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The effect of modest changes in sleep on dietary intake and eating behavior in children: secondary outcomes of a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:317-325. [PMID: 36863827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient sleep duration increases obesity risk in children, but the mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVES This study seeks to determine how changes in sleep influence energy intake and eating behavior. METHODS Sleep was experimentally manipulated in a randomized, crossover study in 105 children (8-12 y) who met current sleep guidelines (8-11 h/night). Participants went to bed 1 h earlier (sleep extension condition) and 1 h later (sleep restriction condition) than their usual bedtime for 7 consecutive nights, separated by a 1-wk washout. Sleep was measured via waist-worn actigraphy. Dietary intake (2 24-h recalls/wk), eating behaviors (Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire), and the desire to eat different foods (questionnaire) were measured during or at the end of both sleep conditions. The type of food was classified by the level of processing (NOVA) and as core or noncore (typically energy-dense foods) foods. Data were analyzed according to 'intention to treat' and 'per protocol,' an a priori difference in sleep duration between intervention conditions of ≥30 min. RESULTS The intention to treat analysis (n = 100) showed a mean difference (95% CI) in daily energy intake of 233 kJ (-42, 509), with significantly more energy from noncore foods (416 kJ; 6.5, 826) during sleep restriction. Differences were magnified in the per-protocol analysis, with differences in daily energy of 361 kJ (20, 702), noncore foods of 504 kJ (25, 984), and ultraprocessed foods of 523 kJ (93, 952). Differences in eating behaviors were also observed, with greater emotional overeating (0.12; 0.01, 0.24) and undereating (0.15; 0.03, 0.27), but not satiety responsiveness (-0.06; -0.17, 0.04) with sleep restriction. CONCLUSIONS Mild sleep deprivation may play a role in pediatric obesity by increasing caloric intake, particularly from noncore and ultraprocessed foods. Eating in response to emotions rather than perceived hunger may partly explain why children engage in unhealthy dietary behaviors when tired. This trial was registered at Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; ANZCTR as CTRN12618001671257.
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The Diet of Children Attending a Holiday Programme in the UK: Adherence to UK Food-Based Dietary Guidelines and School Food Standards. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010055. [PMID: 35010315 PMCID: PMC8744836 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Child poverty rates are rising, particularly in London, putting more children at risk of experiencing food insecurity. Holiday programmes in the UK provide children who receive free schools meals during term time with access to free/low-cost holiday clubs offering nutritious food and enriching activities during the school holidays. This study aimed to investigate whether children’s dietary intake was more adherent to the UK Eatwell Guide throughout the day and meets School Food Standards (SFS) for the lunchtime meal on a club attendance versus a non-attendance day. A repeated measures design was used to assess data on the food and drink intake of children (n = 57) aged 7–16 years old using a 24 h recall method on two separate occasions: once based on an attending club day and once based on a non-attending club day. The results showed children’s diet quality improved (p = 0.007) on an attending club day (mean: 58.0 ± SD 12.6) versus a non-attending club day (51.8 ± 15.0). Children also more closely adhered to the SFS (p = 0.001) on an attending club day (median = 9, interquartile range = 8–9) versus a non-attending club day (median = 7, interquartile range = 6–8). This suggests that holiday programmes targeting children who receive free school meals during term time have the potential to improve children’s dietary behaviours during the school holidays, underlining the importance of holiday programmes to support food security.
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Manson AC, Johnson BJ, Zarnowiecki D, Sutherland R, Golley RK. The food and nutrient intake of 5- to 12-year-old Australian children during school hours: a secondary analysis of the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:5985-5994. [PMID: 34493351 PMCID: PMC11148620 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021003888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE School food intake of Australian children is not comprehensively described in literature, with limited temporal, nationally representative data. Greater understanding of intake at school can inform school-based nutrition promotion. This study aimed to describe the dietary intake of primary-aged children during school hours and its contribution to daily intake. DESIGN This secondary analysis used nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the 2011 to 2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Dietary intake was assessed using validated 24-h dietary recalls on school days. Descriptive statistics were undertaken to determine energy, nutrients, food groups and food products consumed during school hours, as well as their contributions to total daily intake. Associations between school food intake and socio-demographic characteristics were explored. SETTING Australia. PARTICIPANTS Seven hundred and ninety-five children aged 5-12 years. RESULTS Children consumed 37 % of their daily energy and 31-43 % of select nutrient intake during school hours, with discretionary choices contributing 44 % of school energy intake. Most children consumed less than one serve of vegetables, meat and alternatives or milk and alternatives during school hours. Commonly consumed products were discretionary choices (34 %, including biscuits, processed meat), bread (17 %) and fruit (12 %). There were limited associations with socio-economic position variables, apart from child age. CONCLUSIONS Children's diets were not aligned with national recommendations, with school food characterised by high intake of discretionary choices. These findings are consistent with previous Australian evidence and support transformation of the Australian school food system to better align school food consumption with recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Manson
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
| | - Brittany J Johnson
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
| | - Dorota Zarnowiecki
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca K Golley
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
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Dutch DC, Golley RK, Johnson BJ. Diet Quality of Australian Children and Adolescents on Weekdays versus Weekend Days: A Secondary Analysis of the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-2012. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114128. [PMID: 34836383 PMCID: PMC8621206 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily routines may influence children and adolescents’ eating patterns, however the influence of days of the week on dietary intake has rarely been explored. This study aimed to examine discretionary choices intake in the context of diet quality on weekdays versus weekends. A secondary analysis was conducted using the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011–2012. Differences in discretionary choices intake and diet quality on weekdays versus weekends, were examined using ANCOVA analyses. Associations between child and parent-proxy characteristics and weekday/weekend discretionary choices intake were examined using multivariable regression models. Primary analyses included 2584 Australian 2–17-year-olds. There were small differences in discretionary choices intake and diet quality between weekdays and weekends in all age subgroups. Compared to weekdays, intakes on weekends were characterized by a higher intake of discretionary choices, and lower total Dietary Guidelines Index for Children and Adolescents (DGI-CA) scores across the age subgroups (all p < 0.01). Parent-proxy discretionary choices intake and child age were predictors of weekday and weekend discretionary choices intake. Parent-proxy obesity weight status compared with healthy weight status was a predictor of weekend intake, while parent-proxy education level was a predictor of weekday discretionary choices intake. Future intervention strategies should target discretionary choices intake on both weekdays and weekends.
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Food group intake at self-reported eating occasions across the day: secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition Survey 2011-2012. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:3067-3080. [PMID: 32690125 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020001585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine core and discretionary food and beverage intake at eating occasions, and to explore the variation in consumption by age and gender in Australian adults and children. DESIGN The study utilised one 24-h dietary recall with self-reported eating occasions from a nationally representative sample of Australians. Average servings of each food group for age and gender subpopulations were compared with the Australian Dietary Guidelines. The percentage contribution of each eating occasion to total daily food group intake and typical composition of eating occasions were described. Frequently consumed discretionary foods were reported for eating occasions by age and gender. SETTING 2011-2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. PARTICIPANTS 12 153 Australian people aged 2 years and above. RESULTS Grains were consumed in equal proportions throughout the day across all age and gender subgroups, while remaining core food groups were unequally distributed, featuring more prominently at specific eating occasions. Children consumed two-thirds of their fruit intake as snacks, and up to three quarters of adults' vegetable and meat intake was consumed at dinner. Children consumed more of their discretionary intake at mid-meals, while adults consumed a greater proportion as part of a main meal. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a detailed understanding about when food groups are consumed, the 'typical' meal composition across the day, and how consumption patterns and compliance with dietary guidelines differ by age group and gender. These findings can assist in developing more specific nutrition messages which may help to achieve greater improvements in population dietary intake.
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Watson A, Maher C, Tomkinson GR, Golley R, Fraysse F, Dumuid D, Lewthwaite H, Olds T. Life on holidays: study protocol for a 3-year longitudinal study tracking changes in children's fitness and fatness during the in-school versus summer holiday period. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1353. [PMID: 31646994 PMCID: PMC6813137 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that children become fatter and less fit over the summer holidays but get leaner and fitter during the in-school period. This could be due to differences in diet and time use between these distinct periods. Few studies have tracked diet and time use across the summer holidays. This study will measure rates of change in fatness and fitness of children, initially in Grade 4 (age 9 years) across three successive years and relate these changes to changes in diet and time use between in-school and summer holiday periods. METHODS Grade 4 Children attending Australian Government, Catholic and Independent schools in the Adelaide metropolitan area will be invited to participate, with the aim of recruiting 300 students in total. Diet will be reported by parents using the Automated Self-Administered 24-h Dietary Assessment Tool. Time use will be measured using 24-h wrist-worn accelerometry (GENEActiv) and self-reported by children using the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults (e.g. chores, reading, sport). Measurement of diet and time use will occur at the beginning (Term 1) and end (Term 4) of each school year and during the summer holiday period. Fitness (20-m shuttle run and standing broad jump) and fatness (body mass index z-score, waist circumference, %body fat) will be measured at the beginning and end of each school year. Differences in rates of change in fitness and fatness during in-school and summer holiday periods will be calculated using model parameter estimate contrasts from linear mixed effects model. Model parameter estimate contrasts will be used to calculate differences in rates of change in outcomes by socioeconomic position (SEP), sex and weight status. Differences in rates of change of outcomes will be regressed against differences between in-school and summer holiday period diet and time use, using compositional data analysis. Analyses will adjust for age, sex, SEP, parenting style, weight status, and pubertal status, where appropriate. DISCUSSION Findings from this project may inform new, potent avenues for intervention efforts aimed at addressing childhood fitness and fatness. Interventions focused on the home environment, or alternatively extension of the school environment may be warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12618002008202 . Retrospectively registered on 14 December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Watson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grant R. Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Rebecca Golley
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park SA 5042, South Australia
| | - François Fraysse
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hayley Lewthwaite
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tim Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Miller C, Braunack‐Mayer A, Wakefield M, Roder D, O'Dea K, Dono J, Ettridge K. “
When we were young, it really was a treat; now sugar is just the norm every day
”
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A qualitative study of parents’ and young adults’ perceptions and consumption of sugary drinks. Health Promot J Austr 2019; 31:47-57. [DOI: 10.1002/hpja.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Miller
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteHealth Policy Centre Adelaide SA Australia
- University of AdelaideSchool of Public Health Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Annette Braunack‐Mayer
- University of AdelaideSchool of Public Health Adelaide SA Australia
- University of WollongongSchool of Health & Society Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Cancer Council VictoriaCentre for Behavioural Research in Cancer Melbourne Vic. Australia
- School of Psychological SciencesThe University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - David Roder
- University of South AustraliaCancer Epidemiology and Population Health Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Kerin O'Dea
- University of South AustraliaCentre for Population Health Research Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Joanne Dono
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteHealth Policy Centre Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Kerry Ettridge
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteHealth Policy Centre Adelaide SA Australia
- University of AdelaideSchool of Psychology Adelaide SA Australia
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Holmes KL, Rollo ME, Collins CE. Do the contemporary dietary patterns of children align with national food and nutrient recommendations? J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:670-682. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.-L. Holmes
- Faculty of Health and Medicine; School of Health Sciences; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - M. E. Rollo
- Faculty of Health and Medicine; School of Health Sciences; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - C. E. Collins
- Faculty of Health and Medicine; School of Health Sciences; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
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Grimes CA, Riddell LJ, Campbell KJ, Beckford K, Baxter JR, He FJ, Nowson CA. Dietary intake and sources of sodium and potassium among Australian schoolchildren: results from the cross-sectional Salt and Other Nutrients in Children (SONIC) study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016639. [PMID: 29084791 PMCID: PMC5665305 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine sodium and potassium urinary excretion by socioeconomic status (SES), discretionary salt use habits and dietary sources of sodium and potassium in a sample of Australian schoolchildren. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Primary schools located in Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS 666 of 780 children aged 4-12 years who participated in the Salt and Other Nutrients in Children study returned a complete 24-hour urine collection. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES 24-hour urine collection for the measurement of sodium and potassium excretion and 24-hour dietary recall for the assessment of food sources. Parent and child reported use of discretionary salt. SES defined by parental highest level of education. RESULTS Participants were 9.3 years (95% CI 9.0 to 9.6) of age and 55% were boys. Mean urinary sodium and potassium excretion was 103 (95% CI 99 to 108) mmol/day (salt equivalent 6.1 g/day) and 47 (95% CI 45 to 49) mmol/day, respectively. Mean molar Na:K ratio was 2.4 (95% CI 2.3 to 2.5). 72% of children exceeded the age-specific upper level for sodium intake. After adjustment for age, sex and day of urine collection, children from a low socioeconomic background excreted 10.0 (95% CI 17.8 to 2.1) mmol/day more sodium than those of high socioeconomic background (p=0.04). The major sources of sodium were bread (14.8%), mixed cereal-based dishes (9.9%) and processed meat (8.5%). The major sources of potassium were dairy milk (11.5%), potatoes (7.1%) and fruit/vegetable juice (5.4%). Core foods provided 55.3% of dietary sodium and 75.5% of potassium while discretionary foods provided 44.7% and 24.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For most children, sodium intake exceeds dietary recommendations and there is some indication that children of lower socioeconomic background have the highest intakes. Children are consuming about two times more sodium than potassium. To improve sodium and potassium intakes in schoolchildren, product reformulation of lower salt core foods combined with strategies that seek to reduce the consumption of discretionary foods are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley A Grimes
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lynn J Riddell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kelsey Beckford
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Janet R Baxter
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of Preventative Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Yasutake K, Nagafuchi M, Izu R, Kajiyama T, Imai K, Murata Y, Ohe K, Enjoji M, Tsuchihashi T. Sodium and potassium urinary excretion levels of preschool children: Individual, daily, and seasonal differences. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:577-583. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yasutake
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Faculty of Nutritional Sciences; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Mikako Nagafuchi
- Division of Early Childhood Care and Education; Nakamura Gakuen Junior College; Fukuoka Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Kajiyama
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Faculty of Nutritional Sciences; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Katsumi Imai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Faculty of Nutritional Sciences; Nakamura Gakuen University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Health Care Center; Fukuoka University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kenji Ohe
- Health Care Center; Fukuoka University; Fukuoka Japan
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O'Halloran SA, Grimes CA, Lacy KE, Nowson CA, Campbell KJ. Dietary sources and sodium intake in a sample of Australian preschool children. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e008698. [PMID: 26846894 PMCID: PMC4746469 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess dietary sodium intake and the food sources of sodium in a sample of Australian preschool children. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Mothers were followed up when children were approximately 3.5 years of age after participating in a cluster randomised controlled trial: the Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial Program. PARTICIPANTS 251 Australian children aged 3.5 ± 0.19 (SD) years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The average daily sodium intake was determined using three unscheduled 24 h dietary recalls. The contributions of food groups, core, discretionary and processed foods to daily sodium intake were assessed. RESULTS The average sodium intake was 1508 ± 495 (SD) mg/day, (salt equivalent 3.9 ± 1.3 (SD) g/day) and 87% of children exceeded the Australian Upper Level of Intake (UL) for sodium of 1000 mg/day (salt equivalent 2.6 g/day). Main food sources of sodium were cereal/cereal products (25%), milk products (19%), meat, poultry/game (17%) and cereal-based products (15%). Core foods contributed 65%, and discretionary foods 35% of total daily sodium intake, and within the total diet, minimally processed, processed, processed culinary ingredient and ultraprocessed foods contributed 16%, 35%, 1% and 48% of sodium, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Within this sample, most children exceeded the recommended UL for sodium. Core and ultraprocessed foods were key sources of sodium which suggests that reductions in the sodium content of these foods are required to reduce sodium intake in young children. These data also provide further support for public health campaigns that seek to reduce consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan A O'Halloran
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carley A Grimes
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Evans CEL, Albar SA, Vargas-Garcia EJ, Xu F. School-Based Interventions to Reduce Obesity Risk in Children in High- and Middle-Income Countries. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2015; 76:29-77. [PMID: 26602571 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
School-based interventions are relatively new and were first introduced in the United States in the 1990s. Early programs were mainly education based with many of the findings now embedded in school policy in the form of a healthy eating curriculum. More recent school programs have taken education outside the classroom and attempted to engage parents as well as teachers. Environmental changes such as improving the quality of foods available at lunchtime and at other times during the school day are now common. Reviews of evaluations of school-based programs have demonstrated that they are effective and successfully improve dietary quality such as increasing fruit and vegetable intake and decreasing sweet and savory snacks and sweetened drinks; not just in school but over the whole day and particularly in younger school children. School-based interventions are also effective at reducing obesity if components to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviors are also targeted but not if only dietary behaviors are tackled. Most of the high-quality evaluation studies using randomized controlled trials have been carried out in high-income countries as they are costly to run. However, middle-income countries have benefitted from the information available from these evaluation studies and many are now starting to fund and evaluate school-based programs themselves, resulting in unique problems such as concomitant under- and overnutrition being addressed. Action for the future demands more focus on populations most at risk of poor dietary quality and obesity in order to reduce inequalities in health and on adolescents who have not benefited as much as younger children from school-based interventions. This will involve innovative solutions within schools as well as targeting the food environment outside schools such as reducing the density of fast-food outlets and marketing of sweet and savory snacks and drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E L Evans
- Lecturer in Public Health Nutrition, Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Salwa Ali Albar
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, King Abdul-Aziz University, PO Box 42807, 21551 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Elisa J Vargas-Garcia
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Fei Xu
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2, Zizhulin, Nanjing 210003, China
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