1
|
Fu R, Abrahamson K, Campbell T. Occupational Mobility and Chronic Health Conditions in Middle and Later Life: A Systematic Review. Int J Behav Med 2023; 30:605-615. [PMID: 36241951 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-022-10135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational mobility at various stages in the life course may have a cumulative impact on health outcomes and trajectory. This study aims to (1) systematically review empirical evidence regarding the impact of intergenerational and intra-generational occupational mobility on chronic health conditions in middle and later life; and (2) assess the collective evidence on the health consequences of different types of occupational mobility. METHOD A systematic review of literature was carried out by searching three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and SocINDEX) and the reference lists. Eligible studies examined the impact of occupational mobility on at least one chronic health condition among adults aged 35 years or above. The quality of each included study was assessed by standardized tools. RESULTS Out of 170 identified publications, 16 studies based on 12 independent data sets met the inclusion criteria. There is moderately strong evidence that downward intergenerational occupational mobility and stable low occupational status across generations were associated with worse chronic health conditions. The relationships to chronic health conditions were more pronounced for intergenerational occupational mobility than for intra-generational occupational mobility. Gender differences were observed in the relationship between occupational mobility and health. CONCLUSION Career advancement interventions should target both the career starters and older employees. More generous unemployment insurance systems are suggested in less egalitarian countries, especially during economic recession periods. Future studies of occupational mobility should give more attention to women and people from developing and Eastern countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fu
- Department of Sociology, Siena College, 515 Loudon Rd., Loudonville, NY, 12211, USA.
| | | | - Tara Campbell
- Integrated Program in Nutrition and Dietetics, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fujiwara T. Impact of adverse childhood experience on physical and mental health: A life-course epidemiology perspective. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:544-551. [PMID: 36002401 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to have long-term effects on physical and mental health, not only in the US, but also other countries, including Japan. In this paper, measurement of assessment of ACEs has been discussed, that is, concept (what is ACEs), inquiry (how to ask about ACEs), scoring (how to count the number of ACEs), and prevalence (how many ACEs do we have). In addition, a possible mechanism on how ACEs affect health was summarized from a life-course perspective, using the critical/sensitive period model, pathway model, and cumulative model with recent evidence on neurological findings. Intergenerational transmission, that is, maternal ACEs affecting the health of the offspring was also reviewed. Finally, future directions on how to prevent and remedy the impact of ACEs on health was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernández-Rhodes L, Ward JB, Martin CL, Zeki Al Hazzouri A, Torres J, Gordon-Larsen P, Haan MN, Aiello AE. Intergenerational educational mobility and type 2 diabetes in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Ann Epidemiol 2022; 65:93-100. [PMID: 34303766 PMCID: PMC8748283 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE United States (US) Latinos have the lowest educational attainment of any US racial/ethnic group, which may contribute to their disparate burden of Type 2 Diabetes. Herein, we aimed to examine the association between intergenerational educational mobility and Type 2 Diabetes among US Latino adults. METHODS We used data from the Niños Lifestyle and Diabetes Study (2013-2014) and the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (1998-1999) to link 616 adult Latino children to their parents. Model-based standardization and robust Poisson regression were used to estimate the prevalence of prediabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, treatment and glycemic control, and describe their associations with intergenerational educational mobility. RESULTS Adult children with stable high intergenerational educational attainment had a higher prevalence of prediabetes (Prevalence Ratio, PR=1.58; 95% Confidence Interval, CI=1.08, 2.34) and lower prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (PR=0.64, CI=0.41, 0.99), as compared to those who experienced low educational attainment across generations. Downward mobility was associated with a higher prevalence of prediabetes (PR=1.54, CI=1.06, 2.23) and worse glycemic control (PR=2.20, CI=1.13, 4.30), and upward mobility was associated with a lower prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (PR=0.39, CI=0.22, 0.70). CONCLUSIONS Our findings from a predominantly Mexican-heritage community suggest that higher education across generations may buffer individuals from glycemic dysregulation. As such, higher education may be a promising public health target to address the rising burden of Type 2 Diabetes in the US.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Julia B Ward
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, NC
| | - Chantel L Martin
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY
| | - Jacqueline Torres
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mary N Haan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Camelo LV, Coelho CG, Chor D, Griep RH, Almeida MDCCD, Giatti L, Barreto SM. Racismo e iniquidade racial na autoavaliação de saúde ruim: o papel da mobilidade social intergeracional no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00341920. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x000341920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo: Pretos e pardos apresentam grandes desvantagens de saúde, possuem menores chances de ascensão na hierarquia social no curso de vida e menores níveis socioeconômicos do que brancos como resultado do racismo estrutural. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre o papel mediador da mobilidade intergeracional na associação entre racismo e saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a associação entre racismo e a autoavaliação de saúde, e verificar em que medida a mobilidade social intergeracional media essa associação. Estudo transversal realizado com dados de 14.386 participantes da linha de base (2008-2010) do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Escolaridade materna, escolaridade do participante, classe sócio-ocupacional do chefe de família e classe sócio-ocupacional do participante compuseram os indicadores de mobilidade social intergeracional (educacional e sócio-ocupacional). Modelos de regressão logística foram utilizados. A prevalência de autoavaliação de saúde ruim foi de 15%, 24% e 28% entre brancos, pardos e pretos, respectivamente. Após ajustes por idade, sexo e centro de investigação foram encontradas maiores chances de autoavaliação de saúde ruim entre pretos (OR = 2,15; IC95%: 1,92-2,41) e pardos (OR = 1,82; IC95%: 1,64-2,01) quando comparados aos brancos. A mobilidade educacional e sócio-ocupacional intergeracional mediaram, respectivamente, 66% e 53% da associação entre a raça/cor e autoavaliação de saúde ruim em pretos, e 61% e 51% em pardos, respectivamente. Resultados confirmam a iniquidade racial na autoavaliação de saúde e apontam que a mobilidade social intergeracional desfavorável é um importante mecanismo para explicar essa iniquidade.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lifecourse socioeconomic position and diabetes incidence in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, 2003 to 2016. Prev Med 2021; 153:106848. [PMID: 34673080 PMCID: PMC8658048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low socioeconomic position (SEP) across the lifecourse is associated with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We examined whether these economic disparities differ by race and sex. We included 5448 African American (AA) and white participants aged ≥45 years from the national (United States) REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort without T2DM at baseline (2003-07). Incident T2DM was defined by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL, or using T2DM medications at follow-up (2013-16). Derived SEP scores in childhood (CSEP) and adulthood (ASEP) were used to calculate a cumulative (CumSEP) score. Social mobility was defined as change in SEP. We fitted race-stratified logistic regression models to estimate the association between each lifecourse SEP indicator and T2DM, adjusting for covariates; additionally, we tested SEP-sex interactions. Over a median of 9.0 (range 7-14) years of follow-up, T2DM incidence was 167.1 per 1000 persons among AA and 89.9 per 1000 persons among white participants. Low CSEP was associated with T2DM incidence among AA (OR = 1.61; 95%CI 1.05-2.46) but not white (1.06; 0.74-2.33) participants; this was attenuated after adjustment for ASEP. In contrast, low CumSEP was associated with T2DM incidence for both racial groups. T2DM risk was similar for stable low SEP and increased for downward mobility when compared with stable high SEP in both groups, whereas upward mobility increased T2DM risk among AAs only. No differences by sex were observed. Among AAs, low CSEP was not independently associated with T2DM, but CSEP may shape later-life experiences and health risks.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mallinson PAC, Lieber J, Kinra S. Childhood Socioeconomic Position and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Adulthood: Systematic Review of Evidence From Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Am J Prev Med 2021; 61:e251-e266. [PMID: 34272136 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood is strongly associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in high-income countries. However, the association in low- and middle-income countries, where childhood poverty remains prevalent, has not been reviewed. METHODS The authors systematically searched Embase, MEDLINE, and Global Health databases for articles on the association between childhood socioeconomic position and risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood in low- and middle-income countries until September 2020. Outcomes included measures of cardiovascular disease, its subclinical markers (e.g., carotid intima-media thickness), and its major risk factors (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes). Where available, associations were extracted before and after adjustment for socioeconomic position in adulthood. Results were synthesized qualitatively by outcome. The study protocol is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018086984). RESULTS The search returned 3,568 unique abstracts, from which 29 eligible articles from 14 middle-income countries were identified, representing >150,000 participants. The most commonly reported outcomes were cardiovascular risk factors; very few studies reported prevalent measures of cardiovascular disease, and no studies reported cardiovascular disease incidence or mortality. Of the 46 reported associations between childhood socioeconomic position and risk of cardiovascular disease, 8 were inverse, 0 were positive, and 38 showed no clear evidence of association. All articles had high (16/29) or medium (13/29) risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence from middle-income countries provides little support for an association between childhood socioeconomic position and risk of cardiovascular disease, and evidence from low-income countries is lacking. It would be premature to consider childhood poverty as a target for cardiovascular disease prevention in these settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Alice Carson Mallinson
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Judith Lieber
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Kinra
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Crenshaw EG, Fernández-Rhodes L, Martin CL, Gordon-Larsen P, Haan MN, Aiello AE. Intergenerational Educational Attainment and Cardiometabolic Health in Latino Individuals Living in the United States. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1178-1185. [PMID: 34096684 PMCID: PMC8549077 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to estimate the association between cycles of poverty, measured by intergenerational educational attainment (IEA), and the burden of obesity and metabolic dysfunction among Hispanic/Latino individuals in the United States. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study utilizing data from 392 adults linked to 286 biologic parents from the Niños Lifestyle and Diabetes Study and the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. The educational attainment of parents and offspring was dichotomized in order to categorize IEA. Outcomes included obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Model-based standardization with population weights was used to compare obesity and MetS across generations, and Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios by IEA. RESULTS A higher prevalence of obesity and MetS was observed in offspring (54% and 69%, respectively) compared with their parents (48% and 42%, respectively). Compared with stable-low IEA, any category with high offspring education was associated with lower obesity and MetS prevalence. The upwardly mobile group saw the greatest benefit; they were 38% (95% CI: 10%-57%) and 46% (95% CI: 21%-63%) less likely to have obesity or MetS. CONCLUSIONS IEA strongly patterns cardiometabolic health among Hispanic/Latino individuals living in the United States, suggesting that promotion of higher education is associated with reductions in obesity and MetS, potentially benefitting future generations of this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma G. Crenshaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Chantel L. Martin
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Mary N. Haan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Oliveira CM, Viater Tureck L, Alvares D, Liu C, Horimoto ARVR, Balcells M, de Oliveira Alvim R, Krieger JE, Pereira AC. Relationship between marital status and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Brazilian rural population: The Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236869. [PMID: 32745127 PMCID: PMC7398527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Here, we investigated the associations between socio-demographic characteristics and familial history with the 5-year incidence of T2DM in a family-based study conducted in Brazil. T2DM was defined as baseline fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or the use of any hypoglycaemic drug. We excluded individuals with T2DM at baseline or if they did not attend two examination cycles. After exclusions, we evaluated a sample of 1,125 participants, part of the Baependi Heart Study (BHS). Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to assess T2DM incident given different characteristics. At the 5-year follow-up, the incidence of T2DM was 6.7% (7.2% men and 6.3% women). After adjusting for age, sex, and education status, the model that combined marital and occupation status, skin color, and familial history of T2DM provided the best prediction for T2DM incidence. Only marital status was independently associated with T2DM incidence. Individuals that remained married, despite having significantly increased their weight, were significantly less likely to develop diabetes than their divorced counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maciel de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
- Global CoCreation Lab, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMO); (ACP)
| | | | - Danilo Alvares
- Department of Statistics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Mercedes Balcells
- Global CoCreation Lab, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Bioengineering Department, Institut Quimic de Sarria, Ramon Llull Univ, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de Oliveira Alvim
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Costa Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CMO); (ACP)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Life course socioeconomic adversities and 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. Int J Public Health 2016; 62:283-292. [PMID: 27913814 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-016-0928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether life course exposure to adverse socioeconomic positions (SEP) as well as maintaining a low SEP or decreasing the SEP intra- and intergeneration was associated with an increased 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk predicted by the Framingham Risk Score. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data (2008-2010) of 13,544 active workers from ELSA-Brasil cohort. Maternal education, leg length, social class of first occupation and education were used to evaluate childhood, youth and adulthood SEP. RESULTS After considering adulthood SEP, exposure to early-life low SEP remained associated with an increased 10-year CVD risk. The 10-year CVD risk also rose as the number of exposures to low SEP throughout life increased. Compared to individuals in high-stable intragenerational trajectory, those in upward, downward, or stable low trajectory presented higher 10-year CVD risk. Increasing individuals' SEP over generation showed no increased risk of 10-year CVD risk compared to individuals in high-stable trajectory. CONCLUSIONS Childhood may be a critical period for exposures to social adversities. Life course low SEP may also affect the 10-year CVD risk via accumulation of risk and social mobility.
Collapse
|