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Qin H, Luo J, Zhao N, Lou W, Chen P, Wang H, Pan Z, Xiong X. Xuanfei Formula inhibited RSV infection by normalizing the SREBP2-mediated cholesterol synthesis process. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1387062. [PMID: 38765687 PMCID: PMC11100329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1387062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children and the elderly, often progressing to pneumonia and severe sequelae. However, there are currently no feasible and cost-effective interventions with proven efficacy for children, making medications with anti-RSV activity urgently needed. Traditional Chinese medicine has shown promising therapeutic efficacy in alleviating viral infection symptoms. Therefore, we aimed to develop effective strategies for RSV treatment based on traditional Chinese medicine. Methods and results The infection status was assessed in BALB/c mice with or without Xuanfei Formula (XFF) treatment over a one-week period using H&E staining, cytokine assays and RSV titer testing after RSV challenge. Remarkably, on the first day of XFF intervention, both the pro-inflammation cytokine levels in the serum and RSV-N gene copies in the lung of mice were plummeted, compared to the RSV-infected group. This implied that XFF might possess the immune-independent anti-RSV capability. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we employed transcriptome analysis followed by k-means analysis. The reversal effects of XFF against RSV primarily focused on the processes of innate and adaptive immunity. Additionally, we found that XFF administration corrected the disordered fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism processes during RSV infection. Lipidomics profiling indicated consistent cholesterol abundance with transcriptional changes but not fatty acids. Cholesterol synthesis-related genes mRNA levels and cholesterol synthesis intermediates detection supported XFF's repression upon cholesterol biosynthesis. Aberrantly increased cholesterol production has been reported as necessary for RSV infection. To mimic that, we observed lovastatin treatment inhibited RSV replication and pro-inflammation cytokine expression in vitro. Transcription factor prediction of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in cholesterol synthesis implicated SREBP2. Through network pharmacology, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were identified as the effective active ingredients within the XFF, with the help of further molecular docking and mass spectrum detection. In vitro experiments demonstrated β-sitosterol and stigmasterol reinforced the bonding between SREBP cleavage-activation protein (SCAP) and insulin-induced gene proteins (INSIGs) to inhibit SREBP2 cleavage maturation and consequent RSV infection. Conclusion Xuanfei Formula (XFF) exhibits excellent anti-RSV efficacy by inhibiting SREBP2-mediated cholesterol synthesis to reduce RSV replication and ameliorate inflammation in the lung of infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qin
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Luo
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wange Lou
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihao Wang
- Information Department, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zishu Pan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Huong TN, Lee ZQ, Lai SK, Lee HY, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Evidence that an interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus F and G proteins at the distal ends of virus filaments mediates efficient multiple cycle infection. Virology 2024; 591:109985. [PMID: 38227992 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Evidence for a stable interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F and G proteins on the surface of virus filaments was provided using antibody immunoprecipitation studies on purified RSV particles, and by the in situ analysis on the surface of RSV-infected cells using the proximity ligation assay. Imaging of the F and G protein distribution on virus filaments suggested that this protein complex was localised at the distal ends of the virus filaments, and suggested that this protein complex played a direct role in mediating efficient localised cell-to-cell virus transmission. G protein expression was required for efficient localised cell-to-cell transmission of RSV in cell monolayers which provided evidence that this protein complex mediates efficient multiple cycle infection. Collectively, these data provide evidence that F and G proteins form a complex on the surface of RSV particles, and that a role for this protein complex in promoting virus transmission is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhi Qi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Soak Kuan Lai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hsin Yee Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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3
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Tewari DN, Biswas A, Chakrabarti AK, Dutta S. AMFR promotes innate immunity activation and proteasomal degradation of HMGCR in response to influenza virus infection in A549 cells. Virology 2023; 587:109875. [PMID: 37703797 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Differential regulation of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), which is considered the rate-limiting enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, has been reported in case of infection with many viruses. In our study, we have found that influenza virus infection decreases total cellular cholesterol level which is directly related to the downregulation of HMGCR protein. We found that HMGCR is degraded through ubiquitination and proteasomal-mediated pathway upon viral infection. Upregulation of Autocrine Motility Factor Receptor (AMFR), which is an E3-ubiquitin ligase of HMGCR, was also observed. Furthermore, knockdown of AMFR inhibits ubiquitination of HMGCR and also leads to inactivation of the innate immunity components TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Our study is the first to show the role of HMGCR and AMFR in influenza virus infection and reveals that AMFR plays a crucial role in the downregulation of HMGCR and the activation of innate immunity following influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Nath Tewari
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Asim Biswas
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Alok Kumar Chakrabarti
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010, India.
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010, India
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4
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Sugrue RJ, Tan BH. Defining the Assembleome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:227-249. [PMID: 38159230 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
During respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) particle assembly, the mature RSV particles form as filamentous projections on the surface of RSV-infected cells. The RSV assembly process occurs at the / on the cell surface that is modified by a virus infection, involving a combination of several different host cell factors and cellular processes. This induces changes in the lipid composition and properties of these lipid microdomains, and the virus-induced activation of associated Rho GTPase signaling networks drives the remodeling of the underlying filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton network. The modified sites that form on the surface of the infected cells form the nexus point for RSV assembly, and in this review chapter, they are referred to as the RSV assembleome. This is to distinguish these unique membrane microdomains that are formed during virus infection from the corresponding membrane microdomains that are present at the cell surface prior to infection. In this article, an overview of the current understanding of the processes that drive the formation of the assembleome during RSV particle assembly is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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5
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Cosentino G, Marougka K, Desquesnes A, Welti N, Sitterlin D, Gault E, Rameix-Welti MA. Respiratory syncytial virus ribonucleoproteins hijack microtubule Rab11 dependent transport for intracellular trafficking. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010619. [PMID: 35797399 PMCID: PMC9262236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of severe respiratory infection in infants worldwide. Replication of RSV genomic RNA occurs in cytoplasmic inclusions generating viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs). vRNPs then reach assembly and budding sites at the plasma membrane. However, mechanisms ensuring vRNPs transportation are unknown. We generated a recombinant RSV harboring fluorescent RNPs allowing us to visualize moving vRNPs in living infected cells and developed an automated imaging pipeline to characterize the movements of vRNPs at a high throughput. Automatic tracking of vRNPs revealed that around 10% of the RNPs exhibit fast and directed motion compatible with transport along the microtubules. Visualization of vRNPs moving along labeled microtubules and restriction of their movements by microtubule depolymerization further support microtubules involvement in vRNPs trafficking. Approximately 30% of vRNPs colocalize with Rab11a protein, a marker of the endosome recycling (ER) pathway and we observed vRNPs and Rab11-labeled vesicles moving together. Transient inhibition of Rab11a expression significantly reduces vRNPs movements demonstrating Rab11 involvement in RNPs trafficking. Finally, Rab11a is specifically immunoprecipitated with vRNPs in infected cells suggesting an interaction between Rab11 and the vRNPs. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that RSV RNPs move on microtubules by hijacking the ER pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Cosentino
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Versailles, France
| | - Katherine Marougka
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Versailles, France
| | - Aurore Desquesnes
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Versailles, France
| | - Delphine Sitterlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM, Versailles, France
| | - Elyanne Gault
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin; UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, DMU15; Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles St. Quentin; UMR 1173 (2I), INSERM; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, DMU15; Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
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6
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Role of ARP2/3 Complex-Driven Actin Polymerization in RSV Infection. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010026. [PMID: 35055974 PMCID: PMC8781601 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral agent causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under five years old worldwide. The RSV infection cycle starts with macropinocytosis-based entry into the host airway epithelial cell membrane, followed by virus transcription, replication, assembly, budding, and spread. It is not surprising that the host actin cytoskeleton contributes to different stages of the RSV replication cycle. RSV modulates actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex-driven actin polymerization for a robust filopodia induction on the infected lung epithelial A549 cells, which contributes to the virus’s budding, and cell-to-cell spread. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of RSV-induced cytoskeletal modulation and its role in lung pathobiology may identify novel intervention strategies. This review will focus on the role of the ARP2/3 complex in RSV’s pathogenesis and possible therapeutic targets to the ARP2/3 complex for RSV.
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7
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Kurebayashi Y, Bajimaya S, Watanabe M, Lim N, Lutz M, Dunagan M, Takimoto T. Human parainfluenza virus type 1 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis and establishes quiescent infection in human airway cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009908. [PMID: 34529742 PMCID: PMC8445407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) and 3 (hPIV3) cause seasonal epidemics, but little is known about their interaction with human airway cells. In this study, we determined cytopathology, replication, and progeny virion release from human airway cells during long-term infection in vitro. Both viruses readily established persistent infection without causing significant cytopathic effects. However, assembly and release of hPIV1 rapidly declined in sharp contrast to hPIV3 due to impaired viral ribonucleocapsid (vRNP) trafficking and virus assembly. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both viruses induced similar levels of type I and III IFNs. However, hPIV1 induced specific ISGs stronger than hPIV3, such as MX2, which bound to hPIV1 vRNPs in infected cells. In addition, hPIV1 but not hPIV3 suppressed genes involved in lipid biogenesis and hPIV1 infection resulted in ubiquitination and degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Consequently, formation of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts was impaired in hPIV1 infected cells. These results indicate that hPIV1 is capable of regulating cholesterol biogenesis, which likely together with ISGs contributes to establishment of a quiescent infection. Seasonal epidemics caused by parainfluenza viruses result in a significant burden of disease in children. These viruses infect airway epithelial cells and cause acute respiratory infection. Humans are the only known hosts for these viruses, but how these viruses are maintained within the population is not known. In this study, we analyzed human airway cells infected with type 1 and 3 parainfluenza viruses. Both viruses readily established persistent infection without causing major cytopathic effects. However, assembly and release of hPIV1 rapidly declined over time in sharp contrast to hPIV3. HPIV1 infected cells formed large aggregates of viral nucleocapsid at late time points, suggesting impaired nucleocapsid trafficking and virus assembly. Transcriptomic analysis of infected cells showed no major difference in IFN induction between the viruses, while hPIV1 induced elevated levels of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) compared to hPIV3. Interestingly, hPIV1 infection specifically downregulated genes involved in cholesterol biogenesis. We also found that hPIV1 infection induced ubiquitination and degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. These results suggest that induction of IFN-independent ISGs and suppression of cholesterol by hPIV1 likely play a role in establishing quiescent infection in human respiratory epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kurebayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Shringkhala Bajimaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Lutz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan Dunagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Li X, Peng T. Strategy, Progress, and Challenges of Drug Repurposing for Efficient Antiviral Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:660710. [PMID: 34017257 PMCID: PMC8129523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.660710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging or re-emerging viruses are still major threats to public health. Prophylactic vaccines represent the most effective way to prevent virus infection; however, antivirals are more promising for those viruses against which vaccines are not effective enough or contemporarily unavailable. Because of the slow pace of novel antiviral discovery, the high disuse rates, and the substantial cost, repurposing of the well-characterized therapeutics, either approved or under investigation, is becoming an attractive strategy to identify the new directions to treat virus infections. In this review, we described recent progress in identifying broad-spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We defined the two major categories of the repurposed antivirals, direct-acting repurposed antivirals (DARA) and host-targeting repurposed antivirals (HTRA). Under each category, we summarized repurposed antivirals with potential broad-spectrum activity against a variety of viruses and discussed the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, we proposed the potential investigative directions of drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Ravi LI, Tan TJ, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Virus-induced activation of the rac1 protein at the site of respiratory syncytial virus assembly is a requirement for virus particle assembly on infected cells. Virology 2021; 557:86-99. [PMID: 33677389 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The distributions of the rac1, rhoA and cdc42 proteins in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infected cells was examined. All three rhoGTPases were detected within inclusion bodies, and while the rhoA and rac1 proteins were associated with virus filaments, only the rac1 protein was localised throughout the virus filaments. RSV infection led to increased rac1 protein activation, and using the rac1 protein inhibitor NS23766 we provided evidence that the increased rac1 activation occurred at the site of RSV assembly and facilitated F-actin remodeling during virus morphogenesis. A non-infectious virus-like particle (VLP) assay showed that the RSV VLPs formed in lipid-raft microdomains containing the rac1 protein, together with F-actin and filamin-1 (cell proteins associated with virus filaments). This provided evidence that the virus envelope proteins are trafficked to membrane microdomains containing the rac1 protein. Collectively, these data provide evidence that the rac1 protein plays a direct role in the RSV assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Iyer Ravi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Timothy J Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Defense Medical and Environment Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, 117510, Singapore; Infection and Immunity, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.
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10
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Cytochalasins from an endophytic fungus Phoma multirostrata XJ-2-1 with cell cycle arrest and TRAIL-resistance-overcoming activities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104317. [PMID: 33142426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nine new (1-9) and four known (10-13) [13]cytochalasins, along with three known 24-oxa[14]cytochalasins (14-16), were isolated from the culture of Phoma multirostrata XJ-2-1, an endophytic fungus obtained from the fibrous root of Parasenecio albus. Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS). The absolute configurations were assigned by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, modified Mosher's method, and by analysis of their experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound 6 could induce cell cycle arrest at G2-phase in CT26 and A549 cells, and displayed moderate cytotoxicity against CT26 and A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 6.03 and 5.04 μM, respectively. Co-treatment of 7-9, 13 and 16 with tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) could significantly decrease the cell viability of A549, which revealed that cytochalasins could possibly be a new group of TRAIL sensitizers in lung cancer therapy.
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11
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Ouyang T, Niu G, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang S, Geng Y, Pang D, Ouyang H, Ren L. Porcine HMGCR Inhibits Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection by Directly Interacting with the Viral Proteins. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060544. [PMID: 31212640 PMCID: PMC6630565 DOI: 10.3390/v11060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs/PCVADs). However, the pathogenesis of PCV2 is not fully understood. We previously found that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is negatively associated with PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo. HMGCR inhibits the early stages of PCV2 infection, while PCV2 infection induces the phosphorylation of HMGCR to inactivate the protein. In this study, we investigated the possibility that adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) participate in HMGCR-mediated inhibition of PCV2 infection and the interaction of porcine HMGCR with PCV2 proteins. The results showed that AMPK activity fluctuated in cells during the early stage of PCV2 infection, while PP2A had little effect on PCV2 infection and HMGCR activity. Furthermore, PCV2 infection may enhance or maintain the level of phosphorylated HMGCR by directly interacting with the protein in PK-15 cells. These findings may provide a better understanding of PCV2 pathogenesis, and HMGCR may be a novel PCV2 antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Guyu Niu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yifang Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Black Dragon Pool, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yulu Geng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
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12
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Huong TN, Yan Y, Jumat MR, Lui J, Tan BH, Wang DY, Sugrue RJ. A sustained antiviral host response in respiratory syncytial virus infected human nasal epithelium does not prevent progeny virus production. Virology 2018; 521:20-32. [PMID: 29870884 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus infection was examined using a human nasal epithelial cell model. Maximum levels of shed-virus were produced at between 3 and 5 days post-infection (dpi), and the infectivity of the shed-virus was stable up to 10 dpi. The highest levels of interferon signalling were recorded at 2dpi, and infection induced a widespread antivirus response in the nasal epithelium, involving both infected cells and non-infected cells. Although these cellular responses were associated with reduced levels of progeny virus production and restricted virus spread, they did not inhibit the infectivity virus that is shed early in infection. In the clinical context these data suggest that although the host cell response in the nasal epithelium may restrict the levels of progeny virus particles produced, the stability of the shed-virus in the nasal mucosa may be an important factor in both disease progression and virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Muhammad Raihan Jumat
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jing Lui
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Republic of Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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Ludwig A, Nguyen TH, Leong D, Ravi LI, Tan BH, Sandin S, Sugrue RJ. Caveolae provide a specialized membrane environment for respiratory syncytial virus assembly. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1037-1050. [PMID: 28154158 PMCID: PMC5358342 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped virus that assembles into filamentous virus particles on the surface of infected cells. Morphogenesis of RSV is dependent upon cholesterol-rich (lipid raft) membrane microdomains, but the specific role of individual raft molecules in RSV assembly is not well defined. Here, we show that RSV morphogenesis occurs within caveolar membranes and that both caveolin-1 and cavin-1 (also known as PTRF), the two major structural and functional components of caveolae, are actively recruited to and incorporated into the RSV envelope. The recruitment of caveolae occurred just prior to the initiation of RSV filament assembly, and was dependent upon an intact actin network as well as a direct physical interaction between caveolin-1 and the viral G protein. Moreover, cavin-1 protein levels were significantly increased in RSV-infected cells, leading to a virus-induced change in the stoichiometry and biophysical properties of the caveolar coat complex. Our data indicate that RSV exploits caveolae for its assembly, and we propose that the incorporation of caveolae into the virus contributes to defining the biological properties of the RSV envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Tra Huong Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Daniel Leong
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510
| | - Laxmi Iyer Ravi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510
| | - Sara Sandin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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14
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Mehedi M, McCarty T, Martin SE, Le Nouën C, Buehler E, Chen YC, Smelkinson M, Ganesan S, Fischer ER, Brock LG, Liang B, Munir S, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Actin-Related Protein 2 (ARP2) and Virus-Induced Filopodia Facilitate Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Spread. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006062. [PMID: 27926942 PMCID: PMC5142808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped RNA virus that is the most important viral cause of acute pediatric lower respiratory tract illness worldwide, and lacks a vaccine or effective antiviral drug. The involvement of host factors in the RSV replicative cycle remains poorly characterized. A genome-wide siRNA screen in human lung epithelial A549 cells identified actin-related protein 2 (ARP2) as a host factor involved in RSV infection. ARP2 knockdown did not reduce RSV entry, and did not markedly reduce gene expression during the first 24 hr of infection, but decreased viral gene expression thereafter, an effect that appeared to be due to inhibition of viral spread to neighboring cells. Consistent with reduced spread, there was a 10-fold reduction in the release of infectious progeny virions in ARP2-depleted cells at 72 hr post-infection. In addition, we found that RSV infection induced filopodia formation and increased cell motility in A549 cells and that this phenotype was ARP2 dependent. Filopodia appeared to shuttle RSV to nearby uninfected cells, facilitating virus spread. Expression of the RSV F protein alone from a plasmid or heterologous viral vector in A549 cells induced filopodia, indicating a new role for the RSV F protein, driving filopodia induction and virus spread. Thus, this study identified roles for ARP2 and filopodia in RSV-induced cell motility, RSV production, and RSV cell-to-cell spread. RSV is the most common viral cause of severe acute pediatric lower respiratory tract illness, including pneumonia and bronchiolitis, in young children worldwide. In a genome-wide siRNA screen in human lung epithelial A549 cells infected with RSV expressing green fluorescent protein (RSV-GFP), we identified ARP2 as a cellular factor with a role in the RSV replicative cycle. ARP2 is part of the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex, which contributes to cell shape and motility through its role in actin polymerization. ARP2 depletion reduced the production and spread of RSV in human lung epithelial cell cultures, with the most noticeable effects at late time points after RSV infection. RSV infection induced the formation of slender actin-rich cell protrusions, called filopodia and increased cell motility. Filopodia formation and cell motility were inhibited by ARP2 knockdown. The filopodia appeared to shuttle RSV to neighboring cells, facilitating virus spread. Thus, RSV uses two previously unrecognized ARP2 dependent features to facilitate viral spread, namely cell motility and filopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masfique Mehedi
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas McCarty
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Martin
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cyril Le Nouën
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eugen Buehler
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Fischer
- Microscopy Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Linda G. Brock
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bo Liang
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shirin Munir
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Collins
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Rey-Jurado E, Gómez RS, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection and Pathology. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:522-37. [PMID: 27486734 PMCID: PMC7171722 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is by far the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) worldwide in infants and children younger than 2 years. The overwhelming number of hospitalizations due to hRSV-induced ALRTI each year is due, at least in part, to the lack of licensed vaccines against this virus. Thus, hRSV infection is considered a major public health problem and economic burden in most countries. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected individuals is characterized by an exacerbated proinflammatory and unbalanced Th2-type immune response. In addition to the adverse effects in airway tissues, hRSV infection can also cause neurologic manifestations in the host, such as seizures and encephalopathy. Although the origins of these extrapulmonary symptoms remain unclear, studies with patients suffering from neurological alterations suggest an involvement of the inflammatory response against hRSV. Furthermore, hRSV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate and evade the immune response in the host. Several studies have focused on elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system, to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus. Here, we discuss about the infection, pathology, and immune response triggered by hRSV in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Zimmermann MT, Grill DE, Oberg AL, Poland GA. Transcriptional signatures of influenza A/H1N1-specific IgG memory-like B cell response in older individuals. Vaccine 2016; 34:3993-4002. [PMID: 27317456 PMCID: PMC5520794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that the recall-based humoral immune responses to influenza A/H1N1 originates from activated memory B cells. The aim of this study was to identify baseline, early and late blood transcriptional signatures (in peripheral blood mononuclear cells/PBMCs) associated with memory B cell response following influenza vaccination. METHODS We used pre- and post-vaccination mRNA-Seq transcriptional profiling on samples from 159 subjects (50-74years old) following receipt of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine containing the A/California/7/2009/H1N1-like virus, and penalized regression modeling to identify associations with influenza A/H1N1-specific memory B cell ELISPOT response after vaccination. RESULTS Genesets and genes (p-value range 7.92E(-08) to 0.00018, q-value range 0.00019-0.039) demonstrating significant associations (of gene expression levels) with memory B cell response suggest the importance of metabolic (cholesterol and lipid metabolism-related), cell migration/adhesion, MAP kinase, NF-kB cell signaling (chemokine/cytokine signaling) and transcriptional regulation gene signatures in the development of memory B cell response after influenza vaccination. CONCLUSION Through an unbiased transcriptome-wide profiling approach, our study identified signatures of memory B cell response following influenza vaccination, highlighting the underappreciated role of metabolic changes (among the other immune function-related events) in the regulation of influenza vaccine-induced immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Diane E Grill
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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17
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Jans J, elMoussaoui H, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Ferwerda G. Actin- and clathrin-dependent mechanisms regulate interferon gamma release after stimulation of human immune cells with respiratory syncytial virus. Virol J 2016; 13:52. [PMID: 27004689 PMCID: PMC4802911 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause recurrent and severe respiratory tract infections. Cytoskeletal proteins are often involved during viral infections, either for cell entry or the initiation of the immune response. The importance of actin and clathrin dynamics for cell entry and the initiation of the cellular immune response against RSV in human immune cells is not known yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of actin and clathrin on cell entry of RSV and the subsequent effect on T cell activation and interferon gamma release in human immune cells. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and purified monocytes were isolated from healthy adults and stimulated in vitro with RSV. Actin and clathrin dynamics were inhibited with respectively cytochalasin D and chlorpromazine. T cell receptor signaling was inhibited with cyclosporin A. Flow cytometry was used to determine the role of actin and clathrin on cell entry and T cell activation by RSV. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to investigate the contribution of actin and clathrin on the release of interferon gamma. Results Cell entry, virus gene transcription and interferon gamma release are actin-dependent. Post-endocytic processes like the increased expression of major histocompatibility complex II on monocytes , T cell activation and the release of interferon gamma are clathrin-dependent. Finally, T cell receptor signaling affects T cell activation, whereas soluble interleukin 18 is dispensable. Conclusion Analysis of cell entry and interferon gamma release after infection with RSV reveals the importance of actin- and clathrin-dependent signaling in human immune cells. Insights into the cellular biology of the human immune response against respiratory syncytial virus will provide a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and may prove useful in the development of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jop Jans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hicham elMoussaoui
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Huong TN, Iyer Ravi L, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Evidence for a biphasic mode of respiratory syncytial virus transmission in permissive HEp2 cell monolayers. Virol J 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 26790623 PMCID: PMC4719537 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection filamentous virus particles are formed on the cell surface. Although the virus infectivity remains cell-associated, low levels of cell-free virus is detected during advanced infection. It is currently unclear if this cell-free virus infectivity is due to a low-efficiency specific cell-release mechanism, or if it arises due to mechanical breakage following virus-induced cell damage at the advanced stage of infection. Understanding the origin of this cell-free virus is a prerequisite for understanding the mechanism of RSV transmission in permissive cells. In this study we describe a detailed examination of RSV transmission in permissive HEp2 cell monolayers. METHODS HEp2 cell monolayers were infected with RSV using a multiplicity of infection of 0.0002, and the course of infection monitored over 5 days. The progression of the virus infection within the cell monolayers was performed using bright-field microscopy to visualise the cell monolayer and immunofluorescence microscopy to detect virus-infected cells. The cell-associated and cell-free virus infectivity were determined by virus plaque assay, and the virus-induced cell cytotoxicity determined by measuring cell membrane permeability and cellular DNA fragmentation. RESULTS At 2 days-post infection (dpi), large clusters of virus-infected cells could be detected indicating localised transmission in the cell monolayer, and during this stage we failed to detect either cell-free virus or cell cytotoxicity. At 3 dpi the presence of much larger infected cell clusters correlated with the begining of virus-induced changes in cell permeability. The presence of cell-free virus correlated with continued increase in cell permeability and cytotoxicity at 4 and 5 dpi. At 5 dpi extensive cell damage, syncytial formation, and increased cellular DNA fragmentation was noted. However, even at 5 dpi the cell-free virus constituted less than 1 % of the total virus infectivity. CONCLUSIONS Our data supports a model of RSV transmission that initially involves the localised cell-to-cell spread of virus particles within the HEp2 cell monolayer. However, low levels of cell free-virus infectivity was observed at the advanced stages of infection, which correlated with a general loss in cell monolayer integrity due to virus-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Laxmi Iyer Ravi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Singapore.
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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Huong TN, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. A Proteomic-Based Workflow Using Purified Respiratory Syncytial Virus Particles to Identify Cellular Factors as Drug Targets. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1442:175-194. [PMID: 27464695 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3687-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of cellular factors that play a role in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication is an alternative strategy in the identification of druggable cellular protein that are essential for RSV replication. In this regard experimental strategies that are able to screen relevant proteins from the vast array of proteins in the cellular milieu will facilitate the identification of potential drug targets. In this chapter we describe a procedure where RSV particles are purified from cells that are permissive for RSV infection, and the protein composition of the purified virus particles characterized using a proteomics-based strategy. This procedure revealed that actin, several actin-binding proteins, and the chaperones HSP70 and HSP90 also co-purified with the virus particles. The relevance of the HSP90 protein to virus replication was then further validated using imaging, gene silencing and by using an established small molecule HSP90 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Nguyen Huong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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20
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Morphogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus in human primary nasal ciliated epithelial cells occurs at surface membrane microdomains that are distinct from cilia. Virology 2015; 484:395-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jumat MR, Huong TN, Ravi LI, Stanford R, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Viperin protein expression inhibits the late stage of respiratory syncytial virus morphogenesis. Antiviral Res 2015; 114:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jumat MR, Nguyen Huong T, Wong P, Loo LH, Tan BH, Fenwick F, Toms GL, Sugrue RJ. Imaging analysis of human metapneumovirus-infected cells provides evidence for the involvement of F-actin and the raft-lipid microdomains in virus morphogenesis. Virol J 2014; 11:198. [PMID: 25408253 PMCID: PMC4243936 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgound Due to difficulties of culturing Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) much of the current understanding of HMPV replication can be inferred from other closely related viruses. The slow rates of virus replication prevent many biochemical analyses of HMPV particles. In this study imaging was used to examine the process of HMPV morphogenesis in individually infected LLC-MK2 cells, and to better characterise the sites of HMPV assembly. This strategy has circumvented the problems associated with slow replication rates and allowed us to characterise both the HMPV particles and the sites of HMPV morphogenesis. Methods HMPV-infected LLC-MK2 cells were stained with antibodies that recognised the HMPV fusion protein (F protein), attachment protein (G protein) and matrix protein (M protein), and fluorescent probes that detect GM1 within lipid-raft membranes (CTX-B-AF488) and F-actin (Phalloidin-FITC). The stained cells were examined by confocal microscopy, which allowed imaging of F-actin, GM1 and virus particles in HMPV-infected cells. Cells co-expressing recombinant HMPV G and F proteins formed virus-like particles and were co-stained with antibodies that recognise the recombinant G and F proteins and phalloidin-FITC and CTX-B-AF594, and the distribution of the G and F proteins, GM1 and F-actin determined. Results HMPV-infected cells stained with anti-F, anti-G or anti-M revealed a filamentous staining pattern, indicating that the HMPV particles have a filamentous morphology. Staining of HMPV-infected cells with anti-G and either phalloidin-FITC or CTX-B-AF488 exhibited extensive co-localisation of these cellular probes within the HMPV filaments. This suggested that lipid-raft membrane domains and F-actin structures are present at the site of the virus morphogenesis, and are subsequently incorporated into the HMPV filaments. Furthermore, the filamentous virus-like particles that form in cells expressing the G protein formed in cellular structures containing GM1 and F-actin, suggesting the G protein contains intrinsic targeting signals to the sites of virus assembly. Conclusions These data suggest that HMPV matures as filamentous particles and that virus morphogenesis occurs within lipid-raft microdomains containing localized concentrations of F-actin. The similarity between HMPV morphogenesis and the closely related human respiratory syncytial virus suggests that involvement of F-actin and lipid-raft microdomains in virus morphogenesis may be a common feature of the Pneumovirinae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-014-0198-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Raihan Jumat
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Tra Nguyen Huong
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Puisan Wong
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Liat Hui Loo
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Fiona Fenwick
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE24HH, UK.
| | - Geoffrey L Toms
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE24HH, UK.
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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Yang X, Ouyang H, Chen F, Pang D, Dong M, Yang S, Liu X, Peng Z, Wang F, Zhang X, Ren L. HMG-CoA reductase is negatively associated with PCV2 infection and PCV2-induced apoptotic cell death. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1330-1337. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) during porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection. The results demonstrated that levels of endogenous HMGCR were not significantly different in PCV2-infected cells and mock-infected cells. However, the level of phosphorylated HMGCR, an inactivated form of HMGCR, was increased in PCV2-infected cells. Furthermore, HMGCR was upregulated by overexpression, silenced by siRNA or inactivated using its dominant-negative form in PK-15 cells. The results showed that PCV2 infection was inhibited by HMGCR overexpression, whereas it was significantly increased in HMGCR-silenced cells and HMGCR inhibitor-treated cells. Moreover, there was a robust apoptotic response at 48 h post-infection (p.i.) in HMGCR-inactivated cells, and this response was significantly greater than that observed in PK-15 cells. A modest apoptotic response was also observed in HMGCR-silenced cells. Caspase-3 activity was also analysed in PCV2-infected cells at 48 h p.i. As expected, caspase-3 activity was significantly increased in HMGCR-inactivated and -silenced cells compared with PK-15 cells. PCV2 replication was dose-dependently increased in HMGCR-inactivated cells when treated with increasing amounts of caspase-3 inhibitor. Altogether, HMGCR was negatively associated with PCV2 infection and PCV2-induced apoptotic cell death. These data demonstrated that HMGCR can be used as a candidate target for PCV2 disease control and antivirus research. Furthermore, the cells generated in this study can be used to evaluate the potential effects of HMGCR on PCV2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Fuwang Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Daxing Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Meichen Dong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Susu Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
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