction Medicine; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - O Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
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Yoon M, Jiang J, Chung KH, Roser JF. Immunolocalization of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its receptors (IGF-IR) in the equine epididymis. J Reprod Dev 2014; 61:30-4. [PMID: 25311540 PMCID: PMC4354228 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor plays a paracrine/autocrine role in regulating testicular function in the stallion, but its presence in the equine epididymis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) are localized in the caput, corpus, and cauda of the epididymis in an age-dependent manner. Immediately after castration, epididymal tissue was fixed, paraffin-embedded, and processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC). Western blot was also performed using equine epididymal extracts to verify the specificity of the antibodies against IGF-I and IGF-IR. Immunolabeling of IGF-I was observed in the cytoplasm of principal and basal cells in the caput, corpus, and cauda at the pre-pubertal (3–7 months), pubertal (12–18 months), post-pubertal (2–4 years), and adult stages (4.5–8 years). Immunolabeling of IGF-IR was observed in the cytoplasm of principal cells in all regions of the epididymis in
each age group. Immunolabeling of IGF-IR was also detected in the cytoplasm of basal cells from animals of all ages. Bands observed by Western blot corresponded to the molecular weights of IGF-I and IGF-IR, ~23 kDa and 95 kDa, respectively. These results suggest that IGF-I might function as an autocrine and/or paracrine factor during the development, maintenance and/or secretions of the stallion epididymis.
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Han X, Cheng W, Chen Z, Du X, Cao X, Zeng X. Active immunisation against pregnenolone reduces testicular steroidogenesis and GnRH synthesis in rabbits. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 145:161-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun C, He M, Ko WKW, Wong AOL. Mechanisms for luteinizing hormone induction of growth hormone gene transcription in fish model: crosstalk of the cAMP/PKA pathway with MAPK-and PI3K-dependent cascades. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:835-50. [PMID: 24161589 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In our previous studies in grass carp pituitary cells, local production of luteinizing hormone (LH) was shown to induce growth hormone (GH) production and gene expression, which constitutes a major component of the "intrapituitary feedback loop" regulating GH secretion and synthesis via autocrine/paracrine interactions between gonadotrophs and somatotrophs in the carp pituitary. To further investigate the signaling mechanisms mediating LH action at the transcriptional level, promoter studies were performed in GH3 cells co-transfected with the expression vector for carp LH receptor and luciferase-expressing reporter constructs with grass carp GH promoter. In this cell model, treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was effective in increasing GH promoter activity and the responsive sequence was mapped to position -616 and -572 of the grass carp GH promoter. GH promoter activation induced by hCG occurred with concurrent rise in cAMP production, CREB phosphorylation, and could be inhibited by inactivation of adenylate cyclase (AC), PKA, MEK1/2, P(38) MAPK, PI3K and mTOR. AC activation, presumably via cAMP production, could mimic hCG-induced CREB phosphorylation and GH promoter activity, and these stimulatory effects were also sensitive to the blockade of PKA-, MAPK- and PI3K- dependent cascades. These results, as a whole, suggest that LH receptor activation in the carp pituitary may trigger GH gene transcription through CREB phosphorylation as a result of the functional crosstalk of the cAMP/PKA pathway with MAPK-and PI3K-dependent cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mulan He
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wendy K W Ko
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anderson O L Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Yu H, Pask AJ, Hu Y, Shaw G, Renfree MB. ARX/Arx is expressed in germ cells during spermatogenesis in both marsupial and mouse. Reproduction 2014; 147:279-89. [PMID: 24307230 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked aristaless gene, ARX, is essential for the development of the gonads, forebrain, olfactory bulb, pancreas, and skeletal muscle in mice and humans. Mutations cause neurological diseases, often accompanied by ambiguous genitalia. There are a disproportionately high number of testis and brain genes on the human and mouse X chromosomes. It is still unknown whether the X chromosome accrued these genes during its evolution or whether genes that find themselves on the X chromosome evolve such roles. ARX was originally autosomal in mammals and remains so in marsupials, whereas in eutherian mammals it translocated to the X chromosome. In this study, we examined autosomal ARX in tammars and compared it with the X-linked Arx in mice. We detected ARX mRNA in the neural cells of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain, and olfactory bulbs in developing tammars, consistent with the expression in mice. ARX was detected by RT-PCR and mRNA in situ hybridization in the developing tammar wallaby gonads of both sexes, suggestive of a role in sexual development as in mice. We also detected ARX/Arx mRNA in the adult testis in both tammars and mice, suggesting a potential novel role for ARX/Arx in spermiogenesis. ARX transcripts were predominantly observed in round spermatids. Arx mRNA localization distributions in the mouse adult testis suggest that it escaped meiotic sex chromosome inactivation during spermatogenesis. Our findings suggest that ARX in the therian mammal ancestor already played a role in male reproduction before it was recruited to the X chromosome in eutherians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshi Yu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Kangaroo Genomics
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary role of inhibin B is the regulation of gametogenesis via negative feedback on the production of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary. METHODS We studied 14 males with primary hypothyroidism due to various etiologies to determine if they exhibited hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism involving the reproductive segment of the gonadotrophic axis. Levels of inhibin B, FSH, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin were measured. RESULTS The mean level of inhibin B in males with primary hypothyroidism was found to be approximately half that of normal males. The FSH level remained within the normal range and no reciprocal increase was observed as occurs in other conditions with reduced inhibin B. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that primary hypothyroidism has a significant effect on inhibin B levels without reciprocal increase in FSH, which is consistent with a hypogonadotrophic hypogonadal state affecting the reproductive segment of the gonadotrophic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kris Tan
- Rodney Shearman Endocrine Laboratory, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Denis Winch
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Chronic consumption of a large amount of alcohol disrupts the communication between nervous, endocrine, and immune system and causes hormonal disturbances that lead to profound and serious consequences at physiologic and behavioral levels. These alcohol-induced hormonal dysregulations affect the entire body and can result in various disorders such as stress abnormalities, reproductive deficits, body growth defect, thyroid problems, immune dysfunction, cancers, bone disease, and psychological and behavioral disorders. This review summarizes the findings from human and animal studies that provide consistent evidence on the various effects of alcohol abuse on the endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rachdaoui
- Nadia Rachdaoui, Ph.D., Rutgers Endocrine Research Program. Department of Animal Sciences Rutgers University, 67 Poultry Farm Lane, New Brunswick, NJ 08901,
| | - Dipak K. Sarkar
- Dipak K. Sarkar, Ph.D., D. Phil., Rutgers Endocrine Research Program. Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, 67 Poultry Farm Lane, New Brunswick, NJ 08901,
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Tenorio BM, Ferreira Filho MBA, Jimenez GC, de Morais RN, Peixoto CA, Nogueira RDA, da Silva Junior VA. Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields can impair spermatogenesis recovery after reversible testicular damage induced by heat. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:139-46. [PMID: 23781997 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.795156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Male infertility is often related to reproductive age couples experiencing fertility-related issues. Men may have fertility problems associated with reversible testicular damage. Considering that men have been increasingly exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields generated by the production, distribution and use of electricity, this study analyzed whether 60 Hz and 1 mT magnetic field exposure may impair spermatogenesis recovery after reversible testicular damage induced by heat shock using rats as an experimental model. Adult male rats were subjected to a single testicular heat shock (HS, 43 °C for 12 min) and then exposed to the magnetic field for 15, 30 and 60 d after HS. Magnetic field exposure during the spermatogenesis recovery induced changes in testis components volume, cell ultrastructure and histomorphometrical parameters. Control animals had a reestablished and active spermatogenesis at 60 d after heat shock, while animals exposed to magnetic field still showed extensive testicular degeneration. Magnetic field exposure did not change the plasma testosterone. In conclusion, extremely low-frequency magnetic field may be harmful to fertility recovery in males affected by reversible testicular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendes Tenorio
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco , Brazil
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Schönert S, Reher M, Gruber A, Carstanjen B. Use of a deslorelin implant for influencing sex hormones and male behaviour in a stallion - Case report. Acta Vet Hung 2012; 60:511-9. [PMID: 23160033 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2012.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes the use of a subcutaneously applied 4.7-mg deslorelin acetate implant in a three-year-old Arabian crossbred stallion showing unwanted strong male behaviour. Following deslorelin acetate implantation the stallion showed a short transitional increase in male behaviour. A 'gelding-like' behaviour was noted 15 days (D15) after treatment. The horse was surgically castrated at the owners request at D52 after treatment. Serum testosterone, oestradiol-17β and oestrone sulphate values decreased after deslorelin acetate implantation, but serum LH and FSH levels remained unchanged. Histopathological analysis of both testes and sperm analysis revealed a reduced spermatogenesis at D52. The testicular volume decreased after treatment. The use of a subcutaneously applied deslorelin acetate implant might be a promising tool to change the behaviour of aggressive stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schönert
- 1 Freie Universität Berlin Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine Oertzenweg 19b 14163 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Achim Gruber
- 3 Freie Universität Berlin Institute of Veterinary Pathology and Department of Veterinary Medicine Berlin Germany
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Collodel G, Rinaldi S, Moretti E, Fontani V, Castagna A, Iacoponi F, Terzuoli G, Cubeddu F, Careddu GM, Cossu I, Passino ES. The effect of radio electric asymmetric conveyer treatment on sperm parameters of subfertile stallions: a pilot study. Reprod Biol 2012; 12:277-84. [PMID: 23153698 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Radio Electric Asymmetric Conveyer (REAC) has been mostly applied to treat symptoms related to psychological stress. In the study, we demonstrated the effect of REAC-Veterinary Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization (VNPPO) treatment protocol on sperm parameters of subfertile (n=11) and fertile (n=4) stallions. Subfertile stallions showed a reduced sperm concentration, progressive motility and normal morphology compared to fertile stallions. An increase in progressive sperm motility and quality of sperm morphology was found in subfertile stallions after the REAC-VNPPO treatment. The positive effect of the REAC-VNPPO treatment was visible in a reduced number of reacted or absent acrosomes, nuclei with marginated chromatin and presence of cytoplasmic residues. Thus, we suggest that the REAC-VNPPO treatment for stallions with idiopathic subfertility may enhance the reproductive performance of stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Collodel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Applied Biology Section, Italy.
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Maeda K, Taniuchi S, Takahashi S, Takeuchi S. Pit-1w may regulate prolactin gene expression in mouse testis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:180-4. [PMID: 22634956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pit-1 is a POU-domain transcription factor that promotes growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone β subunit (TSHβ) gene expression in the pituitary gland. Alternative splicing of Pit-1 gene transcripts has been shown to give rise to several variants with discrete transactivation properties. Recently, we identified a mouse Pit-1 w that is generated by alternative promoter usage and is expressed in a variety of tissues including the testis. Using a combination of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses and luciferase reporter gene assays, we investigated the possible role of Pit-1 w in the mouse testis. In postnatal testicular development, the expression of Pit-1 w mRNA was significantly up-regulated between 18 and 20 days after birth when the numbers of secondary spermatocytes and spermatids have been reported to increase in mice. The PRL mRNA, but not the mRNAs for GH or TSHβ, showed intratesticular expression patterns that were similar to those of the Pit-1 w mRNA. In experimental unilaterally cryptorchid testes of adult mice, spermatid numbers were extremely low and the expression levels of both the Pit-1 w and PRL mRNAs dropped dramatically. Furthermore, in the luciferase reporter gene assays, we found that Pit-1 w specifically transactivated the PRL promoter but had no effect on the promoters of GH or TSHβ. These results suggested that Pit-1 w could be involved in the paracrine/autocrine system in mice and may be necessary for normal testicular function via its possible role in regulating PRL expression in testicular germ cells. This is the first report demonstrating the possible role of Pit-1 w in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Burger D, Wedekind C, Wespi B, Imboden I, Meinecke-Tillmann S, Sieme H. The Potential Effects of Social Interactions on Reproductive Efficiency of Stallions. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Stumpf G, Fietz D, Ezer J, Litzke LF, Bergmann M. Identification of gonadal tissue in cryptorchid stallion can be improved by molecular biological analysis - a case report. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 41:311-5. [PMID: 22780879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surgically removed testicular tissue in cryptorchid stallions is sometimes difficult to identify because of morphological and histological malformation. Therefore, a sure method to characterise the removed tissue is required. A 2-year-old Haflinger stallion was castrated after diagnosis of cryptorchidism to remove the left intra-abdomnial testis. Intra-operative exploration of the abdominal cavity revealed a firm, dysmorphic structure, which could not be identified as testis based on macroscopic anatomy. The removed tissue was Bouin-fixed and paraffin-embedded for histological examination. We additionally applied immuno-histochemistry for smooth muscle actin to identify tubular structures as well as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), indicating the presence of Leydig cells. A hCG test was conducted after surgery to screen for remaining testicular tissue. Histological examination using haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed signs of tissue calcification, amorph matrix with scattered cells and round structures. The latter could not be definitely identified as tubules. Actin staining revealed a few tubular wall structures. StAR mRNA expression indicated the presence of Leydig cells in parts of the removed tissue. The hCG test after castration showed no increase in testosterone. Histological and molecular biological examination of extirpated tissue in cryptorchid stallions can play an important role in the identification of the malformed testes like structures. The use of molecular biological techniques provides the opportunity to characterise surgically removed abdominal tissue that cannot be clearly diagnosed by routine histological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stumpf
- Clinic of Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße, 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Fayrer-Hosken R, Stanley A, Hill N, Heusner G, Christian M, De La Fuente R, Baumann C, Jones L. Effect of feeding fescue seed containing ergot alkaloid toxins on stallion spermatogenesis and sperm cells. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47:1017-26. [PMID: 22524585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cellular effects of tall fescue grass-associated toxic ergot alkaloids on stallion sperm and colt testicular tissue were evaluated. This was a continuation of an initial experiment where the effects of toxic ergot alkaloids on the stallion spermiogram were investigated. The only spermiogram parameter in exposed stallions that was affected by the toxic ergot alkaloids was a decreased gel-free volume of the ejaculate. This study examined the effect of toxic ergot alkaloids on chilling and freezing of the stallion sperm cells. The effect of toxic ergot alkaloids on chilled extended sperm cells for 48 h at 5°C was to make the sperm cells less likely to undergo a calcium ionophore-induced acrosome reaction. The toxic ergot alkaloids had no effect on the freezability of sperm cells. However, if yearling colts were fed toxic ergot alkaloids, then the cytological analysis of meiotic chromosome synapsis revealed a significant increase in the proportion of pachytene spermatocytes showing unpaired sex chromosomes compared to control spermatocytes. There was little effect of ergot alkaloids on adult stallions, but there might be a significant effect on yearling colts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fayrer-Hosken
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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44
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Herrera-Luna CV, Budik S, Aurich C. Gene Expression of ACTH, Glucocorticoid Receptors, 11βHSD Enzymes, LH-, FSH-, GH Receptors and Aromatase in Equine Epididymal and Testicular Tissue. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47:928-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.01993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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45
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Einarsson S, Brunius C, Wallgren M, Lundström K, Andersson K, Zamaratskaia G, Rodriguez-Martinez H. Effects of early vaccination with Improvac® on the development and function of reproductive organs of male pigs. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 127:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Dhakal P, Tsunoda N, Nakai R, Kitaura T, Harada T, Ito M, Nagaoka K, Toishi Y, Taniyama H, Gen W, Taya K. Annual Changes in Day-length, Temperature, and Circulating Reproductive Hormones in Thoroughbred Stallions and Geldings. J Equine Sci 2011; 22:29-36. [PMID: 24833985 PMCID: PMC4013971 DOI: 10.1294/jes.22.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, immunoreactive(ir)-inhibin, testosterone, estradiol-17β, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in Thoroughbred stallions along with changes in prolactin secretion in geldings were studied. The correlations of day-length with changes in the concentrations of these hormones were also studied. Five stallions and thirteen geldings were employed to draw blood samples in monthly basis and radioimmunoassay was performed to measure these hormones. All hormones showed a seasonal pattern, the levels being highest during the breeding season and lowest during the winter months. Most of the hormones were at their highest concentration during the month of April, the mid of spring in northern hemisphere. The concentration of circulating IGF-I also demonstrated seasonality, the peak lying on the month of April. The plasma concentration of prolactin also increased during the breeding season. This phenomenon was similar both in stallions and geldings although geldings had lower concentration than that of stallions. The changes in concentration of prolactin in stallions and geldings correlated more towards the day-length than towards the temperature. These results clearly indicate the seasonality of pituitary and gonadal hormones of Thoroughbred stallions, the activity being highest during the month of April and May of the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Dhakal
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan ; Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | - Rie Nakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takehiro Harada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ito
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan ; Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuko Toishi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Taniyama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Watanabe Gen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan ; Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan ; Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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47
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Yoon M, Roser J. A synergistic effect of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) on equine luteinizing hormone (eLH)-induced testosterone production from cultured Leydig cells of horses. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 126:195-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Martínez-Moreno CG, Palma L, Carranza M, Harvey S, Arámburo C, Luna M. Cellular and intracellular distribution of growth hormone in the adult chicken testis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:344-57. [PMID: 21458459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine actions of growth hormone (GH) have been implicated during the development of adult testicular function in several mammalian species, and recently intracrine, autocrine, and paracrine effects have been proposed for locally expressed GH. Previous reports have shown the distribution of GH mRNA and the molecular heterogeneity of GH protein in both adult chicken testes and vas deferens. This study provides evidence of the presence and distribution of GH and its receptor (GHR) during all stages of spermatogenesis in adult chicken testes. This hormone and its receptor are not restricted to the cytoplasm; they are also found in the nuclei of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. The pattern of GH isoforms was characterized in the different, isolated germ cell subpopulations, and the major molecular variant in all subpopulations was 17 kDa GH, as reported in other chicken extra-pituitary tissues. Another molecular variant, the 29 kDa moiety, was found mainly in the enriched spermatocyte population, suggesting that it acts at specific developmental stages. The co-localization of GH with the proliferative cell nuclear antigen PCNA (a DNA replication marker present in spermatogonial cells) was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. These results show for the first time that GH and GHR are present in the nuclei of adult chicken germinal cells, and suggest that GH could participate in proliferation and differentiation during the complex process of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
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Giesecke K, Hamann H, Stock K, Klewitz J, Martinsson G, Distl O, Sieme H. Evaluation of ACE, SP17, and FSHB as candidates for stallion fertility in Hanoverian warmblood horses. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 126:200-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Pearl CA, Mason H, Roser JF. Immunolocalization of estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta and androgen receptor in the pre-, peri- and post-pubertal stallion testis. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 125:103-11. [PMID: 21497463 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In various species, androgens and estrogens regulate the function of testicular Leydig, Sertoli, peritubular myoid, and germ cells by binding to their respective receptors and eliciting a cellular response. Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, Leydig cells and perivascular smooth muscle cells in the testis depending on the species, but its presence in germ cells remains controversial. Two different estrogen receptors have been identified, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), and their localization and function in testicular cells varies depending on the species, developmental stage of the cell and type of receptor. The localization of AR in an immature and mature stallion has been reported but estrogen receptors have only been reported for the mature stallion. In the present study, the localizations of AR and ERα/ERβ were investigated in pre-pubertal, peri-pubertal and post-pubertal stallions. Testes were collected by routine castration from 21 horses, of light horse breeds (3 months-27 years). Animals were divided into the following age groups: pre-pubertal (3-11 months; n=7), peri-pubertal (12-23 months; n=7) and post-pubertal (2-27 years; n=7). Testicular tissue samples were fixed and embedded, and the presence of AR, ERα and ERβ was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using procedures previously validated for the horse. Primary antibodies used were rabbit anti-human AR, mouse anti-human ERβ and rabbit anti-mouse ERα. Sections of each region were incubated with normal rabbit serum (NRS; AR and ERα) or mouse IgG (ERβ) instead of primary antibody to generate negative controls. Androgen receptors were localized in Leydig, Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells of all ages. Estrogen receptor alpha was localized in Leydig and germ cells of all ages but only in pre- and peri-pubertal Sertoli cells and post-pubertal peritubular myoid cells. Estrogen receptor beta was localized in Leydig and Sertoli cells of all ages but in only pre-pubertal germ cells and absent in peritubular myoid cells of all ages. Taken together, the data suggest that estrogen regulates steroidogenesis by acting through ERα and ERβ in the Leydig cells and promotes gametogenesis by acting through ERβ in the Sertoli cells and ERα in the germ cells. In contrast androgen receptors are not found in germ cells throughout development and thus are likely to support spermatogenesis by way of a paracrine/autocrine pathway via its receptors in Leydig, Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Pearl
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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