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Knezevic G, Lazarević L, Purić D, Zupan Z, Žeželj I. Prevalence of questionable health behaviours in Serbia and their psychological roots: protocol for a nationally representative survey. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075274. [PMID: 37827738 PMCID: PMC11148696 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We will launch a national survey in Serbia to document the prevalence of two types of questionable health behaviours: (1) intentional non-adherence to medical recommendations and (2) use of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine practices, as well as the relation between the two. We will also investigate their psychological roots, including (a) 'distal' predictors such as HEXACO personality traits (plus Disintegration) and thinking dispositions (rational/experiential thinking and cognitive reflexivity), and (b) 'proximal' predictors under the umbrella 'irrational mindset' (set of unfounded beliefs consisting of conspiratorial thinking, superstition, magical health beliefs as well as selected cognitive biases), which have more content-wise overlap with the health behaviours. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this cross-sectional study, a research agency will collect data from a nationally representative sample (n=1043; age 18-75 years; estimated start/end-June/November 2021) recruited online (approximately, 70% of the sample, aged 18-54; 11 years) and face-to-face (approximately, 30% of the sample, aged 55-75 years). Participants will complete a battery of tests assessing questionable health behaviours, basic personality traits, thinking dispositions, irrational mindset, sociopolitical beliefs, sociodemographic and health-related variables. Prevalence rates will be calculated using descriptive statistics. To explore the relation between (psychological) predictors and questionable health behaviours, we will use hierarchical regression and partial mediation models (path analysis or full SEM models). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical Committees of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade (#935/1), Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation (#139/1) and Faculty of Media and Communications (#228) approved the protocol. Only participants who provide informed consent will participate in the study. A research report based on the study results will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and results will be made available to stakeholders through reports on the project website https://reasonforhealth.f.bg.ac.rs/en/ and disseminated via social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05808660.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Knezevic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Lazarević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danka Purić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorana Zupan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iris Žeželj
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Lazarević LB, Knežević G, Purić D, Teovanović P, Petrović MB, Ninković M, Živanović M, Stanković S, Branković M, Lukić P, Opačić G, Žeželj I. Tracking variations in daily questionable health behaviors and their psychological roots: a preregistered experience sampling study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14058. [PMID: 37640927 PMCID: PMC10462719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
People resort to various questionable health practices to preserve or regain health - they intentionally do not adhere to medical recommendations (e.g. self-medicate or modify the prescribed therapies; iNAR), or use traditional/complementary/alternative (TCAM) medicine. As retrospective reports overestimate adherence and suffer from recall and desirability bias, we tracked the variations in daily questionable health behaviors and compared them to their retrospectively reported lifetime use. We also preregistered and explored their relations to a wide set of psychological predictors - distal (personality traits and basic thinking dispositions) and proximal (different unfounded beliefs and biases grouped under the term irrational mindset). A community sample (N = 224) tracked daily engagement in iNAR and TCAM use for 14 days, resulting in 3136 data points. We observed a high rate of questionable health practices over the 14 days; daily engagement rates roughly corresponded to lifetime ones. Both iNAR and TCAM were weakly, but robustly positively related. Independent of the assessment method, an irrational mindset was the most important predictor of TCAM use. For iNAR, however, psychological predictors emerged as relevant only when assessed retrospectively. Our study offers insight into questionable health behaviors from both a within and between-person perspective and highlights the importance of their psychological roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Lazarević
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - G Knežević
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Purić
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - P Teovanović
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M B Petrović
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Ninković
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Živanović
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Stanković
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Branković
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Media and Communication, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - P Lukić
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - G Opačić
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Žeželj
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Dajon M, Sudres JL. Accompagner l’orthorexie dans les troubles des conduites alimentaires : création et évaluation d’un programme psychothérapeutique. L'ÉVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is an emerging condition featuring restrictive eating behaviors on the basis of subjective beliefs about food healthiness. Many authors have stressed the similarities between ON and anorexia nervosa (AN) in both cognitive and behavioral patterns. Despite that, while the link between AN and female autism presentations is well known in the literature, no study has yet investigated the relationship between ON and autism spectrum. This work aims to investigate the relationship between ON and autistic traits in a university population. METHODS An e-mail invitation was sent to all the students and University workers of University of Pisa. Subjects were asked to fulfill the ORTO-15 and the Adult Autism Subthreshold spectrum (AdAS spectrum) questionnaires. RESULTS A total of 2426 subjects joined the survey: 623 subjects (26.3%) reported a score associated with significant orthorexic symptoms according to ORTO-15 (ON group), while 1789 subjects (73.7%) did not report ON symptomatology and were considered as healthy controls (HC). The ON group scored significantly higher on almost all AdAS spectrum domains. Moreover, being female and scoring higher on AdAS spectrum were statistically predictive factors for the presence of ON symptomatology. Among AdAS spectrum domains, higher scores on AdAS spectrum inflexibility and adherence to routine and restricted interests and rumination domains, as well as lower scores on verbal communication domain, were statistically predictive of orthorexic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight an overlap between ON and autism spectrum psychopathology. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between restrictive eating disorders and female autism phenotypes.
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Innes S, Goncalves G, Leboeuf-Yde C. Who are the chiropractic students favouring a limitless scope of practice? Exploring the relationship with personality, magical thinking, and academic achievement. Chiropr Man Therap 2022; 30:30. [PMID: 35879769 PMCID: PMC9310675 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-022-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Some chiropractors seem to have an inflated belief in the powers of spinal manipulation (SMT), for example aiming at preventing future spinal degeneration and health problems, activities that are without supporting evidence. Non-evidenced health beliefs have been shown to be associated with a tendency toward magical thinking. Holding such beliefs about SMT is associated with a limitless scope of practice (LLSoP). Recent studies have shown that “chiropractic conservatism” (ChiroCon) is also associated with such approaches. We wanted to understand ChiroCon and these attitudes toward SMT by exploring three different factors: intolerance to uncertainty, academic achievement, and tendency toward magical thinking and how they relate to ChiroCon and LLSoP.
Method A cross-sectional survey of 243 chiropractic students from an Australian chiropractic program was conducted in May 2020. Students answered a questionnaire involving a patient case-scenario for LLSoP, levels of ChiroCon, validated questionnaires on (i) Intolerance of uncertainty, (ii) Academic achievement, and (iii) Magical thinking. LLSoP was defined as wanting to treat with SMT a 5-year-old asymptomatic child for future (i) Musculoskeletal (MSK) problems and/or (ii) Non-musculoskeletal diseases. Logistic regression models were used to confirm if there was an association between ChiroCon and LLSoP and to explore associations between LLSoP and (i) Intolerance of uncertainty, (ii) Academic achievement, and (iii) Magical thinking. We repeated the same analyses using ChiroCon as the outcome variable. Results We confirmed that chiropractic students in the more extreme ChiroCon group were more likely to want to prevent future spinal disorders in an asymptomatic 5-year-old child as compared to those with lower levels (OR = 3.9, (95%CI 1.97–7.72). This was also the case for the prevention of future diseases in the same child (OR = 6.9, (95%CI 3.11–15.06). Of the three predictor variables, magical belief was positively associated with both ChiroCon and LLSoP. Conclusion Not surprisingly, ChiroCon is closely related to LLSoP and both were linked to magical thinking. Therefore, the questionnaire ‘Magical Health Beliefs’ could be a useful instrument to screen future chiropractic students to prevent a mismatch between student and institution. Depending on the outlook of the school, some schools would welcome these students, whereas other institutions would want to avoid them in their education program. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12998-022-00440-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Innes
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. .,Faculty of Allied Health & Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire (UClan), Preston, UK.
| | - Guillaume Goncalves
- Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 Boulevard Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94200, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France.,Faculty of Allied Health & Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire (UClan), Preston, UK
| | - Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19, 5000, Odense, Denmark
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Kristianto H, Pramesona BA, Rosyad YS, Andriani L, Putri TARK, Rias YA. The effects of beliefs, knowledge, and attitude on herbal medicine use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Indonesia. F1000Res 2022; 11:483. [PMID: 36415209 PMCID: PMC9647142 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.116496.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Herbal medicines are gaining a greater degree of popularity as complementary and alternative medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, there is a lack of data concerning the rationale for and factors influencing their use. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based online study involving 1,621 participants was conducted to explore the effects of magical health beliefs, holistic health beliefs, knowledge, and pro- complementary alternative medicine (CAM) attitudes on herbal medicine use in the Indonesian population. Results: Logistic regression findings showed that knowledge about herbal medicines was independently and positively associated with herbal medicine use to a greater extent than herbal medicine non-use (adjusted odds ratio; AOR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval; CI = 1.16 to 1.24). The participants who used herbal medicines had a greater magical health belief score than herbal medicine non-users, with AOR = 1.03 and 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.06. Moreover, holistic health beliefs and pro-CAM attitudes were also found to be independently associated with herbal medicine use. Conclusion: These findings alert nurses to assess the roles of magical health beliefs, holistic health belief, knowledge, and attitudes toward herbal medicine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heri Kristianto
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Jawa Timur, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Anggileo Pramesona
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, 35145, Indonesia
| | - Yafi Sabila Rosyad
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lili Andriani
- Department of Pharmacy, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Harapan Ibu Jambi, Jambi, Jambi, 36122, Indonesia
| | - Tri Antika Rizki Kusuma Putri
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sekolah Tinggi Keperawatan PPNI Jabar, Bandung, Jawa Barat, 40173, Indonesia
| | - Yohanes Andy Rias
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, Kediri, Jawa Timur, 64114, Indonesia
- Postdoctoral, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Kristianto H, Pramesona BA, Rosyad YS, Andriani L, Putri TARK, Rias YA. The effects of beliefs, knowledge, and attitude on herbal medicine use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Indonesia. F1000Res 2022; 11:483. [PMID: 36415209 PMCID: PMC9647142 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.116496.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Herbal medicines are gaining a greater degree of popularity as complementary and alternative medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, there is a lack of data concerning the rationale for and factors influencing their use. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based online study involving 1,621 participants was conducted to explore the effects of magical health beliefs, holistic health beliefs, knowledge, and pro- complementary alternative medicine (CAM) attitudes on herbal medicine use in the Indonesian population. Results: Logistic regression findings showed that knowledge about herbal medicines was independently and positively associated with herbal medicine use to a greater extent than herbal medicine non-use (adjusted odds ratio; AOR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval; CI = 1.16 to 1.24). The participants who used herbal medicines had a greater magical health belief score than herbal medicine non-users, with AOR = 1.03 and 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.06. Moreover, holistic health beliefs and pro-CAM attitudes were also found to be independently associated with herbal medicine use. Conclusion: These findings alert nurses to assess the roles of magical health beliefs, holistic health belief, knowledge, and attitudes toward herbal medicine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heri Kristianto
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Jawa Timur, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Anggileo Pramesona
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, 35145, Indonesia
| | - Yafi Sabila Rosyad
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lili Andriani
- Department of Pharmacy, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Harapan Ibu Jambi, Jambi, Jambi, 36122, Indonesia
| | - Tri Antika Rizki Kusuma Putri
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sekolah Tinggi Keperawatan PPNI Jabar, Bandung, Jawa Barat, 40173, Indonesia
| | - Yohanes Andy Rias
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, Kediri, Jawa Timur, 64114, Indonesia
- Postdoctoral, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Kristianto H, Pramesona BA, Rosyad YS, Andriani L, Putri TARK, Rias YA. The effects of beliefs, knowledge, and attitude on herbal medicine use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Indonesia. F1000Res 2022; 11:483. [PMID: 36415209 PMCID: PMC9647142 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.116496.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Herbal medicines are gaining a greater degree of popularity as complementary and alternative medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, there is a lack of data concerning the rationale for and factors influencing their use. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based online study involving 1,621 participants was conducted to explore the effects of magical health beliefs, holistic health beliefs, knowledge, and pro- complementary alternative medicine (CAM) attitudes on herbal medicine use in the Indonesian population. Results: Logistic regression findings showed that knowledge about herbal medicines was independently and positively associated with herbal medicine use to a greater extent than herbal medicine non-use (adjusted odds ratio; AOR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval; CI = 1.16 to 1.24). The participants who used herbal medicines had a greater magical health belief score than herbal medicine non-users, with AOR = 1.03 and 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.06. Moreover, holistic health beliefs and pro-CAM attitudes were also found to be independently associated with herbal medicine use. Conclusion: Magical health beliefs, holistic health belief, knowledge, and attitudes are key factor in determining the herbal medicine use. Our findings offer crucial implications for health policymakers to encourage the use of herbal medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heri Kristianto
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Jawa Timur, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Anggileo Pramesona
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, 35145, Indonesia
| | - Yafi Sabila Rosyad
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lili Andriani
- Department of Pharmacy, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Harapan Ibu Jambi, Jambi, Jambi, 36122, Indonesia
| | - Tri Antika Rizki Kusuma Putri
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sekolah Tinggi Keperawatan PPNI Jabar, Bandung, Jawa Barat, 40173, Indonesia
| | - Yohanes Andy Rias
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, Kediri, Jawa Timur, 64114, Indonesia
- Postdoctoral, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Gkiouleka M, Stavraki C, Sergentanis TN, Vassilakou T. Orthorexia Nervosa in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Literature Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:365. [PMID: 35327737 PMCID: PMC8947656 DOI: 10.3390/children9030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents are a nutritionally vulnerable population; eating disorders are more common among adolescents and young adults. Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a non-formally recognized condition characterized by an obsessive preoccupation with eating healthy and "pure" foods; the quality and not the quantity of food is pivotal in ON. ON is a complex entity which can be associated with severe diet restrictions, a negative impact on social relationships, and with physical and mental health conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder. In light of this, a literature review regarding the background, diagnosis, features, risk factors, interplay with the social media, and management of ON is presented in this article, with a focus on adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gkiouleka
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens University Campus, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (C.S.); (T.N.S.)
- Health Centre of Nea Kallikrateia, 63080 Nea Kallikrateia, Greece
| | - Christina Stavraki
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens University Campus, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (C.S.); (T.N.S.)
- 2nd Primary School of Nafpaktos, 30300 Nafpaktos, Greece
| | - Theodoros N. Sergentanis
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens University Campus, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (C.S.); (T.N.S.)
| | - Tonia Vassilakou
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens University Campus, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (C.S.); (T.N.S.)
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Low self-esteem predicts orthorexia nervosa, mediated by spiritual attitudes among frequent exercisers. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2481-2489. [PMID: 33502732 PMCID: PMC8602160 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure how orthorexic tendencies relate to age, self-esteem, and spirituality. We conducted the study on a sample of Hungarian adults performing regular fitness activity. METHOD 175 participants completed a four-part online survey: demographics and training habits, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Eating Habits Questionnaire-Revised (EHQ-R), and one of the Spiritual Awareness questionnaire's subscale. We performed univariate linear regression to assess the predictor role of age on orthorexic tendencies. Mediation analysis was conducted to determine the effect of self-esteem on orthorexic tendencies and the mediator role of spiritual attitudes. RESULTS Age negatively correlated with EHQ-R, and there were no gender differences. Lower self-esteem was a predictor for orthorexic tendencies with the total effect of ß = -0.3046 (p < 0.0001). In part, this is a direct relationship, but it is mediated by spiritual awareness as well. DISCUSSION Among frequent exercisers, strict dieting is likely to originate from a lack of self-esteem due to perfectionist standards, social comparison, and the aspiration of being in control. In case self-esteem is achieved through spiritual approaches, individuals may experience positive changes in their attitudes toward eating and their bodies as well. In the future, it is important to confirm whether the EHQ-R indicates diagnostic boundaries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.
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Pathways to orthorexia nervosa: a case series discussion. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1675-1683. [PMID: 32666375 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthorexia nervosa (ON) has gained increasing interest in the last 2 decades. Although a consensus on the diagnostic boundaries of ON has not yet been reached, there is some evidence for an overlap with eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and psychotic disorder. Most of the knowledge about ON has emerged from studies of non-clinical and at-risk populations and is focused on differential diagnosis; therefore, further clinical studies are needed to better outline the ON phenomenon in a real-life setting. OBJECTIVE This case series aims at describing clinical cases that developed symptoms suggestive of ON after being diagnosed with a prior psychiatric disorder and then discussing them in light of possible clinical pathways. METHODS Four women consecutively admitted to an outpatient unit for the treatment of eating disorders were diagnosed with ON through a clinical interview, according to Dunn and Bratman's criteria and self-administered questionnaire assessment (ORTO-15), and were considered to be eligible for this case series study. Psychiatric anamnestic data were collected retrospectively. RESULTS The anamnesis revealed that all patients were previously diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder (i.e. obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, illness anxiety disorder, and psychotic disorder) before developing ON. CONCLUSION Past literature focused on differential diagnosis between ON and other psychiatric disorders. This is the first description of clinical cases in a real-life setting that started with different psychiatric disorders and later developed symptoms suggestive of ON. These cases have generated a new research question on the possibility that different psychiatric disorders may associate with a later onset of ON. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive study.
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von Essen E. Young adults' transition to a plant-based diet as a psychosomatic process: A psychoanalytically informed perspective. Appetite 2020; 157:105003. [PMID: 33091479 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined transition to a plant-based diet by young adults and the challenges and conflicts this brings. Interviews were conducted with nine young adults in Sweden and the answers were analysed guided by a psychological method from descriptive phenomenology. The results indicate that the transition to a plant-based diet is a process comprising five dimensions: 1) Exploring new ways of living based on health anxieties, 2) regulating conflicting emotions through differentiation, 3) transforming traditional models into new alternatives, 4) confirming new skills and abilities and 5) integrating experiences and emotions into a whole. These five dimensions reflect how transition to a plant-based diet is experienced physically and emotionally. The results also indicate that plant-based meals and ingredients used in the new diet are loaded with symbols and conflicting emotions. Psychoanalytically informed theory, especially object relation theory, was used in discussing what can happen to the mind during the transition. In a wider perspective, this study provides insights into how a dietary transition can bring stability to the life of young adults and help them endure and master their situation. More research is needed to assess the role of mental health in transitioning to a plant-based diet and to draw more general conclusions, an area where psychodynamic theory can provide insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth von Essen
- Department of Work Science, Business Economics and Environmental Psychology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
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Segmenting the Generation Z Cohort University Students Based on Sustainable Food Consumption Behavior: A Preliminary Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11030837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In-depth knowledge of sustainable food consumption behavior regarding university students, and especially the younger ones, reveals tendencies of the worlds’ sustainable future. This study aims to explore the sustainable food consumption behavior of the Generation Z cohort (18–23 years of age) that is studying at Greek universities and living away from home, and to segment them according to their behavior. Quantitative research was implemented with an online questionnaire, which resulted in a collection of 252 valid samples. The results revealed that the focus of sustainable food consumption behavior is limited to eating seasonal fruits and vegetables and purchasing regional food. Additionally, it identified two student segments based on sustainable food consumption behavior.
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An unhealthy health behavior: analysis of orthorexic tendencies among Hungarian gym attendees. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:13-20. [PMID: 30343447 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In the present study, we aim to assess the prevalence and certain psychological and other correlates of orthorexic tendencies: health and exercise behaviors and demographic variables among gym attendees in Hungary. METHODS Altogether, responses of 207 gym attendees who filled out an online questionnaire (03/2017-10/2017) were analyzed. The mean age was 31.9 years; most were female and college educated, and about half resided in the capital city. Frequencies and means were calculated for the sample; and univariate linear regression and ANOVA were carried out. Finally, multivariate linear regression was used to assess the relationship between the dependent variable (Orto-11-Hu) and the independent variables (Eating Disorder Inventory, Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory, health and exercise habits, and demographics). RESULTS The mean score for the Orto-11-Hu was 27.7. In the multivariate analysis, two eating disorder characteristics (drive for thinness and interpersonal distrust), age, exercising more than once a day, and yoga practice were significantly associated with higher orthorexic tendencies. There was a lack of correlation between any obsessive-compulsive traits. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest and overlap between certain eating disorder traits, and a link between ON and frequent exercising and younger age. Further research is needed to investigate whether these correlates are found not only in a specific fitness-oriented population, but also in the general population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.
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Dell'Osso L, Carpita B, Muti D, Cremone IM, Massimetti G, Diadema E, Gesi C, Carmassi C. Prevalence and characteristics of orthorexia nervosa in a sample of university students in Italy. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:55-65. [PMID: 29134507 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Orthorexia nervosa (ON) has been recently defined as a pathological approach to feeding related to healthiness concerns and purity of food and/or feeding habits. This condition recently showed an increasing prevalence particularly among young adults. In order to investigate the prevalence of ON and its relationship with gender and nutritional style among young adults, we explored a sample of students from the University of Pisa, Italy. METHODS Assessments included the ORTO-15 questionnaire and a socio-demographic and eating habits form. Subjects were dichotomized for eating habits (i.e. standard vs vegetarian/vegan diet), gender, parents' educational level, type of high school attended, BMI (low vs high vs normal BMI). Chi square tests were performed to compare rates of subjects with overthreshold ORTO-15 scores, and Student's unpaired t test to compare mean scores between groups. Two Classification tree analyses with CHAID growing method were employed to identify the variables best predicting ON and ORTO-15 total score. RESULTS more than one-third of the sample showed ON symptoms (ORTO-15 ≥ 35), with higher rates among females. Tree analyses showed diet type to predict ON and ORTO-15 total score more than gender. CONCLUSIONS Our results seem to corroborate recent data highlighting similarities between ON and anorexia nervosa (AN). We propose an interpretation of ON as a phenotype of AN in the broader context of Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Carpita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - D Muti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - I M Cremone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Massimetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Diadema
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Gesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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Anti-vaccination and pro-CAM attitudes both reflect magical beliefs about health. Vaccine 2018; 36:1227-1234. [PMID: 29395527 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and vaccination scepticism; and specifically whether a person's more general health-related worldview might explain this relationship. A cross-sectional online survey of adult Australians (N = 2697) included demographic, CAM, and vaccination measures, as well as the holistic and magical health belief scales (HHB, MHB). HHB emphasises links between mind and body health, and the impact of general 'wellness' on specific ailments or resistance to disease, whilst MHB specifically taps ontological confusions and cognitive errors about health. CAM and anti-vaccination were found to be linked primarily at the attitudinal level (r = -0.437). We did not find evidence that this was due to CAM practitioners influencing their clients. Applying a path-analytic approach, we found that individuals' health worldview (HHB and MHB) accounted for a significant proportion (43.1%) of the covariance between CAM and vaccination attitudes. MHB was by far the strongest predictor of both CAM and vaccination attitudes in regressions including demographic predictors. We conclude that vaccination scepticism reflects part of a broader health worldview that discounts scientific knowledge in favour of magical or superstitious thinking. Therefore, persuasive messages reflecting this worldview may be more effective than fact-based campaigns in influencing vaccine sceptics.
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Donizzetti AR, Petrillo G. Validation of the Paranormal Health Beliefs Scale for adults. Health Psychol Open 2018; 4:2055102917748460. [PMID: 29379631 PMCID: PMC5779941 DOI: 10.1177/2055102917748460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the validation study of the Paranormal Health Beliefs Scale adult version, aimed to measure illusory beliefs about health. The scale was administered to 643 participants (54.3% females), having an average age of 29.7 years (standard deviation = 18.31). The results of the analyses confirmed the dimensions of the Paranormal Health Beliefs Scale as developed in the previous adolescent study (Beliefs: Religious, Superstitious, in Extraordinary Events, Parapsychological, and Pseudo-scientific of a biomedical nature), as well as the convergent and discriminant validity through the correlation with other constructs (locus of control and self-efficacy). The results also showed significant differences between subgroups by gender and age. The Paranormal Health Beliefs Scale shows satisfactory psychometric properties and thus may be used effectively to identify the varied range of illusory beliefs related to health, even within the context of lifelong educational programs aimed at health promotion.
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Dell’Osso L, Abelli M, Carpita B, Pini S, Castellini G, Carmassi C, Ricca V. Historical evolution of the concept of anorexia nervosa and relationships with orthorexia nervosa, autism, and obsessive-compulsive spectrum. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:1651-60. [PMID: 27462158 PMCID: PMC4939998 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders have been defined as "characterized by persistence disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs health or psychosocial functioning". The psychopathology of eating disorders changed across time under the influence of environmental factors, determining the emergence of new phenotypes. Some of these conditions are still under investigation and are not clearly identified as independent diagnostic entities. In this review, the historic evolution of the eating disorder concept up to the recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, has been evaluated. We also examined literature supporting the inclusion of new emergent eating behaviors within the eating disorder spectrum, and their relationship with anorexia, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In particular, we focused on what is known about the symptoms, epidemiology, assessment, and diagnostic boundaries of a new problematic eating pattern called orthorexia nervosa that could be accepted as a new psychological syndrome, as emphasized by an increasing number of scientific articles in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Dell’Osso
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - Marianna Abelli
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - Barbara Carpita
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - Stefano Pini
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Clobert M, Saroglou V, Van Pachterbeke M. Who Turns to Acupuncture? The Role of Mistrust of Rationality and Individualist Success. J Altern Complement Med 2015; 21:466-71. [PMID: 26090703 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this postmodern society, people tend to abandon conventional medicine for alternative medical systems, such as acupuncture. What are the reasons for this defiance regarding modern rationality and individualist success? Who turns to acupuncture? METHODS This study (n=89) examined whether world views opposed to the predominance of rationality (i.e., mistrust of science, spirituality, paranormal beliefs) and individualist success or consumerism (i.e., power, achievement, and materialism), typically associated with the postmodern era, might explain this attraction toward acupuncture. Participants were recruited through Internet forums interested in complementary and alternative medicine and completed the questionnaire voluntarily. RESULTS Attraction to acupuncture related negatively with materialism and achievement as well as positively with spirituality, paranormal beliefs, and mistrust in science. Spirituality, paranormal beliefs, and low achievement were the main predictors of attraction to acupuncture and explained 44% of the variance. The mistrust in science mediated the relationship between spiritual and paranormal beliefs and the attraction toward acupuncture. Low achievement explained the link between low materialism and positive attitudes toward acupuncture. CONCLUSION The general mistrust of our rational and individualist modern society is indeed an important predictor of attraction toward acupuncture, in addition to demographic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Clobert
- 1 Université Catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium .,2 Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research , Brussels, Belgium .,3 Stanford University , Stanford, CA
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Abstract
Orthorexia nervosa describes a pathological obsession with proper nutrition that is characterized by a restrictive diet, ritualized patterns of eating, and rigid avoidance of foods believed to be unhealthy or impure. Although prompted by a desire to achieve optimum health, orthorexia may lead to nutritional deficiencies, medical complications, and poor quality of life. Despite its being a distinct behavioral pattern that is frequently observed by clinicians, orthorexia has received very little empirical attention and is not yet formally recognized as a psychiatric disorder. In this review, we synthesize existing research to identify what is known about the symptoms, prevalence, neuropsychological profile, and treatment of orthorexia. An examination of diagnostic boundaries reveals important points of symptom overlap between orthorexia and anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and psychotic spectrum disorders. Neuropsychological data suggest that orthorexic symptoms are independently associated with key facets of executive dysfunction for which some of these conditions already overlap. Discussion of cognitive weaknesses in set-shifting, external attention, and working memory highlights the value of continued research to identify intermediate, transdiagnostic endophenotypes for insight into the neuropathogenesis of orthorexia. An evaluation of current orthorexia measures indicates a need for further psychometric development to ensure that subsequent research has access to reliable and valid assessment tools. Optimized assessment will not only permit a clearer understanding of prevalence rates, psychosocial risk factors, and comorbid psychopathology but will also be needed to index intervention effectiveness. Though the field lacks data on therapeutic outcomes, current best practices suggest that orthorexia can successfully be treated with a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, and medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Koven
- Department of Psychology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
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Gleaves DH, Pearson CA, Ambwani S, Morey LC. Measuring eating disorder attitudes and behaviors: a reliability generalization study. J Eat Disord 2014; 2:6. [PMID: 24764530 PMCID: PMC3984738 DOI: 10.1186/2050-2974-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although score reliability is a sample-dependent characteristic, researchers often only report reliability estimates from previous studies as justification for employing particular questionnaires in their research. The present study followed reliability generalization procedures to determine the mean score reliability of the Eating Disorder Inventory and its most commonly employed subscales (Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction) and the Eating Attitudes Test as a way to better identify those characteristics that might impact score reliability. METHODS Published studies that used these measures were coded based on their reporting of reliability information and additional study characteristics that might influence score reliability. RESULTS Score reliability estimates were included in 26.15% of studies using the EDI and 36.28% of studies using the EAT. Mean Cronbach's alphas for the EDI (total score = .91; subscales = .75 to .89), EAT-40 (total score = .81) and EAT-26 (total score = .86; subscales = .56 to .80) suggested variability in estimated internal consistency. Whereas some EDI subscales exhibited higher score reliability in clinical eating disorder samples than in nonclinical samples, other subscales did not exhibit these differences. Score reliability information for the EAT was primarily reported for nonclinical samples, making it difficult to characterize the effect of type of sample on these measures. However, there was a tendency for mean score reliability to be higher in the adult (vs. adolescent) samples and in female (vs. male) samples. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study highlights the importance of assessing and reporting internal consistency during every test administration because reliability is affected by characteristics of the participants being examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gleaves
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Magill Campus, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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De Miguel Calvo JM, Martín Sanz N, Sánchez-Iglesias I, Díaz Ruiz MA. Measuring the desire for control: a Spanish version of Burger and Cooper's Scale. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 15:1432-40. [PMID: 23156945 DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The following study will present findings on the validity of the adaptation of the Burger and Cooper's Desirability of Control Scale into Spanish. Two samples are present: the first involving 1,999 people to study their psychometric properties. In the second sample, 111 people were included to estimate test/retest reliability. Cultural adaptation was performed using the translation & back-translation method. Item analysis, internal consistency and test/retest reliability were assessed, then evidence of the validity of the internal structure was determined by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Subject recruitment was performed to gather the 1,999 subjects stratified by age, gender quotas as designed in the sampling plan. Of the subjects, 51% were female, average age of 45 years old (SD = 17.5). All items from the original scale were understood correctly, while five items presented ceiling effect. Cronbach's alpha = .736 and a test-retest correlation r = .713 were obtained. The factor structure indicated the presence of four dimensions: forecast, autonomy, power and influence and reactance which were reassured in the confirmatory analysis (chi2/df = 4.805, CFI = .932, TLI = .954, RMSEA = .062). The basic dimensions of the scale have shown to be stable and well-defined, though not perfect. The scope, possible applications of the scale and further research are later proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús María De Miguel Calvo
- Departamento de Psicología Social y Metodología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Ivan P. Pavlov, 6. 28049-Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
This article reviews Western dietary attitudes and lifestyle choices by identifying the environmental, social and personal factors that determine said attitudes and choices. Environmental factors exert a major influence on, and complicate, dietary behavior, primarily by facilitating the consumption of meals away from home and by minimizing time dedicated to meal preparation and consumption. Social factors, from mass media to advertising and cultural traditions, also influence food intake, to an extent that is still underestimated. Ignorance of the real influence of environment and society on food choices could well blind consumers to the real significance of such choices. Accordingly, this review discusses differing aspects of emerging dietary trends and/or philosophies, and underlines their potentially harmful influence on health. Western countries are increasingly witnessing a dichotomy between the findings of nutritional science and the choices that dietary trends propose and impose. Coinciding with the obesity epidemic and the spread of other food-related diseases, this dichotomy calls for the development of effective preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Allegri
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, Human Nutrition Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Gaudiano BA, Brown LA, Miller IW. Let your intuition be your guide? Individual differences in the evidence-based practice attitudes of psychotherapists. J Eval Clin Pract 2011; 17:628-34. [PMID: 21255200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Despite increasing dissemination efforts, many psychotherapists still do not use treatments that are supported by research. Some have claimed that psychotherapists rely more on their clinical intuition than scientific evidence when making treatment decisions, but there is a paucity of research on this topic. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between intuition and therapists' attitudes towards evidence-based practices (EBPs). METHODS Psychotherapists from diverse professional backgrounds completed an Internet-based survey that assessed EBP attitudes, reliance on an intuitive thinking style, attitudes about alternative therapies and endorsement of erroneous health beliefs that are not supported by scientific evidence. RESULTS Regression analyses showed that an intuitive thinking style was associated with several dimensions of EBP attitudes, including more negative attitudes towards research, less openness to research-based treatments, and less willingness to use evidence-based treatments if required to do so, even after controlling for background factors such as education level. Furthermore, a tendency to rely on intuition was associated with more positive attitudes towards alternative therapies and the endorsement of erroneous health beliefs. CONCLUSIONS Most dissemination efforts targeted at psychotherapists focus only on education about EBPs. However, results of this study suggest that dissemination efforts may need to more directly address the potential barriers to using EBPs (i.e. reliance on intuition) to be optimally effective in changing therapists' attitudes and behaviours.
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Gaudiano BA, Brown LA, Miller IW. Factors Associated with Critical Thinking Abilities in Psychotherapists. Cogn Behav Ther 2011; 40:137-46. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2010.550632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Sokollu F. Magical thinking in somatoform disorders: an exploratory study among patients with suspected allergies. Psychopathology 2011; 44:283-8. [PMID: 21659789 DOI: 10.1159/000322795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to reconceptualize somatoform disorders (SFDs), the psychological characteristics of SFD patients are increasingly investigated. The cognitive style of magical thinking (MT) has not been studied so far in patients with SFDs. SAMPLING AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 201 allergy workup patients were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; they answered a set of self-report questionnaires including the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire subscale for MT and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). The expression of MT was explored in 61 patients with SFDs compared to 140 patients without SFDs. RESULTS Patients with SFDs reached higher scores of MT, also when controlled for gender, depression, and anxiety. In particular, they stated more frequently that they were believers in telepathy (64 vs. 44%) and clairvoyance (43 vs. 16%). MT correlated only weakly with somatization/somatic symptom severity, depression, and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Among allergy workup patients with SFDs we found considerable MT. This indicates that SFD patients may tend to mistake correlation for causality in a more general way, and not just in an illness-related context. The relation to indicators of illness severity (somatic symptom severity/somatization, depression, and anxiety) was relatively weak. Possible implications for research, diagnostics, and therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hausteiner-Wiehle
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.
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Leathwood PD, Richardson DP, Sträter P, Todd PM, van Trijp HCM. Consumer understanding of nutrition and health claims: sources of evidence. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:474-84. [PMID: 17705892 DOI: 10.1017/s000711450778697x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Provided that they are scientifically substantiated, nutrition and health (NH) claims linked to food products can help consumers make well-informed food choices. The new European legislation on NH claims made on foods entered into force on 19 January 2007. The law sets out conditions for their use, establishes a system for their scientific evaluation, and will create European lists of authorised claims. An important aspect of this proposed legislation is that it states, in article 5.2, ‘the use of nutrition and health claims shall only be permitted if the average consumer can be expected to understand the beneficial effects expressed in the claim’. The present review examines consumer understanding of NH claims from a consumer science perspective. It focuses on the type of data and information that could be needed to provide evidence that the average consumer adequately understands a particular NH claim. After exploring several different methodologies, it proposes a case-specific approach using a stepwise procedure for assessing consumer understanding of a NH claim.
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Oakes ME. Filling yet fattening: stereotypical beliefs about the weight gain potential and satiation of foods. Appetite 2006; 46:224-33. [PMID: 16527618 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To what extent are stereotypes concerning the weight-gain potential and perceived hunger satisfaction of food names not congruent with views of the nutrient profiles of those same foods? Respondents rated the same 22 food names and descriptions in terms of weight-gain potential and hunger satisfaction. Half of the 22 snacks included foods from the lower two tiers of the USDA Food Guide Pyramid (fruits, vegetables, and grains: FV&G) and the other half from the upper two tiers (meats, dairy, fats, and sweets: MDF&S). FV&G and MDF&S snack names and descriptions were paired for data analyses based on energy content. Name and description ratings for weight-gain potential were not correlated, while these ratings for hunger satisfaction were strongly correlated. For weight-gain potential, fat and fiber content predicted snack-name ratings, while energy and sugar content predicted description ratings. For perceived hunger satisfaction, protein content predicted snack name ratings while energy and fat content predicted description ratings. The MDF&S snack named in each pair was always considered a greater weight gain promoter compared to its corresponding FV&G snack named. However, the description of the FV&G snack in each pair was often judged to promote greater weight-gain than the description of its corresponding MDF&S snack. Also, MDF&S names were generally judged as more filling than FV&G foods named with similar calorie content; however, a trend in the opposite direction was evident when rating the nutrient descriptions of these same foods. Apparently, food names have acquired reputation for promoting obesity and (to a lesser extent) hunger satisfaction that are not based on their nutrient profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Oakes
- Department of Psychology, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510-4596, USA.
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Too good to be true: Dose insensitivity and stereotypical thinking of foods’ capacity to promote weight gain. Food Qual Prefer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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