1
|
Zhang F, Tan Y, Cai Z, An K, Liu Y, Su J. Two plants improve stress response of a subterranean herbivore by downregulating amphetamine addiction pathways. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1342630. [PMID: 38283372 PMCID: PMC10811048 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1342630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Captivity serves as the primary method for enhancing animal survival and productivity. However, the stress induced by confinement can hinder animal growth and reproduction. The administration of drugs to captive animals can effectively regulate their stress response and can also be used inartificial breeding, reproduction, and experimental animalization of wild species. The plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a subterranean herbivore, experiences significant stress during the captive process owing to its unique habitat. Methods In our study, we utilized Radix astragali (RA) and Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) extracts to intervene in the stress response of plateau zokors. Results Our findings demonstrated that RA and AS treatment considerably improved food intake and reduced weight loss, stress-related behavior, and stress hormone levels in plateau zokors. Furthermore, the excitatory pathway of amphetamine addition in the hypothalamus was suppressed by RA and AS treatment, acting through the Grin and Prkc gene families. Notably, after RA treatment, the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway, enriched by the Col1a1/3a1/1a2/6a1 gene, was significantly upregulated, potentially enhancing the immune function of captive plateau zokors. Discussion In conclusion, our research demonstrates that RA and AS treatment can effectively alleviate the stress response of plateau zokors in captive environments. The downregulation of the excitation pathway and upregulation of the immune pathway offer valuable insights into the response and potential mechanisms of plant-based drugs in mitigating animal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Zhang
- Southwest Survey and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Yuchen Tan
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cai
- Southwest Survey and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Kang An
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Southwest Survey and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, China
| | - Junhu Su
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Donkey Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability: A Scoping Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030408. [PMID: 36766295 PMCID: PMC9913831 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are commonly used physiological measures in animals. While several studies exist on horse HRV, less information is available for donkeys. This scoping review aims to understand the extent and type of published evidence on donkey HR and HRV, their clinical and research applications, the devices used, and the analysis performed. Only quantitative primary studies published in English were considered. Four different databases were queried through the Web of Science platform, with additional evidence identified by citation chasing. After a two-stage screening phase, data were extracted considering study and population characteristics, information on HR/HRV analysis, and applications. The majority of the 87 included articles (about 80%) concerned a sample size of up to 20 individuals and were published since 2011 (about 65%). Forty-one articles employed an electronic device for signal acquisition (mainly electrocardiographs and heart rate monitors), yet only two articles reported HRV parameters. The literature on donkey HRV is lacking, and this gap can be filled by gaining knowledge on donkey characteristics and finding useful tools for welfare assessment. Comparison with what is known about the horse allows a discussion of the technical and interpretative difficulties that can be encountered with donkeys.
Collapse
|
3
|
De Palo P, Auclair-Ronzaud J, Maggiolino A. Mammary gland physiology and farm management of dairy mares and jennies. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:234-237. [PMID: 36338815 PMCID: PMC9623692 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The equid udder has a lower storage capacity than the ruminant udder. Milking frequency is one of the most important factors affecting milk yield. Foals can be partly artificially suckled during lactation. Mechanical milking has been used in equids but our understanding of machine milking remains poor. Automated milking systems for equids represent a great challenge for the future.
Equid milk is arousing increasing interest in consumers and researchers because of its similarity in composition to human milk. The low and different protein content makes equid milk it suitable for children with cow milk protein allergy. Both horse and milk production, in many farms, still follow a characteristic and traditional method of separating the foal from the mother to allow milking procedures. This separation lasts at least 2 to 3 h before milking, a time in which the foal remains fasting. This operation is repeated several times a day, as the equid udder has little collection capacity, and milking frequency is one of the most important parameters to increase milk production; it must be emptied often. New partial artificially suckling techniques have been developed that allow the foal to be separated from its mother for many hours without starving. Furthermore, mechanical milking has been introduced in equid milk production, although in-depth knowledge is lacking on milking parameters and how these aspects affect milk production and udder health. Moreover, in some farms, new milking parlors for Equidae have been developed, ensuring that stress is minimized and production and animal welfare are ensured. It is important to develop and apply technologies for equid milk production, evaluating potential effects on welfare, health, and milk production. This represents the broadest perspective and the greatest challenge because of the need to understand management best practices, thinking to the possibility to introduce as soon as possible automatic milking systems that could ensure a good milking frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
- Corresponding author:
| | - Juliette Auclair-Ronzaud
- IFCE, Plateau Technique de la Station Expérimentale, 1 Impasse des Haras, 19370, Hamberet, France
| | - Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coria-Avila GA, Pfaus JG, Orihuela A, Domínguez-Oliva A, José-Pérez N, Hernández LA, Mota-Rojas D. The Neurobiology of Behavior and Its Applicability for Animal Welfare: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070928. [PMID: 35405916 PMCID: PMC8997080 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal welfare is the result of physical and psychological well-being and is expected to occur if animals are free: (1) from hunger, thirst and malnutrition, (2) from discomfort, (3) from pain, (4) to express normal behavior, and (5) from fear and distress. Nevertheless, well-being is not a constant state but rather the result of certain brain dynamics underlying innate motivated behaviors and learned responses. Thus, by understanding the foundations of the neurobiology of behavior we fathom how emotions and well-being occur in the brain. Herein, we discuss the potential applicability of this approach for animal welfare. First, we provide a general view of the basic responses coordinated by the central nervous system from the processing of internal and external stimuli. Then, we discuss how those stimuli mediate activity in seven neurobiological systems that evoke innate emotional and behavioral responses that directly influence well-being and biological fitness. Finally, we discuss the basic mechanisms of learning and how it affects motivated responses and welfare. Abstract Understanding the foundations of the neurobiology of behavior and well-being can help us better achieve animal welfare. Behavior is the expression of several physiological, endocrine, motor and emotional responses that are coordinated by the central nervous system from the processing of internal and external stimuli. In mammals, seven basic emotional systems have been described that when activated by the right stimuli evoke positive or negative innate responses that evolved to facilitate biological fitness. This review describes the process of how those neurobiological systems can directly influence animal welfare. We also describe examples of the interaction between primary (innate) and secondary (learned) processes that influence behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genaro A. Coria-Avila
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo S/N, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa 91190, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (G.A.C.-A.); (D.M.-R.)
| | - James G. Pfaus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Luis Castelazo S/N, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa 91190, Mexico;
- Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Charles University, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Czech National Institute of Mental Health, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Agustín Orihuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (N.J.-P.); (L.A.H.)
| | - Nancy José-Pérez
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (N.J.-P.); (L.A.H.)
| | - Laura Astrid Hernández
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (N.J.-P.); (L.A.H.)
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (N.J.-P.); (L.A.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.A.C.-A.); (D.M.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Auclair-Ronzaud J, Jaffrézic F, Wimel L, Dubois C, Laloë D, Chavatte-Palmer P. Estimation of milk production in suckling mares and factors influencing their milk yield. Animal 2022; 16:100498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
6
|
De Santis M, Seganfreddo S, Galardi M, Mutinelli F, Normando S, Contalbrigo L. Donkey behaviour and cognition: A literature review. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
7
|
de Souza Farias S, Montechese ACD, Bernardino T, Rodrigues PHM, de Araujo Oliveira CA, Zanella AJ. Two Hours of Separation Prior to Milking: Is This Strategy Stressful for Jennies and Their Foals? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010178. [PMID: 33466573 PMCID: PMC7828724 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The economic importance of donkeys has decreased in Brazil, which has led to their mass abandonment. Asinine milk production is a potential solution to the reintroduction of donkeys into the Brazilian social and economic scenario. The milk has nutraceutical properties that make it valuable for human consumption, and thus a donkey dairy industry is likely to help stop their abandonment. That said, in any such industry, the welfare of jennies maintained for milk production must be guaranteed. Few studies have been published measuring the impact of milking management on the welfare of jennies and foals, and the potential behavioural and physiological challenges it may cause. It is also unknown whether these animals adapt to the milking routine. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of separating Pêga jennies from their foals for 2 h on indicators of welfare. Animal welfare was analysed through behavioural and hormonal assessments, their potential adaptive responses and effects on milk yield. Few significant alterations were found in behaviour, salivary cortisol concentrations, or milk yield as a result of the 2-h separation, which could indicate that the welfare of the animals was not compromised; however, the adaptation of jennies and foals to separation stress remains to be fully verified. The 2-h separation period, based on the reported data, is possibly not a stressful experience for the assessed group of Pêga jennies and foals. The reported protocol, which included frequent positive interactions with the animals, may be useful to assure acceptable animal welfare levels for donkeys in small-scale dairy production settings. Abstract The goal of this study was to assess whether or not a separation period of 2 h is stressful for jennies and foals, as measured by changes in behaviour, salivary cortisol, and milk production. This study was reviewed and approved by the Committee for the Use and Care of Animals in Research (CEUA) of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo. Fourteen multiparous Pêga jennies (245 kg average body weight) and their foals were assessed from day 45 to 135 of lactation. Dams and foals were separated for 2 h prior to milking. Behavioural assessments and saliva samples were collected before and after separation, every 15 days, resulting in 14 samples per individual animal. Behavioural states (affiliative and inactivity) and events (agonistic, abnormal, eliminative and vocalisations) of the jennies were observed during 6 min in both periods. Moreover, milk yield was measured. Few significant behavioural and salivary cortisol changes were observed, and milk yield was not affected by cortisol levels in response to the separation. The 2-h separation period, on the basis of the collected variables, did not appear to be stressful for the assessed group of Pêga jennies or foals; however, their ability to adapt to milking routine stress remains to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharacely de Souza Farias
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.D.M.); (T.B.); (A.J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Carolina Dierings Montechese
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.D.M.); (T.B.); (A.J.Z.)
| | - Thiago Bernardino
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.D.M.); (T.B.); (A.J.Z.)
| | - Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Chiara Albano de Araujo Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil;
| | - Adroaldo José Zanella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus “Fernando Costa”, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (A.C.D.M.); (T.B.); (A.J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maggiolino A, Lorenzo JM, Centoducati G, Domínguez R, Dinardo FR, Marino R, Malva AD, Bragaglio A, De Palo P. How Volatile Compounds, Oxidative Profile and Sensory Evaluation Can Change with Vacuum Aging in Donkey Meat. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112126. [PMID: 33207693 PMCID: PMC7697703 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aging in donkey meat was never investigated. It represents an important process, because it leads the muscle to become meat. There are many ways to age meat, and vacuum aging is one of these. The present paper characterised donkey meat Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) production during 14 vacuum aging days, its oxidative status and the consequent sensory evaluation. Lipid oxidative processes are delayed, but some protein oxidative processes happen, influencing VOCs production and sensory evaluation. Abstract This study aims to improve knowledge on donkey meat and the vacuum aging effect on the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), oxidative profile and status and the sensory characteristics. Ten 18-month old Martina Franca donkeys’ male foals were involved in the trial. Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle was extracted from each left half carcass, between the fourth and the ninth rib. Each muscle was divided into five sections, vacuum packaged, stored at 2 °C, and randomly assigned to one of the different aging time (1, 3, 6, 9, and 14 days of aging). Volatile compounds, oxidation parameters, and antioxidant enzymes were analysed, and a sensory test was performed. A nested one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for aging time as an independent variable. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Aldehydes are the most produced VOCs, but no changes were observed during vacuum aging (p > 0.05). Nitrogen compounds increased during aging (p < 0.01). TBARs and hydroperoxides did not change during the storage, whereas the protein carbonyls increased (p < 0.05). Vacuum aging slowed down lipid oxidation and put in evidence the presence of protein oxidation and degradation, influencing the VOCs productions and sensory evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (F.R.D.); (A.B.); (P.D.P.)
| | - José Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (J.M.L.); (R.D.)
- Área Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Gerardo Centoducati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (F.R.D.); (A.B.); (P.D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08054-43915
| | - Rubén Domínguez
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (J.M.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Francesca Rita Dinardo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (F.R.D.); (A.B.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Rosaria Marino
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (R.M.); (A.d.M.)
| | - Antonella della Malva
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (R.M.); (A.d.M.)
| | - Andrea Bragaglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (F.R.D.); (A.B.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (F.R.D.); (A.B.); (P.D.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miraglia N, Salimei E, Fantuz F. Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E353. [PMID: 32098374 PMCID: PMC7070972 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The equine dairy chain is renewing the interest toward horse and donkey breeding for the production of milk with potential health promoting properties. The dairy equine chain for human consumption could contribute to the rural eco-sustainable development for the micro-economies of those areas threatened by marginalization. As a part of the whole equine industry, and its possible impact in the modern and future society, the main traits of the equine dairy enterprise are reviewed with a special focus on management of animals and milk. Equine milk compositional and nutritional peculiarities are described as also related to milk hygiene and health issues. Scientific and technical aspects of the feeding management are considered in the frame of the emerging dairy equine enterprise, where pasture is an essential element that allows to match production goals for horses and donkeys, biodiversity preservation, as well as landscape safeguard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Miraglia
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Salimei
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy;
| | - Francesco Fantuz
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Camerino MC 62032, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|