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Yongprayoon V, Wattanakul N, Khomate W, Apithanangsiri N, Kasitipradit T, Nantajit D, Tavassoli M. Targeting BRD4: Potential therapeutic strategy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:74. [PMID: 38606512 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
As a member of BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal) protein family, BRD4 (bromodomain‑containing protein 4) is a chromatin‑associated protein that interacts with acetylated histones and actively recruits regulatory proteins, leading to the modulation of gene expression and chromatin remodeling. The cellular and epigenetic functions of BRD4 implicate normal development, fibrosis and inflammation. BRD4 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target as it is often overexpressed and plays a critical role in regulating gene expression programs that drive tumor cell proliferation, survival, migration and drug resistance. To address the roles of BRD4 in cancer, several drugs that specifically target BRD4 have been developed. Inhibition of BRD4 has shown promising results in preclinical models, with several BRD4 inhibitors undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a heterogeneous group of cancers, remains a health challenge with a high incidence rate and poor prognosis. Conventional therapies for HNSCC often cause adverse effects to the patients. Targeting BRD4, therefore, represents a promising strategy to sensitize HNSCC to chemo‑ and radiotherapy allowing de‑intensification of the current therapeutic regime and subsequent reduced side effects. However, further studies are required to fully understand the underlying mechanisms of action of BRD4 in HNSCC in order to determine the optimal dosing and administration of BRD4‑targeted drugs for the treatment of patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voraporn Yongprayoon
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Napasporn Wattanakul
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Winnada Khomate
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Nathakrit Apithanangsiri
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Tarathip Kasitipradit
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Danupon Nantajit
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Mahvash Tavassoli
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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2
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Mondal A, Sarkar A, Das D, Sengupta A, Kabiraj A, Mondal P, Nag R, Mukherjee S, Das C. Epigenetic orchestration of the DNA damage response: Insights into the regulatory mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 387:99-141. [PMID: 39179350 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a critical cellular mechanism that safeguards genome integrity and prevents the accumulation of harmful DNA lesions. Increasing evidence highlights the intersection between DDR signaling and epigenetic regulation, offering profound insights into various aspects of cellular function including oncogenesis. This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between the epigenetic modifications and DDR activation, with a specific focus on the impact of viral infections. Oncogenic viruses, such as human papillomavirus, hepatitis virus (HBV or HCV), and Epstein-Barr virus have been shown to activate the DDR. Consequently, these DNA damage events trigger a cascade of epigenetic alterations, including changes in DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications and the expression of noncoding RNAs. These epigenetic changes exert profound effects on chromatin structure, gene expression, and maintenance of genome stability. Importantly, elucidation of the viral-induced epigenetic alterations in the context of DDR holds significant implications for comprehending the complexity of cancer and provides potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Dipanwita Das
- Virus Unit [NICED-ICMR], ID and BG Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Amrita Sengupta
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Aindrila Kabiraj
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Payel Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Rachayita Nag
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shravanti Mukherjee
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.
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3
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Jiang W, Hou Q, Xu H, Yang K, Wang X, Zhang K, Zeng Y, Li W, Wang B, Luo G, Zhao X, Shen H, Xu Y, Wu X. Discovery of Novel Phenoxyaryl Pyridones as Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain (BET) Inhibitors with High Selectivity for the Second Bromodomain (BD2) to Potentially Treat Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1513-1532. [PMID: 38175809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Bromodomain-selective BET inhibition has emerged as a promising strategy to improve the safety profiles of pan-BET inhibitors. Herein, we report the discovery of potent phenoxyaryl pyridones as highly BD2-selective BET inhibitors. Compound 23 (IC50 = 2.9 nM) exhibited a comparable BRD4 BD2 inhibitory activity relative to 10 (IC50 = 1.0 nM) and remarkably improved selectivity over BRD4 BD1 (23: 2583-fold; 10: 344-fold). This lead compound significantly inhibited the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines through induction of G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in vitro. Excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy with 23 was achieved in an MV;411 mouse xenograft model. Pleasingly, compound 23 (hERG IC50 > 30 μM) mitigated the inhibition of the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) ion channel compared with 10 (hERG IC50 = 2.8 μM). This work provides a promising BD2-selective lead for the development of more effective and safe BET inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qiangqiang Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hongrui Xu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Kexin Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Bingrui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guangmei Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhao
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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4
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Duncan CL, Gunosewoyo H, Mocerino M, Payne AD. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Human Papillomavirus: A Review of Research from 1997 to 2021. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:5308-5350. [PMID: 37448363 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230713165407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the cause of warts, lesions and cancer, with different types of HPV causing different symptoms. HPV infections are the primary cause of cervical cancer. There are over 220 different types of HPV, and only nine of these can currently be vaccinated. There is a need to treat these viral infections without just treating the symptoms of the infection, as is currently the main method. There is a wide range of small molecules that have been used to inhibit various stages of the HPV infectious cycle. This review examined 132 small molecules from 121 studies that specifically target aspects of HPV infections. HPV DNA encodes for six early genes (E1 to E7, skipping E3) and two late genes (L1 and L2). According to the results, these targets for small molecule inhibitors fall into three categories: those targeting E1 and E2, targeting E6 and E7 and, finally, targeting L1 and L2. Inhibitors of E6 and E7 are the most widely studied targets, with the majority of HPV inhibition in this area. While compounds targeting both E1/E2 and E6/E7 have made it to clinical trials, there has been no significant advancement on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L Duncan
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Mauro Mocerino
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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5
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Scholl S, Roufai DB, Chérif LL, Kamal M. RAIDS atlas of significant genetic and protein biomarkers in cervical cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2023; 34:e74. [PMID: 37668079 PMCID: PMC10482580 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2023.34.e74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function in epigenetic acting genes together with driver alterations in the PIK3CA pathway have been shown significantly associated with poor outcome in cervical squamous cell cancer. More recently, a CoxBoost analysis identified 16 gene alterations and 30 high level activated proteins to be of high interest, due to their association with either good or bad outcome, in the context of treatment received by chemoradiation. The objectives here were to review and confirm the significance of these molecular alterations as suggested by literature reports and to pinpoint alternate treatments options for poor-responders to chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Scholl
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France.
| | | | - Linda Larbi Chérif
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Maud Kamal
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
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6
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Chen IP, Ott M. Viral Hijacking of BET Proteins. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102274. [PMID: 36298829 PMCID: PMC9609653 DOI: 10.3390/v14102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the bromodomain and exterminal domain (BET) family mediate critical host functions such as cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation, and the innate immune response, which makes them preferred targets for viruses. These multidomain proteins are best known as transcriptional effectors able to read acetylated histone and non-histone proteins through their tandem bromodomains. They also contain other short motif-binding domains such as the extraterminal domain, which recognizes transcriptional regulatory proteins. Here, we describe how different viruses have evolved to hijack or disrupt host BET protein function through direct interactions with BET family members to support their own propagation. The network of virus-BET interactions emerges as highly intricate, which may complicate the use of small-molecule BET inhibitors-currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases-to treat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene P. Chen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Modeling HPV-Associated Disease and Cancer Using the Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091964. [PMID: 36146770 PMCID: PMC9503101 DOI: 10.3390/v14091964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5% of all human cancers are attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HPV-associated diseases and cancers remain a substantial public health and economic burden worldwide despite the availability of prophylactic HPV vaccines. Current diagnosis and treatments for HPV-associated diseases and cancers are predominantly based on cell/tissue morphological examination and/or testing for the presence of high-risk HPV types. There is a lack of robust targets/markers to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and treatments. Several naturally occurring animal papillomavirus models have been established as surrogates to study HPV pathogenesis. Among them, the Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) model has become known as the gold standard. This model has played a pivotal role in the successful development of vaccines now available to prevent HPV infections. Over the past eighty years, the CRPV model has been widely applied to study HPV carcinogenesis. Taking advantage of a large panel of functional mutant CRPV genomes with distinct, reproducible, and predictable phenotypes, we have gained a deeper understanding of viral–host interaction during tumor progression. In recent years, the application of genome-wide RNA-seq analysis to the CRPV model has allowed us to learn and validate changes that parallel those reported in HPV-associated cancers. In addition, we have established a selection of gene-modified rabbit lines to facilitate mechanistic studies and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the current review, we summarize some significant findings that have advanced our understanding of HPV pathogenesis and highlight the implication of the development of novel gene-modified rabbits to future mechanistic studies.
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8
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Spatial and Functional Organization of Human Papillomavirus Replication Foci in the Productive Stage of Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e0268421. [PMID: 34749533 PMCID: PMC8576538 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02684-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of human papillomavirus (HPV) depends on keratinocyte differentiation as the virus modulates and takes advantage of cellular pathways to replicate its genome and assemble viral particles in differentiated cells. Viral genomes are amplified in nuclear replication foci in differentiated keratinocytes, and DNA repair factors from the DNA damage response signaling pathway are recruited to replicate viral DNA. The HPV genome is associated with cellular histones at all stages of the infectious cycle, and here, we show that the histone variant macroH2A1 is bound to the HPV genome and enriched in viral replication foci in differentiated cells. macroH2A1 isoforms play important roles in cellular transcriptional repression, double-strand break repair, and replication stress. The viral E8^E2 protein also binds to the HPV genome and inhibits viral replication and gene expression by recruiting NCoR/SMRT complexes. We show here that E8^E2 and SMRT also localize within replication foci, though independently from macroH2A1. Conversely, transcription complexes containing RNA polymerase II and Brd4 are located on the surface of the foci. Foci generated with an HPV16 E8^E2 mutant genome are not enriched for SMRT or macroH2A1 but contain transcriptional complexes throughout the foci. We propose that both the cellular macroH2A1 protein and viral E8^E2 protein help to spatially separate replication and transcription activities within viral replication foci. IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses are small DNA viruses that cause chronic infection of cutaneous and mucosal epithelium. In some cases, persistent infection with HPV can result in cancer, and 5% of human cancers are the result of HPV infection. In differentiated cells, HPV amplifies viral DNA in nuclear replication factories and transcribes late mRNAs to produce capsid proteins. However, very little is known about the spatial organization of these activities in the nucleus. Here, we show that repressive viral and cellular factors localize within the foci to suppress viral transcription, while active transcription takes place on the surface. The cellular histone variant macroH2A1 is important for this spatial organization.
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9
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Jones KL, Beaumont DM, Bernard SG, Bit RA, Campbell SP, Chung CW, Cutler L, Demont EH, Dennis K, Gordon L, Gray JR, Haase MV, Lewis AJ, McCleary S, Mitchell DJ, Moore SM, Parr N, Robb OJ, Smithers N, Soden PE, Suckling CJ, Taylor S, Walker AL, Watson RJ, Prinjha RK. Discovery of a Novel Bromodomain and Extra Terminal Domain (BET) Protein Inhibitor, I-BET282E, Suitable for Clinical Progression. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12200-12227. [PMID: 34387088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functions of the bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) family of proteins have been implicated in a wide range of diseases, particularly in the oncology and immuno-inflammatory areas, and several inhibitors are under investigation in the clinic. To mitigate the risk of attrition of these compounds due to structurally related toxicity findings, additional molecules from distinct chemical series were required. Here we describe the structure- and property-based optimization of the in vivo tool molecule I-BET151 toward I-BET282E, a molecule with properties suitable for progression into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Jones
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Dominic M Beaumont
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Sharon G Bernard
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rino A Bit
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Simon P Campbell
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Leanne Cutler
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Emmanuel H Demont
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Kate Dennis
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Laurie Gordon
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James R Gray
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Michael V Haase
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Antonia J Lewis
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Scott McCleary
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Darren J Mitchell
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Susanne M Moore
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Nigel Parr
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Olivia J Robb
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Nicholas Smithers
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Peter E Soden
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Colin J Suckling
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Simon Taylor
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ann L Walker
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Robert J Watson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
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10
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McBride AA, Warburton A, Khurana S. Multiple Roles of Brd4 in the Infectious Cycle of Human Papillomaviruses. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:725794. [PMID: 34386523 PMCID: PMC8353396 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.725794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) reproduce in stratified epithelia by establishing a reservoir of low- level infection in the dividing basal cells and restricting the production of viral particles to terminally differentiated cells. These small DNA viruses hijack pivotal cellular processes and pathways to support the persistent infectious cycle. One cellular factor that is key to multiple stages of viral replication and transcription is the BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal domain) protein, Brd4 (Bromodomain containing protein 4). Here we provide an overview of the multiple interactions of Brd4 that occur throughout the HPV infectious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A. McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Harrison LA, Atkinson SJ, Bassil A, Chung CW, Grandi P, Gray JRJ, Levernier E, Lewis A, Lugo D, Messenger C, Michon AM, Mitchell DJ, Preston A, Prinjha RK, Rioja I, Seal JT, Taylor S, Wall ID, Watson RJ, Woolven JM, Demont EH. Identification of a Series of N-Methylpyridine-2-carboxamides as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of the Second Bromodomain (BD2) of the Bromo and Extra Terminal Domain (BET) Proteins. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10742-10771. [PMID: 34232650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Domain-specific BET bromodomain ligands represent an attractive target for drug discovery with the potential to unlock the therapeutic benefits of antagonizing these proteins without eliciting the toxicological aspects seen with pan-BET inhibitors. While we have reported several distinct classes of BD2 selective compounds, namely, GSK620, GSK549, and GSK046, only GSK046 shows high aqueous solubility. Herein, we describe the lead optimization of a further class of highly soluble compounds based upon a picolinamide chemotype. Focusing on achieving >1000-fold selectivity for BD2 over BD1 ,while retaining favorable physical chemical properties, compound 36 was identified as being 2000-fold selective for BD2 over BD1 (Brd4 data) with >1 mg/mL solubility in FaSSIF media. 36 represents a valuable new in vivo ready molecule for the exploration of the BD2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Harrison
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Stephen J Atkinson
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Anna Bassil
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Paola Grandi
- IVIVT Cellzome, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James R J Gray
- Quantitative Pharmacology, Immunoinflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Etienne Levernier
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Antonia Lewis
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - David Lugo
- Quantitative Pharmacology, Immunoinflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Cassie Messenger
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Anne-Marie Michon
- IVIVT Cellzome, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Darren J Mitchell
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Alex Preston
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Inmaculada Rioja
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jonathan T Seal
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Simon Taylor
- Quantitative Pharmacology, Immunoinflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ian D Wall
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Robert J Watson
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James M Woolven
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Emmanuel H Demont
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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12
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Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061179. [PMID: 34070716 PMCID: PMC8227491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.
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13
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Mhatre S, Srivastava T, Naik S, Patravale V. Antiviral activity of green tea and black tea polyphenols in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: A review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153286. [PMID: 32741697 PMCID: PMC7367004 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid spread of novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 or nCoV has caused countries all over the world to impose lockdowns and undertake stringent preventive measures. This new positive-sense single-stranded RNA strain of coronavirus spreads through droplets of saliva and nasal discharge. PURPOSE US FDA has authorized the emergency use of Remdesivir looking at the increasing number of cases of COVID-19, however there is still no drug approved to treat COVID-19. An alternative way of treatment could be the use of naturally derived molecules with known antiviral properties. METHOD We reviewed the antiviral activities of two polyphenols derived from tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and theaflavins from black tea. Both green tea and black tea polyphenols have been reported to exhibit antiviral activities against various viruses, especially positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. RESULTS Recent studies have revealed the possible binding sites present on SARS-CoV-2 and studied their interactions with tea polyphenols. EGCG and theaflavins, especially theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3) have shown a significant interaction with the receptors under consideration in this review. Some docking studies further emphasize on the activity of these polyphenols against COVID-19. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the available reports and evidences which support the use of tea polyphenols as potential candidates in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmit Mhatre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Tishya Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Shivraj Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.
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14
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Clinical Manifestations and Epigenetic Regulation of Oral Herpesvirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040681. [PMID: 33920978 PMCID: PMC8071331 DOI: 10.3390/v13040681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is often the first site where viruses interact with the human body. The oral epithelium is a major site of viral entry, replication and spread to other cell types, where chronic infection can be established. In addition, saliva has been shown as a primary route of person-to-person transmission for many viruses. From a clinical perspective, viral infection can lead to several oral manifestations, ranging from common intraoral lesions to tumors. Despite the clinical and biological relevance of initial oral infection, little is known about the mechanism of regulation of the viral life cycle in the oral cavity. Several viruses utilize host epigenetic machinery to promote their own life cycle. Importantly, viral hijacking of host chromatin-modifying enzymes can also lead to the dysregulation of host factors and in the case of oncogenic viruses may ultimately play a role in promoting tumorigenesis. Given the known roles of epigenetic regulation of viral infection, epigenetic-targeted antiviral therapy has been recently explored as a therapeutic option for chronic viral infection. In this review, we highlight three herpesviruses with known roles in oral infection, including herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We focus on the respective oral clinical manifestations of these viruses and their epigenetic regulation, with a specific emphasis on the viral life cycle in the oral epithelium.
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15
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Sun Y, Han J, Wang Z, Li X, Sun Y, Hu Z. Safety and Efficacy of Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies and Solid Tumors: A Systematic Study of Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:621093. [PMID: 33574760 PMCID: PMC7870522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.621093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The upregulated expression of BET proteins is closely associated with the occurrence and development of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Several BET inhibitors have been developed, and some have been in phase I/II of clinical trials. Here, the safety, efficacy, and pharmacodynamics of ten BET inhibitors currently in clinical trials were evaluated. Methods: We retrieved and reviewed published reports on the clinical trials of twelve BET inhibitors including AZD5153, ABBV-075, BMS-986158, CPI-0610, GSK525762, OTX-015, PLX51107, INCB054329, INCB057643, FT-1101, CC-90010, and ODM-207 for patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors and summarized their published target genes. Results: In the monotherapy of BET inhibitors, the most common and severe (grade ≥3) hematological adverse events (AEs) are thrombocytopenia, anemia, and neutropenia. The most common non-hematological syndromes are diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, dysgeusia, and decreased appetite, while the most severe AE is pneumonia. Additionally, Tmax of these BET inhibitors was between 0.5–6 h, but the range for T1/2 varied significantly. According to published data, the rates of SD, PD, CR and PR were 27.4%, 37.6%, 3.5%, and 5.7%, respectively, which is not very satisfactory. In addition to BRD4, oncogene MYC is another common target gene of these BET inhibitors. Ninety-seven signaling pathways may be regulated by BET inhibitors. Conclusion: All BET inhibitors reviewed in our study exhibited exposure-dependent thrombocytopenia, which may limit their clinical application. Moreover, further efforts are necessary to explore the optimal dosing schemes and combinations to maximize the efficacy of BET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Sun
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jie Han
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhanzhao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xuening Li
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- Department of Hematology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Zhenbo Hu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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