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Meseko C, Sanicas M, Asha K, Sulaiman L, Kumar B. Antiviral options and therapeutics against influenza: history, latest developments and future prospects. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1269344. [PMID: 38094741 PMCID: PMC10716471 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1269344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs and chemotherapeutics have helped to manage devastating impacts of infectious diseases since the concept of 'magic bullet'. The World Health Organization estimates about 650,000 deaths due to respiratory diseases linked to seasonal influenza each year. Pandemic influenza, on the other hand, is the most feared health disaster and probably would have greater and immediate impact on humanity than climate change. While countermeasures, biosecurity and vaccination remain the most effective preventive strategies against this highly infectious and communicable disease, antivirals are nonetheless essential to mitigate clinical manifestations following infection and to reduce devastating complications and mortality. Continuous emergence of the novel strains of rapidly evolving influenza viruses, some of which are intractable, require new approaches towards influenza chemotherapeutics including optimization of existing anti-infectives and search for novel therapies. Effective management of influenza infections depend on the safety and efficacy of selected anti-infective in-vitro studies and their clinical applications. The outcomes of therapies are also dependent on understanding diversity in patient groups, co-morbidities, co-infections and combination therapies. In this extensive review, we have discussed the challenges of influenza epidemics and pandemics and discoursed the options for anti-viral chemotherapies for effective management of influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Meseko
- Regional Centre for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Melvin Sanicas
- Medical and Clinical Development, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lanre Sulaiman
- Regional Centre for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Li X, Xu Y, Li W, Che J, Zhao X, Cao R, Li X, Li S. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Influenza Polymerase PB2 Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041849. [PMID: 36838837 PMCID: PMC9960307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The PB2 subunit of the influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) has been identified as a promising target for the treatment of influenza. To expand the chemical space of the known influenza polymerase PB2 inhibitor-pimodivir (formerly VX-787) and improve its pharmacokinetic profile, two pimodivir analogs containing 2,3-dihydro-imidazopyridine fragment (comp. I and comp. II) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-influenza virus activity. In the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay, comp. I and comp. II showed IC50 values of 0.07 and 0.09 μM for A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) and 0.04 and 0.07 μM for A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2), respectively. Protein-binding affinity assay results showed a concentration-dependent association and dissociation pattern, with KD values of 1.398 and 1.670 μM, respectively. In vitro metabolic stability assays showed that comp. I and comp. II exhibited good stability to liver microsomes and considerably less sensitivity to aldehyde oxidase compared to pimodivir. The binding modes of comp. I and comp. II were similar to those of VX-787; however, comp. I and comp. II had lower structural adaptability to PB2 than VX-787. Our results provide helpful information regarding the structure-activity relationship for the design of novel PB2 inhibitors and a reference for the development of drugs containing 2,3-dihydro-imidazopyridine fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Strategic Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yijie Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Strategic Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Strategic Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jinjing Che
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Strategic Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ruyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Strategic Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (X.L.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-10-66930673 (ext. 717) (R.C.); +86-10-66930634 (X.L.); +86-10-66930250 (S.L.)
| | - Xingzhou Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Strategic Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (X.L.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-10-66930673 (ext. 717) (R.C.); +86-10-66930634 (X.L.); +86-10-66930250 (S.L.)
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Strategic Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (X.L.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-10-66930673 (ext. 717) (R.C.); +86-10-66930634 (X.L.); +86-10-66930250 (S.L.)
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Ianevski A, Yao R, Zusinaite E, Lello LS, Wang S, Jo E, Yang J, Ravlo E, Wang W, Lysvand H, Løseth K, Oksenych V, Tenson T, Windisch MP, Poranen MM, Nieminen AI, Nordbø SA, Fenstad MH, Grødeland G, Aukrust P, Trøseid M, Kantele A, Lastauskienė E, Vitkauskienė A, Legrand N, Merits A, Bjørås M, Kainov DE. Synergistic Interferon-Alpha-Based Combinations for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2489. [PMID: 34960758 PMCID: PMC8705725 DOI: 10.3390/v13122489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for new antivirals with powerful therapeutic potential and tolerable side effects. METHODS Here, we tested the antiviral properties of interferons (IFNs), alone and with other drugs in vitro. RESULTS While IFNs alone were insufficient to completely abolish replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), IFNα, in combination with remdesivir, EIDD-2801, camostat, cycloheximide, or convalescent serum, proved to be more effective. Transcriptome and metabolomic analyses revealed that the IFNα-remdesivir combination suppressed SARS-CoV-2-mediated changes in Calu-3 cells and lung organoids, although it altered the homeostasis of uninfected cells and organoids. We also demonstrated that IFNα combinations with sofosbuvir, telaprevir, NITD008, ribavirin, pimodivir, or lamivudine were effective against HCV, HEV, FLuAV, or HIV at lower concentrations, compared to monotherapies. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results indicated that IFNα can be combined with drugs that affect viral RNA transcription, protein synthesis, and processing to make synergistic combinations that can be attractive targets for further pre-clinical and clinical development against emerging and re-emerging viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Ianevski
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Rouan Yao
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (E.Z.); (L.S.L.); (S.W.); (T.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Laura Sandra Lello
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (E.Z.); (L.S.L.); (S.W.); (T.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Sainan Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (E.Z.); (L.S.L.); (S.W.); (T.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Eunji Jo
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si 463-400, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.); (J.Y.); (M.P.W.)
| | - Jaewon Yang
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si 463-400, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.); (J.Y.); (M.P.W.)
| | - Erlend Ravlo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Hilde Lysvand
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Kirsti Løseth
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (E.Z.); (L.S.L.); (S.W.); (T.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Marc P. Windisch
- Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si 463-400, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.); (J.Y.); (M.P.W.)
| | - Minna M. Poranen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Anni I. Nieminen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mona Høysæter Fenstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnveig Grødeland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (G.G.); (P.A.); (M.T.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (G.G.); (P.A.); (M.T.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (G.G.); (P.A.); (M.T.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anu Kantele
- Inflammation Center, Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland;
| | | | - Astra Vitkauskienė
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Science, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Nicolas Legrand
- Oncodesign, 25 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon Sur Yvette, France;
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (E.Z.); (L.S.L.); (S.W.); (T.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Denis E. Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (A.I.); (R.Y.); (E.R.); (W.W.); (H.L.); (K.L.); (V.O.); (S.A.N.); (M.H.F.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (E.Z.); (L.S.L.); (S.W.); (T.T.); (A.M.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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4
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Zhou A, Dong X, Liu M, Tang B. Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Novel Antiviral Factors Against Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632798. [PMID: 34367124 PMCID: PMC8337049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) has a higher genetic variation, leading to the poor efficiency of traditional vaccine and antiviral strategies targeting viral proteins. Therefore, developing broad-spectrum antiviral treatments is particularly important. Host responses to IAV infection provide a promising approach to identify antiviral factors involved in virus infection as potential molecular drug targets. In this study, in order to better illustrate the molecular mechanism of host responses to IAV and develop broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we systematically analyzed mRNA expression profiles of host genes in a variety of human cells, including transformed and primary epithelial cells infected with different subtypes of IAV by mining 35 microarray datasets from the GEO database. The transcriptomic results showed that IAV infection resulted in the difference in expression of amounts of host genes in all cell types, especially those genes participating in immune defense and antiviral response. In addition, following the criteria of P<0.05 and |logFC|≥1.5, we found that some difference expression genes were overlapped in different cell types under IAV infection via integrative gene network analysis. IFI6, IFIT2, ISG15, HERC5, RSAD2, GBP1, IFIT3, IFITM1, LAMP3, USP18, and CXCL10 might act as key antiviral factors in alveolar basal epithelial cells against IAV infection, while BATF2, CXCL10, IFI44L, IL6, and OAS2 played important roles in airway epithelial cells in response to different subtypes of IAV infection. Additionally, we also revealed that some overlaps (BATF2, IFI44L, IFI44, HERC5, CXCL10, OAS2, IFIT3, USP18, OAS1, IFIT2) were commonly upregulated in human primary epithelial cells infected with high or low pathogenicity IAV. Moreover, there were similar defense responses activated by IAV infection, including the interferon-regulated signaling pathway in different phagocyte types, although the differentially expressed genes in different phagocyte types showed a great difference. Taken together, our findings will help better understand the fundamental patterns of molecular responses induced by highly or lowly pathogenic IAV, and the overlapped genes upregulated by IAV in different cell types may act as early detection markers or broad-spectrum antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Basic Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xia Dong
- College of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Basic Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, China
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Yao R, Ianevski A, Kainov D. Safe-in-Man Broad Spectrum Antiviral Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:313-337. [PMID: 34258746 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases occur with regularity within the human population. The conventional 'one drug, one virus' paradigm for antivirals does not adequately allow for proper preparedness in the face of unknown future epidemics. In addition, drug developers lack the financial incentives to work on antiviral drug discovery, with most pharmaceutical companies choosing to focus on more profitable disease areas. Safe-in-man broad spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs) can help meet the need for antiviral development by already having passed phase I clinical trials, requiring less time and money to develop, and having the capacity to work against many viruses, allowing for a speedy response when unforeseen epidemics arise. In this chapter, we discuss the benefits of repurposing existing drugs as BSAAs, describe the major steps in safe-in-man BSAA drug development from discovery through clinical trials, and list several database resources that are useful tools for antiviral drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouan Yao
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aleksandr Ianevski
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Denis Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- Institute for Molecule Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Giacchello I, Musumeci F, D'Agostino I, Greco C, Grossi G, Schenone S. Insights into RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as Antiinfluenza Virus Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1068-1090. [PMID: 31942843 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200114115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a seasonal disease that affects millions of people every year and has a significant economic impact. Vaccines are the best strategy to fight this viral pathology, but they are not always available or administrable, prompting the search for antiviral drugs. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) recently emerged as a promising target because of its key role in viral replication and its high conservation among viral strains. DISCUSSION This review presents an overview of the most interesting RdRp inhibitors that have been discussed in the literature since 2000. Compounds already approved or in clinical trials and a selection of inhibitors endowed with different scaffolds are described, along with the main features responsible for their activity. RESULTS RdRp inhibitors are emerging as a new strategy to fight viral infections and the importance of this class of drugs has been confirmed by the FDA approval of baloxavir marboxil in 2018. Despite the complexity of the RdRp machine makes the identification of new compounds a challenging research topic, it is likely that in the coming years, this field will attract the interest of a number of academic and industrial scientists because of the potential strength of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giacchello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Agostino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Grossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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7
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Guha S, Bhaumik SR. Viral regulation of mRNA export with potentials for targeted therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1864:194655. [PMID: 33246183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic gene expression begins with transcription in the nucleus to synthesize mRNA (messenger RNA), which is subsequently exported to the cytoplasm for translation to protein. Like transcription and translation, mRNA export is an important regulatory step of eukaryotic gene expression. Various factors are involved in regulating mRNA export, and thus gene expression. Intriguingly, some of these factors interact with viral proteins, and such interactions interfere with mRNA export of the host cell, favoring viral RNA export. Hence, viruses hijack host mRNA export machinery for export of their own RNAs from nucleus to cytoplasm for translation to proteins for viral life cycle, suppressing host mRNA export (and thus host gene expression and immune/antiviral response). Therefore, the molecules that can impair the interactions of these mRNA export factors with viral proteins could emerge as antiviral therapeutic agents to suppress viral RNA transport and enhance host mRNA export, thereby promoting host gene expression and immune response. Thus, there has been a number of studies to understand how virus hijacks mRNA export machinery in suppressing host gene expression and promoting its own RNA export to the cytoplasm for translation to proteins required for viral replication/assembly/life cycle towards developing targeted antiviral therapies, as concisely described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Sukesh R Bhaumik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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8
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Identification and Tracking of Antiviral Drug Combinations. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101178. [PMID: 33080984 PMCID: PMC7589631 DOI: 10.3390/v12101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination therapies have become a standard for the treatment for HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. They are advantageous over monotherapies due to better efficacy, reduced toxicity, as well as the ability to prevent the development of resistant viral strains and to treat viral co-infections. Here, we identify new synergistic combinations against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), echovirus 1 (EV1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in vitro. We observed synergistic activity of nelfinavir with convalescent serum and with purified neutralizing antibody 23G7 against SARS-CoV-2 in human lung epithelial Calu-3 cells. We also demonstrated synergistic activity of nelfinavir with EIDD-2801 or remdesivir in Calu-3 cells. In addition, we showed synergistic activity of vemurafenib with emetine, homoharringtonine, anisomycin, or cycloheximide against EV1 infection in human lung epithelial A549 cells. We also found that combinations of sofosbuvir with brequinar or niclosamide are synergistic against HCV infection in hepatocyte-derived Huh-7.5 cells, and that combinations of monensin with lamivudine or tenofovir are synergistic against HIV-1 infection in human cervical TZM-bl cells. These results indicate that synergy is achieved when a virus-directed antiviral is combined with another virus- or host-directed agent. Finally, we present an online resource that summarizes novel and known antiviral drug combinations and their developmental status.
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9
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Potential Antiviral Options against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060642. [PMID: 32545799 PMCID: PMC7354438 DOI: 10.3390/v12060642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As of June 2020, the number of people infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to skyrocket, with more than 6.7 million cases worldwide. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) has highlighted the need for better control of SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, developing novel virus-specific vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 can be time-consuming and costly. Convalescent sera and safe-in-man broad-spectrum antivirals (BSAAs) are readily available treatment options. Here, we developed a neutralization assay using SARS-CoV-2 strain and Vero-E6 cells. We identified the most potent sera from recovered patients for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We also screened 136 safe-in-man broad-spectrum antivirals against the SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero-E6 cells and identified nelfinavir, salinomycin, amodiaquine, obatoclax, emetine and homoharringtonine. We found that a combination of orally available virus-directed nelfinavir and host-directed amodiaquine exhibited the highest synergy. Finally, we developed a website to disseminate the knowledge on available and emerging treatments of COVID-19.
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Discovery and development of safe-in-man broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 93:268-276. [PMID: 32081774 PMCID: PMC7128205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the discovery and development process of broad-spectrum antiviral agents. We summarized the information on 120 safe-in-man agents in a freely accessible database. Further studies will increase the number of broad-spectrum antivirals, expand the spectrum of their indications, and identify drug combinations for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viral infections.
Viral diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Virus-specific vaccines and antiviral drugs are the most powerful tools to combat viral diseases. However, broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs, i.e. compounds targeting viruses belonging to two or more viral families) could provide additional protection of the general population from emerging and re-emerging viral diseases, reinforcing the arsenal of available antiviral options. Here, we review discovery and development of BSAAs and summarize the information on 120 safe-in-man agents in a freely accessible database (https://drugvirus.info/). Future and ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies will increase the number of BSAAs, expand the spectrum of their indications, and identify drug combinations for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viral infections as well as co-infections.
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Ming K, He M, Su L, Du H, Wang D, Wu Y, Liu J. The inhibitory effect of phosphorylated Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide on autophagosomes formation contributes to the inhibition of duck hepatitis A virus replication. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2146-2156. [PMID: 32241500 PMCID: PMC7587719 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV) infection causes duck viral hepatitis and results in enormous loss to poultry farming industry. We reported that phosphorylated Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (pCPPS) inhibited DHAV genome replication. Here we further explored its underlying antiviral mechanisms. Autophagosomes formation is essential for the genome replication of picornaviruses. In this study, Western blot, confocal microscopy observation, and ELISA methods were performed to analyze polysaccharides' effects on autophagy by the in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results obtained from in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide did not play a role in regulating autophagy and had no therapeutic effects on infected ducklings. However, pCPPS treatment downregulated LC3-II expression level activated by DHAV and rapamycin, indicating the inhibition of autophagosomes formation. The interdiction of autophagosomes formation resulted in the inhibition of DHAV genome replication. Further study showed that pCPPS treatment reduced the concentration of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), an important component of membrane, in cells and serum, and consequently, autophagosomes formation was downregulated. In vivo experiments also verified the therapeutic effect of pCPPS. Phosphorylated Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide treatment increased the infected ducklings' survival rate and alleviated hepatic injury. Our studies verified the effects of pCPPS against DHAV infection in duck embryo hepatocytes and ducklings and confirmed that phosphorylated modification enhanced the bioactivities of polysaccharides. The results also stated pCPPS's antiviral mechanisms, provided fundamental basis for the development of new anti-DHAV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ming
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Linglin Su
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hongxu Du
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), including oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir, is the main class of antiviral available for clinical use. As such, development of resistance toward these agents is of great clinical and public health concern. RECENT FINDINGS At present, NAI resistance remains uncommon among the circulating viruses (oseltamivir <3.5%, zanamivir <1%). Resistance risk is slightly higher in A(H1N1) than A(H3N2) and B viruses. Resistance may emerge during drug exposure, particularly among young children (<5 years), the immunocompromised, and individuals receiving prophylactic regimens. H275Y A(H1N1) variant, showing high-level oseltamivir resistance, is capable of causing outbreaks. R294K A(H7N9) variant shows reduced inhibition across NAIs. Multi-NAI resistance has been reported in the immunocompromised. SUMMARY These findings highlight the importance of continuous surveillance, and assessment of viral fitness and transmissibility of resistant virus strains. Detection can be challenging, especially in a mix of resistant and wild-type viruses. Recent advances in molecular techniques (e.g. targeted mutation PCR, iART, ddPCR, pyrosequencing, next-generation sequencing) have improved detection and our understanding of viral dynamics. Treatment options available for oseltamivir-resistant viruses are limited, and susceptibility testing of other NAIs may be required, but non-NAI antivirals (e.g. polymerase inhibitors) that are active against these resistant viruses are in late-stage clinical development.
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Pflug A, Gaudon S, Resa-Infante P, Lethier M, Reich S, Schulze WM, Cusack S. Capped RNA primer binding to influenza polymerase and implications for the mechanism of cap-binding inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:956-971. [PMID: 29202182 PMCID: PMC5778463 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza polymerase uses short capped primers snatched from nascent Pol II transcripts to initiate transcription of viral mRNAs. Here we describe crystal structures of influenza A and B polymerase bound to a capped primer in a configuration consistent with transcription initiation (’priming state’) and show by functional assays that conserved residues from both the PB2 midlink and cap-binding domains are important for positioning the capped RNA. In particular, mutation of PB2 Arg264, which interacts with the triphosphate linkage in the cap, significantly and specifically decreases cap-dependent transcription. We also compare the configuration of the midlink and cap-binding domains in the priming state with their very different relative arrangement (called the ‘apo’ state) in structures where the potent cap-binding inhibitor VX-787, or a close analogue, is bound. In the ‘apo’ state the inhibitor makes additional interactions to the midlink domain that increases its affinity beyond that to the cap-binding domain alone. The comparison suggests that the mechanism of resistance of certain mutations that allow virus to escape from VX-787, notably PB2 N510T, can only be rationalized if VX-787 has a dual mode of action, direct inhibition of capped RNA binding as well as stabilization of the transcriptionally inactive ‘apo’ state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pflug
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Stephanie Gaudon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Patricia Resa-Infante
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Mathilde Lethier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Stefan Reich
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Wiebke M Schulze
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Stephen Cusack
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Current and Novel Approaches in Influenza Management. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020053. [PMID: 31216759 PMCID: PMC6630949 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a disease that poses a significant health burden worldwide. Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza virus infections. However, conventional vaccines are only effective for a short period of time due to the propensity of influenza viruses to undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The efficacy of these vaccines is uncertain from year-to-year due to potential mismatch between the circulating viruses and vaccine strains, and mutations arising due to egg adaptation. Subsequently, the inability to store these vaccines long-term and vaccine shortages are challenges that need to be overcome. Conventional vaccines also have variable efficacies for certain populations, including the young, old, and immunocompromised. This warrants for diverse efficacious vaccine developmental approaches, involving both active and passive immunization. As opposed to active immunization platforms (requiring the use of whole or portions of pathogens as vaccines), the rapidly developing passive immunization involves administration of either pathogen-specific or broadly acting antibodies against a kind or class of pathogens as a treatment to corresponding acute infection. Several antibodies with broadly acting capacities have been discovered that may serve as means to suppress influenza viral infection and allow the process of natural immunity to engage opsonized pathogens whilst boosting immune system by antibody-dependent mechanisms that bridge the innate and adaptive arms. By that; passive immunotherapeutics approach assumes a robust tool that could aid control of influenza viruses. In this review, we comment on some improvements in influenza management and promising vaccine development platforms with an emphasis on the protective capacity of passive immunotherapeutics especially when coupled with the use of antivirals in the management of influenza infection.
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Yang J, Huang Y, Liu S. Investigational antiviral therapies for the treatment of influenza. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:481-488. [PMID: 31018720 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1606210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) play a key role in viral transcription and replication; hence, the recent development of novel anti-influenza drugs targeting vRNPs has garnered widespread interest. AREAS COVERED We discuss the function of the constituents of vRNPs and summarize those vRNPs-targeted synthetic drugs that are in preclinical and early clinical development. EXPERT OPINION vRNPs contain high-value drug targets; such targets include the subunits PA, PB1, PB2, and NP. Developing a new generation of antiviral therapies with strategies that utilize existing drugs, natural compounds originated from new resources and novel drug combinations may open up new therapeutic approaches to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yingna Huang
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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Beale DJ, Oh DY, Karpe AV, Tai C, Dunn MS, Tilmanis D, Palombo EA, Hurt AC. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of the upper respiratory tract of ferrets following influenza A virus infection and oseltamivir treatment. Metabolomics 2019; 15:33. [PMID: 30830484 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease that causes high global morbidity and mortality each year. The dynamics of an influenza infection on the host metabolism, and how metabolism is altered in response to neuraminidase inhibitor drug therapy, is still in its infancy but of great importance. OBJECTIVES We aim to investigate the suitability of ferret nasal wash samples for metabolomics-based analysis and characterization of influenza infections and oseltamivir treatment. METHODS Virological and metabolic analyses were performed on nasal wash samples collected from ferrets treated with oseltamivir or a placebo. Untargeted metabolomics was performed using a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometery (GC-MS) based protocol that comprised a retention time (RT) locked method and the use of a commercial metabolomics library. RESULTS Ferret activity was reduced at 2-3 days post infection, which coincided with the highest influenza viral titre. The metabolomics data indicated a shift in metabolism during various stages of infection. The neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir created considerable downregulation of energy center metabolites (glucose, sucrose, glycine and glutamine), which generated high levels of branched amino acids. This further increased branched amino acid degradation and deregulation via glycerate-type intermediates and biosynthesis of fatty acids in oseltamivir-treated animals where abrogated weight loss was observed. CONCLUSION Metabolomics was used to profile influenza infection and antiviral drug treatment in ferrets. This has the potential to provide indicators for the early diagnosis of influenza infection and assess the effectiveness of drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Beale
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
| | - Ding Yuan Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, VIC, Australia.
| | - Avinash V Karpe
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Celeste Tai
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael S Dunn
- Analytical Science and Technology, Seqirus, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Danielle Tilmanis
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Finberg RW, Lanno R, Anderson D, Fleischhackl R, van Duijnhoven W, Kauffman RS, Kosoglou T, Vingerhoets J, Leopold L. Phase 2b Study of Pimodivir (JNJ-63623872) as Monotherapy or in Combination With Oseltamivir for Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Seasonal Influenza A: TOPAZ Trial. J Infect Dis 2018; 219:1026-1034. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Riin Lanno
- Merelahe Family Doctors Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - David Anderson
- Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Teddy Kosoglou
- Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey
| | | | - Lorant Leopold
- Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey
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Makjaroen J, Somparn P, Hodge K, Poomipak W, Hirankarn N, Pisitkun T. Comprehensive Proteomics Identification of IFN-λ3-regulated Antiviral Proteins in HBV-transfected Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2197-2215. [PMID: 30097535 PMCID: PMC6210224 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) is a relatively unexplored, yet promising antiviral agent. IFN-λ has recently been tested in clinical trials of chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB), with the advantage that side effects may be limited compared with IFN-α, as IFN-λ receptors are found only in epithelial cells. To date, IFN-λ's downstream signaling pathway remains largely unelucidated, particularly via proteomics methods. Here, we report that IFN-λ3 inhibits HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells, reducing levels of both HBV transcripts and intracellular HBV DNA. Quantitative proteomic analysis of HBV-transfected cells was performed following 24-hour IFN-λ3 treatment, with parallel IFN-α2a and PBS treatments for comparison using a dimethyl labeling method. The depth of the study allowed us to map the induction of antiviral proteins to multiple points of the viral life cycle, as well as facilitating the identification of antiviral proteins not previously known to be elicited upon HBV infection (e.g. IFITM3, XRN2, and NT5C3A). This study also shows up-regulation of many effectors involved in antigen processing/presentation indicating that this cytokine exerted immunomodulatory effects through several essential molecules for these processes. Interestingly, the 2 subunits of the immunoproteasome cap (PSME1 and PSME2) were up-regulated whereas cap components of the constitutive proteasome were down-regulated upon both IFN treatments, suggesting coordinated modulation toward the antigen processing/presentation mode. Furthermore, in addition to confirming canonical activation of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) transcription through the JAK-STAT pathway, we reveal that IFN-λ3 restored levels of RIG-I and RIG-G, proteins known to be suppressed by HBV. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that several biological processes including RNA metabolism, translation, and ER-targeting were differentially regulated upon treatment with IFN-λ3 versus IFN-α2a. Our proteomic data suggests that IFN-λ3 regulates an array of cellular processes to control HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiradej Makjaroen
- From the ‡Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- §Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poorichaya Somparn
- §Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kenneth Hodge
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witthaya Poomipak
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- §Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- ¶Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Effects of Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide and its sulfate on DHAV-1 replication. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:508-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Davidson S. Treating Influenza Infection, From Now and Into the Future. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1946. [PMID: 30250466 PMCID: PMC6139312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses (IVs) are a continual threat to global health. The high mutation rate of the IV genome makes this virus incredibly successful, genetic drift allows for annual epidemics which result in thousands of deaths and millions of hospitalizations. Moreover, the emergence of new strains through genetic shift (e.g., swine-origin influenza A) can cause devastating global outbreaks of infection. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are currently used to treat IV infection and act directly on viral proteins to halt IV spread. However, effectivity is limited late in infection and drug resistance can develop. New therapies which target highly conserved features of IV such as antibodies to the stem region of hemagglutinin or the IV RNA polymerase inhibitor: Favipiravir are currently in clinical trials. Compared to NAIs, these treatments have a higher tolerance for resistance and a longer therapeutic window and therefore, may prove more effective. However, clinical and experimental evidence has demonstrated that it is not just viral spread, but also the host inflammatory response and damage to the lung epithelium which dictate the outcome of IV infection. Therapeutic regimens for IV infection should therefore also regulate the host inflammatory response and protect epithelial cells from unnecessary cell death. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as etanercept, statins or cyclooxygenase enzyme 2 inhibitors may temper IV induced inflammation, demonstrating the possibility of repurposing these drugs as single or adjunct therapies for IV infection. IV binds to sialic acid receptors on the host cell surface to initiate infection and productive IV replication is primarily restricted to airway epithelial cells. Accordingly, targeting therapies to the epithelium will directly inhibit IV spread while minimizing off target consequences, such as over activation of immune cells. The neuraminidase mimic Fludase cleaves sialic acid receptors from the epithelium to inhibit IV entry to cells. While type III interferons activate an antiviral gene program in epithelial cells with minimal perturbation to the IV specific immune response. This review discusses the above-mentioned candidate anti-IV therapeutics and others at the preclinical and clinical trial stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Davidson
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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21
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Zusinaite E, Ianevski A, Niukkanen D, Poranen MM, Bjørås M, Afset JE, Tenson T, Velagapudi V, Merits A, Kainov DE. A Systems Approach to Study Immuno- and Neuro-Modulatory Properties of Antiviral Agents. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080423. [PMID: 30103549 PMCID: PMC6116047 DOI: 10.3390/v10080423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are dozens of approved, investigational and experimental antiviral agents. Many of these agents cause serious side effects, which can only be revealed after drug administration. Identification of the side effects prior to drug administration is challenging. Here we describe an ex vivo approach for studying immuno- and neuro-modulatory properties of antiviral agents, which may be associated with potential side effects of these therapeutics. The current approach combines drug toxicity/efficacy tests and transcriptomics, which is followed by mRNA, cytokine and metabolite profiling. We demonstrated the utility of this approach with several examples of antiviral agents. We also showed that the approach can utilize different immune stimuli and cell types. It can also include other omics techniques, such as genomics and epigenomics, to allow identification of individual markers associated with adverse reactions to antivirals with immuno- and neuro-modulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Aleksandr Ianevski
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Diana Niukkanen
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Minna M Poranen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jan Egil Afset
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Institute Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway.
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Nandania J, Peddinti G, Pessia A, Kokkonen M, Velagapudi V. Validation and Automation of a High-Throughput Multitargeted Method for Semiquantification of Endogenous Metabolites from Different Biological Matrices Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2018; 8:E44. [PMID: 30081599 PMCID: PMC6161248 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of metabolomics profiling to understand the metabolism under different physiological states has increased in recent years, which created the need for robust analytical platforms. Here, we present a validated method for targeted and semiquantitative analysis of 102 polar metabolites that cover major metabolic pathways from 24 classes in a single 17.5-min assay. The method has been optimized for a wide range of biological matrices from various organisms, and involves automated sample preparation and data processing using an inhouse developed R-package. To ensure reliability, the method was validated for accuracy, precision, selectivity, specificity, linearity, recovery, and stability according to European Medicines Agency guidelines. We demonstrated an excellent repeatability of retention times (CV < 4%), calibration curves (R² ≥ 0.980) in their respective wide dynamic concentration ranges (CV < 3%), and concentrations (CV < 25%) of quality control samples interspersed within 25 batches analyzed over a period of one year. The robustness was demonstrated through a high correlation between metabolite concentrations measured using our method and the NIST reference values (R² = 0.967), including cross-platform comparability against the BIOCRATES AbsoluteIDQp180 kit (R² = 0.975) and NMR analyses (R² = 0.884). We have shown that our method can be successfully applied in many biomedical research fields and clinical trials, including epidemiological studies for biomarker discovery. In summary, a thorough validation demonstrated that our method is reproducible, robust, reliable, and suitable for metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Nandania
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, HiLIFE, Tukholmankatu 8, Biomedicum 2U, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Gopal Peddinti
- Computational Systems Medicine group, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
- Technical Research Center of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Alberto Pessia
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, HiLIFE, Tukholmankatu 8, Biomedicum 2U, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
- Network Pharmacology for Precision Medicine Group, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Meri Kokkonen
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, HiLIFE, Tukholmankatu 8, Biomedicum 2U, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
- Finnish Customs Laboratory, Tekniikantie 13, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, HiLIFE, Tukholmankatu 8, Biomedicum 2U, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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Kakuda TN, Yogaratnam J, Rito J, Boyce M, Mitchell T, Gupta K, Symons JA, Chanda S, Van Remoortere P, Fry J. Phase I study on safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel influenza endonuclease inhibitor, AL-794 (JNJ-64155806), following single- and multiple-ascending doses in healthy adults. Antivir Ther 2018; 23:555-566. [PMID: 29927386 DOI: 10.3851/imp3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This double-blind, first-in-human Phase I study evaluated pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of AL-794 (prodrug of ALS-033719), a potent endonuclease inhibitor of influenza A and B in healthy volunteers. METHODS Healthy adult volunteers were randomized to AL-794 (50-2,000 mg single ascending doses, fasting) or placebo (5 cohorts, n=6:2 AL-794: placebo/cohort) in part 1, and AL-794 (50-600 mg multiple ascending doses, twice-daily, fed or fasted) or placebo (3 cohorts, n=8:2 AL-794: placebo/cohort) for 7 days in part 2. In part 3, 8 healthy volunteers from part 1 received 450 mg AL-794 (n=6) or placebo (n=2) following a high-fat meal. All dosing was done with an oral suspension. Blood and urine samples for pharmacokinetics were collected at scheduled times and analysed for ALS-033719 and ALS-033927 (inactive glucuronide) plasma concentrations using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS ALS-033719 plasma concentrations increased dose proportionately up to 150 mg but less than proportionately above 150 mg. Steady-state was generally achieved by the third dose. ALS-033719 exposure increased following administration with a standard meal (19%-33%) or high-fat meal (3-3.6-fold). ALS-033927 was the major metabolite observed. Renal elimination was negligible (0.2%). Seventeen AL-794-treated healthy volunteers reported ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE; part 1: n=6, 24%; part 2: n=11, 69%). The most common TEAEs were headache (part 1: n=3; part 2: n=5) and dizziness (part 1: n=2; part 2: n=6). CONCLUSIONS AL-794 up to 200 mg twice daily achieved ALS-033719 exposures which are expected to be efficacious and were generally tolerated. Further studies are planned to characterize safety and antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Kakuda
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeysen Yogaratnam
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Rito
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Malcolm Boyce
- Hammersmith Medicines Research Ltd (HMR), London, UK
| | - Toni Mitchell
- Hammersmith Medicines Research Ltd (HMR), London, UK
| | - Kusum Gupta
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julian A Symons
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sushmita Chanda
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - John Fry
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., part of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Zhou Z, Liu T, Zhang J, Zhan P, Liu X. Influenza A virus polymerase: an attractive target for next-generation anti-influenza therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:503-518. [PMID: 29339107 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is conserved among different types of influenza virus, playing an important part in transcription and replication. In this regard, influenza RdRP is an attractive target for novel anti-influenza drug discovery. Herein, we will introduce the structural and functional information of influenza polymerase; and an overview of inhibitors targeting the PA endonuclease and PB2 cap-binding site is provided, along with the approaches utilized for identification of these inhibitors. The protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of the three polymerase subunits: PA, PB1 and PB2, are described based on the published crystal structures, and inhibitors targeting the PA-PB1 interaction are introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China.
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25
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McKimm-Breschkin JL, Jiang S, Hui DS, Beigel JH, Govorkova EA, Lee N. Prevention and treatment of respiratory viral infections: Presentations on antivirals, traditional therapies and host-directed interventions at the 5th ISIRV Antiviral Group conference. Antiviral Res 2018; 149:118-142. [PMID: 29162476 PMCID: PMC7133686 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The International Society for Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Diseases held its 5th Antiviral Group (isirv-AVG) Conference in Shanghai, China, in conjunction with the Shanghai Public Health Center and Fudan University from 14-16 June 2017. The three-day programme encompassed presentations on some of the clinical features, management, immune responses and virology of respiratory infections, including influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H7N9) viruses, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, adenovirus Type 80, enterovirus D68, metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Updates were presented on several therapeutics currently in clinical trials, including influenza polymerase inhibitors pimodivir/JNJ6362387, S033188, favipiravir, monoclonal antibodies MHAA45449A and VIS410, and host directed strategies for influenza including nitazoxanide, and polymerase ALS-008112 and fusion inhibitors AK0529, GS-5806 for RSV. Updates were also given on the use of the currently licensed neuraminidase inhibitors. Given the location in China, there were also presentations on the use of Traditional Chinese Medicines. Following on from the previous conference, there were ongoing discussions on appropriate endpoints for severe influenza in clinical trials from regulators and clinicians, an issue which remains unresolved. The aim of this conference summary is to provide information for not only conference participants, but a detailed referenced review of the current status of clinical trials, and pre-clinical development of therapeutics and vaccines for influenza and other respiratory diseases for a broader audience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shibo Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, NY, USA
| | - David S Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - John H Beigel
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Support to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Nelson Lee
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
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26
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Antiviral Properties of Chemical Inhibitors of Cellular Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Proteins. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100271. [PMID: 28946654 PMCID: PMC5691623 DOI: 10.3390/v9100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. To combat the surge of viral diseases, new treatments are urgently needed. Here we show that small-molecules, which inhibit cellular anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-2i), induced the premature death of cells infected with different RNA or DNA viruses, whereas, at the same concentrations, no toxicity was observed in mock-infected cells. Moreover, these compounds limited viral replication and spread. Surprisingly, Bcl-2i also induced the premature apoptosis of cells transfected with viral RNA or plasmid DNA but not of mock-transfected cells. These results suggest that Bcl-2i sensitizes cells containing foreign RNA or DNA to apoptosis. A comparison of the toxicity, antiviral activity, and side effects of six Bcl-2i allowed us to select A-1155463 as an antiviral lead candidate. Thus, our results pave the way for the further development of Bcl-2i for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.
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27
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Shim JM, Kim J, Tenson T, Min JY, Kainov DE. Influenza Virus Infection, Interferon Response, Viral Counter-Response, and Apoptosis. Viruses 2017; 9:E223. [PMID: 28805681 PMCID: PMC5580480 DOI: 10.3390/v9080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause global pandemics and epidemics, which remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. To combat the surge of viral outbreaks, new treatments are urgently needed. Developing new virus control modalities requires better understanding of virus-host interactions. Here, we describe how IAV infection triggers cellular apoptosis and how this process can be exploited towards the development of new therapeutics, which might be more effective than the currently available anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
| | - Ji-Young Min
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7028, Norway.
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28
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Koszalka P, Tilmanis D, Hurt AC. Influenza antivirals currently in late-phase clinical trial. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:240-246. [PMID: 28146320 PMCID: PMC5410715 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza antiviral drugs are important for the control of influenza, most specifically for the treatment of influenza patients with severe disease following infection with a seasonal influenza virus, a newly emerging influenza strain, or in the event of a pandemic. Many influenza antivirals that are currently under investigation in late‐stage clinical trials differ in their mechanism of action compared to drugs currently licensed for the treatment of influenza. Nitazoxanide and DAS181 target components of the host cell and alter the ability of the virus to replicate efficiently, while small molecule drugs such as T705, JNJ63623872 and S‐033188 bind to the viral polymerase complex and restrict viral replication. Monoclonal antibodies that are currently in clinical trial for the treatment of influenza most commonly are targeted to the stem region of the haemagglutinin molecule. Early findings from animal models and in vitro studies suggest that many of the new antiviral drugs when tested in combination with oseltamivir have improved effectiveness over monotherapy. Clinical trials assessing both monotherapy and combination therapy are currently under investigation. It is hoped that as new antivirals are licensed, they will improve the standard of care and outcomes for influenza patients with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Koszalka
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Tilmanis
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Obatoclax, saliphenylhalamide and gemcitabine inhibit Zika virus infection in vitro and differentially affect cellular signaling, transcription and metabolism. Antiviral Res 2016; 139:117-128. [PMID: 28049006 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection associated with congenital abnormalities such as microcephaly, is ongoing in the Americas and the Pacific. Currently there are no approved therapies to treat this emerging viral disease. Here, we tested three cell-directed broad-spectrum antiviral compounds against ZIKV replication using human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and a low-passage ZIKV strain isolated from fetal brain. We found that obatoclax, SaliPhe, and gemcitabine inhibited ZIKV infections at noncytotoxic concentrations. Moreover, all three compounds prevented production of viral RNA and proteins as well as activation of cellular caspase 8, 3 and 7. However, these compounds differentially affected ZIKV-mediated transcription, translation and posttranslational modifications of cellular factors as well as metabolic pathways indicating that these agents possess different mechanisms of action. Interestingly, combination of obatoclax and SaliPhe at nanomolar concentrations had a synergistic effect against ZIKV infection. Thus, our results provided the foundation for development of broad-spectrum cell-directed antivirals or their combinations for treatment of ZIKV and other emerging viral diseases.
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30
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Beale DJ, Jones OAH, Karpe AV, Dayalan S, Oh DY, Kouremenos KA, Ahmed W, Palombo EA. A Review of Analytical Techniques and Their Application in Disease Diagnosis in Breathomics and Salivaomics Research. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E24. [PMID: 28025547 PMCID: PMC5297659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of metabolomics to biological samples has been a key focus in systems biology research, which is aimed at the development of rapid diagnostic methods and the creation of personalized medicine. More recently, there has been a strong focus towards this approach applied to non-invasively acquired samples, such as saliva and exhaled breath. The analysis of these biological samples, in conjunction with other sample types and traditional diagnostic tests, has resulted in faster and more reliable characterization of a range of health disorders and diseases. As the sampling process involved in collecting exhaled breath and saliva is non-intrusive as well as comparatively low-cost and uses a series of widely accepted methods, it provides researchers with easy access to the metabolites secreted by the human body. Owing to its accuracy and rapid nature, metabolomic analysis of saliva and breath (known as salivaomics and breathomics, respectively) is a rapidly growing field and has shown potential to be effective in detecting and diagnosing the early stages of numerous diseases and infections in preclinical studies. This review discusses the various collection and analyses methods currently applied in two of the least used non-invasive sample types in metabolomics, specifically their application in salivaomics and breathomics research. Some of the salient research completed in this field to date is also assessed and discussed in order to provide a basis to advocate their use and possible future scientific directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Beale
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2547, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - Avinash V Karpe
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Ding Yuan Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza (VIDRL), Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, VIC 3350, Australia.
| | - Konstantinos A Kouremenos
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
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31
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Gaelings L, Söderholm S, Bugai A, Fu Y, Nandania J, Schepens B, Lorey MB, Tynell J, Vande Ginste L, Le Goffic R, Miller MS, Kuisma M, Marjomäki V, De Brabander J, Matikainen S, Nyman TA, Bamford DH, Saelens X, Julkunen I, Paavilainen H, Hukkanen V, Velagapudi V, Kainov DE. Regulation of kynurenine biosynthesis during influenza virus infection. FEBS J 2016; 284:222-236. [PMID: 27860276 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. Developing more effective virus control modalities requires better understanding of virus-host interactions. It has previously been shown that IAV induces the production of kynurenine, which suppresses T-cell responses, enhances pain hypersensitivity and disturbs behaviour in infected animals. However, the regulation of kynurenine biosynthesis during IAV infection remains elusive. Here we showed that IAV infection induced expression of interferons (IFNs), which upregulated production of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which catalysed the kynurenine biosynthesis. Furthermore, IAV attenuated the IDO1 expression and the production of kynurenine through its NS1 protein. Interestingly, inhibition of viral replication prior to IFN induction limited IDO1 expression, while inhibition after did not. Finally, we showed that kynurenine biosynthesis was activated in macrophages in response to other stimuli, such as influenza B virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 as well as bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Thus, the tight regulation of the kynurenine biosynthesis by host cell and, perhaps, pathogen might be a basic signature of a wide range of host-pathogen interactions, which should be taken into account during development of novel antiviral and antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Gaelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sandra Söderholm
- Institute of Biotechnology (BI), University of Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (TTL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrii Bugai
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jatin Nandania
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bert Schepens
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Martina B Lorey
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (TTL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Tynell
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liesbeth Vande Ginste
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Centre de Recherche de Jouy-en-Josas UR0892 Unité VIM - Virologie & Immunologie Moléculaires, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marika Kuisma
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jef De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Tuula A Nyman
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis H Bamford
- Institute of Biotechnology (BI), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Activities of JNJ63623872 and oseltamivir against influenza A H1N1pdm and H3N2 virus infections in mice. Antiviral Res 2016; 136:45-50. [PMID: 27771390 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
JNJ63623872 (formerly known as VX-787) is an inhibitor of influenza A virus polymerases through interaction with the viral PB2 subunit. This interaction blocks the cap-snatching activity of the virus that is essential for virus replication. Previously published work has documented antiviral activity of JNJ63623872 in cell culture and mouse infection studies. In this report, we extend the in vivo observations by comparing the efficacies of JNJ63623872 and oseltamivir in mice infected with influenza A/California/04/2009 (H1N1pdm) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) viruses. Animals received JNJ63623872 or oseltamivir orally twice daily for 10 days starting 2 h pre-infection. JNJ63623872 (2, 6, and 20 mg/kg/day) and oseltamivir (20 mg/kg/day) completely prevented death in the H1N1pdm virus infection. Weight loss at nadir was only 12% in mice receiving 2 mg/kg/day of JNJ63623872 compared to 23% and 32%, respectively, in oseltamivir-treated (20 mg/kg/day) and placebo groups. Lung hemorrhage scores, lung weights, and lung virus titers on day 6 were reduced in a dose-responsive manner by JNJ63623872 treatments, whereas oseltamivir treatments were not as effective. JNJ63623872 was less active against H3N2 virus infection, with more body weight loss occurring and only 30% survival at the 2-mg/kg/day dose. Lung scores, lung weights, and H3N2 viral titers in lungs of mice were reduced less by JNJ63623872 treatments compared to the H1N1pdm infection. Nevertheless, the 20-mg/kg/day dose of JNJ63623872 was more effective than oseltamivir (20 mg/kg/day) in improving body weight and reducing the severity of lung infection. JNJ63623872 appears to be an important new drug candidate to treat influenza A H1N1pdm and H3N2 virus infections.
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33
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Söderholm S, Fu Y, Gaelings L, Belanov S, Yetukuri L, Berlinkov M, Cheltsov AV, Anders S, Aittokallio T, Nyman TA, Matikainen S, Kainov DE. Multi-Omics Studies towards Novel Modulators of Influenza A Virus-Host Interaction. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100269. [PMID: 27690086 PMCID: PMC5086605 DOI: 10.3390/v8100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause global pandemics and epidemics. These viruses evolve rapidly, making current treatment options ineffective. To identify novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, we re-analyzed our recent transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and genomics/virtual ligand screening data. We identified 713 potential modulators targeting 199 cellular and two viral proteins. Anti-influenza activity for 48 of them has been reported previously, whereas the antiviral efficacy of the 665 remains unknown. Studying anti-influenza efficacy and immuno/neuro-modulating properties of these compounds and their combinations as well as potential viral and host resistance to them may lead to the discovery of novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, which might be more effective than the currently available anti-influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Söderholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Lana Gaelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Sergey Belanov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Laxman Yetukuri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Mikhail Berlinkov
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620083, Russia.
| | - Anton V Cheltsov
- Q-Mol L.L.C. in Silico Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Simon Anders
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
| | | | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00015, Finland.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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34
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Anastasina M, Le May N, Bugai A, Fu Y, Söderholm S, Gaelings L, Ohman T, Tynell J, Kyttänen S, Barboric M, Nyman TA, Matikainen S, Julkunen I, Butcher SJ, Egly JM, Kainov DE. Influenza virus NS1 protein binds cellular DNA to block transcription of antiviral genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1440-1448. [PMID: 27664935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza NS1 protein is an important virulence factor that is capable of binding double-stranded (ds) RNA and inhibiting dsRNA-mediated host innate immune responses. Here we show that NS1 can also bind cellular dsDNA. This interaction prevents loading of transcriptional machinery to the DNA, thereby attenuating IAV-mediated expression of antiviral genes. Thus, we identified a previously undescribed strategy, by which RNA virus inhibits cellular transcription to escape antiviral response and secure its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anastasina
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Nicolas Le May
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute for genetics, molecular and cellular biology (IGBMC), Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Andrii Bugai
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Sandra Söderholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Lana Gaelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Tiina Ohman
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Janne Tynell
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Suvi Kyttänen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Matjaz Barboric
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sognsvannsveien 20, Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki 00271, Finland; Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jean-Marc Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute for genetics, molecular and cellular biology (IGBMC), Strasbourg 67404, France.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
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