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Schalkwijk HH, Shewakramani NR, Das K, Andrei G, Snoeck R. Combination of ganciclovir and trifluridine prevents drug-resistance emergence in HSV-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0011024. [PMID: 38619252 PMCID: PMC11064611 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00110-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections can lead to visual impairment. Long-term acyclovir (ACV) prophylaxis reduces the frequency of recurrences but is associated with drug resistance. Novel therapies are needed to treat drug-resistant HSV-1 infections. Here, we describe the effects of trifluridine (TFT) in combination with ACV or ganciclovir (GCV) on HSV-1 replication and drug-resistance emergence. Wild-type HSV-1 was grown under increasing doses of one antiviral (ACV, GCV, or TFT) or combinations thereof (ACV + TFT or GCV + TFT). Virus cultures were analyzed by Sanger sequencing and deep sequencing of the UL23 [thymidine kinase (TK)] and UL30 [DNA polymerase (DP)] genes. The phenotypes of novel mutations were determined by cytopathic effect reduction assays. TFT showed overall additive anti-HSV-1 activity with ACV and GCV. Five passages under ACV, GCV, or TFT drug pressure gave rise to resistance mutations, primarily in the TK. ACV + TFT and GCV + TFT combinatory pressure induced mutations in the TK and DP. The DP mutations were mainly located in terminal regions, outside segments that typically carry resistance mutations. TK mutations (R163H, A167T, and M231I) conferring resistance to all three nucleoside analogs (ACV, TFT, and GCV) emerged under ACV, TFT, ACV + TFT pressure and under GCV + TFT pressure initiated from suboptimal drug concentrations. However, higher doses of GCV and TFT prevented drug resistance in the resistance selection experiments. In summary, we identified novel mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside analogs, including TFT, and proposed that GCV + TFT combination therapy may be an effective strategy to prevent the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Helena Schalkwijk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neesha Rajesh Shewakramani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kalyan Das
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sadhu C, Mitra AK. Synthetic, biological and optoelectronic properties of phenoxazine and its derivatives: a state of the art review. Mol Divers 2024; 28:965-1007. [PMID: 36757655 PMCID: PMC9909160 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenoxazines have sparked a lot of interest owing to their numerous applications in material science, organic light-emitting diodes, photoredox catalyst, dye-sensitized solar cells and chemotherapy. Among other things, they have antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anti-alzheimer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties. Actinomycin D, which contains a phenoxazine moiety, functions both as an antibiotic and anticancer agent. Several research groups have worked on various structural modifications over the years in order to develop new phenoxazines with improved properties. Both phenothiazines and phenoxazines have gained prominence in medicine as pharmacological lead structures from their traditional uses as dyes and pigments. Organoelectronics and material sciences have recently found these compounds and their derivatives to be quite useful. Due to this, organic synthesis has been used in an unprecedented amount of exploratory alteration of the parent structures in an effort to create novel derivatives with enhanced biological and material capabilities. As a result, it is critical to conduct more frequent reviews of the work done in this area. Various stages of the synthetic transformation of phenoxazine scaffolds have been depicted in this article. This article aims to provide a state of the art review for the better understanding of the phenoxazine derivatives highlighting the progress and prospects of the same in medicinal and material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrita Sadhu
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Rashmoni Green University, Tarakeswar, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Amrit Krishna Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Singur, Singur, Hooghly, West Bengal, 712409, India.
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3
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Son JS, Chow R, Kim H, Lieu T, Xiao M, Kim S, Matuszewska K, Pereira M, Nguyen DL, Petrik J. Liposomal delivery of gene therapy for ovarian cancer: a systematic review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:75. [PMID: 37612696 PMCID: PMC10464441 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically identify and narratively synthesize the evidence surrounding liposomal delivery of gene therapy and the outcome for ovarian cancer. METHODS An electronic database search of the Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science from inception until July 7, 2023, was conducted to identify primary studies that investigated the effect of liposomal delivery of gene therapy on ovarian cancer outcomes. Retrieved studies were assessed against the eligibility criteria for inclusion. RESULTS The search yielded 564 studies, of which 75 met the inclusion criteria. Four major types of liposomes were identified: cationic, neutral, polymer-coated, and ligand-targeted liposomes. The liposome with the most evidence involved cationic liposomes which are characterized by their positively charged phospholipids (n = 37, 49.3%). Similarly, those with neutrally charged phospholipids, such as 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, were highly researched as well (n = 25, 33.3%). Eight areas of gene therapy research were identified, evaluating either target proteins/transcripts or molecular pathways: microRNAs, ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2), interleukins, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), human-telomerase reverse transcriptase/E1A (hTERT/EA1), suicide gene, p53, and multidrug resistance mutation 1 (MDR1). CONCLUSION Liposomal delivery of gene therapy for ovarian cancer shows promise in many in vivo studies. Emerging polymer-coated and ligand-targeted liposomes have been gaining interest as they have been shown to have more stability and specificity. We found that gene therapy involving microRNAs was the most frequently studied. Overall, liposomal genetic therapy has been shown to reduce tumor size and weight and improve survivability. More research involving the delivery and targets of gene therapy for ovarian cancer may be a promising avenue to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sung Son
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Chow
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Helena Kim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Toney Lieu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Xiao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sunny Kim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Madison Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David Le Nguyen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Petrik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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4
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Winkler KF, Panse L, Maiwald C, Hayeß J, Fischer P, Fehlau M, Neubauer P, Kurreck A. Screening the Thermotoga maritima genome for new wide-spectrum nucleoside and nucleotide kinases. J Biol Chem 2023:104746. [PMID: 37094698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes from thermophilic organisms are interesting biocatalysts for a wide variety of applications in organic synthesis, biotechnology and molecular biology. Next to an increased stability at elevated temperatures, they were described to show a wider substrate spectrum than their mesophilic counterparts. To identify thermostable biocatalysts for the synthesis of nucleotide analogs, we performed a database search on the carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism of T. maritima. After expression and purification of 13 enzyme candidates involved in nucleotide synthesis, these enzymes were screened for their substrate scope. We found that the synthesis of 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphates (dNMPs) and uridine 5'-monophosphate from nucleosides was catalyzed by the already known wide-spectrum thymidine kinase (TK) and the ribokinase. In contrast, no NMP-forming activity was detected for adenosine-specific kinase, uridine kinase or nucleotidase. The NMP kinases (NMPKs) and the pyruvate-phosphate-dikinase of T. maritima exhibited a rather specific substrate spectrum for the phosphorylation of NMPs, while pyruvate kinase, acetate kinase and three of the NMPKs showed a broad substrate scope with (2'-deoxy)nucleoside 5'-diphosphates as substrates. Based on these promising results, TmNMPKs were applied in enzymatic cascade reactions for nucleoside 5'-triphosphate synthesis using four modified pyrimidine nucleosides and four purine NMPs as substrates, and we determined that base- and sugar-modified substrates were accepted. In summary, besides the already reported TmTK, NMPKs of T. maritima were identified to be interesting enzyme candidates for the enzymatic production of modified nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja F Winkler
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Panse
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Josefine Hayeß
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Fischer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maryke Fehlau
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Kurreck
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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To EE. Cell and Tissue Specific Metabolism of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Drugs: Case Studies and Implications for Precision Medicine. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:360-368. [PMID: 36446610 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinically used antiviral drugs are nucleoside or nucleotide analog drugs, which have a unique mechanism of action that requires intracellular phosphorylation. This dependence on intracellular activation presents novel challenges for the discovery and development of nucleoside/nucleotide analog drugs. Contrary to many small molecule drug development programs that rely on plasma pharmacokinetics and systemic exposures, the precise mechanisms that result in efficacious intracellular nucleoside triphosphate concentrations must be understood in the process of nucleoside/nucleotide drug development. The importance is highlighted here, using the following as case studies: the herpes treatment acyclovir, the cytomegalovirus therapy ganciclovir, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatments based on tenofovir, which are also in use for HIV prophylaxis. For each drug, the specificity of metabolism that results in its activation in different cells or tissues is discussed, and the implications explored. Acyclovir's dependence on a viral enzyme for activation provides selective pressure for resistance mutations. Ganciclovir is also dependent on a viral enzyme for activation, and suicide gene therapy capitalizes on that for a novel oncology treatment. The tissue of most relevance for tenofovir activation depends on its use as treatment or as prophylaxis, and the pharmacogenomics and drug-drug interactions in those tissues must be considered. Finally, differential metabolism of different tenofovir prodrugs and its effects on toxicity risk are explored. Taken together, these examples highlight the importance of understanding tissue specific metabolism for optimal use of nucleoside/nucleotide drugs in the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nucleoside and nucleotide analogue drugs are cornerstones in current antiviral therapy and prevention efforts that require intracellular phosphorylation for activity. Understanding their cell and tissue specific metabolism enables their rational, precision use for maximum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine E To
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
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6
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Lei S, Chen X, Wu J, Duan X, Men K. Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:387. [PMID: 36464706 PMCID: PMC9719906 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis, and brought severe disruptions to societies and economies. Until now, effective therapeutics against COVID-19 are in high demand. Along with our improved understanding of the structure, function, and pathogenic process of SARS-CoV-2, many small molecules with potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed. So far, several antiviral strategies were explored. Besides directly inhibition of viral proteins such as RdRp and Mpro, interference of host enzymes including ACE2 and proteases, and blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT, BTK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 pathways, are regarded feasible in drug development. The development of small molecules to treat COVID-19 has been achieved by several strategies, including computer-aided lead compound design and screening, natural product discovery, drug repurposing, and combination therapy. Several small molecules representative by remdesivir and paxlovid have been proved or authorized emergency use in many countries. And many candidates have entered clinical-trial stage. Nevertheless, due to the epidemiological features and variability issues of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to continue exploring novel strategies against COVID-19. This review discusses the current findings in the development of small molecules for COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, their detailed mechanism of action, chemical structures, and preclinical and clinical efficacies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Lei
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Jieping Wu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Ke Men
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
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7
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Acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex viruses: Prevalence and therapeutic alternatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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The Power of Biocatalysts for Highly Selective and Efficient Phosphorylation Reactions. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions involving the transfer of phosphorus-containing groups are of key importance for maintaining life, from biological cells, tissues and organs to plants, animals, humans, ecosystems and the whole planet earth. The sustainable utilization of the nonrenewable element phosphorus is of key importance for a balanced phosphorus cycle. Significant advances have been achieved in highly selective and efficient biocatalytic phosphorylation reactions, fundamental and applied aspects of phosphorylation biocatalysts, novel phosphorylation biocatalysts, discovery methodologies and tools, analytical and synthetic applications, useful phosphoryl donors and systems for their regeneration, reaction engineering, product recovery and purification. Biocatalytic phosphorylation reactions with complete conversion therefore provide an excellent reaction platform for valuable analytical and synthetic applications.
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9
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Ojeda-Porras AC, Roy V, Agrofoglio LA. Chemical Approaches to Carbocyclic Nucleosides. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100307. [PMID: 35119191 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are at the forefront of antiviral therapy for last decades. To circumvent some of their limitations, based on their metabolism, and in order to improve their anti-viral potency and selectivity, several families of nucleoside analogues have been described through structural modifications at the sugar and heterocycles. The replacement of the oxygen of the nucleoside by a methylene has led to the family of carbocyclic (or cyclopentane) nucleoside analogues. Various potent anti-HIV and anti-HBV drugs belong to this family. Main syntheses of carbocyclic analogues of nucleosides used Diels-Alder reactions (in racemic or asymmetric series), but also started from carbohydrates (ribose, glucose), as a source of optically active compounds, which then had to be transformed into carbacycles under various conditions. The growing interest in carbocyclic nucleosides has led several groups, including ours, to develop new analogues and to explore novel routes. This article will review some of the recent chemistry developed on selected five-membered ring carbocyclic nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Ojeda-Porras
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Vincent Roy
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Luigi A Agrofoglio
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
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10
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Nucleosides and emerging viruses: a new story. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1945-1953. [PMID: 35189369 PMCID: PMC8856764 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and high barriers to resistance, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs remain the cornerstone of antiviral therapies for not only herpesviruses, but also HIV and hepatitis viruses (B and C); however, with the exception of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for which vaccines have been developed at unprecedented speed, there are no vaccines or small antivirals yet available for (re)emerging viruses, which are primarily RNA viruses. Thus, herein, we present an overview of ribonucleoside analogs recently developed and acting as inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). They are new lead structures that will be exploited for the discovery of new antiviral nucleosides.
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11
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Liu H, Wang X, Shen P, Ni Y, Han X. The basic functions of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 and its roles in cancer and other diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Hu M, Valicherla GR, Zhou T, Hillier SL, Rohan LC. Expression, Activity, and Regulation of Phosphorylating Enzymes in Tissues and Cells Relevant to HIV-1 Sexual Transmission. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:22-32. [PMID: 33567990 PMCID: PMC8785762 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylating enzymes (PEs) are responsible for activating nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as tenofovir (TFV) and are critical for their conversion to obtain intracellular antiviral activity. However, there are limited data available regarding the expression of PEs and their activity in the female genital tract. This work compared the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of PEs in human female genital tissue, immune cells, and animal models that are commonly used in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) research. Furthermore, the effect of contraceptive hormones and proinflammatory cytokines on tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) formation and efficacy in human vaginal, epithelial, and immune cells was also evaluated. We found that human vaginal and ectocervical tissues had similar mRNA expression for seven PEs tested. Polymerase chain reaction results revealed that creatine kinase brain (CKB), mitochondrial creatine kinase 1 (CKMT1), mitochondrial creatine kinase 2 (CKMT2), adenylate kinase AK3L1 (AK4), and nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 (NME1) exhibited a 10- to 10,000-fold higher expression level in a vaginal epithelial cell line, VK2, compared with CD4+ T cells (p < .05). Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)/progesterone (P4) and IL-1β/IL-8 treatment resulted in altered TFV-DP levels in VK2 and PM1 cells. MPA and P4 at concentrations above 0.1 μM, as well as IL-1β and IL-8 at concentrations above 10 ng/mL, significantly decreased HIV-1BaL inhibition in PM1 cells when 1 μM TFV was added. However, this observed effect of hormones and cytokines was abrogated when TFV concentration was raised to 1 mM. These in vitro results elucidate the role of PEs in TFV metabolism and provide information regarding differences in PE tissue expression for animal models commonly used in HIV testing. This information can be applied to better understand and interpret data obtained using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlu Hu
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guru R. Valicherla
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tian Zhou
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon L. Hillier
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa C. Rohan
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Address correspondence to: Lisa C. Rohan, Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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13
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Eltoukhy L, Loderer C. A Multi-enzyme Cascade for the Biosynthesis of AICA Ribonucleoside Di- and Triphosphate. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100596. [PMID: 34859954 PMCID: PMC9299608 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AICA (5′‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide) ribonucleotides with different phosphorylation levels are the pharmaceutically active metabolites of AICA nucleoside‐based drugs. The chemical synthesis of AICA ribonucleotides with defined phosphorylation is challenging and expensive. In this study, we describe two enzymatic cascades to synthesize AICA derivatives with defined phosphorylation levels from the corresponding nucleobase and the co‐substrate phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. The cascades are composed of an adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from Escherichia coli (EcAPT) and different polyphosphate kinases: polyphosphate kinase from Acinetobacter johnsonii (AjPPK), and polyphosphate kinase from Meiothermus ruber (MrPPK). The role of the EcAPT is to bind the nucleobase to the sugar moiety, while the kinases are responsible for further phosphorylation of the nucleotide to produce the desired phosphorylated AICA ribonucleotide. The selected enzymes were characterized, and conditions were established for two enzymatic cascades. The diphosphorylated AICA ribonucleotide derivative ZDP, synthesized from the cascade EcAPT/AjPPK, was produced with a conversion up to 91 %. The EcAPT/MrPPK cascade yielded ZTP with conversion up to 65 % with ZDP as a side product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Eltoukhy
- Chair of Molecular Biotechnology Institute for Microbiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Loderer
- Chair of Molecular Biotechnology Institute for Microbiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
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14
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Banni GAHD, Nehmé R. Capillary electrophoresis for enzyme-based studies: Applications to lipases and kinases. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462687. [PMID: 34864234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful technique continuously expanding into new application fields. One of these applications involves the study of enzymes, their catalytic activities and the alteration of this activity by specific ligands. In this review, two model enzymes, lipases and kinases, will be used since they differ substantially in their modes of action, reaction requirements and applications making them perfect subjects to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of CE-based enzymatic assays. Indeed, the ability to run CE in various operation modes and hyphenation to different detectors is essential for lipase-based studies. Additionally, the low sample consumption provided by CE promotes it as a promising technique to assay human and viral nucleoside kinases. Undeniably, these are rarely commercially available enzymes and must be frequently produced in the laboratory, a process which requires special sets of skills. CE-based lipase and kinase reactions can be performed outside the capillary (pre-capillary) where the reactants are mixed in a vial prior to their separation or, inside the capillary (in-capillary) where the reactants are mixed before the electrophoretic analysis. These enzyme-based applications of CE will be compared to those of liquid chromatography-based applications in terms of advantages and limitations. Binding assays based on affinity CE and the compelling microscale thermophoresis (MST) will be briefly presented as they allow a broad understanding of the molecular mechanism behind ligand binding and of the resulting modulation in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Al Hamoui Dit Banni
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), CNRS FR 2708 - UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Reine Nehmé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), CNRS FR 2708 - UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Orléans 45067, France.
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15
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Wang Z, Zang R, Niu Z, Wang W, Wang X, Tang Y. Synthesis and antiviral effect of phosphamide modified vidarabine for treating HSV 1 infections. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 52:128405. [PMID: 34624489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vidarabine (ARA) was one of the earliest marine-related compounds to be used clinically for antiviral therapy, however, its fast metabolism is the main defect of this drug. To overcome this, we designed and synthesized a group of phosphamide-modified ARA compounds using ProTide technology. With a phosphamide modification, these compounds could become the substrate of specific phospholipase enzymes expressed in the liver. Among all 16 synthesized compounds, most showed stronger activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) than ARA (EC50 of approximately 10 μM). The top three compounds were compound 2 (EC50 = 0.52 ± 0.04 μM), compound 6 (EC50 = 1.05 ± 0.09 μM) and compound 15 (EC50 = 1.18 ± 0.08 μM) (about 2 times higher than Sp type compound 2). This study provides evidence for use of the phosphamide modification, which could give ARA higher activity and liver cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Ruochen Zang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Zhao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening &Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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16
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Hellendahl KF, Fehlau M, Hans S, Neubauer P, Kurreck A. Semi-Automated High-Throughput Substrate Screening Assay for Nucleoside Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11558. [PMID: 34768989 PMCID: PMC8584170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside kinases (NKs) are key enzymes involved in the in vivo phosphorylation of nucleoside analogues used as drugs to treat cancer or viral infections. Having different specificities, the characterization of NKs is essential for drug design and nucleotide analogue production in an in vitro enzymatic process. Therefore, a fast and reliable substrate screening method for NKs is of great importance. Here, we report on the validation of a well-known luciferase-based assay for the detection of NK activity in a 96-well plate format. The assay was semi-automated using a liquid handling robot. Good linearity was demonstrated (r² > 0.98) in the range of 0-500 µM ATP, and it was shown that alternative phosphate donors like dATP or CTP were also accepted by the luciferase. The developed high-throughput assay revealed comparable results to HPLC analysis. The assay was exemplarily used for the comparison of the substrate spectra of four NKs using 20 (8 natural, 12 modified) substrates. The screening results correlated well with literature data, and additionally, previously unknown substrates were identified for three of the NKs studied. Our results demonstrate that the developed semi-automated high-throughput assay is suitable to identify best performing NKs for a wide range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja F. Hellendahl
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
| | - Maryke Fehlau
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
- BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hans
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
| | - Anke Kurreck
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.H.); (M.F.); (S.H.); (P.N.)
- BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV; GS-5734, Veklury), the first FDA-approved antiviral to treat COVID-19, is a single-diastereomer monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analogue. RDV is taken up in the target cells and metabolized in multiple steps to form the active nucleoside triphosphate (TP) (GS-443902), which, in turn, acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of multiple viral RNA polymerases. In this report, we profiled the key enzymes involved in the RDV metabolic pathway with multiple parallel approaches: (i) bioinformatic analysis of nucleoside/nucleotide metabolic enzyme mRNA expression using public human tissue and lung single-cell bulk mRNA sequence (RNA-seq) data sets, (ii) protein and mRNA quantification of enzymes in human lung tissue and primary lung cells, (iii) biochemical studies on the catalytic rate of key enzymes, (iv) effects of specific enzyme inhibitors on the GS-443902 formation, and (v) the effects of these inhibitors on RDV antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. Our data collectively demonstrated that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and cathepsin A (CatA) are enzymes involved in hydrolyzing RDV to its alanine intermediate MetX, which is further hydrolyzed to the monophosphate form by histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1). The monophosphate is then consecutively phosphorylated to diphosphate and triphosphate by cellular phosphotransferases. Our data support the hypothesis that the unique properties of RDV prodrug not only allow lung-specific accumulation critical for the treatment of respiratory viral infection such as COVID-19 but also enable efficient intracellular metabolism of RDV and its MetX to monophosphate and successive phosphorylation to form the active TP in disease-relevant cells.
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18
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Trompet E, Temblador A, Gillemot S, Topalis D, Snoeck R, Andrei G. An MHV-68 Mutator Phenotype Mutant Virus, Confirmed by CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing of the Viral DNA Polymerase Gene, Shows Reduced Viral Fitness. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060985. [PMID: 34073189 PMCID: PMC8227558 DOI: 10.3390/v13060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance studies on human γ-herpesviruses are hampered by the absence of an in vitro system that allows efficient lytic viral replication. Therefore, we employed murine γ-herpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) that efficiently replicates in vitro as a model to study the antiviral resistance of γ-herpesviruses. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of resistance to nucleoside (ganciclovir (GCV)), nucleotide (cidofovir (CDV), HPMP-5azaC, HPMPO-DAPy) and pyrophosphate (foscarnet (PFA)) analogues and the impact of these drug resistance mutations on viral fitness. Viral fitness was determined by dual infection competition assays, where MHV-68 drug-resistant viral clones competed with the wild-type virus in the absence and presence of antivirals. Using next-generation sequencing, the composition of the viral populations was determined at the time of infection and after 5 days of growth. Antiviral drug resistance selection resulted in clones harboring mutations in the viral DNA polymerase (DP), denoted Y383SGCV, Q827RHPMP-5azaC, G302WPFA, K442TPFA, G302W+K442TPFA, C297WHPMPO-DAPy and C981YCDV. Without antiviral pressure, viral clones Q827RHPMP-5azaC, G302WPFA, K442TPFA and G302W+K442TPFA grew equal to the wild-type virus. However, in the presence of antivirals, these mutants had a growth advantage over the wild-type virus that was moderately to very strongly correlated with antiviral resistance. The Y383SGCV mutant was more fit than the wild-type virus with and without antivirals, except in the presence of brivudin. The C297W and C981Y changes were associated with a mutator phenotype and had a severely impaired viral fitness in the absence and presence of antivirals. The mutator phenotype caused by C297W in MHV-68 DP was validated by using a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing approach.
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19
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Durantel D, Dousson CB, Lampertico P. Is there any need for new, long-acting nucleos(t)ide analogues for the treatment of hepatitis B infection? J Hepatol 2021; 74:1011-1014. [PMID: 33715896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Durantel
- INSERM, U1111, International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), CNRS UMR_5308, University of Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France.
| | - Cyril B Dousson
- Ai-biopharma, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Montpellier, France; Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Lampertico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, CRC "A. M. and A. Migliavacca" Center for Liver Disease, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Kozlovskaya LI, Volok VP, Shtro AA, Nikolaeva YV, Chistov AA, Matyugina ES, Belyaev ES, Jegorov AV, Snoeck R, Korshun VA, Andrei G, Osolodkin DI, Ishmukhametov AA, Aralov AV. Phenoxazine nucleoside derivatives with a multiple activity against RNA and DNA viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113467. [PMID: 33894564 PMCID: PMC8049188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viruses periodically cause outbreaks and epidemics all over the world, eventually leading to global events such as the current pandemic of the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection COVID-19. Therefore, an urgent need for novel antivirals is crystal clear. Here we present the synthesis and evaluation of an antiviral activity of phenoxazine-based nucleoside analogs divided into three groups: (1) 8-alkoxy-substituted, (2) acyclic, and (3) carbocyclic. The antiviral activity was assessed against a structurally and phylogenetically diverse panel of RNA and DNA viruses from 25 species. Four compounds (11a-c, 12c) inhibited 4 DNA/RNA viruses with EC50 ≤ 20 μM. Toxicity of the compounds for the cell lines used for virus cultivation was negligible in most cases. In addition, previously reported and newly synthesized phenoxazine derivatives were evaluated against SARS-CoV-2, and some of them showed promising inhibition of reproduction with EC50 values in low micromolar range, although accompanied by commensurate cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, 108819, Russia; Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Viktor P Volok
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, 108819, Russia
| | - Anna A Shtro
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint-Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Yulia V Nikolaeva
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint-Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Alexey A Chistov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | | | - Evgeny S Belyaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Artjom V Jegorov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vladimir A Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dmitry I Osolodkin
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, 108819, Russia; Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- FSBSI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS", Moscow, 108819, Russia; Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey V Aralov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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21
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"Non-Essential" Proteins of HSV-1 with Essential Roles In Vivo: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010017. [PMID: 33374862 PMCID: PMC7824580 DOI: 10.3390/v13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses encode for structural proteins that participate in virion formation and include capsid and envelope proteins. In addition, viruses encode for an array of non-structural accessory proteins important for replication, spread, and immune evasion in the host and are often linked to virus pathogenesis. Most virus accessory proteins are non-essential for growth in cell culture because of the simplicity of the infection barriers or because they have roles only during a state of the infection that does not exist in cell cultures (i.e., tissue-specific functions), or finally because host factors in cell culture can complement their absence. For these reasons, the study of most nonessential viral factors is more complex and requires development of suitable cell culture systems and in vivo models. Approximately half of the proteins encoded by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genome have been classified as non-essential. These proteins have essential roles in vivo in counteracting antiviral responses, facilitating the spread of the virus from the sites of initial infection to the peripheral nervous system, where it establishes lifelong reservoirs, virus pathogenesis, and other regulatory roles during infection. Understanding the functions of the non-essential proteins of herpesviruses is important to understand mechanisms of viral pathogenesis but also to harness properties of these viruses for therapeutic purposes. Here, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the functions of HSV-1 non-essential proteins.
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22
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Trompet E, Topalis D, Gillemot S, Snoeck R, Andrei G. Viral fitness of MHV-68 viruses harboring drug resistance mutations in the protein kinase or thymidine kinase. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104901. [PMID: 32763314 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Murine γ-herpesvirus-68 (MHV-68), genetically and biologically related to human γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, can be easily propagated in vitro allowing drug resistance studies. Previously, we described specific changes in MHV-68 protein kinase (PK) or thymidine kinase (TK) associated with resistance to various purine or pyrimidine nucleoside analogues, respectively. To investigate how specific TK and PK mutations affect viral replication capacity, we performed dual infection competition assays in which wild-type and drug-resistant virus compete in absence or presence of antivirals in Vero cells. The composition of the mixed viral population was analyzed using next-generation sequencing and relative fitness of seven MHV-68 PK or TK mutants was calculated based on the frequency of viral variants at the time of infection and after 5-days growth. A MHV-68 mutant losing the PK function due to a 2-nucleotide deletion was less fit than the wild-type virus in absence of antivirals, consistent with the essential role of viral PKs during lytic replication, but overgrew the wild-type virus under pressure of purine nucleosides. TK mutant viruses, with frameshift or missense mutations, grew equal to wild-type virus in absence of antivirals, in accordance with the viral TK function only being essential in non-replicating or in TK-deficient cells, but were more fit when treated with pyrimidine nucleosides. Moreover, TK missense mutant viruses also increased fitness under pressure of antivirals other than pyrimidine nucleosides, indicating that MHV-68 TK mutations might influence viral fitness by acting on cellular and/or viral functions that are unrelated to nucleoside activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Trompet
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sarah Gillemot
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Fehlau M, Kaspar F, Hellendahl KF, Schollmeyer J, Neubauer P, Wagner A. Modular Enzymatic Cascade Synthesis of Nucleotides Using a (d)ATP Regeneration System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:854. [PMID: 32903716 PMCID: PMC7438870 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-5'-triphosphates (NTPs) and their analogs are building blocks of DNA and are important compounds in both pharmaceutical and molecular biology applications. Currently, commercially available base or sugar modified NTPs are mainly synthesized chemically. Since the chemical production of NTPs is time-consuming and generally inefficient, alternative approaches are under development. Here we present a simple, efficient and generalizable enzymatic synthesis method for the conversion of nucleosides to NTPs. Our one-pot method is modular, applicable to a wide range of natural and modified nucleotide products and accesses NTPs directly from cheap nucleoside precursors. Nucleoside kinases, nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinases and a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase were applied as biocatalysts. Enzymes with different substrate specificities were combined to produce derivatives of adenosine and cytidine triphosphate with conversions of 4 to 26%. The implementation of a (deoxy)ATP recycling system resulted in a significant increase in the conversion to all NTP products, furnishing 4 different NTPs in quantitative conversion. Natural (deoxy)NTPs were synthesized with 60 to >99% conversion and sugar- and base-modified NTPs were produced with 69 to >99% and 27 to 75% conversion, respectively. The presented method is suitable for the efficient synthesis of a wide range of natural and modified NTPs in a sustainable one-pot process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryke Fehlau
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Kaspar
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja F Hellendahl
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Schollmeyer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Wagner
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Anton-Vazquez V, Mehra V, Mbisa JL, Bradshaw D, Basu TN, Daly ML, Mufti GJ, Pagliuca A, Potter V, Zuckerman M. Challenges of aciclovir-resistant HSV infection in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Sun R, Eriksson S, Wang L. The expression and activity of thymidine kinase 1 and deoxycytidine kinase are modulated by hydrogen peroxide and nucleoside analogs. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:1347-1358. [PMID: 32189555 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1720234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) are required for the activation of thymidine and deoxycytidine analogs used in antiviral and anticancer therapies. Many anticancer drugs cause oxidative stress, and the rise of GSSG and other reactive oxygen species may lead to alteration in gene expression, protein, nucleic acids and lipid modifications. Here, we investigated the effects of oxidative stress and nucleoside analog on the expression and activity of TK1 and dCK. Treatment with GSSG resulted in glutathionylation of dCK and dGK but not TK1 and Dm-dNK, and glutathionylation led to increased dCK activity but decreased dGK activity. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide resulted in induction of TK1, however, the TK1 activity did not correlate with TK1 protein levels, indicating that TK1 protein was inactive. The cellular expression of dCK, however, was reduced but dCK activity was not affected at concentration ≤ 4 mM. Treatment with TFT or 5FdU resulted in downregulation of both TK1 and dCK. However, araC and dFdC treatment led to increased dCK protein but decreased dCK activity. In contrast, both TK1 protein and activity were upregulated after araC and dFdC treatment. Doxorubicin treatment led to upregulation of the TK1 but downregulation of dCK. In conclusion TK1 and dCK expression and activity are apparently affected by oxidative stress and treatment by nucleoside analogs. These results demonstrate the pharmacokinetic importance of characterizing the expression and activity of TK1 and dCK during chemotherapy with thymidine and deoxycytidine analogs in order to optimize their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Yehia H, Westarp S, Röhrs V, Kaspar F, Giessmann RT, Klare HF, Paulick K, Neubauer P, Kurreck J, Wagner A. Efficient Biocatalytic Synthesis of Dihalogenated Purine Nucleoside Analogues Applying Thermodynamic Calculations. Molecules 2020; 25:E934. [PMID: 32093094 PMCID: PMC7070685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of nucleoside analogues has been shown to be a sustainable and efficient alternative to chemical synthesis routes. In this study, dihalogenated nucleoside analogues were produced by thermostable nucleoside phosphorylases in transglycosylation reactions using uridine or thymidine as sugar donors. Prior to the enzymatic process, ideal maximum product yields were calculated after the determination of equilibrium constants through monitoring the equilibrium conversion in analytical-scale reactions. Equilibrium constants for dihalogenated nucleosides were comparable to known purine nucleosides, ranging between 0.071 and 0.081. To achieve 90% product yield in the enzymatic process, an approximately five-fold excess of sugar donor was needed. Nucleoside analogues were purified by semi-preparative HPLC, and yields of purified product were approximately 50% for all target compounds. To evaluate the impact of halogen atoms in positions 2 and 6 on the antiproliferative activity in leukemic cell lines, the cytotoxic potential of dihalogenated nucleoside analogues was studied in the leukemic cell line HL-60. Interestingly, the inhibition of HL-60 cells with dihalogenated nucleoside analogues was substantially lower than with monohalogenated cladribine, which is known to show high antiproliferative activity. Taken together, we demonstrate that thermodynamic calculations and small-scale experiments can be used to produce nucleoside analogues with high yields and purity on larger scales. The procedure can be used for the generation of new libraries of nucleoside analogues for screening experiments or to replace the chemical synthesis routes of marketed nucleoside drugs by enzymatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Yehia
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (H.Y.); (S.W.); (F.K.); (R.T.G.); (K.P.); (P.N.)
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah Westarp
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (H.Y.); (S.W.); (F.K.); (R.T.G.); (K.P.); (P.N.)
- BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstr. 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Röhrs
- Chair of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (V.R.); (J.K.)
| | - Felix Kaspar
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (H.Y.); (S.W.); (F.K.); (R.T.G.); (K.P.); (P.N.)
- BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstr. 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert T. Giessmann
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (H.Y.); (S.W.); (F.K.); (R.T.G.); (K.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Hendrik F.T. Klare
- Faculty II Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Katharina Paulick
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (H.Y.); (S.W.); (F.K.); (R.T.G.); (K.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (H.Y.); (S.W.); (F.K.); (R.T.G.); (K.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Chair of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (V.R.); (J.K.)
| | - Anke Wagner
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (H.Y.); (S.W.); (F.K.); (R.T.G.); (K.P.); (P.N.)
- BioNukleo GmbH, Ackerstr. 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Fucci IJ, Sinha K, Rule GS. Stabilization of Active Site Dynamics Leads to Increased Activity with 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine Monophosphate for F105Y Mutant Human Thymidylate Kinase. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2355-2367. [PMID: 32064397 PMCID: PMC7017412 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Thymidylate kinases are essential enzymes with roles in DNA synthesis and repair and have been the target of drug development for antimalarials, antifungals, HIV treatment, and cancer therapeutics. Human thymidylate kinase (hTMPK) conversion of the anti-HIV prodrug 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT or zidovudine) monophosphate to diphosphate is the rate-limiting step in the activation of AZT. A point mutant (F105Y) has been previously reported with significantly increased activity for the monophosphate form of the drug [3'-azidothymidine-5'-monophosphate (AZTMP)]. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, we show that while the wild-type (WT) and F105Y hTMPK adopt the same structure in solution, significant changes in dynamics may explain their different activities toward TMP and AZTMP. 13C spin-relaxation measurements show that there is little change in dynamics on the ps to ns time scale. In contrast, methyl 1H relaxation dispersion shows that AZTMP alters adenosine nucleotide handling in the WT protein but not in the mutant. Additionally, the F105Y mutant has reduced conformational flexibility, leading to an increase in affinity for the product ADP and a slower rate of phosphorylation of TMP. The dynamics at the catalytic center for F105Y bound to AZTMP are tuned to the same frequency as WT bound to TMP, which may explain the mutant's catalytic efficiency toward the prodrug.
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28
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Hossain JA, Marchini A, Fehse B, Bjerkvig R, Miletic H. Suicide gene therapy for the treatment of high-grade glioma: past lessons, present trends, and future prospects. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa013. [PMID: 32642680 PMCID: PMC7212909 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy has represented an experimental cancer treatment modality for nearly 40 years. Among the various cancers experimentally treated by suicide gene therapy, high-grade gliomas have been the most prominent both in preclinical and clinical settings. Failure of a number of promising suicide gene therapy strategies in the clinic pointed toward a bleak future of this approach for the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Nevertheless, the development of new vectors and suicide genes, better prodrugs, more efficient delivery systems, and new combinatorial strategies represent active research areas that may eventually lead to better efficacy of suicide gene therapy. These trends are evident by the current increasing focus on suicide gene therapy for high-grade glioma treatment both in the laboratory and in the clinic. In this review, we give an overview of different suicide gene therapy approaches for glioma treatment and discuss clinical trials, delivery issues, and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubayer A Hossain
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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29
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Comparative study of the effects of ortho-, meta- and para-carboranes (C2B10H12) on the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of uridine and 2′-deoxyuridine boron cluster conjugates. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Prajapati RK, Rosenqvist P, Palmu K, Mäkinen JJ, Malinen AM, Virta P, Metsä-Ketelä M, Belogurov GA. Oxazinomycin arrests RNA polymerase at the polythymidine sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:10296-10312. [PMID: 31495891 PMCID: PMC6821320 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxazinomycin is a C-nucleoside antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus and closely resembles uridine. Here, we show that the oxazinomycin triphosphate is a good substrate for bacterial and eukaryotic RNA polymerases (RNAPs) and that a single incorporated oxazinomycin is rapidly extended by the next nucleotide. However, the incorporation of several successive oxazinomycins or a single oxazinomycin in a certain sequence context arrested a fraction of the transcribing RNAP. The addition of Gre RNA cleavage factors eliminated the transcriptional arrest at a single oxazinomycin and shortened the nascent RNAs arrested at the polythymidine sequences suggesting that the transcriptional arrest was caused by backtracking of RNAP along the DNA template. We further demonstrate that the ubiquitous C-nucleoside pseudouridine is also a good substrate for RNA polymerases in a triphosphorylated form but does not inhibit transcription of the polythymidine sequences. Our results collectively suggest that oxazinomycin functions as a Trojan horse substrate and its inhibitory effect is attributable to the oxygen atom in the position corresponding to carbon five of the uracil ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit K Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Petja Rosenqvist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Palmu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Janne J Mäkinen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Anssi M Malinen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Metsä-Ketelä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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31
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Human Deoxycytidine Kinase Is a Valuable Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Nucleotide Analogues. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9120997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural ribonucleoside-5’-monophosphates are building blocks for nucleic acids which are used for a number of purposes, including food additives. Their analogues, additionally, are used in pharmaceutical applications. Fludarabine-5´-monophosphate, for example, is effective in treating hematological malignancies. To date, ribonucleoside-5’-monophosphates are mainly produced by chemical synthesis, but the inherent drawbacks of this approach have led to the development of enzymatic synthesis routes. In this study, we evaluated the potential of human deoxycytidine kinase (HsdCK) as suitable biocatalyst for the synthesis of natural and modified ribonucleoside-5’-monophosphates from their corresponding nucleosides. Human dCK was heterologously expressed in E. coli and immobilized onto Nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) superflow. A screening of the substrate spectrum of soluble and immobilized biocatalyst revealed that HsdCK accepts a wide range of natural and modified nucleosides, except for thymidine and uridine derivatives. Upon optimization of the reaction conditions, HsdCK was used for the synthesis of fludarabine-5´-monophosphate using increasing substrate concentrations. While the soluble biocatalyst revealed highest product formation with the lowest substrate concentration of 0.3 mM, the product yield increased with increasing substrate concentrations in the presence of the immobilized HsdCK. Hence, the application of immobilized HsdCK is advantageous upon using high substrate concentration which is relevant in industrial applications.
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32
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Ferey J, Da Silva D, Colas C, Lafite P, Topalis D, Roy V, Agrofoglio LA, Daniellou R, Maunit B. Monitoring of phosphorylation using immobilized kinases by on-line enzyme bioreactors hyphenated with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 205:120120. [PMID: 31450426 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides analogues are the cornerstone of the treatment of several human diseases. They are especially at the forefront of antiviral therapy. Their therapeutic efficiency depends on their capacity to be converted to the active nucleoside triphosphate form through successive phosphorylation steps catalyzed by nucleoside/nucleotide kinases. In this context, it is mandatory to develop a rapid, reliable and sensitive enzyme activity test to evaluate their metabolic pathways. In this study, we report a proof of concept to directly monitor on-line nucleotide multiple phosphorylation. The methodology was developed by on-line enzyme bioreactors hyphenated with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry detection. Human Thymidylate Kinase (hTMPK) and human Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (hNDPK) were covalently immobilized on functionalized silica beads, and packed into micro-bioreactors (40 μL). By continuous infusion of substrate into the bioreactors, the conversion of thymidine monophosphate (dTMP) into its di- (dTDP) and tri-phosphorylated (dTTP) forms was visualized by monitoring their Extracted Ion Chromatogram (EIC) of their [M - H]- ions. Both bioreactors were found to be robust and durable over 60 days (storage at 4 °C in ammonium acetate buffer), after 20 uses and more than 750 min of reaction, making them suitable for routine analysis. Each on-line conversion step was shown rapid (<5 min), efficient (conversion efficiency > 55%), precise and repeatable (CV < 3% for run-to-run analysis). The feasibility of the on-line multi-step conversion from dTMP to dTTP was also proved. In the context of selective antiviral therapy, this proof of concept was then applied to the monitoring of specificity of conversion of two synthesized Acyclic Nucleosides Phosphonates (ANPs), regarding human Thymidylate Kinase (hTMPK) and vaccina virus Thymidylate Kinase (vvTMPK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Ferey
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France.
| | - David Da Silva
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | - Cyril Colas
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France; CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, Univ-Orléans, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Pierre Lafite
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | - Dimitrios Topalis
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 1043, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Roy
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | | | | | - Benoît Maunit
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
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33
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Pedro L, Cross M, Hofmann A, Mak T, Quinn RJ. Development of an HPLC-based guanosine monophosphate kinase assay and application to Plasmodium vivax guanylate kinase. Anal Biochem 2019; 575:63-69. [PMID: 30943378 PMCID: PMC6494078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based method, for guanosine monophosphate kinase activity assays, is presented. The method uses the intrinsic UV absorption (at 260 nm) of substrates and products of the enzymatic reaction (GMP, ATP, ADP and GDP) to unambiguously determine percent conversion of substrate into product. It uses a commercially available C18 column which can separate reaction samples by elution under isocratic conditions in 12 min per run. The kinetics of the forward reaction catalyzed by Plasmodium vivax guanylate kinase (PvGK), a potential drug target against malaria, was determined. The relative concentrations of the two substrates (GMP and ATP) have a distinct effect on reaction velocity. Kinetic analyses showed the PvGK-catalyzed reaction to be associated with atypical kinetics, where substrate inhibition kinetics and non-Michaelis-Menten (sigmoidal) kinetics were found with respect to GMP and ATP, respectively. Additionally, the method was used in inhibition assays to screen twenty fragment-like compounds. The assays were robust and reproducible, with a signal window of 3.8 and a Z’ factor of 0.6. For the best inhibitor, an IC50 curve was generated. Simple HPLC separation of nucleotides involved in the guanylate kinase reaction. Direct and unambiguous determination of percent conversion of substrate into product. Successful application to Plasmodium vivax guanylate kinase (PvGK) activity studies. Reaction catalyzed by PvGK found to be associated with atypical kinetics. Robust and reproducible inhibition assay for compound screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Pedro
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megan Cross
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tin Mak
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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34
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Khan N, Shah PP, Ban D, Trigo-Mouriño P, Carneiro MG, DeLeeuw L, Dean WL, Trent JO, Beverly LJ, Konrad M, Lee D, Sabo TM. Solution structure and functional investigation of human guanylate kinase reveals allosteric networking and a crucial role for the enzyme in cancer. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11920-11933. [PMID: 31201273 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human guanylate kinase (hGMPK) is the only known enzyme responsible for cellular GDP production, making it essential for cellular viability and proliferation. Moreover, hGMPK has been assigned a critical role in metabolic activation of antiviral and antineoplastic nucleoside-analog prodrugs. Given that hGMPK is indispensable for producing the nucleotide building blocks of DNA, RNA, and cGMP and that cancer cells possess elevated GTP levels, it is surprising that a detailed structural and functional characterization of hGMPK is lacking. Here, we present the first high-resolution structure of hGMPK in the apo form, determined with NMR spectroscopy. The structure revealed that hGMPK consists of three distinct regions designated as the LID, GMP-binding (GMP-BD), and CORE domains and is in an open configuration that is nucleotide binding-competent. We also demonstrate that nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants (nsSNVs) of the hGMPK CORE domain distant from the nucleotide-binding site of this domain modulate enzymatic activity without significantly affecting hGMPK's structure. Finally, we show that knocking down the hGMPK gene in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines decreases cellular viability, proliferation, and clonogenic potential while not altering the proliferation of immortalized, noncancerous human peripheral airway cells. Taken together, our results provide an important step toward establishing hGMPK as a potential biomolecular target, from both an orthosteric (ligand-binding sites) and allosteric (location of CORE domain-located nsSNVs) standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazimuddin Khan
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Parag P Shah
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - David Ban
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Pablo Trigo-Mouriño
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marta G Carneiro
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lynn DeLeeuw
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - William L Dean
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - John O Trent
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Levi J Beverly
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Manfred Konrad
- Enzyme Biochemistry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Donghan Lee
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - T Michael Sabo
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
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35
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Rabelo VWH, Romeiro NC, Paixão ICNDP, Abreu PA. Mechanism of resistance to acyclovir in thymidine kinase mutants from Herpes simplex virus type 1: a computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2116-2127. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1625443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Nelilma Correia Romeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Computação Científica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Campus Macaé, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
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36
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Comparative study of inorganic, boron-rich cluster and organic, phenyl adenosine modifications: synthesis and properties. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1267-1284. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nucleoside analogs are important class of chemotherapeutics. One of the original openings in the nucleoside medicinal chemistry was derivatives comprising a boron cluster component. Results: A series of adenosine derivative pairs containing inorganic boron cluster or alternatively its mimic, organic phenyl modification were synthesized and their physicochemical and biological properties compared. Marked effects of boron clusters, which are qualitatively and quantitatively different from the phenyl group effects, were detected. The studied characteristics include syn/ anti conformation, lipophilicity, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, as well as phosphorylation by adenosine kinase. Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrate usefulness of the boron clusters for tuning properties of biomolecules and prove their potential as modifying units in design of future therapeutics based on nucleoside structures.
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37
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Xie Y, Wu L, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Alpha-Herpesvirus Thymidine Kinase Genes Mediate Viral Virulence and Are Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:941. [PMID: 31134006 PMCID: PMC6517553 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-herpesvirus thymidine kinase (TK) genes are virulence-related genes and are nonessential for viral replication; they are often preferred target genes for the construction of gene-deleted attenuated vaccines and genetically engineered vectors for inserting and expressing foreign genes. The enzymes encoded by TK genes are key kinases in the nucleoside salvage pathway and have significant substrate diversity, especially the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) TK enzyme, which phosphorylates four nucleosides and various nucleoside analogues. Hence, the HSV-1 TK gene is exploited for the treatment of viral infections, as a suicide gene in antitumor therapy, and even for the regulation of stem cell transplantation and treatment of parasitic infection. This review introduces the effects of α-herpesvirus TK genes on viral virulence and infection in the host and classifies and summarizes the current main application domains and potential uses of these genes. In particular, mechanisms of action, clinical limitations, and antiviral and antitumor therapy development strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - XinXin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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38
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Ferey J, Da Silva D, Colas C, Nehmé R, Lafite P, Roy V, Morin P, Daniellou R, Agrofoglio L, Maunit B. Monitoring of successive phosphorylations of thymidine using free and immobilized human nucleoside/nucleotide kinases by Flow Injection Analysis with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1049:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease characterized by uncontrolled and aggressive cell growth. Suicide gene therapy (SGT) facilitating induction of malignancy-specific cell death represents a novel therapeutic approach to treat cancer, which has been investigated in several cancer types with very promising results. In addition, SGT has been suggested as a safeguard in adoptive immunotherapy and regenerative-medicine settings. Generally, SGT consists of two steps-vector-mediated delivery of suicide genes into tumors and subsequent activation of the suicide mechanism, e.g., by administration of a specific prodrug. This chapter provides a framework of protocols for basic and translational research using the Herpes-simplex-virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK)/ganciclovir (GCV) system, the most widely used suicide gene approach. The protocols provide standard guidelines for the preparation of high-titer third-generation lentiviral vectors encoding a genetically improved HSV-TK version known as TK.007 and its application in in vitro and in vivo treatment setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubayer A Hossain
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,KG Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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40
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Blindauer CA, Griesser R, Holý A, Operschall BP, Sigel A, Song B, Sigel H. Intramolecular π-stacks in mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes formed by heteroaromatic amines and antivirally active acyclic nucleotide analogs carrying a hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl residue ‡. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1490019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A. Blindauer
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rolf Griesser
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonín Holý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre of Novel Antivirals and Antineoplastics, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bert P. Operschall
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Sigel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helmut Sigel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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41
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Xiao J, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhao Q, Liu X, Zhang G, Zhao Z, Ning Y, Wang K, Tan Y, Du B. Synergistic effect of resveratrol and HSV-TK/GCV therapy on murine hepatoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:183-191. [PMID: 30257140 PMCID: PMC6343688 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1523094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its low transfer efficiency, suicide gene therapy with HSV-TK is known for its bystander killing effect. The connexin-based gap junction is believed to mediate the bystander effect. Recently, we found that resveratrol, a polyphenol compound, increased the expression of Cx26 and Cx43, which are connexins and important constituents of gap junctions, in murine hepatoma cells. Hypothetically, the resveratrol-induced upregulation of gap junctions may improve the bystander effect that HSV-TK/GCV has on hepatoma cells. Our present investigation revealed that resveratrol could enhance intercellular communication at the gap junctions in CBRH7919 hepatoma cells and thereby enhance the bystander killing effect of GCV on CBRH7919TK cells. However, inhibition of gap junction using its long-term inhibitor alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid had a negative influence on the bystander effect of gene therapy with HSV-TK/GCV. In addition, combined resveratrol and GCV treatment in tumor-bearing mice with CBRH7919TK and CBRH7919WT cells at a ratio of 2:3 resulted in a significant decrease in the volume and weight of the tumor in comparison to GCV or only resveratrol. The present results demonstrate that resveratrol can enhance the bystander effect exerted by the HSV-TK/GCV system by enhancing connexin-mediated gap junctional communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Xiao
- a Department of Biochemistry , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China.,b Research Center for Integrative Medicine , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yingya Wu
- a Department of Biochemistry , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qing Zhao
- a Department of Biochemistry , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- a Department of Biochemistry , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zengqiang Zhao
- a Department of Biochemistry , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yizhen Ning
- a Department of Biochemistry , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kun Wang
- c Department of Pathology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yuhui Tan
- a Department of Biochemistry , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Biaoyan Du
- c Department of Pathology , Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
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42
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Zawada Z, Tatar A, Mocilac P, Buděšínský M, Kraus T. Transport of Nucleoside Triphosphates into Cells by Artificial Molecular Transporters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Zawada
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ameneh Tatar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Pavle Mocilac
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kraus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Praha 6 Czech Republic
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Zawada Z, Tatar A, Mocilac P, Buděšínský M, Kraus T. Transport of Nucleoside Triphosphates into Cells by Artificial Molecular Transporters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9891-9895. [PMID: 29578619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) are widely exploited as unnatural metabolites in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. Because anionic NTPs do not permeate cell membranes, their corresponding neutral precursors are employed in cell-based assays. These precursors become active metabolites after enzymatic conversion, which often proceeds insufficiently. Here we show that metabolically-active NTPs can be directly transported into eukaryotic cells and bacteria by the action of designed synthetic nucleoside triphosphate transporters (SNTTs). The transporter is composed of a receptor, which forms a non-covalent complex with a triphosphate anion, and a cell-penetrating agent, which translocates the complex across the plasma membrane. NTP is then released from the complex in the intracellular milieu and accumulates in nuclei and nucleoli in high concentration. The transport of NTPs proceeds rapidly (seconds to minutes) and selectively even in the presence of other organic anions. We demonstrate that this operationally simple and efficient means of transport of fluorescently labelled NTPs into cells can be used for metabolic labeling of DNA in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Zawada
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ameneh Tatar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavle Mocilac
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kraus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
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44
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Pasquier A, Alais S, Roux L, Thoulouze MI, Alvarez K, Journo C, Dutartre H, Mahieux R. How to Control HTLV-1-Associated Diseases: Preventing de Novo Cellular Infection Using Antiviral Therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:278. [PMID: 29593659 PMCID: PMC5859376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five to ten million individuals are infected by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is transmitted through prolonged breast-feeding, by sexual contacts and by transmission of infected T lymphocytes through blood transfusion. One to ten percent of infected carriers will develop a severe HTLV-1-associated disease: Adult-T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), or a neurological disorder named Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM). In vivo, HTLV-1 is mostly detected in CD4+ T-cells, and to a lesser extent in CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells. There is a strong correlation between HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) and clinical status of infected individuals. Thus, reducing PVL could be part of a strategy to prevent or treat HTLV-1-associated diseases among carriers. Treatment of ATLL patients using conventional chemotherapy has very limited benefit. Some chronic and acute ATLL patients are, however, efficiently treated with a combination of interferon α and zidovudine (IFN-α/AZT), to which arsenic trioxide is added in some cases. On the other hand, no efficient treatment for TSP/HAM patients has been described yet. It is therefore crucial to develop therapies that could either prevent the occurrence of HTLV-1-associated diseases or at least block the evolution of the disease in the early stages. In vivo, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity is low in infected cells, which is correlated with a clonal mode of viral replication. This renders infected cells resistant to nucleoside RT inhibitors such as AZT. However, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) associated to AZT efficiently induces viral expression and prevent de novo cellular infection. In asymptomatic STLV-1 infected non-human primates, HDACi/AZT combination allows a strong decrease in the PVL. Unfortunately, rebound in the PVL occurs when the treatment is stopped, highlighting the need for better antiviral compounds. Here, we review previously used strategies targeting HTLV-1 replication. We also tested a series of HIV-1 RT inhibitors in an in vitro anti-HTLV-1 screen, and report that bis-POM-PMEA (adefovir dipivoxil) and bis-POC-PMPA (tenofovir disoproxil) are much more efficient compared to AZT to decrease HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission in vitro. Our results suggest that revisiting already established antiviral drugs is an interesting approach to discover new anti-HTLV-1 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Pasquier
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Loic Roux
- CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Thoulouze
- "Biofilm and Viral Transmission" Team, Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Karine Alvarez
- CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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45
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Blindauer CA, Sigel A, Operschall BP, Holý A, Sigel H. Metal-ion binding properties of (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (HPMPC, Cidofovir). A nucleotide analogue with activity against DNA viruses. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Singh US, Mulamoottil VA, Chu CK. 2′-Fluoro-6′-methylene carbocyclic adenosine and its phosphoramidate prodrug: A novel anti-HBV agent, active against drug-resistant HBV mutants. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:977-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uma S. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | | | - Chung K. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
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47
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Topalis D, Gillemot S, Snoeck R, Andrei G. Thymidine kinase and protein kinase in drug-resistant herpesviruses: Heads of a Lernaean Hydra. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 37:1-16. [PMID: 29548479 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses thymidine kinase (TK) and protein kinase (PK) allow the activation of nucleoside analogues used in anti-herpesvirus treatments. Mutations emerging in these two genes often lead to emergence of drug-resistant strains responsible for life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised populations. In this review, we analyze the binding of different nucleoside analogues to the TK active site of the three α-herpesviruses [Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)] and present the impact of known mutations on the structure of the viral TKs. Furthermore, models of β-herpesviruses [Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)] PKs allow to link amino acid changes with resistance to ganciclovir and/or maribavir, an investigational chemotherapeutic used in patients with multidrug-resistant HCMV. Finally, we set the basis for the understanding of drug-resistance in γ-herpesviruses [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV)] TK and PK through the use of animal surrogate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Topalis
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Gillemot
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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48
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49
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Maize KM, Shah R, Strom A, Kumarapperuma S, Zhou A, Wagner CR, Finzel BC. A Crystal Structure Based Guide to the Design of Human Histidine Triad Nucleotide Binding Protein 1 (hHint1) Activated ProTides. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3987-3997. [PMID: 28968488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide analogues that incorporate a metabolically labile nucleoside phosphoramidate (a ProTide) have found utility as prodrugs. In humans, ProTides can be cleaved by human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (hHint1) to expose the nucleotide monophosphate. Activation by this route circumvents highly selective nucleoside kinases that limit the use of nucleosides as prodrugs. To better understand the diversity of potential substrates of hHint1, we created and studied a series of phosphoramidate nucleosides. Using a combination of enzyme kinetics, X-ray crystallography, and isothermal titration calorimetry with both wild-type and inactive mutant enzymes, we have been able to explore the energetics of substrate binding and establish a structural basis for catalytic efficiency. Diverse nucleobases are well tolerated, but portions of the ribose are needed to position substrates for catalysis. Beneficial characteristics of the amine leaving group are also revealed. Structural principles revealed by these results may be exploited to tune the rate of substrate hydrolysis to strategically alter the intracellular release of the product nucleoside monophosphate from the ProTide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Maize
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rachit Shah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alex Strom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sidath Kumarapperuma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andrew Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carston R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Barry C Finzel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Abstract
Studies of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-emtricitabine (FTC)-based preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have not focused on transgendered women who are at disproportionate risk of HIV acquisition. Concerns exist for drug interactions between cross-sex therapy (estradiol, progestins, and spironolactone) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine. This review assessed the experimental and theoretical risk for such drug interactions. It was found that none of these medications are implicated as major perpetrators of drug interactions, and the classes use different metabolic pathways for clearance, suggesting a low likelihood for interactions in either direction. Subanalyses of transgender women in Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiative suggested PrEP efficacy if adherence was high. Nevertheless, several research gaps were identified, particularly the need for controlled interaction studies in transgendered women, including effects on renal clearance, intracellular tenofovir diphosphate and emtricitabine triphosphate in target cells, as well as hormone effects on HIV susceptibility and immunity. PrEP should continue to be offered to transgender women while additional research is planned or pending.
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