1
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Alshammari SO. Marine Brown Algae-Derived Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:92. [PMID: 38393063 PMCID: PMC10890675 DOI: 10.3390/md22020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that primarily affects people in Asia and seriously threatens public health. Considering the rising occurrence rates and lack of targeted antiviral treatments, it is essential to comprehend and tackle obstacles related to JEV in order to lessen its influence on world health. This investigation explores compounds derived from marine brown algae (Phaeophyceae) as potential inhibitors of JEV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a critical enzyme in the virus's replication cycle. Employing the computational virtual screen approach, four compounds, i.e., CMNPD16749, CMNPD2606, CMNPD27817, and CMNPD23662, with favorable binding energies ranging from -15.7 Kcal/mol to -13.9 kcal/mol were identified. Subsequently, through molecular docking analysis, the interactions responsible for the binding stability between the target protein and hit molecules compared to the reference molecule Galidesvir were studied. Further, through extensive molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies at 200 ns, it was confirmed that each docked complex showed acceptable dynamic stability compared to the reference molecule. These findings were further validated using MM/PBSA free binding energy calculations, PCA analysis and free energy landscape construction. These computational findings suggested that the brown algae-derived compounds may act as an antiviral drug against JEV infection and lay a crucial foundation for future experimental studies against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud O Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 76321, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Apaydın ÇB, Göktaş F, Naesens L, Karalı N. Novel 2-indolinone derivatives as promising agents against respiratory syncytial and yellow fever viruses. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:295-310. [PMID: 38288568 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: A vaccine or antiviral drug for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and a specific antiviral drug for yellow fever virus (YFV) infections has not yet been developed. Method: In this study, 2-indolinone-based N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamides were synthesized. Along with these new compounds, previously synthesized 2-indolinone-based N-(3-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamides were evaluated against various DNA and RNA viruses. Results: Some 2-indolinone compounds exhibited nontoxic and selective antiviral activities against RSV and YFV. Halogen substitution at the indole ring increased the anti-RSV activities. Moreover, 1-benzyl and 5-halogen or nitro-substituted compounds were the most effective compounds against YFV. Conclusion: Generally, the 3-sulfonamide-substituted compounds were determined to be more effective than 4-sulfonamide-substituted compounds against RSV and YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Begüm Apaydın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Füsun Göktaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nilgün Karalı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Zhang B, Yu J, Zhu G, Huang Y, Zhang K, Xiao X, He W, Yuan J, Gao X. Dapoxetine, a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor, Suppresses Zika Virus Infection In Vitro. Molecules 2023; 28:8142. [PMID: 38138628 PMCID: PMC10745718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, and is a pathogen posing a significant threat to human health. Currently, there is a lack of internationally approved antiviral drugs for the treatment of ZIKV infection, and symptomatic management remains the primary clinical approach. Consequently, the exploration of safe and effective anti-ZIKV drugs has emerged as a paramount imperative in ZIKV control efforts. In this study, we performed a screening of a compound library consisting of 1789 FDA-approved drugs to identify potential agents with anti-ZIKV activity. We have identified dapoxetine, an orally administered selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) commonly employed for the clinical management of premature ejaculation (PE), as a potential inhibitor of ZIKV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Consequently, we conducted surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis to validate the specific binding of dapoxetine to ZIKV RdRp, and further evaluated its inhibitory effect on ZIKV RdRp synthesis using the ZIKV Gluc reporter gene assay. Furthermore, we substantiated the efficacy of dapoxetine in suppressing intracellular replication of ZIKV, thereby demonstrating a concentration-dependent antiviral effect (EC50 values ranging from 4.20 μM to 12.6 μM) and negligible cytotoxicity (CC50 > 50 μM) across diverse cell lines. Moreover, cell fluorescence staining and Western blotting assays revealed that dapoxetine effectively reduced the expression of ZIKV proteins. Collectively, our findings suggest that dapoxetine exhibits anti-ZIKV effects by inhibiting ZIKV RdRp activity, positioning it as a potential candidate for clinical therapeutic intervention against ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; (J.Y.); (G.Z.); (X.X.)
| | - Jianchen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; (J.Y.); (G.Z.); (X.X.)
| | - Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; (J.Y.); (G.Z.); (X.X.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yun Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Kexin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Xuhan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; (J.Y.); (G.Z.); (X.X.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenxuan He
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Jie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; (J.Y.); (G.Z.); (X.X.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
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4
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Dasgupta A, Gangai S, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Mapping the Lipid Signatures in COVID-19 Infection: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Solutions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14411-14433. [PMID: 37899546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic ignited research centered around the identification of robust biomarkers and therapeutic targets. SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible, hijacks the metabolic machinery of the host cells. It relies on lipids and lipoproteins of host cells for entry, trafficking, immune evasion, viral replication, and exocytosis. The infection causes host cell lipid metabolic remodelling. Targeting lipid-based processes is thus a promising strategy for countering COVID-19. Here, we review the role of lipids in the different steps of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and identify lipid-centric targetable avenues. We discuss lipidome changes in infected patients and their relevance as potential clinical diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. We summarize the emerging direct and indirect therapeutic approaches for targeting COVID-19 using lipid-inspired approaches. Given that viral protein-targeted therapies may become less effective due to mutations in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, lipid-inspired interventions may provide additional and perhaps better means of combating this and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishi Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- IIT-Bombay Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shon Gangai
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences (SCMS), Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences (SCMS), Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
- School of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences (SILS), Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- IIT-Bombay Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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5
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Huang ZX, Zhou ST, Wang J, Yang ZB, Wang Z. Remdesivir inhibits Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in vitro. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21468. [PMID: 38027806 PMCID: PMC10663732 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious and pathogenic virus that causes symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and even death in piglets. Due to its high transmission rate, PEDV has resulted in significant global losses. Although some vaccines have been developed and utilized to prevent PEDV, their effectiveness is limited due to the virus's mutations. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate new strategies to combat PEDV. Remdesivir, a classic antiviral drug for coronaviruses, has been proven in our experiment to effectively suppress PEDV replication in Vero and LLC-PK1 cells. Additionally, the cell experiment demonstrated its direct inhibition of PEDV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme activity. Molecular docking simulations were employed to predict the binding site of remdesivir and PEDV RdRp. Moreover, we observed that remdesivir does not impact the production of inflammatory factors and exhibits antagonistic effects with exogenous nucleosides. Furthermore, we conducted RNA-Seq analysis to investigate the global changes in transcriptome of infected cells treated with remdesivir. Overall, our findings indicate that remdesivir holds promise as a potential candidate for the treatment of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xin Huang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds / School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhou
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds / School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yang ling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhi-Biao Yang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds / School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds / School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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6
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Worku DA. Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6859. [PMID: 37959323 PMCID: PMC10650904 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral arthropod infection, endemic to large parts of Europe and Asia, and is characterised by neurological involvement, which can range from mild to severe, and in 33-60% of cases, it leads to a post-encephalitis syndrome and long-term morbidity. While TBE virus, now identified as Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis, was originally isolated in 1937, the pathogenesis of TBE is not fully appreciated with the mode of transmission (blood, tick, alimentary), viral strain, host immune response, and age, likely helping to shape the disease phenotype that we explore in this review. Importantly, the incidence of TBE is increasing, and due to global warming, its epidemiology is evolving, with new foci of transmission reported across Europe and in the UK. As such, a better understanding of the symptomatology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of TBE is required to inform healthcare professionals going forward, which this review addresses in detail. To this end, the need for robust national surveillance data and randomised control trial data regarding the use of various antivirals (e.g., Galidesivir and 7-deaza-2'-CMA), monoclonal antibodies, and glucocorticoids is required to improve the management and outcomes of TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Adam Worku
- Infectious Diseases, Morriston Hospital, Heol Maes Eglwys, Morriston, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK;
- Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK
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7
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Jia W, Ouyang Y, Zhang S, Du X, Zhang P, Huang S. Nanopore Signatures of Nucleoside Drugs. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9437-9444. [PMID: 37818841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside drugs, which are analogues of natural nucleosides, have been widely applied in the clinical treatment of viral infections and cancers. The development of nucleoside drugs, repurposing of existing drugs, and combined use of multiple drug types have made the rapid sensing of nucleoside drugs urgently needed. Nanopores are emerging single-molecule sensors that have high resolution to resolve even minor structural differences between chemical compounds. Here, an engineered Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A hetero-octamer was used to perform general nucleoside drug analysis. Ten nucleoside drugs were simultaneously detected and fully discriminated. An accuracy of >99.9% was consequently reported. This sensing capacity was further demonstrated in direct nanopore analysis of ribavirin buccal tablets, confirming its sensing reliability against complex samples and environments. No sample separation is needed, however, significantly minimizing the complexity of the measurement. This technique may inspire nanopore applications in pharmaceutical production and pharmacokinetics measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yusheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Panke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
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8
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Abduljalil JM, Elfiky AA, Sayed ESTA, AlKhazindar MM. In silico structural elucidation of Nipah virus L protein and targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain by nucleoside analogs. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8215-8229. [PMID: 36205638 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2130987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
The large (L) protein of Mononegavirales is a multi-domain protein that performs transcription and genome replication. One of the important domains in L is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a promising target for antiviral drugs. In this work, we employed rigorous computational comparative modeling to predict the structure of L protein of Nipah virus (NiV). The RdRp domain was targeted by a panel of nucleotide analogs, previously reported to inhibit different viral RNA polymerases, using molecular docking. Best binder compounds were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to validate their binding. Molecular mechanics/generalized-born surface area (MM/GBSA) calculations estimated the binding free energy. The predicted model of NiV L has an excellent quality as judged by physics- and knowledge-based validation tests. Galidesivir, AT-9010 and Norov-29 scored the top nucleotide analogs to bind to the RdRp. Their binding free energies obtained by MM/GBSA (-31.01 ± 3.9 to -38.37 ± 4.8 kcal/mol) ranked Norov-29 as the best potential inhibitor. Purine nucleotide analogs are expected to harbor the scaffold for an effective drug against NiV. Finally, this study is expected to provide a start point for medicinal chemistry and drug discovery campaigns toward identification of effective chemotherapeutic agent(s) against NiV.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel M Abduljalil
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed T A Sayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha M AlKhazindar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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9
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Hau RK, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Addressing the Clinical Importance of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters in Drug Discovery and Development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:780-794. [PMID: 37404197 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) guidances on small-molecule drug-drug interactions (DDIs), with input from the International Transporter Consortium (ITC), recommend the evaluation of nine drug transporters. Although other clinically relevant drug uptake and efflux transporters have been discussed in ITC white papers, they have been excluded from further recommendation by the ITC and are not included in current regulatory guidances. These include the ubiquitously expressed equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT) 1 and ENT2, which have been recognized by the ITC for their potential role in clinically relevant nucleoside analog drug interactions for patients with cancer. Although there is comparatively limited clinical evidence supporting their role in DDI risk or other adverse drug reactions (ADRs) compared with the nine highlighted transporters, several in vitro and in vivo studies have identified ENT interactions with non-nucleoside/non-nucleotide drugs, in addition to nucleoside/nucleotide analogs. Some noteworthy examples of compounds that interact with ENTs include cannabidiol and selected protein kinase inhibitors, as well as the nucleoside analogs remdesivir, EIDD-1931, gemcitabine, and fialuridine. Consequently, DDIs involving the ENTs may be responsible for therapeutic inefficacy or off-target toxicity. Evidence suggests that ENT1 and ENT2 should be considered as transporters potentially involved in clinically relevant DDIs and ADRs, thereby warranting further investigation and regulatory consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Hau
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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10
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Diani E, Lagni A, Lotti V, Tonon E, Cecchetto R, Gibellini D. Vector-Transmitted Flaviviruses: An Antiviral Molecules Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37894085 PMCID: PMC10608811 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause numerous pathologies in humans across a broad clinical spectrum with potentially severe clinical manifestations, including hemorrhagic and neurological disorders. Among human flaviviruses, some viral proteins show high conservation and are good candidates as targets for drug design. From an epidemiological point of view, flaviviruses cause more than 400 million cases of infection worldwide each year. In particular, the Yellow Fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses have high morbidity and mortality-about an estimated 20,000 deaths per year. As they depend on human vectors, they have expanded their geographical range in recent years due to altered climatic and social conditions. Despite these epidemiological and clinical premises, there are limited antiviral treatments for these infections. In this review, we describe the major compounds that are currently under evaluation for the treatment of flavivirus infections and the challenges faced during clinical trials, outlining their mechanisms of action in order to present an overview of ongoing studies. According to our review, the absence of approved antivirals for flaviviruses led to in vitro and in vivo experiments aimed at identifying compounds that can interfere with one or more viral cycle steps. Still, the currently unavailability of approved antivirals poses a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Lagni
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Virginia Lotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Emil Tonon
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Cecchetto
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.L.); (V.L.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Microbiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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11
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Awad AM, Hansen K, Del Rio D, Flores D, Barghash RF, Kakkola L, Julkunen I, Awad K. Insights into COVID-19: Perspectives on Drug Remedies and Host Cell Responses. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1452. [PMID: 37892134 PMCID: PMC10604481 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the COVID-19 global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, ongoing research has centered on minimizing viral spread either by stopping viral entry or inhibiting viral replication. Repurposing antiviral drugs, typically nucleoside analogs, has proven successful at inhibiting virus replication. This review summarizes current information regarding coronavirus classification and characterization and presents the broad clinical consequences of SARS-CoV-2 activation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed in different human cell types. It provides publicly available knowledge on the chemical nature of proposed therapeutics and their target biomolecules to assist in the identification of potentially new drugs for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Awad
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Kamryn Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Diana Del Rio
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Derek Flores
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Reham F. Barghash
- Institute of Chemical Industries Research, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Kareem Awad
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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12
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Gratteri C, Ambrosio FA, Lupia A, Moraca F, Catalanotti B, Costa G, Bellocchi M, Carioti L, Salpini R, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Frazia SL, Malagnino V, Sarmati L, Svicher V, Bryant S, Artese A, Alcaro S. Molecular and Structural Aspects of Clinically Relevant Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase in Remdesivir-Treated Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1143. [PMID: 37631058 PMCID: PMC10459223 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a promising therapeutic target to fight COVID-19, and many RdRp inhibitors nucleotide/nucleoside analogs, such as remdesivir, have been identified or are in clinical studies. However, the appearance of resistant mutations could reduce their efficacy. In the present work, we structurally evaluated the impact of RdRp mutations found at baseline in 39 patients treated with remdesivir and associated with a different degree of antiviral response in vivo. (2) Methods: A refined bioinformatics approach was applied to assign SARS-CoV-2 clade and lineage, and to define RdRp mutational profiles. In line with such a method, the same mutations were built and analyzed by combining docking and thermodynamics evaluations with both molecular dynamics and representative pharmacophore models. (3) Results: Clinical studies revealed that patients bearing the most prevalent triple mutant P323L+671S+M899I, which was present in 41% of patients, or the more complex mutational profile P323L+G671S+L838I+D738Y+K91E, which was found with a prevalence of 2.6%, showed a delayed reduced response to remdesivir, as confirmed by the increase in SARS-CoV-2 viral load and by a reduced theoretical binding affinity versus RdRp (ΔGbindWT = -122.70 kcal/mol; ΔGbindP323L+671S+M899I = -84.78 kcal/mol; ΔGbindP323L+G671S+L838I+D738Y+K91E = -96.74 kcal/mol). Combined computational approaches helped to rationalize such clinical observations, offering a mechanistic understanding of the allosteric effects of mutants on the global motions of the viral RNA synthesis machine and in the changes of the interactions patterns of remdesivir during its binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gratteri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.G.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Francesca Alessandra Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Antonio Lupia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell’ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Giosuè Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.G.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Bellocchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; (M.B.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (F.C.-S.)
| | - Luca Carioti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; (M.B.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (F.C.-S.)
| | - Romina Salpini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; (M.B.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (F.C.-S.)
| | - Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; (M.B.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (F.C.-S.)
| | - Simone La Frazia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; (S.L.F.); (V.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Malagnino
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; (V.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; (V.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Valentina Svicher
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Tor Vergata di Roma, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; (S.L.F.); (V.S.)
| | - Sharon Bryant
- Inte:Ligand GmbH, Mariahilferstrasse 74B/11, 1070 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.G.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.G.); (G.C.); (S.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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13
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Binderup A, Galli A, Fossat N, Fernandez-Antunez C, Mikkelsen LS, Rivera-Rangel LR, Scheel TKH, Fahnøe U, Bukh J, Ramirez S. Differential activity of nucleotide analogs against tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever viruses in human cell lines. Virology 2023; 585:179-185. [PMID: 37356253 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
With no approved antiviral therapies, the continuous emergence and re-emergence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) is a rising concern. We performed head-to-head comparisons of the antiviral activity of available nucleos(t)ide analogs (nucs) using relevant human cell lines. Eight existing nucs inhibited TBEV and/or YFV with differential activity between cell lines and viruses. Remdesivir, uprifosbuvir and sofosbuvir were the most potent drugs against TBEV and YFV in liver cells, but they had reduced activity in neural cells, whereas galidesivir retained uniform activity across cell lines and viruses. Ribavirin, valopicitabine, molnupiravir and GS-6620 exhibited only moderate antiviral activity. We found antiviral activity for drugs previously reported as inactive, demonstrating the importance of using human cell lines and comparative experimental assays when screening the activity of nucs. The relatively high antiviral activity of remdesivir, sofosbuvir and uprifosbuvir against TBEV and YFV merits further investigation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekxander Binderup
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Galli
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Fossat
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlota Fernandez-Antunez
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte S Mikkelsen
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lizandro René Rivera-Rangel
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels K H Scheel
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Fahnøe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Santseharay Ramirez
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Shehzadi K, Saba A, Yu M, Liang J. Structure-Based Drug Design of RdRp Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:22. [PMID: 37318607 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic since 2019, spreading rapidly and posing a significant threat to human health and life. With over 6 billion confirmed cases of the virus, the need for effective therapeutic drugs has become more urgent than ever before. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is crucial in viral replication and transcription, catalysing viral RNA synthesis and serving as a promising therapeutic target for developing antiviral drugs. In this article, we explore the inhibition of RdRp as a potential treatment for viral diseases, analysing the structural information of RdRp in virus proliferation and summarizing the reported inhibitors' pharmacophore features and structure-activity relationship profiles. We hope that the information provided by this review will aid in structure-based drug design and aid in the global fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shehzadi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Afsheen Saba
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Mingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China.
| | - Jianhua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314019, China.
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15
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Zhu Y, Chen S, Lurong Q, Qi Z. Recent Advances in Antivirals for Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051033. [PMID: 37243122 DOI: 10.3390/v15051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Culex mosquitoes are the primary vectors of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Since its discovery in 1935, Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by JEV, has posed a significant threat to human health. Despite the widespread implementation of several JEV vaccines, the transmission chain of JEV in the natural ecosystem has not changed, and the vector of transmission cannot be eradicated. Therefore, JEV is still the focus of attention for flaviviruses. At present, there is no clinically specific drug for JE treatment. JEV infection is a complex interaction between the virus and the host cell, which is the focus of drug design and development. An overview of antivirals that target JEV elements and host factors is presented in this review. In addition, drugs that balance antiviral effects and host protection by regulating innate immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, or necrosis are reviewed to treat JE effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhe Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shenglin Chen
- Department of Clinic Laboratory Diagnostics, General Hospital of Tibet Military Area Command of PLA, Lhasa 850007, China
| | - Qilin Lurong
- Department of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Tibet Military Area Command of PLA, Lhasa 850007, China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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16
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Sparrow K, Shrestha R, Wood JM, Clinch K, Hurst BL, Wang H, Gowen BB, Julander JG, Tarbet EB, McSweeney AM, Ward VK, Evans GB, Harris LD. An Isomer of Galidesivir That Potently Inhibits Influenza Viruses and Members of the Bunyavirales Order. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:506-513. [PMID: 37077387 PMCID: PMC10108398 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time the antiviral activities of two iminovirs (antiviral imino-C-nucleosides) 1 and 2, structurally related to galidesivir (Immucillin A, BCX4430). An iminovir containing the 4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4-triazine] nucleobase found in remdesivir exhibited submicromolar inhibition of multiple strains of influenza A and B viruses, as well as members of the Bunyavirales order. We also report the first syntheses of ProTide prodrugs of iminovir monophosphates, which unexpectedly displayed poorer viral inhibition than their parent nucleosides in vitro. An efficient synthesis of the 4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4-triazine]-containing iminovir 2 was developed to enable preliminary in vivo studies, wherein it displayed significant toxicity in BALB/c mice and limited protection against influenza. Further modification of this anti-influenza iminovir will therefore be required to improve its therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
J. Sparrow
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Rinu Shrestha
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - James M. Wood
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Keith Clinch
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - Brian B. Gowen
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - Justin G. Julander
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - E. Bart Tarbet
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - Alice M. McSweeney
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, University
of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Vernon K. Ward
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, University
of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gary B. Evans
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence. D. Harris
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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17
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Delgado-Maldonado T, Moreno-Herrera A, Pujadas G, Vázquez-Jiménez LK, González-González A, Rivera G. Recent advances in the development of methyltransferase (MTase) inhibitors against (re)emerging arboviruses diseases dengue and Zika. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115290. [PMID: 36958266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and/or re-emerging viral diseases such as dengue and Zika are a worldwide concern. Therefore, new antiviral therapeutics are necessary. In this sense, a non-structural protein with methyltransferase (MTase) activity is an attractive drug target because it plays a crucial role in dengue and Zika virus replication. Different drug strategies such as virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics have identified new inhibitors that bind on the MTase active site. Therefore, in this review, we analyze MTase inhibitors, including S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) and guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) analogs, nitrogen-containing heterocycles (pyrimidine, adenosine, and pyridine), urea derivatives, and natural products. Advances in the design of MTase inhibitors could lead to the optimization of a possible single or broad-spectrum antiviral drug against dengue and Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoteo Delgado-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Antonio Moreno-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Gerard Pujadas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Research group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Campus de Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lenci K Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico.
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18
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Padmanabha Das KM. Editorial: Antiviral drug discovery against pathogens of pandemic concern: Advancements in target site identification and structure-based drug development. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1165208. [PMID: 36968270 PMCID: PMC10034765 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1165208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M. Padmanabha Das
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (BCMP), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Krishna M. Padmanabha Das,
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19
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Pauly I, Kumar Singh A, Kumar A, Singh Y, Thareja S, Kamal MA, Verma A, Kumar P. Current Insights and Molecular Docking Studies of the Drugs under Clinical Trial as RdRp Inhibitors in COVID-19 Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 28:3677-3705. [PMID: 36345244 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221107123841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Study Background & Objective: After the influenza pandemic (1918), COVID-19 was declared a Vth pandemic by the WHO in 2020. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA-enveloped single-stranded virus. Based on the structure and life cycle, Protease (3CLpro), RdRp, ACE2, IL-6, and TMPRSS2 are the major targets for drug development against COVID-19. Pre-existing several drugs (FDA-approved) are used to inhibit the above targets in different diseases. In coronavirus treatment, these drugs are also in different clinical trial stages. Remdesivir (RdRp inhibitor) is the only FDA-approved medicine for coronavirus treatment. In the present study, by using the drug repurposing strategy, 70 preexisting clinical or under clinical trial molecules were used in scrutiny for RdRp inhibitor potent molecules in coronavirus treatment being surveyed via docking studies. Molecular simulation studies further confirmed the binding mechanism and stability of the most potent compounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS Docking studies were performed using the Maestro 12.9 module of Schrodinger software over 70 molecules with RdRp as the target and remdesivir as the standard drug and further confirmed by simulation studies. RESULTS The docking studies showed that many HIV protease inhibitors demonstrated remarkable binding interactions with the target RdRp. Protease inhibitors such as lopinavir and ritonavir are effective. Along with these, AT-527, ledipasvir, bicalutamide, and cobicistat showed improved docking scores. RMSD and RMSF were further analyzed for potent ledipasvir and ritonavir by simulation studies and were identified as potential candidates for corona disease. CONCLUSION The drug repurposing approach provides a new avenue in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irine Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jaddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Australia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
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20
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Giannetti M, Mazzuca C, Ripani G, Palleschi A. Inspection on the Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Inhibition by Penciclovir: A Molecular Dynamic Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010191. [PMID: 36615385 PMCID: PMC9821970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, humanity has had to face a critical pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2. In the rapid search for effective drugs against this RNA-positive virus, the repurposing of already existing nucleotide/nucleoside analogs able to stop RNA replication by inhibiting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme has been evaluated. In this process, a valid contribution has been the use of in silico experiments, which allow for a rapid evaluation of the possible effectiveness of the proposed drugs. Here we propose a molecular dynamic study to provide insight into the inhibition mechanism of Penciclovir, a nucleotide analog on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme. Besides the presented results, in this article, for the first time, molecular dynamic simulations have been performed considering not only the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein, but also its cofactors (fundamental for RNA replication) and double-strand RNA.
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21
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Stevaert A, Groaz E, Naesens L. Nucleoside analogs for management of respiratory virus infections: mechanism of action and clinical efficacy. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 57:101279. [PMID: 36403338 PMCID: PMC9671222 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of nucleoside analogs to treat respiratory virus infections, with remdesivir being the first compound to receive worldwide authorization and three other nucleoside analogs (i.e. favipiravir, molnupiravir, and bemnifosbuvir) in the pipeline. Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning their clinical efficacy in suppressing the virus and reducing the need for hospitalization or respiratory support. We also mention trials of favipiravir and lumicitabine, for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, respectively. Besides, we outline how nucleoside analogs interact with the polymerases of respiratory viruses, to cause lethal virus mutagenesis or disturbance of viral RNA synthesis. In this way, we aim to convey the key findings on this rapidly evolving class of respiratory virus medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Stevaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Hyland EE, Kelly PQ, McKillop AM, Dherange BD, Levin MD. Unified Access to Pyrimidines and Quinazolines Enabled by N-N Cleaving Carbon Atom Insertion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19258-19264. [PMID: 36240487 PMCID: PMC9619406 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Given
the ubiquity of heterocycles in biologically active
molecules,
transformations with the capacity to modify such molecular skeletons
with modularity remain highly desirable. Ring expansions that enable
interconversion of privileged heterocyclic motifs are especially interesting
in this regard. As such, the known mechanisms for ring expansion and
contraction determine the classes of heterocycle amenable to skeletal
editing. Herein, we report a reaction that selectively cleaves the
N–N bond of pyrazole and indazole cores to afford pyrimidines
and quinazolines, respectively. This chlorodiazirine-mediated reaction
provides a unified route to a related pair of heterocycles that are
otherwise typically prepared by divergent approaches. Mechanistic
experiments and DFT calculations support a pathway involving pyrazolium
ylide fragmentation followed by cyclization of the ring-opened diazahexatriene
intermediate to yield the new diazine core. Beyond enabling access
to valuable heteroarenes from easily prepared starting materials,
we demonstrate the synthetic utility of skeletal editing in the synthesis
of a Rosuvastatin analog as well as in an aryl vector-adjusting direct
scaffold hop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan E Hyland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Patrick Q Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander M McKillop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Balu D Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mark D Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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23
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Duan X, Lacko LA, Chen S. Druggable targets and therapeutic development for COVID-19. Front Chem 2022; 10:963701. [PMID: 36277347 PMCID: PMC9581228 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.963701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, is the biggest challenge to the global public health and economy in recent years. Until now, only limited therapeutic regimens have been available for COVID-19 patients, sparking unprecedented efforts to study coronavirus biology. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes 16 non-structural, four structural, and nine accessory proteins, which mediate the viral life cycle, including viral entry, RNA replication and transcription, virion assembly and release. These processes depend on the interactions between viral polypeptides and host proteins, both of which could be potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19. Here, we will discuss the potential medicinal value of essential proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and key host factors. We summarize the most updated therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 patients, including those approved clinically or in clinical trials.
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24
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Zhang Y, Geng H, Zhang J, He K. An update mini-review on the progress of azanucleoside analogues. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:469-476. [PMID: 35753803 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of structurally novel nucleoside analogues is an active area in medicinal chemistry, since these drugs have proven clinical efficacy for decades. Azanucleosides are nucleoside analogues in which the sugar moieties are composed of nitrogen-containing rings or chains. In recent years, many azanucleosides have demonstrated therapeutic potential. In this short review, we describe recent advancements in azanucleosides, which may translate in a better understanding of the molecular design, biological activity, structure-activity relationship, and their related mechanism of action. The information summarized in this paper should encourage medicinal chemists in their future efforts to create more potent and effective chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Geng
- College of Science, Xichang University
| | | | - Kehan He
- College of Science, Xichang University
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25
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Desantis J, Felicetti T, Cannalire R. An overview on small molecules acting as broad spectrum-agents for yellow fever infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:755-773. [PMID: 35638299 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2084529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yellow Fever virus (YFV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, endemic in 47 countries in Africa and South America, which causes febrile symptoms that can evolve in 15% of the patients to serious haemorrhagic conditions, liver injury, and multiorgan failure. Although a highly effective vaccine (YF-17D vaccine) is available, to date, no antiviral drugs have been approved for the prevention and treatment of YFV infections. AREAS COVERED This review article focuses on the description of viral targets that have been considered within YFV and flavivirus drug discovery studies and on the most relevant candidates reported so far that elicit broad-spectrum inhibition against relevant strains and mutants of YFV. EXPERT OPINION Considering the growing interest on (re)emerging vector-borne viral infections, it is expected that flavivirus drug discovery will quickly deliver potential candidates for clinical evaluation. Due to similarity among flaviviral targets, several candidates identified against different flaviviruses have shown broad-spectrum activity, thus exhibiting anti-YFV activity, as well. In this regard, it would be desirable to routinely include the assessment of antiviral activity against different YFV strains. On the other hand, the development of host targeting agents are still at an initial stage and deserve further focused efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Desantis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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26
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Krishnakumar KA, Lankalapalli RS. Synthesis of Immucillins BCX‐1777 and BCX‐4430 from a Common Precursor. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Krishnakumar
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology CSIR Chemical Sciences and Technology Division INDIA
| | - Ravi Shankar Lankalapalli
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology Chemical Sciences and Technology Division Industrial Estate P.O. Pappanamcode. 695019 Thiruvananthapuram INDIA
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27
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Esposito S, D’Abrosca G, Antolak A, Pedone PV, Isernia C, Malgieri G. Host and Viral Zinc-Finger Proteins in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073711. [PMID: 35409070 PMCID: PMC8998646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented effort to tackle the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has characterized the activity of the global scientific community over the last two years. Hundreds of published studies have focused on the comprehension of the immune response to the virus and on the definition of the functional role of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Proteins containing zinc fingers, both belonging to SARS-CoV-2 or to the host, play critical roles in COVID-19 participating in antiviral defenses and regulation of viral life cycle. Differentially expressed zinc finger proteins and their distinct activities could thus be important in determining the severity of the disease and represent important targets for drug development. Therefore, we here review the mechanisms of action of host and viral zinc finger proteins in COVID-19 as a contribution to the comprehension of the disease and also highlight strategies for therapeutic developments.
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28
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Joseph AA, Fasipe OJ, Joseph OA, Olatunji OA. Contemporary and emerging pharmacotherapeutic agents for the treatment of Lassa viral haemorrhagic fever disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1525-1531. [PMID: 35296886 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review was designed to discuss the emerging and current pharmacotherapeutic agents for the treatment of Lassa viral haemorrhagic fever disease (LVHFD), also known as Lassa fever (LF). Original peer-reviewed articles that investigated LF were identified using the Medline Entrez-PubMed search. Information was also sourced from printed textbooks and reports by recognized health professional bodies such as the WHO, CDC, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). A total of 103 articles were reviewed and 78 were found to contain information relevant to the study. LF remains an endemic disease of public health concern in the West Africa region, and in the rest of the world as cases have been imported into non-endemic regions as well. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics for the treatment of Lassa mammarenavirus (LASV) infection. There are, however, off-label therapeutics being used (ribavirin and convalescent plasma) whose efficacy is suboptimal. Research is still ongoing on possible therapeutic options and drug repurposing of therapeutic agents currently in use for other clinical conditions. Considered therapeutic options include favipiravir, taribavirin, Arevirumab-3 and experimental drugs such as losmapimod, adamantyl diphenyl piperazine 3.3, Arbidol (umifenovir) and decanoyl-RRLL-chloromethyl ketone (dec-RRLL-CMK). Current treatments for LF are limited, hence the institution of mitigating measures to prevent infection is of utmost importance and should be prioritized, especially in endemic regions. Heightened searches for other therapeutic options with greater efficacy and lower toxicity are still ongoing, as well as for vaccines as the absence of these classifies the disease as a priority disease of high public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olumuyiwa John Fasipe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | | | - Olalekan Aliu Olatunji
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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29
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Dhwaj Ashwlayan V, Antlash C, Imran M, Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq S, Kanan Alshammari M, Alomani M, Alzahrani E, Sharma D, Tomar R, Abida. INSIGHTS INTO THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF COVID-19 AND ITS VACCINES ON HUMAN HEALTH. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3326-3337. [PMID: 35185356 PMCID: PMC8837491 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is a contagious illness that has been declared a global epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The coronavirus causes diseases ranging in severity from the common cold to severe respiratory diseases and death. Coronavirus primarily affects blood pressure by attaching to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor. This virus has an impact on multiple organ systems, including the central nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, urinary system, skin, and pregnancy. For the prevention of COVID-19, various vaccines such as viral-like particle vaccines, entire inactivated virus vaccines, viral vector vaccines, live attenuated virus vaccines, subunit vaccines, RNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines are now available. Some of the COVID-19 vaccines are reported to cause a variety of adverse effects that range from mild to severe in nature. SARS-CoV-2 replication is controlled by the RNA-Dependent RNA-Polymerase enzyme (RdRp). The availability of FDA-approved anti-RdRp drugs (Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir) as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that tightly bind to its RdRp may aid in the treatment of patients and reduce the risk of the mysterious new form of COVID-19 viral infection. RdRp inhibitors, such as remdesivir (an anti-Ebola virus experimental drug) and favipiravir (an anti-influenza drug), inhibit RdRp and thus slow the progression of COVID-19 and associated clinical symptoms, as well as significantly shorten recovery time. Molnupiravir, an orally active RdRp inhibitor and noval broad spectrum antiviral agent, is an isopropyl pro-drug of EIDD-1931 for emergency use. Galidesivir's in vitro and in vivo activities are limited to RNA of human public health concern. Top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to combat the SARS-CoV-2 strain include guanosine derivatives (IDX-184), setrobuvir, and YAK. The goal of this review is to compile scattered information on available COVID-19 vaccines and other treatments for protecting the human body from their harmful effects and to provide options for making better choices in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrish Dhwaj Ashwlayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58 Meerut-Delhi Bypass, Bagpat Crossing, Meerut-250005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chanchal Antlash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58 Meerut-Delhi Bypass, Bagpat Crossing, Meerut-250005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Kanan Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Rafha Central Hospital, North Zone, Rafha 91911, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Alomani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, First Health cluster in Eastern Province, King Fahad specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, First Health cluster in Eastern Province, King Fahad specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Computer Science, Deva Nagri College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritu Tomar
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Abida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Nucleosides and emerging viruses: a new story. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1945-1953. [PMID: 35189369 PMCID: PMC8856764 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and high barriers to resistance, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs remain the cornerstone of antiviral therapies for not only herpesviruses, but also HIV and hepatitis viruses (B and C); however, with the exception of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for which vaccines have been developed at unprecedented speed, there are no vaccines or small antivirals yet available for (re)emerging viruses, which are primarily RNA viruses. Thus, herein, we present an overview of ribonucleoside analogs recently developed and acting as inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). They are new lead structures that will be exploited for the discovery of new antiviral nucleosides.
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31
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Middha SK, David A, Haldar S, Boro H, Panda P, Bajare N, Milesh L, Devaraj V, Usha T. Databases, DrugBank, and virtual screening platforms for therapeutic development. COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC DESIGNING TO MITIGATE SARS-COV-2 INFECTION 2022. [PMCID: PMC9300480 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91172-6.00021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The upsurge of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has turned into a global health disaster. Many remodeled medications were suggested for treatment in the early stages of this pandemic, but these dosages afterward came across with distinct offshoots. Thus, these consequences compelled the scientists to develop new drugs using various antiviral, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and phytochemical compounds. A handful of drugs have been scrutinized in silico, in vitro, plus through human trials such as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents and made available as various databases by various scientific communities. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic databases are designed to allay difficulties associated with this scenario. Some of the popular databases are GESS (global evaluation of SARS-CoV-2/HCoV-19 sequences) which gives a thorough study of data based on tenfold of thousands of complete coverage and quality of SARS-CoV-2 genomes, CORona Drug InTERactions (CORDITE) database for SARS-CoV-2 which profoundly combines the understanding of potential drugs and make it available for scientists and medicos. SARSCOVIDB set one’s sights to merge all differential gene expression data, at mRNA and protein levels, helping to accelerate analysis and research on the molecular impact of covid-19. This chapter aims to provide a piece of complete information about the SARS-CoV-2 virus databases, potentially available drugs, and virtual screening methods. And also provides a different webserver to reach out for information related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its future.
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32
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Goryashchenko AS, Uvarova VI, Osolodkin DI, Ishmukhametov AA. Discovery of small molecule antivirals targeting tick-borne encephalitis virus. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Rahmah L, Abarikwu SO, Arero AG, Essouma M, Jibril AT, Fal A, Flisiak R, Makuku R, Marquez L, Mohamed K, Ndow L, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Rezaei N, Rzymski P. Oral antiviral treatments for COVID-19: opportunities and challenges. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:1255-1278. [PMID: 35871712 PMCID: PMC9309032 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of antiviral COVID-19 medications can successfully inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and prevent disease progression to a more severe form. However, the timing of antiviral treatment plays a crucial role in this regard. Oral antiviral drugs provide an opportunity to manage SARS-CoV-2 infection without a need for hospital admission, easing the general burden that COVID-19 can have on the healthcare system. This review paper (i) presents the potential pharmaceutical antiviral targets, including various host-based targets and viral-based targets, (ii) characterizes the first-generation anti-SARS-CoV-2 oral drugs (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir), (iii) summarizes the clinical progress of other oral antivirals for use in COVID-19, (iv) discusses ethical issues in such clinical trials and (v) presents challenges associated with the use of oral antivirals in clinical practice. Oral COVID-19 antivirals represent a part of the strategy to adapt to long-term co-existence with SARS-CoV-2 in a manner that prevents healthcare from being overwhelmed. It is pivotal to ensure equal and fair global access to the currently available oral antivirals and those authorized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Rahmah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sunny O. Abarikwu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Choba, Nigeria
| | - Amanuel Godana Arero
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mickael Essouma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aliyu Tijani Jibril
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Nutritional and Health Team (NHT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrzej Fal
- Department of Population Health, Division of Public Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland ,Collegium Medicum, Warsaw Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland ,Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Rangarirai Makuku
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Leander Marquez
- College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines ,Education and Research Network (USERN), Universal Scientific, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kawthar Mohamed
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Manama, Bahrain
| | - Lamin Ndow
- National Health Laboratory Service, Kotu, Gambia ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Banjul, Gambia
| | | | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland ,Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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34
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Activity of Galidesivir in a Hamster Model of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010008. [PMID: 35062212 PMCID: PMC8780270 DOI: 10.3390/v14010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has claimed the lives of millions of people worldwide since it first emerged. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public health and the global economy has highlighted the medical need for the development of broadly acting interventions against emerging viral threats. Galidesivir is a broad-spectrum antiviral compound with demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efficacy against several RNA viruses of public health concern, including those causing yellow fever, Ebola, Marburg, and Rift Valley fever. In vitro studies have shown that the antiviral activity of galidesivir also extends to coronaviruses. Herein, we describe the efficacy of galidesivir in the Syrian golden hamster model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Treatment with galidesivir reduced lung pathology in infected animals compared with untreated controls when treatment was initiated 24 h prior to infection. These results add to the evidence of the applicability of galidesivir as a potential medical intervention for a range of acute viral illnesses, including coronaviruses.
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