1
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da Silva JWV, Duarte ML, Ribeiro JI, Kishishita J, Souza ATM, Leal LB, de Castro WV, de Santana DP, Bedor DCG. Development and validation of a stability-indicating method, structural elucidation of new degradation products from misoprostol by LC-MS time-of-flight, and an ex vivo study of vaginal permeation. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5897. [PMID: 38812255 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Misoprostol (MSP) is commonly prescribed in obstetrics and gynecology clinical practice for labor induction, cervical ripening, first-trimester pregnancy termination, and the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Furthermore, there is a lack of comprehensive discussion evaluating how different commercially available formulations influence the overall efficacy of MSP, even though reports indicate issues with the quality of these formulations, particularly regarding stability and vaginal absorption processes. This study investigates the stability of MSP under acidic conditions and its in vitro permeation using swine vaginal mucosa. A forced degradation study was conducted using 0.2 M HCl, and a high-efficiency LC method was developed. Three degradation products were identified and characterized using electrospray ionization-high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight-MS, with respective m/z values of 391.2508, 405.2705, and 387.2259, respectively. These results suggest that the degradation mechanism involves dehydration of the β-hydroxy ketone moiety, followed by isomerization to its most resonance-stable form and de-esterification. Finally, the in vitro permeation study revealed that the esterified form of MSP was unable to permeate the mucosa and required prior degradation for any component to be detected in the receptor fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maira Ludna Duarte
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - José Izak Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Quality Control of Medicines and Related Products (NCQMC), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Juliana Kishishita
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Asley Thalia Medeiros Souza
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Leila Bastos Leal
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Whocely Victor de Castro
- Graduate Program Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David Pereira de Santana
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Danilo César Galindo Bedor
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development Center (NUDFAC), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
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2
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Tiboni M, Cespi M, Casettari L, Palmieri GF, Perinelli DR, Bonacucina G. Hydrogel containing mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles for the vaginal delivery of saquinavir mesylate against HIV infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 191:106599. [PMID: 37774955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Saquinavir mesylate (SQV) is a protease inhibitor commonly employed for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. It is generally administered orally as tablets in combination with other antiviral drugs. Another promising route of administration can be represented by the vaginal one through topically applied formulations. This delivery can reduce the first-pass effect in the case of systemic drug adsorption or prevent HIV infection. We propose the formulation of a Carbopol® 974 (C974) hydrogel containing biodegradable mPEG-PL(L)GA nanoparticles (NPs) for the vaginal delivery of SQV, intended both as a prevention and a therapeutic strategy. mPEG-PL(L)GA NPs were incorporated into the C974 polymeric matrix, leading to a reduction of the hydrogel consistency dependent on NPs and C974 concentrations. Despite the moderate drug loading into NPs, the presence of the NPs had an impact on the in vitro release of the drug from the hydrogel at pH 5.5 using immersion cells. A higher amount of the drug was released, probably due to the effect of NPs in promoting the incorporation of the drug into the hydrogel at a high SQV dose. These findings can be useful for the development of topically applied hydrogels for SQV delivery, possibly having improved in vivo therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Tiboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Marco Cespi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Giovanni Filippo Palmieri
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Diego Romano Perinelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
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3
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Mast MP, Mesquita L, Gan K, Gelperina S, das Neves J, Wacker MG. Encapsulation and release of hydrocortisone from proliposomes govern vaginal delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1022-1034. [PMID: 36585558 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Topical preparations of hydrocortisone can be used for the anti-inflammatory treatment of the female genital area. Although the drug is a low-strength corticosteroid, systemic absorption and distribution of the drug are the most common safety risks associated with this therapy. In the current investigation, we elucidate the physicochemical properties of lipid-based drug carrier systems that govern the local bioavailability of hydrocortisone for intravaginal administration. For this purpose, we compared various proliposome formulations with a commercial cream. Depending on the availability of physiological acceptors, encapsulation and drug release from the lipid phase were found to be the most important drivers of drug bioavailability. The high permeability of hydrocortisone leads to rapid transport of the drug across the mucosal cell layer as indicated by experiments using HEC-1-A and CaSki cell monolayer models. Under sink conditions, differences in the release from the liposomes as determined in the Dispersion Releaser were almost negligible. However, under non-sink conditions, the drug release plateaued at levels corresponding to the encapsulation efficiency. After redispersion, all liposomal formulations performed better than the commercial drug product indicating that the encapsulation into the lipid phase is the main driver sustaining the release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Phillip Mast
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Goethe University, Max-Von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Letícia Mesquita
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kennard Gan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117544, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Svetlana Gelperina
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
| | - José das Neves
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- IUCS-Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117544, Singapore, Singapore.
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Szymańska E, Wojasiński M, Dąbrowska J, Krzyżowska M, Nowicka M, Ciach T, Winnicka K. Chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibrous mat as a vaginal platform for tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate - The effect of vaginal pH on drug carrier performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:856-867. [PMID: 36174868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a solution blow spun nanofibrous mat comprised of chitosan (CS) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was obtained as vaginal platform for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to prevent sexually transmitted infections. Apart from physicochemical and mechanical analysis, the specific steps involved studies on nanofibrous mat mucoadhesive and swelling characteristics upon pH fluctuations over the physiological range. Physicochemical analysis showed uniform drug distribution within the CS/PEO mat volume and pointed toward physical interactions between the drug and polymers. TDF-loaded CS/PEO nanofibrous mat was shown potentially safe when evaluated by the MTT metabolic activity and JC-1 assays in human vaginal epithelial cells VK2-E6/E7. In vitro antiviral studies indicated inhibition efficacy of TDF-CS/PEO nanofibrous mat toward HSV-2 virus and proved the SBS process does not change the microbicidal activity of drug molecule. Fluctuations in the physiological vaginal pH range of 3.8 to 5.0 substantially affected mucoadhesive and swelling behavior of chitosan which in turn impacted drug dissolution rate from polymer carrier. The rate of permeation and accumulation of TDF in vaginal tissue differed in response to vaginal pH. Faster drug permeation assessed at pH 5.0 suggests that an increase in vaginal pH could improve TDF bioavailability at earlier time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Szymańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Michał Wojasiński
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Dąbrowska
- Adamed Pharma S.A., Preformulation Department R&D, Pieńków 149, 05-152 Czosnów, Poland.
| | | | - Magdalena Nowicka
- Clinic of Surgery and Aesthetic Medicine Noviline, Fabryczna 4, 15-483 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies (CEZAMAT), Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Białystok, Poland.
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5
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Carserides C, Smith K, Zinicola M, Kumar A, Swedrowska M, Scala C, Cameron G, Riches Z, Iannelli F, Pozzi G, Hold GL, Forbes B, Kelly C, Hijazi K. Comprehensive Study of Antiretroviral Drug Permeability at the Cervicovaginal Mucosa via an In Vitro Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091938. [PMID: 36145684 PMCID: PMC9504208 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of drug transporter activity at mucosal sites of HIV-1 transmission may be exploited to optimize retention of therapeutic antiretroviral drug concentrations at target submucosal CD4+ T cells. Previously, we showed that darunavir was a substrate for the P-glycoprotein efflux drug transporter in colorectal mucosa. Equivalent studies in the cervicovaginal epithelium have not been reported. Here, we describe the development of a physiologically relevant model to investigate the permeability of antiretroviral drugs across the vaginal epithelium. Barrier properties of the HEC-1A human endometrial epithelial cell line were determined, in a dual chamber model, by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance, immunofluorescent staining of tight junctions and bi-directional paracellular permeability of mannitol. We then applied this model to investigate the permeability of tenofovir, darunavir and dapivirine. Efflux ratios indicated that the permeability of each drug was transporter-independent in this model. Reduction of pH to physiological levels in the apical compartment increased absorptive transfer of darunavir, an effect that was reversed by inhibition of MRP efflux transport via MK571. Thus, low pH may increase the transfer of darunavir across the epithelial barrier via increased MRP transporter activity. In a previous in vivo study in the macaque model, we demonstrated increased MRP2 expression following intravaginal stimulation with darunavir which may further increase drug uptake. Stimulation with inflammatory modulators had no effect on drug permeability across HEC-1A barrier epithelium but, in the VK2/E6E7 vaginal cell line, increased expression of both efflux and uptake drug transporters which may influence darunavir disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constandinos Carserides
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Kieron Smith
- School of Medicine Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
| | - Marta Zinicola
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Magda Swedrowska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Carlo Scala
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gary Cameron
- School of Medicine Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
| | - Zoe Riches
- School of Medicine Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
| | - Francesco Iannelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Georgina L. Hold
- School of Medicine Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
| | - Ben Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Charles Kelly
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Karolin Hijazi
- School of Medicine Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1224-555153
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6
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Francese R, Cecone C, Costantino M, Hoti G, Bracco P, Lembo D, Trotta F. Identification of a βCD-Based Hyper-Branched Negatively Charged Polymer as HSV-2 and RSV Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158701. [PMID: 35955832 PMCID: PMC9369026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives were demonstrated to improve the antiviral potency of numerous drugs, but also to be endowed with intrinsic antiviral action. They are suitable building blocks for the synthesis of functionalized polymer structures with potential antiviral activity. Accordingly, four water-soluble hyper-branched beta cyclodextrin (βCD)-based anionic polymers were screened against herpes simplex virus (HSV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rotavirus (HRoV), and influenza virus (FluVA). They were characterized by FTIR-ATR, TGA, elemental analyses, zeta-potential measurements, and potentiometric titrations, while the antiviral activity was investigated with specific in vitro assays. The polymer with the highest negative charge, pyromellitic dianhydride-linked polymer (P_PMDA), showed significant antiviral action against RSV and HSV-2, by inactivating RSV free particles and by altering HSV-2 binding to the cell. The polymer fraction with the highest molecular weight showed the strongest antiviral activity and both P_PMDA and its active fractions were not toxic for cells. Our results suggest that the polymer virucidal activity against RSV can be exploited to produce new antiviral materials to counteract the virus dissemination through the air or direct contact. Additionally, the strong HSV-2 binding inhibition along with the water solubility of P_PMDA and the acyclovir complexation potential of βCD are attractive features for developing new therapeutic topical options against genital HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Cecone
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Costantino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Gjylije Hoti
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Pierangiola Bracco
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (F.T.)
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7
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Jicsinszky L, Martina K, Cravotto G. Cyclodextrins in the antiviral therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 64:102589. [PMID: 34035845 PMCID: PMC8135197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The main antiviral drug-cyclodextrin interactions, changes in physicochemical and physiological properties of the most commonly used virucides are summarized. The potential complexation of antiviral molecules against the SARS-Cov2 also pointed out the lack of detailed information in designing effective and general medicines against viral infections. The principal problem of the current molecules is the 3D structures of the currently active compounds. Improving the solubility or bioavailability of antiviral molecules is possible, however, there is no universal solution, and the complexation experiments dominantly use the already approved cyclodextrin derivatives. This review discusses the basic properties of the different cyclodextrin derivatives, their potential in antiviral formulations, and the prevention and treatment of viral infections. The biologically active new cyclodextrin derivatives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Jicsinszky
- Dept. of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Martina
- Dept. of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dept. of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
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8
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Clotrimazole-loaded N-(2-hydroxy)-propyl-3-trimethylammonium, O-palmitoyl chitosan nanoparticles for topical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:312-321. [PMID: 33639312 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) represents a considerable health burden for women. Despite the availability of a significant array of antifungal drugs and topical products, the management of the infection is not always effective, and new approaches are needed. Here, we explored cationic N-(2-hydroxy)-propyl-3-trimethylammonium, O-palmitoyl chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers of clotrimazole (CLT) for the topical treatment of VVC. CLT-NPs with approximately 280 nm in diameter were obtained by self-assembly in water and subsequent stabilization by ionic crosslinking with tripolyphosphate. The nanosystem featured pH-independent sustained drug release up to 24 h, which affected both in vitro anti-Candida activity and cytotoxicity. The CLT-loaded nanostructured platform yielded favorable selectivity index values for a panel of standard strains and clinical isolates of Candida spp. and female genital tract cell lines (HEC-1-A, Ca Ski and HeLa), as compared to the free drug. CLT-NPs also improved in vitro drug permeability across HEC-1-A and Ca Ski cell monolayers, thus suggesting that the nanocarrier may provide higher mucosal tissue levels of the active compound. Overall, data support that CLT-NPs may be a valuable asset for the topical treatment of VVC. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Topical azoles such as clotrimazole (CLT) are first line antifungal drugs for the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), but their action may be limited by issues such as toxicity and poor capacity to penetrate the genital mucosa. Herein, we report on the ability of a new cationic N-(2‑hydroxy)-propyl-3-trimethylammonium, O-dipalmitoyl chitosan derivative (DPCat35) to yield tripolyphosphate-reinforced micelle-like nanostructures that are suitable carriers for CLT. In particular, these nanosystems were able to improve the in vitro selectivity index of the drug and to provide enhanced epithelial drug permeability when tested in cell monolayer models. These data support that CLT-loaded DPCat35 nanoparticles feature favorable properties for the development of new nanomedicines for the topical management of VVC.
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Vartak R, Patki M, Menon S, Jablonski J, Mediouni S, Fu Y, Valente ST, Billack B, Patel K. β-cyclodextrin polymer/Soluplus® encapsulated Ebselen ternary complex (EβpolySol) as a potential therapy for vaginal candidiasis and pre-exposure prophylactic for HIV. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Sánchez-López E, Paús A, Pérez-Pomeda I, Calpena A, Haro I, Gómara MJ. Lipid Vesicles Loaded with an HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor Peptide as a Potential Microbicide. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E502. [PMID: 32486415 PMCID: PMC7355883 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective use of fusion inhibitor peptides against cervical and colorectal infections requires the development of sustained release formulations. In this work we comparatively study two different formulations based on polymeric nanoparticles and lipid vesicles to propose a suitable delivery nanosystem for releasing an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide in vaginal mucosa. Polymeric nanoparticles of poly-d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and lipid large unilamellar vesicles loaded with the inhibitor peptide were prepared. Both formulations showed average sizes and polydispersity index values corresponding to monodisperse systems appropriate for vaginal permeation. High entrapment efficiency of the inhibitor peptide was achieved in lipid vesicles, which was probably due to the peptide's hydrophobic nature. In addition, both nanocarriers remained stable after two weeks stored at 4 °C. While PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) did not show any delay in peptide release, lipid vesicles demonstrated favorably prolonged release of the peptide. Lipid vesicles were shown to improve the retention of the peptide on ex vivo vaginal tissue in a concentration sufficient to exert its pharmacological effect. Thus, the small size of lipid vesicles, their lipid-based composition as well as their ability to enhance peptide penetration on vaginal tissue led us to consider this formulation as a better nanosystem than polymeric nanoparticles for the sustained delivery of the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide in vaginal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Paús
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Pomeda
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Ana Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - María José Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
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11
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Bücker R, Schaefer C, Gruber AD, Hoppe J, Lazzerini L, Barinoff J, Sehouli J, Cichon G. Establishment of a Mucin Secreting Cell Line Cx-03 from an Uterine Carcino Sarcoma. Pharm Res 2018; 36:7. [PMID: 30411161 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The identification of novel cell lines which combine the most important properties of mucosal membranes in terms of drug absorption, transmembrane transport and mucus secretion can help to establish improved and meaningful test systems for pharmacological and infectiological studies. METHODS We have established a novel mucus secreting tumor cell line (Cx-03) derived from a female patient who underwent radical hysterectomy after diagnosis of a large malignant carcino sarcoma (Muellerian mixed tumor). Via xenotransplantation in SCID beige mice, recultivation and subcloning a stable cell line was established from primary tumor cells. RESULTS Human origin and novelty of the cell line was determined by karyotype analysis and STR fingerprint. During growth cells produce considerable amounts of a PAS positive viscoelastic mucus. Immunostaining revealed expression of mucins and the mucin modifier CLCA1. We demonstrate in initial electrophysiological experiments that confluent, polarized monolayers of Cx-03 are formed (on PCF-filter supports) that exhibit stable electrical resistance (> 600 Ω cm2). Confluent Cx-03 monolayers express barrier-forming tight junction proteins claudin-1 and -4 which co-localize with zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) at cell-cell contacts. CONCLUSIONS Mucus secretion is a rare property among mammalian cell lines. In combination with its ability to form polarized monolayers Cx-03 might contribute as a novel cell based model for drug absorption, transport and barrier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bücker
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Schaefer
- Department of Gynecology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Hoppe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Lazzerini
- Department of Gynecology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Barinoff
- Department of Gynecology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Sehouli
- Department of Gynecology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günter Cichon
- Department of Gynecology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Lechanteur A, das Neves J, Sarmento B. The role of mucus in cell-based models used to screen mucosal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:50-63. [PMID: 28751201 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest in developing tools to predict drug absorption through mucosal surfaces is fostering the establishment of epithelial cell-based models. Cell-based in vitro techniques for drug permeability assessment are less laborious, cheaper and address the concerns of using laboratory animals. Simultaneously, in vitro barrier models that thoroughly simulate human epithelia or mucosae may provide useful data to speed up the entrance of new drugs and new drug products into the clinics. Nevertheless, standard cell-based in vitro models that intend to reproduce epithelial surfaces often discard the role of mucus in influencing drug permeation/absorption. Biomimetic models of mucosae in which mucus production has been considered may not be able to fully reproduce the amount and architecture of mucus, resulting in biased characterization of permeability/absorption. In these cases, artificial mucus may be used to supplement cell-based models but still proper identification and quantification are required. In this review, considerations regarding the relevance of mucus in the development of cell-based epithelial and mucosal models mimicking the gastro-intestinal tract, the cervico-vaginal tract and the respiratory tract, and the impact of mucus on the permeability mechanisms are addressed. From simple epithelial monolayers to more complex 3D structures, the impact of the presence of mucus for the extrapolation to the in vivo scenario is critically analyzed. Finally, an overview is provided on several techniques and methods to characterize the mucus layer over cell-based barriers, in order to intimately reproduce human mucosal layer and thereby, improve in vitro/in vivo correlation.
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13
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Hu M, Zhou T, Dezzutti CS, Rohan LC. The Effect of Commonly Used Excipients on the Epithelial Integrity of Human Cervicovaginal Tissue. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 32:992-1004. [PMID: 27611224 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical excipients are widely used in vaginal drug products. The epithelial integrity of the cervicovaginal tissue is important for HIV-1 prevention. However, the effects of excipients on cervicovaginal epithelium remain unknown. This study aims at assessing the effects of vaginal product excipients on the integrity of human cervicovaginal epithelium and on a lead HIV prevention antiretroviral drug, tenofovir (TFV). In the current study, nine excipients commonly used in vaginal formulations were incubated for 6 h with excised human ectocervical tissue. The effects of the excipients were examined by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), epithelial morphology, paracellular/transcellular permeability, and cell viability. The efficacy of TFV for preventing HIV-1 infection in the ex vivo cultured ectocervix was also tested. We found that disodium ethyl-enediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), sorbic acid, and benzoic acid had no effect on the tissue TEER. Butylated hydroxyanisole, glycerin, propylene glycol, methylparaben, and propylparaben slightly to moderately decreased tissue TEER, whereas citric acid significantly decreased the TEER in a time-dependent manner. Tissue morphology observed post-exposure strongly correlated with TEER data; however, a less strong correlation was observed between paracellular permeability and TEER data after exposure to different excipients. In addition, treatment with EDTA, methylparaben, and propylene glycol at tested levels had no effect on the efficacy of TFV in preventing tissue HIV-1 infection. In conclusion, the combined measurements of TEER, morphology, permeability, and viability using human cervicovaginal tissue represent a clinically relevant platform for safety evaluation of excipients and formulated products for HIV-1 prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlu Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charlene S. Dezzutti
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa C. Rohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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14
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Musumeci G, Bon I, Lembo D, Cagno V, Re MC, Signoretto C, Diani E, Lopalco L, Pastori C, Martin L, Ponchel G, Gibellini D, Bouchemal K. M48U1 and Tenofovir combination synergistically inhibits HIV infection in activated PBMCs and human cervicovaginal histocultures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41018. [PMID: 28145455 PMCID: PMC5286506 DOI: 10.1038/srep41018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbicides are considered a promising strategy for preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) transmission and disease. In this report, we first analyzed the antiviral activity of the miniCD4 M48U1 peptide formulated in hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) hydrogel in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with R5- and X4–tropic HIV-1 strains. The results demonstrate that M48U1 prevented infection by several HIV-1 strains including laboratory strains, and HIV-1 subtype B and C strains isolated from the activated PBMCs of patients. M48U1 also inhibited infection by two HIV-1 transmitted/founder infectious molecular clones (pREJO.c/2864 and pTHRO.c/2626). In addition, M48U1 was administered in association with tenofovir, and these two antiretroviral drugs synergistically inhibited HIV-1 infection. In the next series of experiments, we tested M48U1 alone or in combination with tenofovir in HEC hydrogel with an organ-like structure mimicking human cervicovaginal tissue. We demonstrated a strong antiviral effect in absence of significant tissue toxicity. Together, these results indicate that co-treatment with M48U1 plus tenofovir is an effective antiviral strategy that may be used as a new topical microbicide to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Musumeci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostics and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Microbiology Section, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Bon
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostics and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Microbiology Section, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostics and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Microbiology Section, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Signoretto
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Loïc Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif sur Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Gilles Ponchel
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 5 rue J-B. Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Kawthar Bouchemal
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 5 rue J-B. Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
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15
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Halwes ME, Steinbach-Rankins JM, Frieboes HB. Pharmacokinetic modeling of a gel-delivered dapivirine microbicide in humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 93:410-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Nanoparticles-in-film for the combined vaginal delivery of anti-HIV microbicide drugs. J Control Release 2016; 243:43-53. [PMID: 27664327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Combining two or more antiretroviral drugs in one medical product is an interesting but challenging strategy for developing topical anti-HIV microbicides. We developed a new vaginal delivery system comprising the incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) into a polymeric film base - NPs-in-film - and tested its ability to deliver tenofovir (TFV) and efavirenz (EFV). EFV-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs were incorporated alongside free TFV into fast dissolving films during film manufacturing. The delivery system was characterized for physicochemical properties, as well as genital distribution, local and systemic 24h pharmacokinetics (PK), and safety upon intravaginal administration to mice. NPs-in-film presented suitable technological, mechanical and cytotoxicity features for vaginal use. Retention of NPs in vivo was enhanced both in vaginal lavages and tissue when associated to film. PK data evidenced that vaginal drug levels rapidly decreased after administration but NPs-in-film were still able to enhance drug concentrations of EFV. Obtained values for area-under-the-curve for EFV were around one log10 higher than those for the free drugs in aqueous vehicle (phosphate buffered saline). Film alone also contributed to higher and more prolonged local drug levels as compared to the administration of TFV and EFV in aqueous vehicle. Systemic exposure to both drugs was low. NPs-in-film was found to be safe upon once daily vaginal administration to mice, with no significant genital histological changes or major alterations in cytokine/chemokine profiles being observed. Overall, the proposed NPs-in-film system seems to be an interesting delivery platform for developing combination vaginal anti-HIV microbicides.
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17
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Studies and methodologies on vaginal drug permeation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 92:14-26. [PMID: 25689736 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vagina stands as an important alternative to the oral route for those systemic drugs that are poorly absorbed orally or are rapidly metabolized by the liver. Drug permeation through the vaginal tissue can be estimated by using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. The latter ones, although more realistic, assume ethical and biological limitations due to animal handling. Therefore, in vitro and ex vivo models have been developed to predict drug absorption through the vagina while allowing for simultaneous toxicity and pathogenesis studies. This review focuses on available methodologies to study vaginal drug permeation discussing their advantages and drawbacks. The technical complexity, costs and the ethical issues of an available model, along with its accuracy and reproducibility will determine if it is valid and applicable. Therefore every model shall be evaluated, validated and standardized in order to allow for extrapolations and results presumption, and so improving vaginal drug research and stressing its benefits.
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18
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Antimisiaris SG, Mourtas S. Recent advances on anti-HIV vaginal delivery systems development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 92:123-45. [PMID: 25858666 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A review of the recent outcomes regarding technologies to prevent vaginal transmission of HIV, mainly by using antiretroviral (ARV) drugs formulated as microbicides. An introduction about the HIV transmission mechanisms by the vaginal route is included, together with the recent challenges faced for development of successful microbicide products. The outcomes of clinical evaluations are mentioned, and the different formulation strategies studied to-date, with the requirements, advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each dosage-form type, are presented. Finally, the recent attempts to apply various types of nanotechnologies in order to develop advanced microbicide-products and overcome existing limitations, are discussed.
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19
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das Neves J, Sarmento B. Precise engineering of dapivirine-loaded nanoparticles for the development of anti-HIV vaginal microbicides. Acta Biomater 2015; 18:77-87. [PMID: 25700657 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to provide effective and safe delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the context of prophylactic anti-HIV vaginal microbicides. Dapivirine-loaded poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs were produced by an emulsion-solvent evaporation method, optimized for colloidal properties using a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken experimental design, and characterized for drug loading, production yield, morphology, thermal behavior, drug release, in vitro cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory potential. Also, drug permeability/membrane retention in well-established HEC-1-A and CaSki cell monolayer models as mediated by NPs was assessed in the absence or presence of mucin. Box-Behnken design allowed optimizing monodisperse 170nm drug-loaded NPs. Drug release experiments showed an initial burst effect up to 4h, followed by sustained 24h release at pH 4.2 and 7.4. NPs were readily taken up by different genital and macrophage cell lines as assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Drug-loaded NPs presented lower or at least similar cytotoxicity as compared to the free drug, with up to around one-log increase in half-maximal cytotoxic concentration values. In all cases, no relevant changes in cell pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production were observed. Dapivirine transport across cell monolayers was significantly decreased when mucin was present at the donor side with either NPs or the free drug, thus evidencing the influence of this natural glycoprotein in membrane permeability. Moreover, drug retention in cell monolayers was significantly higher for NPs in comparison with the free drug. Overall, obtained dapivirine-loaded PLGA NPs possess interesting technological and biological features that may contribute to their use as novel safe and effective vaginal microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- José das Neves
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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20
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Grammen C, Baes M, Haenen S, Verguts J, Augustyns K, Zydowsky T, La Colla P, Augustijns P, Brouwers J. Vaginal Expression of Efflux Transporters and the Potential Impact on the Disposition of Microbicides in Vitro and in Rabbits. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4405-14. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Grammen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell
Metabolism, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Haenen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper Verguts
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Zydowsky
- The Population Council, New York, New York 10017, United States
| | - Paolo La Colla
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Grammen C, Plum J, Van Den Brande J, Darville N, Augustyns K, Augustijns P, Brouwers J. The Use of Supersaturation for the Vaginal Application of Microbicides: A Case Study with Dapivirine. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3696-3703. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Agrahari V, Putty S, Mathes C, Murowchick JB, Youan BBC. Evaluation of degradation kinetics and physicochemical stability of tenofovir. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:207-13. [PMID: 24817173 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) has been proven to prevent the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) through the vagina. But, there is little information available about its stability under various storage and stress conditions. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the degradation behavior and physicochemical stability of TFV using liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and solid state X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The LC-MS analysis was performed on a QTrap mass spectrometer with an enhanced mass spectrum (EMS) scan in positive mode. A reversed phase C18 column was used as the stationary phase. TFV exhibited degradation under acidic and alkaline hydrolytic conditions. The degradation products with m/z 289.2 and 170 amu have been proposed as 6-Hydroxy adenine derivative of TFV, and (2-hydroxypropan-2-yloxy) methylphosphonic acid, respectively. A pseudo-first-order degradation kinetic allowed for estimating the shelf-life, half-life, and time required for 90% degradation of 3.84, 25.34, and 84.22 h in acidic conditions, and 58.26, 384.49, and 1277.75 h in alkaline conditions, respectively. No significant degradation was observed at pH 4.5 (normal cervicovaginal pH) and oxidative stress conditions of 3% and 30% v/v hydrogen peroxide solutions. The shelf life of TFV powder at room temperature was 23 months as calculated by using an Arrhenius plot. The XRD pattern showed that the drug was stable and maintained its original crystallinity under the accelerated and thermal stress conditions applied. Stability analyses revealed that the TFV was stable in various stress conditions; however, formulation strategies should be implemented to protect it in strong acidic and alkaline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Agrahari
- Laboratory of Future Nanomedicines and Theoretical Chronopharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
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23
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Akil A, Devlin B, Cost M, Rohan LC. Increased Dapivirine tissue accumulation through vaginal film codelivery of dapivirine and Tenofovir. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1533-41. [PMID: 24693866 PMCID: PMC4018102 DOI: 10.1021/mp4007024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 replication inhibitor dapivirine (DPV) is one of the most promising drug candidates being used in topical microbicide products for prevention of HIV-1 sexual transmission. To be able to block HIV-1 replication, DPV must have access to the viral reverse transcriptase enzyme. The window for DPV to access the enzyme happens during the HIV-1 cellular infection cycle. Thus, in order for DPV to exert its anti-HIV activity, it must be present in the mucosal tissue or cells where HIV-1 infection occurs. A dosage form containing DPV must be able to deliver the drug to the tissue site of action. Polymeric films are solid dosage forms that dissolve and release their payload upon contact with fluids. Films have been used as vaginal delivery systems of topical microbicide drug candidates including DPV. For use in topical microbicide products containing DPV, polymeric films must prove their ability to deliver DPV to the target tissue site of action. Ex vivo exposure studies of human ectocervical tissue to DPV film revealed that DPV was released from the film and did diffuse into the tissue in a concentration dependent manner indicating a process of passive diffusion. Analysis of drug distribution in the tissue revealed that DPV accumulated mostly at the basal layer of the epithelium infiltrating the upper part of the stroma. Furthermore, as a combination microbicide product, codelivery of DPV and TFV from a polymeric film resulted in a significant increase in DPV tissue concentration [14.21 (single entity film) and 31.03 μg/g (combination film)], whereas no impact on TFV tissue concentration was found. In vitro release experiments showed that this observation was due to a more rapid DPV release from the combination film as compared to the single entity film. In conclusion, the findings of this study confirm the ability of polymeric films to deliver DPV and TFV to human ectocervical tissue and show that codelivery of the two agents has a significant impact on DPV tissue accumulation. These findings support the use of polymeric films for topical microbicide products containing DPV and/or TFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Akil
- Magee-Womens Research Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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24
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Singh O, Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. Microbicides for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted HIV Infections. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2014; 2014:352425. [PMID: 26556193 PMCID: PMC4590794 DOI: 10.1155/2014/352425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 34 million people were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) at the end of 2011. From the last two decades, researchers are actively involved in the development of an effective HIV-1 treatment, but the results intended are still doubtful about the eradication of HIV. The HIV-1 virus has gone from being an "inherently untreatable" infectious agent to the one liable to be affected by a range of approved therapies. Candidate microbicides have been developed to target specific steps in the process of viral transmission. Microbicides are self-administered agents that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the aim of preventing, or reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV-1. The development of efficient, widely available, and low-cost microbicides to prevent sexually transmitted HIV infections should be given high priority. In this review, we studied the various forms of microbicides, their mechanism of action, and their abundant approaches to control the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Tarun Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Amit K. Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
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25
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Development and in vitro evaluation of a vaginal microbicide gel formulation for UAMC01398, a novel diaryltriazine NNRTI against HIV-1. Antiviral Res 2014; 101:113-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Agrahari V, Zhang C, Zhang T, Li W, Gounev TK, Oyler NA, Youan BBC. Hyaluronidase-sensitive nanoparticle templates for triggered release of HIV/AIDS microbicide in vitro. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 16:181-93. [PMID: 24343770 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a triggered release of a topical microbicide (tenofovir) from hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (HA-NPs) can be achieved under the influence of hyaluronidase (HAase) enzyme. A fractional factorial experimental design was used to examine the factors [molar concentrations of adipic acid dihydrazide (X1) and 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride (X2), volume of acetone (X3) and reaction time (X4)] influencing the responses, Y1; particle mean diameter: PMD (nanometers: nm), Y2; polydispersity index: PDI and Y3; zeta (ζ) potential: (millivolts). The amide bond formation between HA and ADH after cross-linking was confirmed by FT-IR and (13)C-NMR analyses. These NPs were also characterized for cytotoxicity on a human vaginal epithelial cell line and L. crispatus. When formulated with factors X1; 2.49 mM, X2; 9.96 mM, X3; 60 mL, X4; 6 h, HA-NPs exhibited a spherical shape with PMD, PDI, ζ potential, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading of 70.6 ± 4.1 nm, 0.07 ± 0.02, -38.2 ± 2.8 mV, 51.8 ± 2.4% w/w and 26.1 ± 1.2% w/w, respectively, (n = 3). Unlike for HA based gel, HAase significantly triggered the drug release and HA degradation from the NPs after 24 h (~90% w/w and 65% w/w, respectively); whereas, in its absence, these values were ~39% w/w and 26% w/w, respectively. The NPs were non-cytotoxic to human vaginal VK2/E6E7, End1/E6E7 cells and Lactobacillus crispatus. These data highlight the potential of HAase-sensitive HA-NPs templates for the controlled and vaginal delivery of anti-HIV/AIDS microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Agrahari
- Laboratory of Future Nanomedicines and Theoretical Chronopharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, Missouri, 64108, USA
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27
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das Neves J, Araújo F, Andrade F, Michiels J, Ariën KK, Vanham G, Amiji M, Bahia MF, Sarmento B. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Vaginal and Rectal Delivery of the Anti-HIV Drug Dapivirine. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2793-807. [DOI: 10.1021/mp4002365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José das Neves
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CICS—Centro de Investigação
em Ciências da Saúde, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Francisca Araújo
- CICS—Centro de Investigação
em Ciências da Saúde, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Rua do Campo Alegre,
823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Andrade
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Johan Michiels
- Virology Unit, Department of
Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of
Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- Virology Unit, Department of
Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
United States
| | - Maria Fernanda Bahia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CICS—Centro de Investigação
em Ciências da Saúde, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Rua do Campo Alegre,
823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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28
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A review of nanotechnological approaches for the prophylaxis of HIV/AIDS. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6202-28. [PMID: 23726227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Successful treatment and control of HIV/AIDS is one of the biggest challenges of 21st century. More than 33 million individuals are infected with HIV worldwide and more than 2 million new cases of HIV infection have been reported. The situation demands development of effective prevention strategies to control the pandemic of AIDS. Due to lack of availability of an effective HIV vaccine, antiretroviral drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics like siRNA have been explored for HIV prophylaxis. Clinical trials shave shown that antiretroviral drugs, tenofovir and emtricitabine can offer some degree of HIV prevention. However, complete prevention of HIV infection has not been achieved yet. Nanotechnology has brought a paradigm shift in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of many diseases. The current review discusses potential of various nanocarriers such as dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid nanocarriers, drug nanocrystals, inorganic nanocarriers and nanofibers in improving efficacy of various modalities available for HIV prophylaxis.
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