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Naets T, Vermeiren E, Vervoort L, Van Eyck A, Ysebaert M, Verhulst S, De Winter B, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Bruyndonckx L, Tanghe A, De Guchtenaere A, Verbeken S, Braet C. Self-control training supplementing inpatient multidisciplinary obesity treatment in children and adolescents. Behav Res Ther 2023; 167:104335. [PMID: 37327533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research points to self-control as a possible mechanism for facilitating health behaviour and weight loss. The dual pathway model underpins the role of strong bottom-up reactivity towards food and weak top-down executive functions in obesity. Despite flourishing lab studies on attention bias modification or inhibition trainings, relatively few focused on training both processes to improve self-control in children and adolescents in inpatient multidisciplinary obesity treatment (MOT). Being part of the WELCOME project, this study investigated the effectiveness of Brain Fitness training (using the Dot Probe and Go/No-Go) as an adjunct to inpatient MOT in 131 Belgian children and adolescents. Changes in self-control (performance-based inhibitory control and attention bias as well as self-reported eating behaviour) in the experimental group were compared to sham training. Multiple Imputation was used to handle missing data. Inhibitory control and external eating improved over time (pre/post/follow-up), but we found no evidence for a significant interaction between time and condition. Future research should pay more attention to the role of individual variability in baseline self-control, sham training, and ecological validity of self-control training to improve real-life health behaviour and treatment perspectives for children and adolescents with weight problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Naets
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eline Vermeiren
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Developmental Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies Van Eyck
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Stijn Verhulst
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte De Winter
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Hoorenbeeck
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Bruyndonckx
- Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Liu X, Turel O, Xiao Z, Lv C, He Q. Neural differences of food-specific inhibitory control in people with healthy vs higher BMI. Appetite 2023; 188:106759. [PMID: 37390598 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Consistent with the idea that deficits in inhibition limit resistance to tempting, tasty, high-calorie foods, and might result in a higher BMI, we test whether people with higher BMIs (BMI >25 kg/m2) present inefficient inhibitory control over food-related responses. To unpack this association, we also examine individual differences in the neural mechanisms of food inhibitory control in healthy vs higher BMI individuals. We test these aspects with a sample of 109 participants (49 with higher BMI and 60 with healthy BMI) and the food stop-signal task, which was used to examine individuals' inhibitory control. Results demonstrated that people with higher BMI had significantly poorer food inhibitory control than healthy BMI individuals. fMRI results showed that, in both Go (Go_food vs Go_nature) and Stop conditions (Stop_food vs Stop_nature), compared to healthy BMI individuals, individuals with higher BMI had lower activation in the superior frontal gyrus, precuneus, precentral gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus in the food stimulus condition. Moreover, ROI analysis results showed that under the Stop_food condition, the activation in the inferior frontal gyrus in the higher BMI group was significantly negatively correlated with inhibitory control abilities. These results suggest that people with a higher BMI have limited ability to inhibit food impulsions, and that the prefrontal regions and parietal cortex may contribute to the progression of inhibitory control limitations in relation to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ofir Turel
- Computing Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhibing Xiao
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenyu Lv
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University, Chongqing, China.
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Houben K. How does Go/No-Go training lead to food devaluation? Separating the effects of motor inhibition and response valence. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:763-776. [PMID: 37144522 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2208339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Palatable, unhealthy food stimuli can be devalued via Go/No-Go (GNG) training that consistently pairs such stimuli with motor inhibition. However, it remains unclear whether this devaluation is caused via learned associations with motor inhibition or via inferential learning based on the valence of emitted motor responses. The present research disentangles the effects of motor assignment and response valence in GNG training through task instructions. In two studies, chocolate stimuli were consistently paired with motor inhibition ("no-go") or with motor excitation ("go"). Task instructions indicated that no-go responses were negatively valenced ("do not take") and that go responses were positively valenced ("take"), or identified no-go responses as positively valenced ("keep") and go as negatively valenced ("throw away"). The results show an effect of response valence on chocolate evaluations, but no effect of motor assignment: Chocolate stimuli were consistently devalued following pairings with a negatively valenced response, regardless of whether this response entailed motor inhibition or excitation. These findings align best with an inferential account of GNG training, suggesting that devaluation effects critically depend on inferential processes regarding motor response valence. GNG training procedures may, therefore, be optimised by disambiguating the valence of go and no-go motor responses prior to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Houben
- Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Aulbach MB, van Alebeek H, Kahveci S, Blechert J. Testing the effectiveness of a mobile approach avoidance intervention and measuring approach biases in an ecological momentary assessment context: study protocol for a randomised-controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070443. [PMID: 37185192 PMCID: PMC10151942 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unhealthy eating behaviour is a major contributor to obesity and related diseases and is associated with a behavioural bias to approach rather than avoid desired foods, as measured with reaction time tasks. Approach-avoidance interventions (AAIs) have been proposed as a way to modify food evaluations and help people to eat in accordance with their dietary goals. Mobile implementations of AAI might be easily accessible, low threshold interventions, but their effectiveness has not been established yet. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Participants who aim to change their eating behaviour are randomised to intervention or control groups. They complete six sessions of a smartphone-based AAI, in which they push (ie, avoid) or pull (ie, approach) personalised food images. Intervention group participants always avoid foods that they personally want to eat less often and approach foods that they personally want to eat more often. In the control group, images are paired equally often with both response directions. To evaluate contextual and dynamic intervention effects, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is measured throughout, with questions about food intake, hunger, stress, emotions, eating intentions, food craving and impulsivity twice a day. Additional EMA preintervention and postintervention measures are administered before and after the intervention phase (4 days each) with a 1-day follow-up EMA 4 weeks after the intervention. Multilevel models will examine the temporal covariance between approach bias and self-reported variables as well as short-term and long-term intervention effects on approach bias, food intake and craving. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Salzburg. Results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented at scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER German Clinical Trials Register DRKS, registration number DRKS00030780.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Burkard Aulbach
- Department of Psychology, Paris Lodron Universitat Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hannah van Alebeek
- Department of Psychology, Paris Lodron Universitat Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sercan Kahveci
- Department of Psychology, Paris Lodron Universitat Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Paris Lodron Universitat Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
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Labonté K, Nielsen DE. Measuring food-related inhibition with go/no-go tasks: Critical considerations for experimental design. Appetite 2023; 185:106497. [PMID: 36893916 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of go/no-go tasks to assess inhibitory control over food stimuli is becoming increasingly popular. However, the wide variability in the design of these tasks makes it difficult to fully leverage their results. The goal of this commentary was to provide researchers with crucial aspects to consider when designing food-related go/no-go experiments. We examined 76 studies that used food-themed go/no-go tasks and extracted characteristics related to participant population, methodology, and analysis. Based on our observations of common issues that can influence study conclusions, we stress the importance for researchers to design an appropriate control condition and match stimuli between experimental conditions in terms of emotional and physical properties. We also emphasize that stimuli should be tailored to the participants under study, whether at the individual or group level. To ensure that the task truly measures inhibitory abilities, researchers should promote the establishment of a prepotent response pattern by presenting more go than no-go trials and by using short trials. Researchers should also pre-specify the criteria used to identify potentially invalid data. While go/no-go tasks represent valuable tools for studying food cognition, researchers should choose task parameters carefully and justify their methodological and analytical decisions in order to ensure the validity of results and promote best practices in food-related inhibition research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Labonté
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Daiva E Nielsen
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald-Stewart Building, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Houben K, Aulbach M. Is there a difference between stopping and avoiding? A review of the mechanisms underlying Go/No-Go and Approach-Avoidance training for food choice. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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van Beurden SB, Greaves CJ, Abraham C, Lawrence NS, Smith JR. "It helps me to stay on the right path, rather than give in": Mixed-method process evaluation of the ImpulsePal app-based intervention for weight management. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231220806. [PMID: 38130800 PMCID: PMC10734348 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231220806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Empirical research indicates that impulsive processes that operate below conscious monitoring can undermine peoples' attempts to change behaviour patterns, especially those that have become habitual. This may, therefore, be a serious challenge for those trying to lose weight. A novel smartphone app-based intervention (ImpulsePal) offers practical strategies to manage impulsive urges to facilitate reductions in the consumption of energy-dense processed food and overeating. Aim This process evaluation of ImpulsePal aimed to explore what was delivered/received and used, mechanisms of action, and potential contextual factors impacting intervention engagement and outcomes. Methods A mixed-methods process evaluation, with composite analysis of the quantitative (app usage statistics) and qualitative data (semi-structured interviews), was conducted alongside a feasibility randomised controlled trial with individuals with a body mass index of at least 25 kg/m2 who wanted to lose weight. Results Of 58 participants receiving ImpulsePal, 56 had successfully shared app usage statistics, and 36 (62%) were interviewed. Although usage statistics indicated reductions in the use of some features, interviews indicated that participants were still using app-recommended strategies without requiring them to open ImpulsPal. Overall, interviews highlighted that participants valued having access to in-the-moment support, felt more aware of their own eating behaviour and influences on it, and felt an increased ability to avoid and reconceptualise, in-the-moment temptations. Conclusion This process evaluation offers support for a logic model suggesting that impulse management, using ImpulsePal, can promote healthier eating among those motivated to lose weight. It also highlights the necessity of using multimodal methods to explore the delivery and use of digital interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin J Greaves
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Jane R Smith
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Lawrence NS, Porter L, Staiger PK. The ‘Go’s and the ‘No-Go’s of response-inhibition training to food: lessons learned from trials. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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How go/no-go training changes behavior: A value-based decision-making perspective. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Najberg H, Rigamonti M, Mouthon M, Spierer L. Modifying food items valuation and weight with gamified executive control training. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:191288. [PMID: 34084536 PMCID: PMC8150012 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent lines of research suggest that repeated executive control of motor responses to food items modifies their perceived value and in turn their consumption. Cognitive interventions involving the practice of motor control and attentional tasks have thus been advanced as potential approach to improve eating habits. Yet, their efficacy remains debated, notably due to a lack of proper control for the effects of expectations. We examined whether a one-month intervention combining the practice of Go/NoGo and Cue approach training modified the perceived palatability of food items (i.e. decrease in unhealthy and increase in healthy food items' palatability ratings), and in turn participants' weights. We assessed our hypotheses with a parallel, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Motivation and adherence to the intervention were maximized by a professional-level gamification of the training tasks. The control intervention differed from the experimental intervention only in the biasing of the stimulus-response mapping rules, enabling to balance expectations between the two groups and thus to conclude on the causal influence of motoric control on items valuation. We found a larger decrease of the unhealthy items' palatability ratings in the experimental (20.6%) than control group (13.1%). However, we did not find any increase of the healthy items' ratings or weight loss. Overall, the present registered report confirms that the repeated inhibition of motor responses to food cues, together with the development of attentional biases away from these cues, reduces their perceived value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Najberg
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Rigamonti
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mouthon
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Aulbach MB, Knittle K, van Beurden SB, Haukkala A, Lawrence NS. App-based food Go/No-Go training: User engagement and dietary intake in an opportunistic observational study. Appetite 2021; 165:105315. [PMID: 34015308 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Food Go/No-Go training aims to alter implicit food biases by creating associations between perceiving unhealthy foods and withholding a dominant response. Asking participants to repeatedly inhibit an impulse to approach unhealthy foods can decrease unhealthy food intake in laboratory settings. Less is known about how people engage with app-based Go/No-Go training in real-world settings and how this might relate to dietary outcomes. This pragmatic observational study investigated associations between the number of completed app-based food Go/No-Go training trials and changes in food intake (Food Frequency Questionnaire; FFQ) for different healthy and unhealthy food categories from baseline to one-month follow-up. In total, 1234 participants (m(BMI) = 29 kg/m2, m(age) = 43years, 69% female) downloaded the FoodT app and completed food-Go/No-Go training at their own discretion (mean number of completed sessions = 10.7, sd = 10.3, range: 1-122). In pre-registered analyses, random-intercept linear models predicting intake of different foods, and controlled for baseline consumption, BMI, age, sex, smoking, metabolic syndrome, and dieting status, revealed small, significant associations between the number of completed training trials and reductions in unhealthy food intake (b = -0.0005, CI95= [-0.0007;-0.0003]) and increases in healthy food intake (b = 0.0003, CI95 = [0.0000; 0.0006]). These relationships varied by food category, and exploratory analyses suggest that more temporally spaced training was associated with greater changes in dietary intake. Taken together, these results imply a positive association between the amount of training completed and beneficial changes in food intake. However, the results of this pragmatic study should be interpreted cautiously, as self-selection biases, motivation and other engagement-related factors that could underlie these associations were not accounted for. Experimental research is needed to rule out these possible confounds and establish causal dose-response relationships between patterns of engagement with food Go/No-Go training and changes in dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Burkard Aulbach
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Keegan Knittle
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ari Haukkala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37, 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Fabianinkatu 24, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QG, Exeter, United Kingdom
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12
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Vermeiren E, Naets T, Van Eyck A, Vervoort L, Ysebaert M, Baeck N, De Guchtenaere A, Van Helvoirt M, Tanghe A, Bruyndonckx L, De Winter BY, Verhulst SL, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Braet C. Improving Treatment Outcome in Children With Obesity by an Online Self-Control Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:794256. [PMID: 35004547 PMCID: PMC8733681 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.794256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Currently available treatment programs for children with obesity only have modest long-term results, which is (at least partially) due to the poorer self-control observed within this population. The present trial aimed to determine whether an online self-control training, training inhibition, and redirecting attentional bias, can improve the short- and long-term treatment outcome of (in- or outpatient) child obesity treatment programs. Methods: In this double-blind multi-center randomized controlled trial (RCT), participants aged 8-18 years with obesity were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive an online self-control or sham training added to their in- or outpatient multidisciplinary obesity treatment (MOT) program. The primary endpoint was BMI SDS. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models and the main interactions of interest were randomization by time and randomization by number of sessions, as the latter was cumulatively expressed and therefore represents the effect of increasing dose over time. Results: One hundred forty-four inpatient (mean age 14.3 ± 2.2 years, BMI 2.7 ± 0.4 SDS, 42% male) and 115 outpatient children (mean age 11.9 ± 2.1 years, BMI 2.4 ± 0.4 SDS, 45% male) were included. Children's BMI lowered significantly during treatment in both the in- and outpatient treatment centers, p < 0.001. In a mixed model with BMI as dependent variable, randomization by time was non-significant, but the number of self-control trainings (randomization * number of sessions) interacted significantly with setting and with age (p = 0.002 and p = 0.047), indicating a potential effect in younger inpatient residents. Indeed, a subgroup analysis on 22 inpatient children of 8-12 years found a benefit of the number of self-control trainings on BMI (p = 0.026). Conclusions: The present trial found no benefit of the self-control training in the entire study population, however a subgroup of young, inpatient participants potentially benefited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Vermeiren
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tiffany Naets
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annelies Van Eyck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Developmental Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marijke Ysebaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nele Baeck
- Department of Pediatrics, Jan Palfijn Gent Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Luc Bruyndonckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stijn L Verhulst
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Hoorenbeeck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Carbine KA, Muir AM, Allen WD, LeCheminant JD, Baldwin SA, Jensen CD, Kirwan CB, Larson MJ. Does inhibitory control training reduce weight and caloric intake in adults with overweight and obesity? A pre-registered, randomized controlled event-related potential (ERP) study. Behav Res Ther 2021; 136:103784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Love H, Bhullar N, Schutte NS. Go/no-go for food: Attention bias and intention to eat unhealthy food. Appetite 2020; 150:104646. [PMID: 32145372 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current research evaluated whether Go/No-go training for highly palatable (HP) food affected attention bias for HP food (an automatic/implicit outcome) and intention to eat unhealthy food (a controlled/explicit outcome). METHOD A sample of Australian adults representative for age, gender and Body Mass Index (BMI) (N = 561, Mage = 46.31 years, SD = 16.75, 52.3% women, MBMI = 27.11, SD = 6.34) completed self-report measures of dietary psychological constructs and food image modified Stroop tasks as measures of pre- and post-test attention bias for HP food. After random assignment of participants to two conditions, a Go/No-go intervention was used to train HP food targeted inhibitory control in the experimental group, or general inhibitory control in the control group. All research tasks were delivered online. RESULTS The experimental, HP food inhibitory control training group reported intention to eat less unhealthy food than the control group, F (1, 637) = 4.81, R2 = 0.09, p = .029. Counter to expectations, the experimental group exhibited a heightened attention bias to HP food images after the training, F (1, 637) = 9.48, R2 = 0.39, p = .002. CONCLUSION Go/No-go training for food may improve both top-down and bottom-up inhibitory control, using both automatic and controlled processes. Further, it may not be effective in lowering attention bias for HP food, but may be effective in lowering unhealthy food intake despite raising attention bias for HP food. Further research that tests these effects using varied reaction time tasks is needed to confirm these results and to explore possible alternative explanations.
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A randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of a peer-based social mobile game intervention to reduce smoking in youth. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1923-1943. [PMID: 31607279 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Almost no evidence-based intervention programs are available to help youth quit smoking. We argue that ineffective targeting of peer influence and engagement difficulties are significant barriers to successful youth smoking cessation. To address these barriers, we developed the mobile game intervention HitnRun. A two-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT; n = 144) was conducted and young smokers (Mage = 19.39; SDage = 2.52) were randomly assigned to either play HitnRun or read a psychoeducational brochure. Prior to, directly following the intervention period, and after three-month follow-up, weekly smoking behavior, abstinence rates, intervention dose, and peer- and engagement-related factors were assessed. Results indicated similar reductions in weekly smoking levels and similar abstinence rates for both groups. Yet, we found a dose effect with HitnRun only: The longer participants played HitnRun, the lower their weekly smoking levels were. In the brochure group, a higher dose was related to higher weekly smoking levels at all measurement moments. Exploratory analyses showed the most powerful effects of HitnRun for participants who connected with and were engaged by the intervention. Future work should build on the promising potential of HitnRun by increasing personalization efforts and strengthening peer influence components.
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Giving pork the chop: Response inhibition training to reduce meat intake. Appetite 2019; 141:104315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Carbine KA, Larson MJ. Quantifying the presence of evidential value and selective reporting in food-related inhibitory control training: a p-curve analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2019; 13:318-343. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1622144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Computerized neurocognitive training for improving dietary health and facilitating weight loss. J Behav Med 2019; 42:1029-1040. [PMID: 30891657 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 70% of Americans are overweight, in large part because of overconsumption of high-calorie foods such as sweets. Reducing sweets is difficult because powerful drives toward reward overwhelm inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to withhold a prepotent response) capacities. Computerized inhibitory control trainings (ICTs) have shown positive outcomes, but impact on real-world health behavior has been variable, potentially because of limitations inherent in existing paradigms, e.g., low in frequency, intrinsic enjoyment, personalization, and ability to adapt to increasing ability. The present study aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a gamified and non-gamified, daily, personalized, and adaptive ICT designed to facilitate weight loss by targeting consumption of sweets. Participants (N = 106) were randomized to one of four conditions in a 2 (gamified vs. non-gamified) by 2 (ICT vs. sham) factorial design. Participants were prescribed a no-added-sugar diet and completed 42 daily, at-home trainings, followed by two weekly booster trainings. Results indicated that the ICTs were feasible and acceptable. Surprisingly, compliance to the 44 trainings was excellent (88.8%) and equivalent across both gamified and non-gamified conditions. As hypothesized, the impact of ICT on weight loss was moderated by implicit preference for sweet foods [F(1,95) = 6.17, p = .02] such that only those with higher-than-average implicit preference benefited (8-week weight losses for ICT were 3.1% vs. 2.2% for sham). A marginally significant effect was observed for gamification to reduce the impact of ICT. Implications of findings for continued development of ICTs to impact health behavior are discussed.
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