1
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Späth J, Brodin T, Falås P, Niinipuu M, Lindberg R, Fick J, Nording M. Effects of conventionally treated and ozonated wastewater on the damselfly larva oxylipidome in response to on-site exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136604. [PMID: 36179924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues discharged through insufficiently treated or untreated wastewater enter aquatic environments, where they may adversely impact organisms such as aquatic invertebrates. Ozonation, an advanced wastewater treatment technique, has been successfully implemented to enhance the removal of a broad range of pharmaceuticals, however diverse byproducts and transformation products that are formed during the ozonation process make it difficult to predict how ozonated wastewater may affect aquatic biota. The aim of this study was to investigate effects on fatty acid metabolites, oxylipins, in a common invertebrate species, damselfly larvae, after on-site exposure to conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and additionally ozonated effluent at a full-scale WWTP. Subsequent ozonation of the conventionally treated wastewater was assessed in terms of i) removal of pharmaceuticals and ii) potential sub-lethal effects on the oxylipidome. Northern damselfly (Coenagrion hastulatum) larvae were exposed for six days in the treatment plant facility to either conventional WWTP effluent or ozonated effluent and the effects on pharmaceutical levels and oxylipin levels were compared with those from tap water control exposure. Ozonation removed pharmaceuticals at an average removal efficiency of 67% (ozone dose of 0.49 g O3/g DOC). Of 38 pharmaceuticals detected in the effluent, 16 were removed to levels below the limit of quantification by ozonation. Levels of two oxylipins, 12(13)-EpODE and 15(16)-EpODE, were reduced in larvae exposed to the conventionally treated wastewater in comparison to the tap water control. 15(16)-EpODE was reduced in the larvae exposed to ozonated effluent in comparison to the tap water control. One oxylipin, 8-HETE, was significantly lower in larvae exposed to conventional WWTP effluent compared to ozonated effluent. In conclusion, the study provides proof-of-principle that damselfly larvae can be used on-site to test the impact of differentially treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Späth
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, And Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 90183, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mirva Niinipuu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Richard Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Malin Nording
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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2
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Saravanakumar K, De Silva S, Santosh SS, Sathiyaseelan A, Ganeshalingam A, Jamla M, Sankaranarayanan A, Veeraraghavan VP, MubarakAli D, Lee J, Thiripuranathar G, Wang MH. Impact of industrial effluents on the environment and human health and their remediation using MOFs-based hybrid membrane filtration techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135593. [PMID: 35809745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hazardous risk posed by industrial effluent discharge into the ecosystem has raised a plethora of environmental issues, public health, and safety concerns. The effluents from industries such as tanning, leather, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and textiles are create significant stress on the aquatic ecosystem, which induces significant toxicity, involved in endocrine disruptions, and inhibits reproductive functions. Therefore, this review presented an overall abridgment of the effects of these effluents and their ability to synergize with modern pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetic chemicals, nanoparticles, and heavy metals. We further emphasize the metal organic framework (MOF) based membrane filtration approach for remediation of industrial effluents in comparison to the traditional remediation process. The MOF based-hybrid membrane filters provide higher reusability, better adsorption, and superior removal rates through the implication of nanotechnology, while the traditional remediation process offers poorer filtration rates and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shanali De Silva
- College of Chemical Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, Welikada, Rajagiriya, 10107, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Anbazhagan Sathiyaseelan
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Archchana Ganeshalingam
- College of Chemical Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, Welikada, Rajagiriya, 10107, Sri Lanka.
| | - Monica Jamla
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
| | - Alwarappan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Life Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence, Navanihal, Kalaburagi District, Karnataka, 585 313, India.
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre Of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics ( COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India.
| | - Davoodbasha MubarakAli
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India.
| | - Jooeun Lee
- Kangwon Center for Systems Imaging, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gobika Thiripuranathar
- College of Chemical Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, Welikada, Rajagiriya, 10107, Sri Lanka.
| | - Myeong-Hyeon Wang
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Rothe LE, Loeffler F, Gerhardt A, Feld CK, Stift R, Weyand M, Grabner D, Sures B. Parasite infection influences the biomarker response and locomotor activity of Gammarus fossarum exposed to conventionally-treated wastewater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113474. [PMID: 35390685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Modern wastewater treatment plants cannot completely remove pollutants. Often, effluents entering the aquatic environment still contain micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals or pesticides, which may impose adverse effects on aquatic biota. At the same time, a large proportion of free-living aquatic species are known to be infected with parasites, which raises the question of interactions between environmental stressors (such as micropollutants) and parasite infection. We chose the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum (Koch, 1835) as a test organism to investigate potential pollutant-parasite interactions. This gammarid is frequently used in ecotoxicological tests and is also commonly infected with larvae of the acanthocephalan parasite species Polymorphus minutus (Zeder, 1800) Lühe, 1911. We exposed infected and uninfected specimens of G. fossarum to conventionally-treated wastewater and river water in a 22-day flow channel experiment. The test organisms' response was measured as mortality rates, concentrations or activities of five biomarkers, and overall locomotor activity. No significant differences were found between mortality rates of different exposure conditions. Contrastingly, three biomarkers (phenoloxidase activity, glycogen, and lipid concentrations) showed a significant increase in infected gammarids, while the effect of the water type was insignificant. Infected gammarids also showed a significantly higher locomotor activity in both water types. Our results suggest that the response of G. fossarum during the exposure experiments was mainly driven by parasite infection. This implies that parasites may act as additional biotic stressors in multiple stressor scenarios, and therefore, might play an important role when measuring the response of organisms to chemical stressors. Future ecotoxicological studies and assessments thus should consider parasite infection as an additional test parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa E Rothe
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Felix Loeffler
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Robin Stift
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Ruhrverband, Department of River Basin Management, Kronprinzenstr. 37, D-45128 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
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4
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Rothe LE, Botha TL, Feld CK, Weyand M, Zimmermann S, Smit NJ, Wepener V, Sures B. Effects of conventionally-treated and ozonated wastewater on mortality, physiology, body length, and behavior of embryonic and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117241. [PMID: 33975214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, micropollutants from anthropogenic sources cannot be completely removed from effluents of wastewater treatment plants and therefore enter freshwater systems, where they may impose adverse effects on aquatic organisms, for example, on fish. Advanced treatment such as ozonation aims to reduce micropollutants in wastewater effluents and, thus, to mitigate adverse effects on the environment. To investigate the impact and efficiency of ozonation, four different water types were tested: ozonated wastewater (before and after biological treatment), conventionally-treated wastewater, and water from a river (River Ruhr, Germany) upstream of the wastewater treatment plant effluent. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used to study lethal and sublethal effects in a modified fish early life-stage test. Mortality occurred during exposure in the water samples from the wastewater treatment plant and the river in the first 24 h post-fertilization, ranging from 12% (conventional wastewater) to 40% (river water). Regarding sublethal endpoints, effects compared to the negative control resulted in significantly higher heart rates (ozonated wastewater), and significantly reduced swimming activity (highly significant in ozonated wastewater and ozone reactor water, significant in only the last time interval in river water). Moreover, the respiration rates were highly increased in both ozonated wastewater samples in comparison to the negative control. Significant differences between the ozonated wastewater samples occurred in the embryonic behavior and heart rates, emphasizing the importance of subsequent biological treatment of the ozonated wastewater. Only the conventionally-treated wastewater sample did not elicit negative responses in zebrafish, indicating that the discharge of conventional wastewater poses no greater risk to embryonic and larval zebrafish than water from the river Ruhr itself. The sublethal endpoints embryonic- and larval behavior, heart rates, and respiration were found to be the most sensitive endpoints in this fish early life-stage test and can add valuable information on the toxicity of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa E Rothe
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Tarryn L Botha
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council - Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Ruhrverband, Department of River Basin Management, Kronprinzenstr. 37, 45128, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja Zimmermann
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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5
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Hagberg A, Gupta S, Rzhepishevska O, Fick J, Burmølle M, Ramstedt M. Do environmental pharmaceuticals affect the composition of bacterial communities in a freshwater stream? A case study of the Knivsta river in the south of Sweden. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142991. [PMID: 33121787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical substances present at low concentrations in the environment may cause effects on biological systems such as microbial consortia living on solid riverbed substrates. These consortia are an important part of the river ecosystem as they form part of the food chain. This case study aims to contribute to an increased understanding of how low levels of pharmaceuticals in freshwater streams may influence sessile bacterial consortia. An important point source for pharmaceutical release into the environment is treated household sewage water. In order to investigate what types of effects may occur, we collected water samples as well as riverbed substrates from a small stream in the south of Sweden, Knivstaån, upstream and downstream from a sewage treatment plant (STP). Data from these samples formed the base of this case study where we investigated both the presence of pharmaceuticals in the water and bacterial composition on riverbed substrates. In the water downstream from the STP, 19 different pharmaceuticals were detected at levels below 800 ng/dm3. The microbial composition was obtained from sequencing 16S rRNA genes directly from substrates as well as from cultivated isolates. The cultivated strains showed reduced species variability compared with the data obtained directly from the substrates. No systematic differences were observed following the sampling season. However, differences could be seen between samples upstream and downstream from the STP effluent. We further observed large similarities in bacterial composition on natural stones compared to sterile stones introduced into the river approximately two months prior to sampling, giving indications for future sampling methodology of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Hagberg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Center for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olena Rzhepishevska
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Center for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Center for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madeleine Ramstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Center for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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6
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Kharel S, Stapf M, Miehe U, Ekblad M, Cimbritz M, Falås P, Nilsson J, Sehlén R, Bester K. Ozone dose dependent formation and removal of ozonation products of pharmaceuticals in pilot and full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139064. [PMID: 32413657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The removal of micropollutants from municipal wastewater is challenged by the number of compounds with diverse physico-chemical properties. Ozonation is increasingly used to remove micropollutants from wastewater. However, ozonation does not necessarily result in complete mineralization of the organic micropollutants but rather transforms them into new compounds which could be persistent or have adverse environmental effects. To explore ozone dose dependency of the formation and successive removal of ozonation products, two pilot-scale and one full-scale ozonation plants were operated subsequent to a conventional activated sludge treatment. The results from these trials indicated that the concentrations of several N-oxides, such as Erythromycin N-oxide, Venlafaxine N-oxide and Tramadol N-oxide, increased up to an ozone dose of 0.56-0.61 mg O3/mg DOC while they decreased at elevated doses of 0.7-1.0 mg O3/mg DOC. Similar results were also obtained for two transformation products of Diclofenac (Diclofenac 2,5-quinone imine and 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)indolin-2,3-dione) and one transformation product of Carbamazepine (1-(2-benzoic acid)-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2,4-dione), where the highest concentrations appeared around 0.27-0.31 mg O3/mg DOC. The formation maximum of a given compound occurred at a specific ozone dose that is characteristic for each compound, but seemed to be independent of the wastewater used for the experiments at the two pilots and the full-scale plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kharel
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael Stapf
- Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB), Cicerostr. 24, 10709 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Miehe
- Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB), Cicerostr. 24, 10709 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja Ekblad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Josefine Nilsson
- Tekniska verken i Linköping AB (publ), Brogatan 1, Box 1500, 58115 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Sehlén
- Tekniska verken i Linköping AB (publ), Brogatan 1, Box 1500, 58115 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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7
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Derikvandy A, Pourkhabbaz HR, Banaee M, Sureda A, Haghi N, Pourkhabbaz AR. Genotoxicity and oxidative damage in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after exposure to effluent from ethyl alcohol industry. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126609. [PMID: 32443256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the toxicological effect of untreated wastewater from of ethyl alcohol industry was evaluated on the zebrafish (Danio rerio) under experimental conditions. Fish were treated with zero, half, one and two percent of sewage effluent for 21 days. Toxic effects were monitored in liver by determining biochemical indicators, oxidative stress biomarkers, and the expression of genes involved in the detoxification. Results showed that Sod1, Gstp-1a, Gpx1a gene expressions were significantly increased in the hepatocytes after 21 days at 2.0% sewage exposure. Sewage exposure also significantly increased Gsr, Ces2 and Cyp1a, Mt1 and Mt2 gene expression in the hepatocytes of zebrafish as compared to the reference group (P < 0.01). Total cellular antioxidants, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in fish exposed to 1 and 2% of sewage were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.01), whereas alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was only increased in fish exposed to 2% sewage (P < 0.01). A significant decrease in gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) activity in fish exposed to 2% effluent was found (P < 0.01). Catalase (CAT) activity was increased in zebrafish exposed to all concentrations of effluent. The transcriptional analysis of the detoxification-related genes and the changes in the biochemical indicators evidenced that drainage of sewage effluents from the ethyl alcohol company is a serious threat to the health of aquatic animals in the Khorram-Rood River. These results will contribute to further study on the impact of sewage effluents of the alcohol industry on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Derikvandy
- Environmental Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Pourkhabbaz
- Environmental Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Nematdoost Haghi
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Pourkhabbaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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8
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Pohl J, Golovko O, Carlsson G, Eriksson J, Glynn A, Örn S, Weiss J. Carbamazepine Ozonation Byproducts: Toxicity in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos and Chemical Stability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2913-2921. [PMID: 31990190 PMCID: PMC7307904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant medication with highly persistent properties in the aquatic environment, where it has the potential to affect nontarget biota. Because CBZ and many other pharmaceuticals are not readily removed in conventional sewage treatment plants (STP), additional STP effluent treatment technologies are being evaluated and implemented. Whole effluent ozonation is a prospective method to remove pharmaceuticals such as CBZ, yet knowledge on the toxicity of CBZ ozonation byproducts (OBPs) is lacking. This study presents, for the first time, in vivo individual and mixture toxicity of four putative OBPs, that is, carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine, 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-4-hydro-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2-one (BQM), and 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2,4-dione (BQD) in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. BQM and BQD were isolated from the ozonated solution as they were not commercially available. The study confirmed that the OBP mixture caused embryotoxic responses comparable to that of ozonated CBZ. Individual compound embryotoxicity assessment further revealed that BQM and BQD were the drivers of embryotoxicity. OBP chemical stability in ozonated CBZ water solution during 2 week dark storage at 22 °C was also assessed. The OBP concentrations remained over time, except for BQD which decreased by 94%. Meanwhile, ozonated CBZ persistently induced embryotoxicity over 2 week storage, potentially illustrating environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pohl
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Carlsson
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Department
of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Jana Weiss
- Department
of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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9
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Späth J, Nording M, Lindberg R, Brodin T, Jansson S, Yang J, Wan D, Hammock B, Fick J. Novel metabolomic method to assess the effect-based removal efficiency of advanced wastewater treatment techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (COLLINGWOOD, VIC.) 2020; 17:1-5. [PMID: 33692653 PMCID: PMC7943040 DOI: 10.1071/en19270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented levels of chemicals of anthropogenic origin are currently released into surface waters globally. Wastewater treatment plant effluent has been identified as a major source, containing a broad mixture of pharmaceuticals and consumer chemicals. Therefore, there is a need for implementation of advanced wastewater treatment techniques, such as ozonation and adsorption methods, to reduce the contamination. However, there are conflicting findings on the toxicity of treated effluent and only limited possibilities for assessing the effect-based removal efficiency (EBRE) of different treatment techniques. Here, we describe a metabolomics approach to detect perturbations in fatty acid catabolic pathways as a proxy for biological effects. Metabolites in three fatty acid pathways were analyzed in a common damselfly larva (Coenagrion hastulatum) by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The larvae were exposed for one week to either conventionally treated effluent (activated sludge treatment), effluent additionally treated with ozone or effluent additionally treated with biochar filtration and results were compared with those from tap water control exposure. Five lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins (9,10,13-TriHOME, 9,12,13-TriHOME, 9-HODE, 9-HOTrE, and 13-HOTrE) decreased in response to conventionally treated effluent exposure. By using an additional treatment step, oxylipin levels were restored with exception of 9,10,13-TriHOME (ozonated effluent), and 9-HOTrE and 13-HOTrE (effluent filtered with biochar). In conclusion, exposure to wastewater effluent affected fatty acid metabolite levels in damselfly larvae, and a subset of the analyzed metabolites may serve as indicators for biological effects in biota in response to effluent exposure. To that effect, our findings suggest a new metabolomics protocol for assessing EBRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Späth
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Malin Nording
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, SLU, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Debin Wan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Cassar S, Adatto I, Freeman JL, Gamse JT, Iturria I, Lawrence C, Muriana A, Peterson RT, Van Cruchten S, Zon LI. Use of Zebrafish in Drug Discovery Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:95-118. [PMID: 31625720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unpredicted human safety events in clinical trials for new drugs are costly in terms of human health and money. The drug discovery industry attempts to minimize those events with diligent preclinical safety testing. Current standard practices are good at preventing toxic compounds from being tested in the clinic; however, false negative preclinical toxicity results are still a reality. Continual improvement must be pursued in the preclinical realm. Higher-quality therapies can be brought forward with more information about potential toxicities and associated mechanisms. The zebrafish model is a bridge between in vitro assays and mammalian in vivo studies. This model is powerful in its breadth of application and tractability for research. In the past two decades, our understanding of disease biology and drug toxicity has grown significantly owing to thousands of studies on this tiny vertebrate. This Review summarizes challenges and strengths of the model, discusses the 3Rs value that it can deliver, highlights translatable and untranslatable biology, and brings together reports from recent studies with zebrafish focusing on new drug discovery toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cassar
- Preclinical Safety , AbbVie , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Isaac Adatto
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Joshua T Gamse
- Drug Safety Evaluation , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | | | - Christian Lawrence
- Aquatic Resources Program , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | | | - Randall T Peterson
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | | | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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Pohl J, Ahrens L, Carlsson G, Golovko O, Norrgren L, Weiss J, Örn S. Embryotoxicity of ozonated diclofenac, carbamazepine, and oxazepam in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:191-199. [PMID: 30875502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues are polluting the surface water environments worldwide. Sewage and wastewater treatment, therefore, needs to be improved in order to remove pharmaceutical residues from the effluent. One such treatment improvement is effluent ozonation. Even though ozonation has proven to be very efficient in reducing pharmaceutical parent compound concentrations in wastewater effluents, much remains unclear regarding potentially toxic ozonation by-product (OBP) formation. In this study, we sought to elucidate the aquatic toxicity of ozonated pharmaceuticals in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in a static 144 h post fertilization (hpf) fish embryotoxicity (ZFET) assay. Three pharmaceuticals commonly detected in wastewater effluents, i.e. carbamazepine, diclofenac, and oxazepam, were selected for testing. Toxicity was assessed before and after 1 min ozonation (0.053 mg L-1 peak O3 concentration) and 10 min ozonation (0.147 mg L-1 peak O3 concentration). Chemical analysis showed that carbamazepine and diclofenac were largely removed by ozone (90 ± 11% and 97 ± 3.8%), whereas oxazepam was removed to a lesser extent (19 ± 5.7%). The ZFET assay revealed diverging toxicities. Diclofenac embryotoxicity decreased with increasing ozonation. Oxazepam did not cause embryotoxicity in the ZFET assay either pre- or post ozonation, but larvae swimming activity was affected at 144 hpf. Carbamazepine embryotoxicity, on the other hand, increased with increasing ozonation. Chemical analysis showed the formation of two OBPs (carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide and 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine), possibly explaining the increased embryotoxicity. The results of this study highlight the importance of new chemical and toxicological knowledge regarding the formation of OBPs in post-ozonated effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pohl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Section for Organic Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Carlsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Section for Geochemistry and Hydrology, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Norrgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Weiss
- Section for Organic Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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