1
|
Benvegnù G, Semenzato M, Urbani A, Zanlorenzi I, Cibin M, Chiamulera C. Nature-based experience in Venetian lagoon: Effects on craving and wellbeing in addict residential inpatients. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1356446. [PMID: 38933590 PMCID: PMC11202661 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1356446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is known that exposure to the natural environment may positively modulate mental processes and behaviors; in particular, it can reduce stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. This suggests a potential integration of "nature experience" into the treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) since various types of addiction are associated with anxiety and depression. Considering that only one study has been reported to date in patients with alcohol use disorder, the effect of nature experience in SUD patients' needs to be further investigated. This study aimed to test the effects of exposure to a natural lagoon environment on craving and measures of wellbeing in SUD patients in comparison to exposure to an urban environment. Methods Twenty-four SUD patients were divided into three groups of eight participants and exposed to two walking sessions (interspersed with a 1-week wash-out period) in a natural environment typical of the Venetian lagoon, an Urban walk, or staying at the residential center based on a Latin-square design. Before and after each session, drug craving, mood, wellbeing, agency, openness to the future, and restorativeness were assessed. Results The Nature walk significantly decreased craving in participants compared to their pre-walk values, and compared to craving after the Urban walk, with the latter significantly increased vs. pre-walk values. The Nature walk significantly decreased negative mood and increased wellbeing and agency. Openness to the future and restorativeness measures showed significant improvement after the Nature walk compared to the Urban walk. On the other hand, craving scores after the Urban Walk positively correlated with negative mood and a Sense of Negative Agency values and negatively correlated with wellbeing scores. Discussion Our results confirm that "nature experience" may improve mood, wellbeing, attention, stress relief, openness, and sense of being active in SUD patients. Moreover, we also showed a specific effect on drug craving-a key symptom of SUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Benvegnù
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Cristiano Chiamulera
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jones B, Muddle S, Jenkins T, Kitapci N, Jacobsen P. Mindfulness for voices: An experimental analogue study of the effect of manipulating response style to simulated voices in a non-clinical population. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:778-792. [PMID: 37102493 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of directly manipulating response style to simulated voice hearing on emotional and cognitive outcomes in a non-clinical population. DESIGN A between-subjects design with one independent variable, response style (with two levels: mindful acceptance vs attentional avoidance). The dependent variables were subjective distress and anxiety (primary outcomes) and performance on a sustained attention task (secondary outcomes). METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to one of two response styles (mindful acceptance vs. attentional avoidance). They completed a computerised attention task (continuous performance task) whilst listening to a simulation of voice hearing. Participants rated their experience of anxiety and distress before and after completing the sustained attention task which was used to measure their accuracy and response times. RESULTS One hundred and one participants took part (mindful acceptance (n = 54); attentional avoidance (n = 47)). There were no statistically significant group differences on post-test distress and anxiety scores, correct response rate or response times on the computerised attention task. Participants reported a range of different response styles along the spectrum of avoidance to acceptance, but this had no association with their assigned experimental condition. Adherence to task instructions was therefore low. CONCLUSIONS We are unable to conclude from this study whether experimentally inducing people to respond to voices under cognitively demanding conditions in an avoidant or accepting way has an impact on their emotional or cognitive outcomes. Further research should focus on the development of more robust and reliable procedures for inducing differences in response style under experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah Muddle
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Tom Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Nice Kitapci
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Werthmann J, Tuschen-Caffier B, Ströbele L, Kübel SL, Renner F. Healthy cravings? Impact of imagined healthy food consumption on craving for healthy foods and motivation to eat healthily - Results of an initial experimental study. Appetite 2023; 183:106458. [PMID: 36638961 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Craving for high-calorie foods predicts consumption of high-calorie foods thereby contributing to unhealthy eating habits and, potentially in the long term, to the development of overweight, obesity, and eating disorder pathology. Thus, effective interventions tackling craving for unhealthy foods and motivating healthy eating behavior are needed. This initial study tested if an experimental mental imagery procedure could induce craving for healthy foods and increase the motivation to eat healthily. Participants (N = 82) were randomized to either a healthy craving mental imagery condition or to a neutral mental imagery control condition. Craving for healthy foods and motivation to eat healthily was assessed before and after the experimental manipulation via self-report. A (disguised) food choice for healthy versus unhealthy food was added as a behavioural measure at the end of the experiment. Repeated measures of variance analyses with time (pre vs. post experimental manipulation) and condition (healthy craving mental imagery versus neutral mental imagery) yielded significant interactions for healthy craving and motivation to eat healthily: Post-hoc tests showed that craving for healthy foods and motivation to eat healthily increased significantly after the experimental manipulation in the healthy craving mental imagery condition, but not in the neutral mental imagery condition. Results of this initial study suggest that an experimental mental imagery induction of craving for healthy food leads to an increase in healthy craving and motivation to eat healthily. Further experimental research is needed to rule out priming effects, to test the underlying mechanisms of this effect, and evaluate the potential of this mental imagery procedure in a clinical context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Werthmann
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Brunna Tuschen-Caffier
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Ströbele
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian L Kübel
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Department of Criminology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fritz Renner
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith J, Ang XQ, Giles EL, Traviss-Turner G. Emotional Eating Interventions for Adults Living with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2722. [PMID: 36768088 PMCID: PMC9915727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional eating (EE) may be defined as a tendency to eat in response to negative emotions and energy-dense and palatable foods, and is common amongst adults with overweight or obesity. There is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions that address EE. OBJECTIVES To synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of EE interventions for weight loss and EE in adults living with overweight or obesity. METHODS This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adhering to the PRISMA guidance, a comprehensive electronic search was completed up to February 2022. Random effects meta-analysis was carried out to determine the percentage change in weight and EE scores. RESULTS Thirty-four studies were included. The combined effect size for percentage weight change was -1.08% (95% CI: -1.66 to -0.49, I2 = 64.65%, n = 37), once adjusted for publication bias. Similarly, the combined effect size for percentage change in EE was -2.37%, (95% CI: -3.76 to -0.99, I2 = 87.77%, n = 46). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy showed the most promise for reducing weight and improving EE. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to address EE showed promise in reducing EE and promoted a small amount of weight loss in adults living with overweight or obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Smith
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
- Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Darlington DL2 2TS, UK
| | - Xiao Qi Ang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Emma L. Giles
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Månsson V, Andrade J, Jayaram-Lindström N, Berman AH. "I see myself": Craving imagery among individuals with addictive disorders. J Addict Dis 2023; 41:64-77. [PMID: 35382704 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2058299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Craving has been put forward as a core feature of addictive disorders. The present qualitative study investigated the experience of craving among individuals with addictive disorders and recent experiences of cravings. Eleven individuals with Gambling Disorder and ten with Alcohol Use Disorder (n = 21) were recruited. A semi-structured interview explored: (1) modes of thought during craving (mental imagery or verbal thoughts), (2) craving content, (3) coping strategies and (4) craving context. The thematic analysis showed that cravings were initially dominated by imagery, with a subsequent conflict between imagery and verbal thoughts. Craving content included imagery of preparative rituals, anticipation, and sensory activation, imagery of the addictive behavior "me, there and then imagery" and anticipating that "something good will come out of it." Some participants related to craving as a symptom of sickness, and coping with craving were through distraction, reminding oneself of negative consequences, or via sensory control: avoiding stimuli associated with the addiction. Craving contexts included typical settings of drinking or gambling and engagement of both positive and negative emotions. Alcohol craving was described as an expected relief from internal stimuli, such as anxiety or stress, whereas gambling craving was more often described as an expectancy of financial reward. Craving was experienced mainly through imagery containing the preparative routines and expected outcomes. Future research and clinical practice should incorporate mode of thought in cravings to better understand its role in the maintenance of the disorders and their treatment. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2022.2058299 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Månsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jackie Andrade
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Nitya Jayaram-Lindström
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne H Berman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.,Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beyond thirst: Cravings for non-alcoholic beverages including soft drink. Eat Behav 2022; 46:101662. [PMID: 35981488 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cravings for a range of substances including drugs, alcohol, and food have been shown to predict subsequent consumption or use. However, this link has not yet been systematically examined for beverages other than alcohol. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive investigation of cravings for non-alcoholic beverages and their link to consumption. Participants were 128 undergraduate students (17-25 years) who completed a craving diary and daily consumption measure over a period of a week. Cravings were reported for a range of beverages, including tea, juice, and flavoured milk, but by far the most craved beverages were water, coffee, and soft drink. Stronger cravings were associated with a greater likelihood of drinking and drinking more of the craved beverage. This was particularly the case for soft drink. Unlike water, cravings for coffee and soft drink were triggered by factors other than thirst, and the number of cravings predicted the total amount drunk over the week. The findings demonstrate the existence of cravings for non-alcoholic beverages such as soft drink, and point to these cravings as a potential target for reducing consumption.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mitchell AD, Martin LE, Baldwin AS, Levens SM. Mindfulness-Informed Guided Imagery to Target Physical Activity: A Mixed Method Feasibility and Acceptability Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:742989. [PMID: 34975632 PMCID: PMC8719519 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity offers substantial mind-body health benefits and reduced mortality, yet many individuals are chronically underactive. Physical activity interventions may benefit from integrative approaches that join components of mindfulness and neurobiological models of behavior. Mindfulness increases one’s awareness of cognitions and physical sensations to potentially facilitate self-regulation, while neurobiological models such as the dual system model of health behavior offer guidance on improving physical activity intervention targets. This 2-phase study includes an initial development process to create brief (∼4 min) mindfulness informed guided imagery audio files that target distinct cognitive and affective processes to promote physical activity. In the second phase, participants completed a 2-week pilot intervention study to gather qualitative and quantitative data on intervention feasibility and acceptability. Participants endorsed the mindfulness informed guided imagery as easy to use, enjoyable and helpful. Over a 2-week intervention period participants reported positive shifts in behavior change, physical activity enjoyment, increased mindfulness during physical activity, and increased physical exercise self-efficacy and satisfaction. Interview data revealed that participants increased their frequency of physical activity and tended to experience positive affect during physical activity, engaged in future oriented thinking and were able to view physical activity in a more positive light. Findings support the feasibility and acceptability of an integrative online mindfulness informed guided imagery intervention to promote physical activity enjoyment and engagement. This study extends health behavior change intervention research and provides supporting evidence for a flexible and tailorable online mindfulness-based intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis D. Mitchell
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexis D. Mitchell,
| | - Laura E. Martin
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Austin S. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sara M. Levens
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexis D. Mitchell,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wilson E, Senior V, Tapper K. The effect of visualisation and mindfulness-based decentering on chocolate craving. Appetite 2021; 164:105278. [PMID: 33905790 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
According to the elaborated intrusion (EI) theory of desire, loading visual working memory should help prevent and reduce cravings because cravings occur when intrusive thoughts are elaborated upon in working memory, often as vivid mental images. Mindfulness-based decentering strategies may also help prevent and reduce cravings since they may divert attention away from craving-related thoughts and mental imagery. To compare the effects of visualisation versus decentering on cravings, participants (N = 108) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) decentering, (b) visualisation, (c) mind-wandering control. Participants in each condition received two audio exercises: (1) a 2-min exercise, preceding a craving induction but after initial deprivation and cue exposure, (2) a 4-min exercise, following a craving induction. The audios instructed participants to look at a plate of chocolate that was in front of them whilst either (a) decentering from their thoughts and feelings, (b) engaging in visualisation or (c) letting their mind wander. Participants were asked to rate the strength of their cravings at four time points (Time 1, baseline; Time 2, after the 2-min audio; Time 3, post-craving induction; Time 4, post-4 minute audio). Frequency of craving-related thoughts was also measured at Time 4. Compared to the control condition, results showed a significant reduction in strength of cravings for the decentering condition after both the 2-min audio and the 4-min audio. Decentering was superior to visualisation only after the 2-min audio. Participants in both the visualisation and decentering conditions also had significantly lower frequencies of craving-related thoughts compared to control participants. The findings support EI theory and suggest that mindfulness-based decentering strategies may be useful for both the prevention and reduction of cravings. Pre-registration: https://osf.io/jv3pq.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wilson
- King's College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; University of London, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Whiskin Street, London, EC1R 0JD, UK; BPP University, Department of Psychology, 137 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NN, UK.
| | - Victoria Senior
- BPP University, Department of Psychology, 137 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NN, UK.
| | - Katy Tapper
- University of London, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Whiskin Street, London, EC1R 0JD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chami R, Reichenberger J, Cardi V, Lawrence N, Treasure J, Blechert J. Characterising binge eating over the course of a feasibility trial among individuals with binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. Appetite 2021; 164:105248. [PMID: 33819528 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders that are characterized by recurrent binge eating episodes. The highly contextualized nature of binge eating makes naturalistic research a particularly suitable means of understanding the context within which binge eating occurs. The present study aimed to characterise binge eating days with regards to the frequency and probability of negative affect, food craving, meal skipping, and dietary restriction. In addition, it aimed to examine whether a combined intervention that targets the experience of 'loss of control' over eating can decrease these potential maintenance factors that often precede binge eating episodes. Seventy-eight participants with bulimia nervosa (N = 40) or binge eating disorder (n = 38), who were randomly allocated to a food-specific or general intervention combining inhibitory control training and implementation intentions, completed mood and food diaries over four weeks. Results suggest that negative affect and food craving were elevated on binge eating days, but that dietary restraint and meal skipping did not characterise binge eating days. Moreover, meal skipping, binge eating, restriction, and compensation decreased throughout the intervention period, while negative affect and food craving did not. This suggests that some interventions may successfully reduce binge eating frequency without necessarily decreasing negative affect or food craving, thus pointing to the different routes to targeting binge eating and providing implications for future interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Chami
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Reichenberger
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Valentina Cardi
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jens Blechert
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wolz I, Nannt J, Svaldi J. Laboratory-based interventions targeting food craving: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12996. [PMID: 31944559 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of laboratory-based interventions targeting specific mechanisms of food craving, to identify moderators of effects, and to qualitatively summarize findings. The study was conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Sixty-nine studies were included in the quantitative synthesis, and separate meta-analyses were conducted for the outcomes self-reported craving and objective food intake. Results show small to medium positive effects across specific craving interventions on both outcomes. Effect sizes were partly moderated by intervention type. The most effective intervention regarding food intake was in sensu cue exposure. For subjective craving, the most robust evidence was found for beneficial effects of cognitive regulation strategies (ie, reappraisal, suppression, and distraction). Results further indicate that training inhibitory control through behavioral inhibition might be more effective than approach-avoidance training when considering its effect on subjective craving and food intake. People with external eating habits, overeating, or loss-of-control eating might benefit from these types of specific craving interventions. Future research should focus on long-term effects, transferability, and effectiveness in clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wolz
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Nannt
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Papies EK, Barsalou LW, Rusz D. Understanding Desire for Food and Drink: A Grounded-Cognition Approach. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721420904958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How does desire for food and drink arise in the human mind? We suggest that rewarding simulations, which are based on previous experiences, play a key role. In other words, people think about food and drink in terms of what it feels like to consume them, and this leads to desire. We illustrate this with research using behavioral, physiological, and neuroimaging methods. This work shows that food and drink cues (e.g., words, eating contexts, labels) trigger spontaneous eating and drinking simulations (e.g., thoughts about taste, texture, and enjoyment) and that these simulations affect desire and eating experiences (e.g., cravings, salivation, taste ratings). These simulations can be disrupted or diffused through working memory load or through mindfulness, thus reducing desire. We discuss these findings in the context of simulations in motivated behavior more generally and suggest directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dorottya Rusz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koukounas E, Kambouropoulos N, Staiger P. The effect of cognitive distraction on the processing of alcohol cues. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2019.1642405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Koukounas
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | | | - Petra Staiger
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martin L, Pahl S, White MP, May J. Natural environments and craving: The mediating role of negative affect. Health Place 2019; 58:102160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
14
|
Abstract
Mental imagery refers to the experience of perception in the absence of external sensory input. Deficits in the ability to generate mental imagery or to distinguish it from actual sensory perception are linked to neurocognitive conditions such as dementia and schizophrenia, respectively. However, the importance of mental imagery to psychiatry extends beyond neurocognitive impairment. Mental imagery has a stronger link to emotion than verbal-linguistic cognition, serving to maintain and amplify emotional states, with downstream impacts on motivation and behavior. As a result, anomalies in the occurrence of emotion-laden mental imagery has transdiagnostic significance for emotion, motivation, and behavioral dysfunction across mental disorders. This review aims to demonstrate the conceptual and clinical significance of mental imagery in psychiatry through examples of mood and anxiety disorders, self-harm and suicidality, and addiction. We contend that focusing on mental imagery assessment in research and clinical practice can increase our understanding of the cognitive basis of psychopathology in mental disorders, with the potential to drive the development of algorithms to aid treatment decision-making and inform transdiagnostic treatment innovation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tapper K, Turner A. The effect of a mindfulness-based decentering strategy on chocolate craving. Appetite 2018; 130:157-162. [PMID: 30099069 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the elaborated-intrusion theory of desire, strategies that load visual working memory will reduce cravings. According to the grounded cognition theory of desire, cravings will be reduced with mindfulness-based decentering strategies that encourage individuals to see their thoughts as thoughts. However, decentering strategies also tend to load visual working memory making it difficult to test the latter prediction. This study addressed this issue by matching visualization across decentering and guided imagery tasks. Male and female participants (n = 101) underwent a chocolate craving induction before listening to a 4-min audio recording that guided them to (a) decenter from their thoughts and feelings, (b) engage in visualization, or (c) let their mind wander. Participants reported on chocolate craving before and after the craving induction and following the 4-min recording. They also provided retrospective reports of craving during the recording, reported on the extent to which they had adhered to the audio instructions and briefly indicated what they had been thinking about during the recording. Results showed a significant reduction in cravings to baseline following the recording across all three conditions (p < .001), but no significant differences between conditions or in the retrospective reports of craving. There was some evidence to suggest that participants in the mind wandering condition had been thinking about alternate goals, which may have inhibited thoughts about chocolate and been just as effective at reducing craving as the imagery and decentering strategies. Exploratory analyses showed a trend toward decentering being more effective than imagery where participants reported higher task adherence throughout the 4 min (p = .067). This raises the possibility that decentering effects may be improved with better strategy adherence, which might be achieved through practice or increased motivation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cognitive defusion and guided imagery tasks reduce naturalistic food cravings and consumption: A field study. Appetite 2018; 127:393-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
17
|
Schneider A, Andrade J, Tanja-Dijkstra K, Moles DR. Mental imagery in dentistry: Phenomenology and role in dental anxiety. J Anxiety Disord 2018; 58:33-41. [PMID: 30025254 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dental anxiety is a prevalent problem with marked psychological, physical and public health implications. Based on cognitive theory and evidence, we hypothesized that vivid, sensory image-based cognitions play a role in dental anxiety. A quantitative online survey (N = 306) and qualitative semi-structured interviews (N = 18) found that vivid sensory images were common irrespective of dental anxiety levels, but that their content, associated distress and responses varied. Participants reporting higher anxiety experienced intense and intrusive fear-provoking dental imagery focusing on unpleasant sensations, which were associated with the intrusive recollection of negative past experiences and avoidance of dentistry. Participants with lower anxiety ratings, reported images that were less distressing and centered around reassuring aspects and positive appointment outcomes, potentially acting as protective factors against dental anxiety and facilitating appointment attendance. The inclusion of components aimed at reducing intrusive memories and dental imagery rescripting may help improve interventions for dental anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Schneider
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Jackie Andrade
- School of Psychology, Cognition Institute, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Tanja-Dijkstra
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David R Moles
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meule A, Kübler A. A Pilot Study on the Effects of Slow Paced Breathing on Current Food Craving. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2018; 42:59-68. [PMID: 28197748 PMCID: PMC5344958 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-017-9351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF) involves slow paced breathing (approximately six breaths per minute), thereby maximizing low-frequent heart rate oscillations and baroreflex gain. Mounting evidence suggests that HRV-BF promotes symptom reductions in a variety of physical and mental disorders. It may also positively affect eating behavior by reducing food cravings. The aim of the current study was to investigate if slow paced breathing can be useful for attenuating momentary food craving. Female students performed paced breathing either at six breaths per minute (n = 32) or at nine breaths per minute (n = 33) while watching their favorite food on the computer screen. Current food craving decreased during a first resting period, increased during paced breathing, and decreased during a second resting period in both conditions. Although current hunger increased in both conditions during paced breathing as well, it remained elevated after the second resting period in the nine breaths condition only. Thus, breathing rate did not influence specific food craving, but slow paced breathing appeared to have a delayed influence on state hunger. Future avenues are suggested for the study of HRV-BF in the context of eating behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. .,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mindfulness and craving: effects and mechanisms. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 59:101-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
20
|
Cornil A, Lopez-Fernandez O, Devos G, de Timary P, Goudriaan AE, Billieux J. Exploring gambling craving through the elaborated intrusion theory of desire: a mixed methods approach. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2017.1368686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Cornil
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Internet and Gambling Disorders Clinic, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olatz Lopez-Fernandez
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- International Gaming Research Unit (IGRU), Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gaëtan Devos
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Internet and Gambling Disorders Clinic, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joël Billieux
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Internet and Gambling Disorders Clinic, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviour Lab (ACB-Lab), Institute for Health and Behaviour. Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development (INSIDE), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Parham SC, Kavanagh DJ, Shimada M, May J, Andrade J. Qualitative analysis of feedback on functional imagery training: A novel motivational intervention for type 2 diabetes. Psychol Health 2017; 33:416-429. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1360493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C. Parham
- The School of Psychology & Counselling and Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - David J. Kavanagh
- The School of Psychology & Counselling and Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mika Shimada
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, Australia
| | - Jon May
- School of Psychology & Cognition Institute, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jackie Andrade
- School of Psychology & Cognition Institute, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A structured literature review on the role of mindfulness, mindful eating and intuitive eating in changing eating behaviours: effectiveness and associated potential mechanisms. Nutr Res Rev 2017; 30:272-283. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422417000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe role of mindfulness, mindful eating and a newer concept of intuitive eating in modulating eating habits is an area of increasing interest. In this structured literature review, a summary of the current evidence is presented, together with details of interventions undertaken and the tools to measure outcomes. It is broad in scope given the emerging evidence base in this area. The review yielded sixty-eight publications: twenty-three interventions in obese/overweight populations; twenty-nine interventions in normal-weight populations; sixteen observational studies, three of which were carried out in overweight/obese populations. Mindfulness-based approaches appear most effective in addressing binge eating, emotional eating and eating in response to external cues. There is a lack of compelling evidence for the effectiveness of mindfulness and mindful eating in weight management. Mindfulness-based approaches may prevent weight gain. Reduced food intake was seen in some of the studies in overweight and obese populations, but this was less apparent in the studies in normal-weight populations. The evidence base for intuitive eating is limited to date and further research is needed to examine its potential in altering eating behaviours. Mindfulness appears to work by an increased awareness of internal, rather than external, cues to eat. Mindfulness and mindful eating have the potential to address problematic eating behaviours and the challenges many face with controlling their food intake. Encouraging a mindful eating approach would seem to be a positive message to be included in general weight management advice to the public.
Collapse
|
23
|
Acceptance- and imagery-based strategies can reduce chocolate cravings: A test of the elaborated-intrusion theory of desire. Appetite 2017; 113:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
24
|
Camilleri GM, Méjean C, Bellisle F, Hercberg S, Péneau S. Mind-Body Practice and Body Weight Status in a Large Population-Based Sample of Adults. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:e101-e109. [PMID: 26657183 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In industrialized countries characterized by a high prevalence of obesity and chronic stress, mind-body practices such as yoga or meditation may facilitate body weight control. However, virtually no data are available to ascertain whether practicing mind-body techniques is associated with weight status. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the practice of mind-body techniques and weight status in a large population-based sample of adults. METHODS A total of 61,704 individuals aged ≥18 years participating in the NutriNet-Santé study (2009-2014) were included in this cross-sectional analysis conducted in 2014. Data on mind-body practices were collected, as well as self-reported weight and height. The association between the practice of mind-body techniques and weight status was assessed using multiple linear and multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors. RESULTS After adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, regular users of mind-body techniques were less likely to be overweight (OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.63, 0.74) or obese (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.50, 0.61) than never users. In addition, regular users had a lower BMI than never users (-3.19%, 95% CI=-3.71, -2.68). CONCLUSIONS These data provide novel information about an inverse relationship between mind-body practice and weight status. If causal links were demonstrated in further prospective studies, such practice could be fostered in obesity prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine M Camilleri
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93017 Bobigny, France.
| | - Caroline Méjean
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - France Bellisle
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93017 Bobigny, France; Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, F-93017, Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Péneau
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mason AE, Epel ES, Aschbacher K, Lustig RH, Acree M, Kristeller J, Cohn M, Dallman M, Moran PJ, Bacchetti P, Laraia B, Hecht FM, Daubenmier J. Reduced reward-driven eating accounts for the impact of a mindfulness-based diet and exercise intervention on weight loss: Data from the SHINE randomized controlled trial. Appetite 2016; 100:86-93. [PMID: 26867697 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals with obesity report over eating despite intentions to maintain or lose weight. Two barriers to long-term weight loss are reward-driven eating, which is characterized by a lack of control over eating, a preoccupation with food, and a lack of satiety; and psychological stress. Mindfulness training may address these barriers by promoting awareness of hunger and satiety cues, self-regulatory control, and stress reduction. We examined these two barriers as potential mediators of weight loss in the Supporting Health by Integrating Nutrition and Exercise (SHINE) randomized controlled trial, which compared the effects of a 5.5-month diet and exercise intervention with or without mindfulness training on weight loss among adults with obesity. Intention-to-treat multiple mediation models tested whether post-intervention reward-driven eating and psychological stress mediated the impact of intervention arm on weight loss at 12- and 18-months post-baseline among 194 adults with obesity (BMI: 30-45). Mindfulness (relative to control) participants had significant reductions in reward-driven eating at 6 months (post-intervention), which, in turn, predicted weight loss at 12 months. Post-intervention reward-driven eating mediated 47.1% of the total intervention arm effect on weight loss at 12 months [β = -0.06, SE(β) = 0.03, p = .030, 95% CI (-0.12, -0.01)]. This mediated effect was reduced when predicting weight loss at 18 months (p = .396), accounting for 23.0% of the total intervention effect, despite similar weight loss at 12 months. Psychological stress did not mediate the effect of intervention arm on weight loss at 12 or 18 months. In conclusion, reducing reward-driven eating, which can be achieved using a diet and exercise intervention that includes mindfulness training, may promote weight loss (clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT00960414).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Mason
- UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, USA.
| | - Elissa S Epel
- UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, USA; UCSF Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Kirstin Aschbacher
- The Institute for Integrative Health, USA; UCSF Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | | | - Michael Acree
- UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Michael Cohn
- UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Mary Dallman
- UCSF Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Patricia J Moran
- UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | - Frederick M Hecht
- UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
van Dillen LF, Andrade J. Derailing the streetcar named desire. Cognitive distractions reduce individual differences in cravings and unhealthy snacking in response to palatable food. Appetite 2016; 96:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
27
|
Hormes JM, Meule A. Psychometric properties of the English Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r). Eat Behav 2016; 20:34-8. [PMID: 26609669 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Food cravings have been implicated in the development and maintenance of a range of eating- and weight-related pathology. The rapid and accurate assessment of food cravings is thus critical in clinical and research settings. Existing measures of specific food cravings are often not suitable for capturing the multiple facets of the craving experience. A short version of the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T), the most widely used measure of general food cravings, was recently developed in German and shown to be a one-factorial, internally reliable measure. Other recent studies validated an Italian and Spanish version of the FCQ-T-reduced (FCQ-T-r) and successfully replicated its basic psychometrics. This study sought to examine the psychometric properties of the English version of the FCQ-T-r. Undergraduate students (n=610, 51.0% female, 53.9% white/Caucasian) completed a battery of questionnaires containing the FCQ-T-r and measures of specific food cravings, eating style, eating disorder symptoms, weight dissatisfaction, and impulsivity. Even though results of a confirmatory factor analysis suggested poor fit with a one-factorial model, the FCQ-T-r was found to be a one-factorial measure in both principal component and parallel analysis. The FCQ-T-r demonstrated excellent internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α=.94), and scores were significantly and positively correlated with measures of specific food cravings, restrained eating, eating disorder symptoms, and impulsivity. More work is needed to confirm the factor structure of the English FCQ-T-r, but preliminary findings suggest that it constitutes a valid and reliable alternative to lengthier measures of general food cravings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Hormes
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States.
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
May J, Kavanagh DJ, Andrade J. The Elaborated Intrusion Theory of desire: a 10-year retrospective and implications for addiction treatments. Addict Behav 2015; 44:29-34. [PMID: 25306214 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ten years after the publication of Elaborated Intrusion (EI) Theory, there is now substantial research into its key predictions. The distinction between intrusive thoughts, which are driven by automatic processes, and their elaboration, involving controlled processing, is well established. Desires for both addictive substances and other desired targets are typically marked by imagery, especially when they are intense. Attention training strategies such as body scanning reduce intrusive thoughts, while concurrent tasks that introduce competing sensory information interfere with elaboration, especially if they compete for the same limited-capacity working memory resources. CONCLUSION EI Theory has spawned new assessment instruments that are performing strongly and offer the ability to more clearly delineate craving from correlated processes. It has also inspired new approaches to treatment. In particular, training people to use vivid sensory imagery for functional goals holds promise as an intervention for substance misuse, since it is likely to both sustain motivation and moderate craving.
Collapse
|
29
|
Giuliani NR, Berkman ET. Craving is an Affective State and Its Regulation Can Be Understood in Terms of the Extended Process Model of Emotion Regulation. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2015; 26:48-53. [PMID: 25780321 PMCID: PMC4358156 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2015.955072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot T Berkman
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kemps E, Tiggemann M. A role for mental imagery in the experience and reduction of food cravings. Front Psychiatry 2015; 5:193. [PMID: 25610404 PMCID: PMC4284995 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kemps
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Orloff NC, Hormes JM. Pickles and ice cream! Food cravings in pregnancy: hypotheses, preliminary evidence, and directions for future research. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1076. [PMID: 25295023 PMCID: PMC4172095 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Women in the United States experience an increase in food cravings at two specific times during their life, (1) perimenstrually and (2) prenatally. The prevalence of excess gestational weight gain (GWG) is a growing concern due to its association with adverse health outcomes in both mothers and children. To the extent that prenatal food cravings may be a determinant of energy intake in pregnancy, a better understanding of craving etiology could be crucial in addressing the issue of excessive GWG. This paper reviews the available literature to corroborate and/or dispute some of the most commonly accepted hypotheses regarding the causes of food cravings during pregnancy, including a role of (1) hormonal changes, (2) nutritional deficits, (3) pharmacologically active ingredients in the desired foods, and (4) cultural and psychosocial factors. An existing model of perimenstrual chocolate craving etiology serves to structure the discussion of these hypotheses. The main hypotheses discussed receive little support, with the notable exception of a postulated role of cultural and psychosocial factors. The presence of cravings during pregnancy is a common phenomenon across different cultures, but the types of foods desired and the adverse impact of cravings on health may be culture-specific. Various psychosocial factors appear to correlate with excess GWG, including the presence of restrained eating. Findings strongly suggest that more research be conducted in this area. We propose that future investigations fall into one of the four following categories: (1) validation of food craving and eating-related measures specifically in pregnant populations, (2) use of ecological momentary assessment to obtain real time data on cravings during pregnancy, (3) implementation of longitudinal studies to address causality between eating disorder symptoms, food cravings, and GWG, and (4) development of interventions to ensure proper prenatal nutrition and prevent excess GWG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C. Orloff
- Health Behaviors Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New YorkAlbany, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Davis C, Carter JC. If Certain Foods are Addictive, How Might this Change the Treatment of Compulsive Overeating and Obesity? CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-014-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
Marchiori D, Papies EK. A brief mindfulness intervention reduces unhealthy eating when hungry, but not the portion size effect. Appetite 2013; 75:40-5. [PMID: 24361312 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present research examined the effects of a mindfulness-based intervention to foster healthy eating. Specifically, we tested whether a brief mindfulness manipulation can prevent the portion size effect, and reduce overeating on unhealthy snacks when hungry. METHODS 110 undergraduate participants (MAge=20.9±2.3; MBMI=22.3±2.5) were served a small or a large portion of chocolate chip cookies after listening to an audio book or performing a mindfulness exercise (i.e., body scan). Current level of hunger was assessed unobtrusively on a visual analog scale before the eating situation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Calorie intake from chocolate chip cookies. RESULTS When presented with a large compared to a small portion, participants consumed more cookies (+83kcal). This was not affected by the mindfulness intervention or by hunger. However, while control participants ate more unhealthy food when hungry than when not hungry (+67kcal), participants in the mindfulness condition did not (+1kcal). CONCLUSIONS Findings confirm the prevalence and robustness of the portion size effect and suggest that it may be independent from awareness of internal cues. Prevention strategies may benefit more from targeting awareness of the external environment. However, mindfulness-based interventions may be effective to reduce effects of hunger on unhealthy food consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Marchiori
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Esther K Papies
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|