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Relvas M, Mendes-Frias A, Gonçalves M, Salazar F, López-Jarana P, Silvestre R, Viana da Costa A. Salivary IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 Are Key Biomarkers of Periodontitis Severity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8401. [PMID: 39125970 PMCID: PMC11312971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore severity and progression biomarkers, we examined the clinical relevance of multiple cytokines and mediators involved in the inflammatory response in periodontitis. A cohort of 68 patients was enrolled in the study and periodontal status assessed by the current classification of periodontal diseases. Immune mediators present in saliva, of both patients and healthy controls, were quantified using a Legendplex-13 panel. Clinic parameters were significantly higher in PD patients compared with HC, with a strong significant association with the disease severity (stage) (p < 0.001), but not with progression (grade). The panel of immune mediators evidenced elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β as disease established (p < 0.01). IL-1β/IL-1RA ratio was increased in PD patients, being associated with disease stage. An anti-inflammatory response was spotted by higher IL-10. Lower levels of IL-23 and IP-10 were associated with disease severity. No significant statistical differences were found by grade classification. Moreover, salivary IL-1β and IL-6 exhibited significant positive correlations with several clinical measurements (PI, BOP, PPD, CAL), while IP-10 showed a statistical negative correlation with BOP, PPD, and CAL. These insights highlight the complexity of the periodontitis inflammatory network and the potential of cytokines as biomarkers for refined diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Relvas
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendes-Frias
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.-F.); (R.S.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Gonçalves
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Toxicologic Pathology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Filomena Salazar
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Paula López-Jarana
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.-F.); (R.S.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Viana da Costa
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (M.G.); (F.S.); (P.L.-J.); (A.V.d.C.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Toxicologic Pathology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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Kainat R, Ahmed I, Alolaywi AM, Waheed H, Sultan ZK, Moin SF. Assessment of Salivary MMP-8 and IL-1β for the Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases in Pakistani Population. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:672-679. [PMID: 38086426 PMCID: PMC11132764 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical methods use the subjective diagnosis of periodontal diseases by visual observation that could result in differences and variability of diagnosis. The addition of specific markers could aid in the accurate diagnosis of the local population. The objective of the study was to target two of the major proteins for possible significance in such an approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 60 participants aged between 18 and 70 years. Three groups each with twenty participants were recruited into periodontitis, gingivitis, and healthy control. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The samples were analyzed using human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). RESULTS SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the result. Posthoc analysis by Tukey's test revealed that MMP-8 levels were higher in gingivitis and periodontitis groups as compared with healthy controls. The test also revealed that IL-1β levels were higher in the periodontitis group compared with the healthy control and gingivitis group. Additionally, one-way analysis of variance analysis showed a significant effect on probing depth in gingivitis and periodontitis patients. The mean age of periodontitis group was significantly higher than other groups. CONCLUSION Salivary biomarkers may provide useful diagnostic information and could be utilized as tests for periodontal disease screening, prognosis, and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Kainat
- Department of Biochemistry, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Humera Waheed
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Khurshid Sultan
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudia Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Syed Faraz Moin
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Toraman A, Sağlam E, Savran L, Köseoğlu S. Evaluation of Salivary Il-38 Levels in Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2024. [PMID: 38497769 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to assess levels of salivary interleukin (IL)-38, IL-1β, and IL-10 in various periodontal clinical conditions. In total, 60 (20 healthy, 20 gingivitis, and 20 stage II-III, grade A-B periodontitis) subjects were included in the study. Demographic and clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. Samples were examined for IL-38, IL-1β, and IL-10 levels by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results demonstrated that the periodontitis group had significantly lower salivary IL-38 levels (P < 0.05) than the healthy group. Salivary IL-10 levels did not differ significantly between the groups (P > 0.05). The salivary IL-1β levels of gingivitis (P < 0.001) and periodontitis groups (P < 0.01) were significantly higher than those of the healthy group. The present study indicated that IL-38 level is decreased in periodontal disease. The results suggested a possible role of IL-38 in the periodontal inflammation process. Clarifying the mechanisms of IL-38 in the inflammatory process may contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies in periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Toraman
- Department of Periodontology, Hamidiye Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Sağlam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Levent Savran
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Serhat Köseoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Mani E, Nirmala I, Sivasankar P, Saketharaman P, Pannnerselvam S, Priyanka L. Salivary Amylase and Mucin in Chronic Periodontitis: Pre- /Posttherapy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:813-817. [PMID: 38152916 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study aims to investigate the potential of salivary amylase as a reliable biochemical marker for assessing periodontal disease progression, establishing a potential correlation between salivary amylase levels and periodontal disease severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 40 participants, aged 25-65, equally divided into a control and study group of 20 individuals each. Clinical parameters, such as oral hygiene index, gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were recorded. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed for amylase and mucin levels using a semi-auto analyzer and spectrophotometer, respectively. These clinical parameters and salivary biomarkers were evaluated before and after 45 days of phase I periodontal therapy. Statistical analysis, including independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test, and correlation analysis were performed to assess the treatment effectiveness and explore associations between clinical parameters and salivary biomarkers. RESULTS The study group with chronic generalized periodontitis showed significantly higher salivary amylase (27022.5 ± 8598.9) and mucin levels (3258 ± 724.2) and worse clinical parameters than the control group at baseline. However, after phase I periodontal therapy, the study group exhibited reduced salivary biomarkers amylase (17924.0 ± 4703.6) and mucin (1828.45 ± 314.07) and improved clinical parameters, indicating the effectiveness of the treatment in enhancing periodontal health compared with the control group. Positive correlations were found between clinical parameters and salivary amylase/mucin levels both before and after therapy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Salivary amylase and mucin levels hold promise as valuable biomarkers for diagnosing active periodontal disease and evaluating treatment outcomes after phase I therapy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Salivary biomarker comparison offers a noninvasive diagnostic tool for periodontal disease, improving early detection and personalized treatment planning. Further research is required to validate its clinical value fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Mani
- Department of Periodontics, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Irudhaya Nirmala
- Department of Periodontics, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Sivasankar
- Department of Periodontics, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthiban Saketharaman
- Department of Periodontics, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: +91 9884299618, e-mail:
| | - Shobana Pannnerselvam
- Department of Periodontics, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Priyanka
- Department of Periodontics, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abdullameer MA, Abdulkareem AA. Salivary interleukin-1β as a biomarker to differentiate between periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2023; 72:221-229. [PMID: 37162330 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.23.04778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal diagnosis is based on recording clinical parameters including bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). These techniques may be prone to errors due to different factors. Available biomarkers in the oral biofluid such as interleukin (IL)-1β could provide solutions for these issues. The study aimed to determine the potential of salivary IL-1β to differentiate periodontal health from disease and between gingivitis and periodontitis. METHODS Patients with gingivitis (N.=25), periodontitis (N.=50), and healthy periodontium (N.=25) were recruited for this study. For each patient, whole unstimulated saliva was collected followed by recording periodontal parameters namely; Plaque Index (PI), BOP, PPD, CAL. Level of salivary IL-1β was assayed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Sensitivity and specificity of IL-1β, to differentiate any given condition, was determined by Receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Both BOP and PI were significantly higher in association with gingivitis and periodontitis groups as compared to controls. Concentration of salivary IL-1β in periodontal health was significantly lower than gingivitis and periodontitis groups. The biochemical analyses showed that salivary IL-1β differentiated periodontal health from gingivitis (AUC 0.949) and periodontitis (AUC 0.852) but could not discriminate gingivitis from periodontitis (AUC 0.532). The proposed cut-off points to differentiate periodontal health from gingivitis was 103.8 pg/mL, while the value of the biomarker to differentiate periodontal health from periodontitis was 102.0 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Salivary IL-1β could be a reliable biomarker with a good level of accuracy to differentiate periodontal health from disease but not to discriminate gingivitis from periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Abdullameer
- Department of Health, Ministry of Health, Al-Rusafa Sector, Baghdad, Iraq
- College of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali A Abdulkareem
- College of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq -
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Toraman A, Sağlam E, Savran L, Sağlam M, Köseoğlu S. Salivary levels of NLRC4 inflammasome in different periodontal clinical status. Oral Dis 2023; 29:2765-2771. [PMID: 36327138 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) has a critical role in the regulation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), an important cytokine in the pathogenesis of the periodontal diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate levels of salivary NLRC4 inflammasomes in different periodontal clinical statuses. METHODS The individuals with 20 periodontally healthy (healthy), 20 gingivitis, and 20 periodontitis were periodontally examined. Saliva samples were collected, after the clinical measurements (plaque index, gingival index, gingival bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level). The levels of salivary NLRC4, IL-1β, and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The results demonstrated that levels of salivary NLRC4 (p < 0.01), and IL-1β (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in gingivitis and periodontitis than in the healthy group. No significant difference was salivary IL-10 levels between the groups (p > 0.05). Positive significant correlations among NLRC4 and IL-1β salivary levels and clinical parameters were detected (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that the NLRC4 is elevated in periodontal disease. Larger randomized controlled clinical studies are needed to use salivary NLRC4 levels as a potential marker for detecting the presence and/or severity of the periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Toraman
- Department of Periodontology, Hamidiye Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Sağlam
- Department of Periodontology, Hamidiye Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Savran
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sağlam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Serhat Köseoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Medeniyet University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Salivary bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein: A novel inflammatory marker associated with periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-04922-6. [PMID: 36805805 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present case-control study aims to investigate the salivary levels of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß) in systemically healthy individuals with periodontitis and periodontally healthy for the evaluation of BPI's relation with periodontal inflammation and clinical diagnosis of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 participants were enrolled in this study and divided into periodontitis (P group) (n = 50) and periodontally healthy (H group) (n = 50) groups based on their full-mouth periodontal examination results including plaque index, probing pocket depth, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment level. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected. Salivary BPI and IL-1β levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created to determine the diagnostic value of BPI. RESULTS The levels of BPI and IL-1ß in saliva were significantly higher in the P group than in the H group (p<0.001). Moreover, salivary BPI and IL-1ß levels correlated significantly with all clinical periodontal parameters (all p<0.001). Interestingly, there was a strong positive correlation between salivary levels of BPI and IL-1ß (r=0.544, p<0.001). In addition, the results of the ROC curve analysis showed that BPI had a high diagnostic potential to distinguish periodontitis from healthy controls with an area under the curve value of 0.94% (p<0.000). CONCLUSION The significantly higher salivary levels of BPI in periodontitis patients together with strong positive correlations between all periodontal parameters and salivary IL-1ß levels suggest that BPI may be involved in the inflammatory process of periodontal disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present study for the first time report that salivary BPI levels may serve as a potential biomarker of inflammation in periodontal disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Thai Clinical Trials.gov (TCTR20211222008) (22 December 2021).
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Relvas M, Silvestre R, Gonçalves M, Cabral C, Mendes-Frias A, Monteiro L, Viana da Costa A. Analysis of Salivary Levels of IL-1β, IL17A, OPG and RANK-L in Periodontitis Using the 2017 Classification of Periodontal Diseases-An Exploratory Observational Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031003. [PMID: 36769650 PMCID: PMC9918260 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic disease with a high overall prevalence. It involves a complex interplay between the immune-inflammatory pathways and biofilm changes, leading to periodontal attachment loss. The aims of this study were (i) to assess whether the salivary IL-1β, IL-17A, RANK-L and OPG levels have the potential to discriminate between the mild and severe periodontitis conditions; and (ii) to enable diagnostic/prognostic actions to differentiate between distinct levels of the disease. The analysis of the clinical parameters and the evaluation of the salivary immunomediators levels by means of a multiplex flow assay revealed a statistically significantly higher level of IL-1β in the periodontitis III/IV patients, as well as a higher level of RANK-L in the periodontitis III/IV and I/II patients, when compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, the grade C periodontitis patients presented a significantly higher level of RANK-L compared to the grade B and grade A patients. In the grade C patients, IL-1β had a positive correlation with the PPD and CAL indices and RANK_L had a positive correlation with CAL. The evidence emerging from this study associates the salivary IL-1β and RANK-L levels with an advanced stage of periodontitis, stage III/IV, and with grade C, suggesting the possible cooperative action of both in the inflammatory and bone loss events. In addition to IL-1β, RANK-L could be considered a combined diagnostic biomarker for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Relvas
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Gonçalves
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cabral
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendes-Frias
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luís Monteiro
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Viana da Costa
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- TOXRUN–Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), CRL, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
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Niklander SE, Murdoch C, Hunter KD. IL-1/IL-1R Signaling in Head and Neck Cancer. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:722676. [PMID: 35048046 PMCID: PMC8757896 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.722676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades ago, the study of cancer biology was mainly focused on the tumor itself, paying little attention to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, it is well recognized that the TME plays a vital role in cancer development and progression, with emerging treatment strategies focusing on different components of the TME, including tumoral cells, blood vessels, fibroblasts, senescent cells, inflammatory cells, inflammatory factors, among others. There is a well-accepted relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer development. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine commonly found at tumor sites, is considered one of the most important inflammatory factors in cancer, and has been related with carcinogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. Increasing evidence has linked development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with chronic inflammation, and particularly, with IL-1 signaling. This review focuses on the most important members of the IL-1 family, with emphasis on how their aberrant expression can promote HNSCC development and metastasis, highlighting possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven E. Niklander
- Unidad de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Craig Murdoch
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Pathology and Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Keith D. Hunter
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Pathology and Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Oral Biology and Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, Darby IB, O'Brien-Simpson NM. A review of T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis. Cytokine 2020; 138:155340. [PMID: 33144024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex underlying immunopathology. Cytokines, as molecular mediators of inflammation, play a role in all stages of disease progression. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to play a role in periodontitis. Th17 cell development and maintenance requires a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, with many of the cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Serum and saliva are easily accessible biofluids which can represent the systemic and local environment to promote the development of Th17 cells. Here we review human clinical studies that investigate IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum and saliva in periodontitis. We highlight their putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and place them within a wider context of animal and other clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
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Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Manzano-Moreno FJ, Ruiz C, Illescas-Montes R. Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145173. [PMID: 32708341 PMCID: PMC7403990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a highly versatile biological fluid that is easy to gather in a non-invasive manner—and the results of its analysis complement clinical and histopathological findings in the diagnosis of multiple diseases. The objective of this review was to offer an update on the contribution of salivary biomarkers to the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases of the oral cavity, including oral lichen planus, periodontitis, Sjögren’s syndrome, oral leukoplakia, peri-implantitis, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Salivary biomarkers such as interleukins, growth factors, enzymes, and other biomolecules have proven useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of these diseases, facilitating the early evaluation of malignization risk and the monitoring of disease progression and response to treatment. However, further studies are required to identify new biomarkers and verify their reported role in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
| | - Victor J. Costela-Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Manzano-Moreno
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958243497
| | - Rebeca Illescas-Montes
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (F.J.M.-M.); (R.I.-M.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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12
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Staller S, Lindsay AK, Ramos ED, Thomas P, Srinivasan M. Changes in salivary microbial sensing proteins CD14 and TLR2 with aging. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:2523-2528. [PMID: 32529494 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soluble toll-like receptor-2 (sTLR2) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) in saliva are defense proteins that bind specific microbe-associated molecular patterns. Since the oral flora changes with aging, the objective of this study is to determine and compare the concentration of sTLR2 and sCD14 in the saliva of healthy individuals in age groups from the first to the sixth decade of life. METHODS Unstimulated whole saliva was collected after obtaining informed consent. The concentration of sCD14 and sTLR-2 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical differences between the age groups were determined by analysis of variance. The relationship between the two markers in each age group was evaluated by Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression analyses. RESULTS The concentration of salivary sTLR2 was highest in the youngest, and that of the sCD14 was highest in the oldest age group. While the salivary sCD14 and the sTLR2 exhibited a moderate negative correlation in the youngest, the relationship between the two markers was inversed in the oldest age group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of our exploratory study suggest a need to adjust for age-dependent changes in sCD14 and sTLR2 in healthy saliva while assessing the two proteins as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sable Staller
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alison K Lindsay
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Ramos
- Department of Periodontics and Allied Dental Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Priya Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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13
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Kawahara Y, Kaneko T, Yoshinaga Y, Arita Y, Nakamura K, Koga C, Yoshimura A, Sakagami R. Effects of Sulfonylureas on Periodontopathic Bacteria-Induced Inflammation. J Dent Res 2020; 99:830-838. [PMID: 32202959 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520913250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an inflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes/macrophages and is closely associated with periodontal diseases. The NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in IL-1β activation through pro-IL-1β processing and pyroptotic cell death in bacterial infection. Recently, glyburide, a hypoglycemic sulfonylurea, has been reported to reduce IL-1β activation by suppressing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Therefore, we evaluated the possibility of targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway by glyburide to suppress periodontal pathogen-induced inflammation. THP-1 cells (a human monocyte cell line) were differentiated to macrophage-like cells by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and stimulated by periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, or Fusobacterium nucleatum, in the presence of glyburide. IL-1β and caspase-1 expression in the cells and culture supernatants were analyzed by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and cell death was analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Stimulation of THP-1 macrophage-like cells with every periodontopathic bacteria induced IL-1β secretion without cell death, which was suppressed by the NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, and caspase-1 inhibitor, z-YVAD-FMK. Glyburide treatment suppressed IL-1β expression in culture supernatants and enhanced intracellular IL-1β expression, suggesting that glyburide may have inhibited IL-1β secretion. Subsequently, a periodontitis rat model was generated by injecting periodontal bacteria into the gingiva, which was analyzed histologically. Oral administration of glyburide significantly suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the number of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone compared with the control. In addition to glyburide, glimepiride was shown to suppress the release of IL-1β from THP-1 macrophage-like cells, whereas other sulfonylureas (tolbutamide and gliclazide) or other hypoglycemic drugs belonging to the biguanide family, such as metformin, failed to suppress IL-1β release. Our results suggest that pharmacological targeting of the NLRP3 pathway may be a strategy for suppressing periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawahara
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Kaneko
- Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Yoshinaga
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.,Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Arita
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - C Koga
- Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - R Sakagami
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Batra P, Das S, Patel P. Comparative evaluation of Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) levels of Interleukin-34 levels in periodontally healthy and in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis- A cross-sectional study. Saudi Dent J 2019; 31:316-321. [PMID: 31337934 PMCID: PMC6626273 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Proinflammatory cytokines appear to have a central role in the destruction of periodontal tissues. By binding to Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κb (RANK) on osteoclast progenitor cells, these cytokines are locally responsible for the activation of bone resorbing osteoclasts differentiation and function. Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a proinflammatory cytokine derived from the osteoblasts and plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis. The present study was carried out to assess the levels of IL-34 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) in periodontally healthy patients, chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Materials and method A total of 90 patients were recruited in the study and were divided into 3 groups: Periodontally healthy patients (Group I), Chronic periodontitis (Group II) and Aggressive periodontitis (Group III). Clinical Parameters like plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment levels were recorded and GCF samples were collected at baseline for the assessment of IL-34 levels in all the three groups. IL-34 levels were calculated using Enzyme-Linked Immune-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Results The mean GCF levels of IL-34 in Group I was 47.22 ± 18.04 pg/ml, Group II was 103.76 ± 26.61 pg/ml and in Group III was 191.71 ± 49.24 pg/ml. The mean GCF IL-34 level was found to be higher in Group III followed by Group II and Group I. The IL-34 levels correlated with clinical parameters like plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment levels. But correlation with probing depth and clinical attachment level were significantly higher in Group III followed by Group II and Group I. Interpretation and conclusion The study demonstrated higher levels of IL-34 in aggressive periodontitis when compared with chronic periodontitis. IL-34, a novel diagnostic marker which was found to be at higher level in GCF of aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichaya Batra
- The Department of Periodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Sushma Das
- The Department of Periodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Poonam Patel
- The Department of Public Health Dentistry, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, No. 82, EPIP Area, Nallurahalli, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, India
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15
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Hassan MN, Belibasakis GN, Gumus P, Öztürk VÖ, Emingil G, Bostanci N. Annexin-1 as a salivary biomarker for gingivitis during pregnancy. J Periodontol 2018; 89:875-882. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manar N. Hassan
- Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Pinar Gumus
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Ege University; IZMIR Turkey
| | - Veli Özgen Öztürk
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Adnan Menderes University; Aydın Turkey
| | - Gulnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Ege University; IZMIR Turkey
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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16
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Lasisi TJ, Abdus-salam RA. Pregnancy-induced periodontal inflammation: Influence of salivary cytokines and antimicrobial proteins. Saudi Dent J 2018; 30:306-311. [PMID: 30202167 PMCID: PMC6128315 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between pregnancy-induced periodontal inflammation and levels of some salivary cytokines and antimicrobial proteins (AMPs). The study was a cohort longitudinal study that included pregnant women attending a secondary health facility. Consented participants had oral examination and saliva sampling during pregnancy and post-partum (three months after pregnancy). Saliva samples were used for the analysis of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-gamma and IL-1β) and AMPs (Lactoferin, Lysozyme, and β defensin-1) using ELISA. Data are presented as median with interquartile range and compared using related sample Wilcoxon signed rank test. Correlations between levels of the salivary factors and indices of periodontal inflammation were determined using Spearman’s correlation test. Salivary flow rate, pH, levels of salivary IL-1β and IFN-gamma were significantly lower; while gingival index, periodontal index and level of salivary TNF-α were significantly higher during pregnancy compared with postpartum period. However, salivary lactoferin, lysozyme and β defensin-1 did not show significant difference comparing during pregnancy and postpartum period. Level of salivary IFN-gamma showed negative correlation with gingival index while level of salivary TNF-α showed positive correlation with gingival and periodontal indices. Lower levels of salivary IL-1β and IFN-gamma along with higher TNF-α concentration during pregnancy suggest their contributions to the pathophysiology of pregnancy-induced periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye J. Lasisi
- Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria
- Corresponding author at: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, P.O. Box 22040, University of Ibadan Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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17
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Han N, Zhang F, Li G, Zhang X, Lin X, Yang H, Wang L, Cao Y, Du J, Fan Z. Local application of IGFBP5 protein enhanced periodontal tissue regeneration via increasing the migration, cell proliferation and osteo/dentinogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in an inflammatory niche. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:210. [PMID: 28962660 PMCID: PMC5622495 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a widespread infectious disease ultimately resulting in tooth loss. The number of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in patients with periodontitis is decreased, and MSC functions are impaired. Rescuing the impaired function of MSCs in periodontitis is the key for treatment, especially in a manner independent of exogenous MSCs. Our previous study found that overexpressed insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) could promote exogenous MSC-mediated periodontal tissue regeneration. Here, we investigate the role of IGFBP5 protein in MSCs and periodontal tissue regeneration independent of exogenous MSCs in an inflammatory niche. Methods TNFα was used to mimic the inflammatory niche. Lentiviral IGFBP5 shRNA was used to silence IGFBP5 and recombinant human IGFBP5 protein (rhIGFBP5) was used to stimulate the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). The effects of IGFBP5 on PDLSCs were evaluated using the scratch-simulated wound migration, Transwell chemotaxis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin red staining, Cell Counting Kit-8, Western blot, Real-time PCR, Co-IP and ChIP assays. The swine model of periodontitis was used to investigate the functions of IGFBP5 for periodontal regeneration and its anti-inflammation effect. Results We discovered that 0.5 ng/ml rhIGFBP5 protein enhanced the migration, chemotaxis, osteo/dentinogenic differentiation and cell proliferation of MSCs under the inflammatory condition. Moreover, 0.5 ng/ml rhIGFBP5 application could rescue the impaired functions of IGFBP5-silenced-MSCs in the inflammatory niche. Furthermore, local injection of rhIGFBP5 could promote periodontal tissue regeneration and relieve the local inflammation in a minipig model of periodontitis. Mechanistically, we found that BCOR negatively regulated the expression of IGFBP5 in MSCs. BCOR formed a protein complex with histone demethylase KDM6B and raised histone K27 methylation in the IGFBP5 promoter. Conclusions This study revealed that rhIGFBP5 could activate the functions of MSCs in an inflammatory niche, provided insight into the mechanism underlying the activated capacities of MSCs, and identified IGFBP5 as a potential cytokine for improving tissue regeneration and periodontitis treatment independent of exogenous MSCs and its potential application in dental clinic. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0663-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.,Department of Periodontology, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.,Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.,Department of Periodontology, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.,Department of Implant Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqing Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.,Department of Endodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.,Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.
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18
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Isaza-Guzmán DM, Medina-Piedrahíta VM, Gutiérrez-Henao C, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Salivary Levels of NLRP3 Inflammasome-Related Proteins as Potential Biomarkers of Periodontal Clinical Status. J Periodontol 2017; 88:1329-1338. [PMID: 28691886 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that activation of inflammasomes plays a central mechanism in pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study aims to compare salivary levels of nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing protein (NLRP) 3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), cysteine aspartase (caspase)-1, and interleukin (IL)-1β from individuals with aggressive (AgP) or chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy controls (HC), as well as elucidate its association with periodontal clinical status. METHODS Saliva samples from individuals with CP (n = 75), AgP (n = 20), and HC (n = 69) were collected. Periodontal status was assessed by measurement of probing depth, clinical attachment level, and extent and severity of disease. Salivary levels of analytes were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Association between biomarkers with CP or AgP was analyzed using multivariate binary logistic regression models. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β were detected in periodontitis groups in comparison to the periodontally HC group. However, no significant differences were observed for caspase-1 levels between clinical groups, and only NLRP3 salivary concentration was significantly higher in AgP compared with CP patients. Also, positive significant correlations among NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β salivary concentrations and clinical parameters were observed. Logistic regression analyses revealed a strong/independent association of NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β salivary levels with CP and AgP. CONCLUSION Although the concentration of caspase-1 in saliva samples makes its determination useless for detection of periodontal disease and/or its severity, salivary levels of NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β may act as strong/independent indicators of amount and extent of periodontal breakdown in both CP and AgP and could potentially be used for prevention and therapy of this group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Isaza-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Verónica M Medina-Piedrahíta
- Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez-Henao
- Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sergio I Tobón-Arroyave
- Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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19
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Heron SE, Elahi S. HIV Infection and Compromised Mucosal Immunity: Oral Manifestations and Systemic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:241. [PMID: 28326084 PMCID: PMC5339276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces account for the vast majority of HIV transmission. In adults, HIV transmission occurs mainly by vaginal and rectal routes but rarely via oral route. By contrast, pediatric HIV infections could be as the result of oral route by breastfeeding. As such mucosal surfaces play a crucial role in HIV acquisition, and spread of the virus depends on its ability to cross a mucosal barrier. HIV selectively infects, depletes, and/or dysregulates multiple arms of the human immune system particularly at the mucosal sites and causes substantial irreversible damage to the mucosal barriers. This leads to microbial products translocation and subsequently hyper-immune activation. Although introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, viral replication persists. As a result, antigen presence and immune activation are linked to “inflammaging” that attributes to a pro-inflammatory environment and the accelerated aging process in HIV patients. HIV infection is also associated with the prevalence of oral mucosal infections and dysregulation of oral microbiota, both of which may compromise the oral mucosal immunity of HIV-infected individuals. In addition, impaired oral immunity in HIV infection may predispose the patients to periodontal diseases that are associated with systemic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine existing evidence regarding the role of innate and cellular components of the oral cavity in HIV infection and how HIV infection may drive systemic hyper-immune activation in these patients. We will also discuss current knowledge on HIV oral transmission, HIV immunosenescence in relation to the oral mucosal alterations during the course of HIV infection and periodontal disease. Finally, we discuss oral manifestations associated with HIV infection and how HIV infection and ART influence the oral microbiome. Therefore, unraveling how HIV compromises the integrity of the oral mucosal tissues and innate immune components of the oral cavity and its association with induction of chronic inflammation are critical for the development of effective preventive interventions and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Heron
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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20
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Heron SE, Elahi S. HIV Infection and Compromised Mucosal Immunity: Oral Manifestations and Systemic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:241. [PMID: 28326084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00241doi|] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces account for the vast majority of HIV transmission. In adults, HIV transmission occurs mainly by vaginal and rectal routes but rarely via oral route. By contrast, pediatric HIV infections could be as the result of oral route by breastfeeding. As such mucosal surfaces play a crucial role in HIV acquisition, and spread of the virus depends on its ability to cross a mucosal barrier. HIV selectively infects, depletes, and/or dysregulates multiple arms of the human immune system particularly at the mucosal sites and causes substantial irreversible damage to the mucosal barriers. This leads to microbial products translocation and subsequently hyper-immune activation. Although introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, viral replication persists. As a result, antigen presence and immune activation are linked to "inflammaging" that attributes to a pro-inflammatory environment and the accelerated aging process in HIV patients. HIV infection is also associated with the prevalence of oral mucosal infections and dysregulation of oral microbiota, both of which may compromise the oral mucosal immunity of HIV-infected individuals. In addition, impaired oral immunity in HIV infection may predispose the patients to periodontal diseases that are associated with systemic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine existing evidence regarding the role of innate and cellular components of the oral cavity in HIV infection and how HIV infection may drive systemic hyper-immune activation in these patients. We will also discuss current knowledge on HIV oral transmission, HIV immunosenescence in relation to the oral mucosal alterations during the course of HIV infection and periodontal disease. Finally, we discuss oral manifestations associated with HIV infection and how HIV infection and ART influence the oral microbiome. Therefore, unraveling how HIV compromises the integrity of the oral mucosal tissues and innate immune components of the oral cavity and its association with induction of chronic inflammation are critical for the development of effective preventive interventions and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Heron
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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21
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Determination of NLRP3 (rs4612666) and IL-1B (rs1143634) genetic polymorphisms in periodontally diseased and healthy subjects. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 65:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Bolerázska B, Mareková M, Markovská N. Trends in Laboratory Diagnostic Methods in Periodontology. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2016; 59:3-9. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a summary of current knowledge on the laboratory diagnosis of periodontitis. It focuses on the theoretical foundations and is supplemented with new knowledge. It subsequently describes specifically the laboratory diagnosis methods of periodontitis: the protein expression of inflammation, oral microbiology and molecular diagnostics. Periodontitis is a serious disease worldwide and its confirmed association with systemic diseases means its severity is increasing. Its laboratory diagnosis has the potential to rise to the level of clinical and diagnostic imaging. The transfer of diagnostic methods from laboratory to clinical use is increasingly used in the prevention and monitoring of the exacerbation and treatment of periodontal disease, as well as of its impact on systemic disease.
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23
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Belstrøm D, Holmstrup P, Bardow A, Kokaras A, Fiehn NE, Paster BJ. Temporal Stability of the Salivary Microbiota in Oral Health. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147472. [PMID: 26799067 PMCID: PMC4723053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Saliva is a biological fluid suitable for biomarker analysis, and differences in the salivary microbiota in oral health and disease have been reported. For such comparative analyses, time of sampling is critical since the bacterial composition may vary throughout the day, i.e., diurnal variation. The purpose of this study is to compare the salivary microbiome over time to determine the optimal time for sampling. Design Stimulated saliva samples were collected from 5 orally healthy individuals in 4 h intervals for 24 h, and collection was repeated 7 days later (number of samples per person, n = 12, total number of samples, n = 60). Salivary microbiota was analyzed using the Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing (HOMINGS), and statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Benjamini-Hochberg’s correction for multiple comparisons, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and correspondence analysis. Results From a total of 60 saliva samples, 477 probe targets were collectively identified with a mean number of probes per sample of 207 (range: 153–307). Little or no variation in microbial profiles within subjects was observed over time. Conclusions Although there was considerable variation between subjects, microbial profiles within subjects were stable throughout a 24 hour period and after 1 week. Since there is little or no evidence of diurnal variation of the salivary microbiome, time of sampling of saliva is not critical for perturbation or other microbial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Belstrøm
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology, and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Palle Holmstrup
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology, and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Bardow
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexis Kokaras
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Microbiology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nils-Erik Fiehn
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bruce J. Paster
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Microbiology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection & Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Jaedicke KM, Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2015; 70:164-83. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Morelli T, Stella M, Barros SP, Marchesan JT, Moss KL, Kim SJ, Yu N, Aspiras MB, Ward M, Offenbacher S. Salivary biomarkers in a biofilm overgrowth model. J Periodontol 2015; 85:1770-8. [PMID: 25079398 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to determine whether baseline salivary inflammatory biomarkers could discriminate between different clinical levels of disease and/or detect clinical changes over a 3-week stent-induced biofilm overgrowth (SIBO) period. METHODS A total of 168 participants were enrolled in a 21-day experimental gingivitis investigation and grouped according to clinical measures of periodontal status of health and diseased individuals representing each of five biofilm gingival interface (BGI) periodontal groups: 1) health, all probing depth (PD) <3 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP) <10%; 2) gingivitis, all PD <3 mm and BOP ≥10%; 3) periodontitis (P)1, ≥1 site with PD >3 mm and BOP ≤10%; 4) P2, ≥1 site with PD >3 mm and BOP >10% but ≤50%; and 5) P3, ≥1 site with PD >3 mm and BOP >50%. Stents were used to prevent plaque removal during brushing over one maxillary and one mandibular posterior dental sextant for 21 days. Clinical periodontal parameters and unstimulated saliva were collected at screening, baseline, and each week during SIBO. Saliva samples were assessed for levels of 13 different biomarkers by multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS Higher salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were found in diseased groups compared with the healthy group at baseline. Conversely, higher IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra) levels were found in healthy patients at baseline. In addition, during SIBO, MMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-2 levels increased across all participant groups. A stepwise linear regression model using all salivary biomarkers demonstrated that, at baseline, increased IL-1ra (P = 0.004) and IL-6 (P = 0.009) were significantly associated with change in PDs during SIBO. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this investigation supports salivary levels of IL-1ra and IL-6 as potential indicators for PD changes during induced gingival inflammation. In addition, participants from the BGI-P3 group (severe periodontitis) demonstrated elevated baseline levels of IL-1β, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, and NGAL compared with the other study groups, strengthening the relevance of participants' biologic phenotype on expression of salivary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Morelli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Nagarajan R, Miller CS, Dawson D, Al-Sabbagh M, Ebersole JL. Patient-Specific Variations in Biomarkers across Gingivitis and Periodontitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136792. [PMID: 26407063 PMCID: PMC4583448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the use of saliva, as an emerging diagnostic fluid in conjunction with classification techniques to discern biological heterogeneity in clinically labelled gingivitis and periodontitis subjects (80 subjects; 40/group) A battery of classification techniques were investigated as traditional single classifier systems as well as within a novel selective voting ensemble classification approach (SVA) framework. Unlike traditional single classifiers, SVA is shown to reveal patient-specific variations within disease groups, which may be important for identifying proclivity to disease progression or disease stability. Salivary expression profiles of IL-1ß, IL-6, MMP-8, and MIP-1α from 80 patients were analyzed using four classification algorithms (LDA: Linear Discriminant Analysis [LDA], Quadratic Discriminant Analysis [QDA], Naïve Bayes Classifier [NBC] and Support Vector Machines [SVM]) as traditional single classifiers and within the SVA framework (SVA-LDA, SVA-QDA, SVA-NB and SVA-SVM). Our findings demonstrate that performance measures (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy) of traditional classification as single classifier were comparable to that of the SVA counterparts using clinical labels of the samples as ground truth. However, unlike traditional single classifier approaches, the normalized ensemble vote-counts from SVA revealed varying proclivity of the subjects for each of the disease groups. More importantly, the SVA identified a subset of gingivitis and periodontitis samples that demonstrated a biological proclivity commensurate with the other clinical group. This subset was confirmed across SVA-LDA, SVA-QDA, SVA-NB and SVA-SVM. Heatmap visualization of their ensemble sets revealed lack of consensus between these subsets and the rest of the samples within the respective disease groups indicating the unique nature of the patients in these subsets. While the source of variation is not known, the results presented clearly elucidate the need for novel approaches that accommodate inherent heterogeneity and personalized variations within disease groups in diagnostic characterization. The proposed approach falls within the scope of P4 medicine (predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory) with the ability to identify unique patient profiles that may predict specific disease trajectories and targeted disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Nagarajan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Craig S. Miller
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Dolph Dawson
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Mohanad Al-Sabbagh
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Meenawat A, Govila V, Goel S, Verma S, Punn K, Srivastava V, Dolas RS. Evaluation of the effect of nicotine and metabolites on the periodontal status and the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β in smokers with chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2015; 19:381-7. [PMID: 26392684 PMCID: PMC4555793 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.157879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Smoking is an important environmental risk factor involved in the causation and progression of periodontal disease. Smoking can impair various components of the host immune response and immune system. The virulence factors of periodontal pathogens stimulate inflammatory cytokine expression by mononuclear cells. IL-1β is the key mediator involved in the pathogenesis and disease progression. Therefore, whole gingival biopsy samples are assessed for this increased expression of IL-1. Materials and Methods: 29 male subjects’ age and gender matched were divided into three groups based on the periodontal and smoking status (Group A:healthy, Group B: non-smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis, Group C: smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis). Periodontal parameters like plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline and post scaling. The mRNA expression of IL-1β was determined by real time polymerase chain reaction and correlated with the periodontal and smoking status. Results: The improvement in the periodontal parameters was statistically significant in the non- smokers (Group B) and there was a 2 fold increase in the mRNA expression in this group. The smokers (Group C) showed lesser improvement in the periodontal parameters and there was an 8 fold increase in the mRNA expression of IL-1β. Conclusion: Association of smoking status with periodontal destruction can thus be correlated with the increased mRNA expression of IL-1β in chronic periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajita Meenawat
- Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Govila
- Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhir Goel
- Petroleum Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Verma
- Department of Periodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karan Punn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Srivastava
- Department of Periodontics, Chandra Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rameshwar Shantaram Dolas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, DY Patil Deemed University, Pune, India
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Ji S, Choi Y. Point-of-care diagnosis of periodontitis using saliva: technically feasible but still a challenge. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:65. [PMID: 26389079 PMCID: PMC4558535 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of the periodontium caused by persistent bacterial infection that leads to the breakdown of connective tissue and bone. Because the ability to reconstruct the periodontium is limited after alveolar bone loss, early diagnosis and intervention should be the primary goals of periodontal treatment. However, periodontitis often progresses without noticeable symptoms, and many patients do not seek professional dental care until the periodontal destruction progresses to the point of no return. Furthermore, the current diagnosis of periodontitis depends on time-consuming clinical measurements. Therefore, there is an unmet need for near-patient testing to diagnose periodontitis. Saliva is an optimal biological fluid to serve as a near-patient diagnostic tool for periodontitis. Recent developments in point-of-care (POC) testing indicate that a diagnostic test for periodontitis using saliva is now technically feasible. A number of promising salivary biomarkers associated with periodontitis have been reported. A panel of optimal biomarkers must be carefully selected based on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The biggest hurdle for the POC diagnosis of periodontitis using saliva may be the process of validation in a large, diverse patient population. Therefore, we propose the organization of an International Consortium for Biomarkers of Periodontitis, which will gather efforts to identify, select, and validate salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ji
- Department of Periodontology, Anam Hospital, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
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Ebersole JL, Nagarajan R, Akers D, Miller CS. Targeted salivary biomarkers for discrimination of periodontal health and disease(s). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:62. [PMID: 26347856 PMCID: PMC4541326 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Generally, clinical parameters are used in dental practice for periodontal disease, yet several drawbacks exist with the clinical standards for addressing the needs of the public at large in determining the current status/progression of the disease, and requiring a significant amount of damage before these parameters can document disease. Therefore, a quick, easy and reliable method of assessing and monitoring periodontal disease should provide important diagnostic information that improves and speeds treatment decisions and moves the field closer to individualized point-of-care diagnostics. OBJECTIVE This report provides results for a saliva-based diagnostic approach for periodontal health and disease based upon the abundance of salivary analytes coincident with disease, and the significant progress already made in the identification of discriminatory salivary biomarkers of periodontitis. METHODS We evaluated biomarkers representing various phases of periodontitis initiation and progression (IL-1ß, IL-6, MMP-8, MIP-1α) in whole saliva from 209 subjects categorized with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. RESULTS Evaluation of the salivary analytes demonstrated utility for individual biomarkers to differentiate periodontitis from health. Inclusion of gingivitis patients into the analyses provided a more robust basis to estimate the value of each of these analytes. Various clinical and statistical approaches showed that pairs or panels of the analytes were able to increase the sensitivity and specificity for the identification of disease. CONCLUSIONS Salivary concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-6, MMP-8, MIP-1α alone and in combination are able to distinguish health from gingivitis and periodontitis. The data clearly demonstrated a heterogeneity in response profiles of these analytes that supports the need for refinement of the standard clinical classifications if we are to move toward precision/personalized dentistry for the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Radhakrishnan Nagarajan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David Akers
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Craig S Miller
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Division of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine and Oral Radiology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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Inflammatory Mediators of Leprosy Reactional Episodes and Dental Infections: A Systematic Review. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:548540. [PMID: 26339136 PMCID: PMC4539113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/548540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactional episodes in leprosy are a result of complex interactions between the immune system, Mycobacterium leprae, and predisposing factors, including dental infections. To determine the main inflammatory mediators in the immunopathological process of dental infections and leprosy reactions, we conducted a systematic review of primary literature published between 1996 and 2013. A three-stage literature search was performed (Stage I, "leprosy reactions" and "inflammatory mediators"; Stage II, "dental infections" and "inflammatory mediators"; and Stage III, "leprosy reactions," "dental infections," and "inflammatory mediators"). Of the 911 eligible publications, 10 were selected in Stage I, 68 in Stage II, and 1 in Stage III. Of the 27 studied inflammatory mediators, the main proinflammatory mediators were IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17; the main anti-inflammatory mediators were IL-10 and IL-4. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were significant during periodontal and reactional lesion evolution; IFN-γ and IL-1β were associated with types 1 and 2 reactions and chronic periodontal disease. The proinflammatory mediators in dental infections and leprosy reactions, especially IL-6 and TNF-α, were similar across studies, regardless of the laboratory technique and sample type. IFN-γ and IL-1β were significant for leprosy reactions and periodontal diseases. This pattern was maintained in serum.
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31
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Proteolytic activity and cytokine up-regulation by non-albicans Candida albicans. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:533-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Isaza-Guzmán DM, Cardona-Vélez N, Gaviria-Correa DE, Martínez-Pabón MC, Castaño-Granada MC, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Association study between salivary levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21, and IL-22 with chronic periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:91-9. [PMID: 25285903 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if the salivary levels of IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, and its ratio regarding salivary IFN-γ may be linked with the periodontal clinical status. DESIGN One hundred and five chronic periodontitis (CP) subjects and 44 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Periodontal status was assessed based on full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements. Cytokine salivary levels were analyzed by ELISA. The association between the analytes with CP was analyzed using a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS A statistically significant increase in salivary levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-22 ratio in CP group could be detected, but there was no significant domination of any Th17 cytokine that could be of predictive value for health/disease status. Univariate and binary logistic regression analyses revealed a strong and independent association of IFN-γ salivary levels and IFN-γ/IL-22 ratio with disease status. An interaction effect of ageing on IFN-γ levels also could be noted. CONCLUSION While salivary levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-22 ratio may act as strong/independent indicators of the amount and extent of periodontal breakdown, the low detection frequency of Th17 cytokines in saliva samples make these determinations useless for the detection of disease presence and/or its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Isaza-Guzmán
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - N Cardona-Vélez
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - D E Gaviria-Correa
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M C Martínez-Pabón
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M C Castaño-Granada
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - S I Tobón-Arroyave
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Cytokine production by leukocytes in patients with periodontitis. Open Med (Wars) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-014-0699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the relation between clinical parameters and levels of interleukin (IL) -4 and -5, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the leukocyte incubation medium (LIM) obtained from 26 patients with chronic periodontitis (P) and 26 control group subjects (C). The levels of cytokines IL-4 and IL -5 produced by the LIM stimulated with non-opsonised E. coli were determined using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method and the levels of TNF-α were evaluated by applying Enzyme Amplified Sensitivity Immunoassay (EASIA). TNF-α levels in stimulated LIM were strongly positively correlated with clinical parameters such as the pocket probing depths (PPD), the clinical attachment level (CAL), the bleeding on probing (BOP) and oral hygiene index (OHI), whereas the IL-4 and IL-5 levels in the analogous medium were strongly negatively correlated with the clinical parameters. IL-4 and IL-5 levels in stimulated LIM of P group patients were significantly lower, whereas TNF-α levels were significantly higher than that in analogous medium of C group subjects. These differences were associated with the severity of periodontal disease.
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Rocha FS, Jesus RNR, Rocha FMS, Moura CCG, Zanetta-Barbosa D. Saliva versus peri-implant inflammation: quantification of IL-1β in partially and totally edentulous patients. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2014; 40:169-73. [PMID: 24779950 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of salivary IL1β in early-stage diagnostics of peri-implant inflammation in partially and totally edentulous patients rehabilitated with dental implants. Patients were classified according to peri-implant probing depth and bleeding upon probing in groups of healthy individuals or in groups of individuals with peri-implant inflammation. Data on plaque index, clinical attachment loss, suppuration, and mobility were also assessed. Saliva was collected without stimulation, and the levels of IL-1β were determined by ELISA. Healthy groups demonstrated significantly lower levels of IL-1β compared with the inflammation groups. No difference in IL-1β levels was observed between partially edentulous or totally edentulous patients. Salivary IL-1β may be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of early peri-implant inflammation, particularly in edentulous patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Soares Rocha
- 1 School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Taylor JJ. Protein biomarkers of periodontitis in saliva. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2014; 2014:593151. [PMID: 24944840 PMCID: PMC4040190 DOI: 10.1155/2014/593151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the tissues that surround and support the teeth and is initiated by inappropriate and excessive immune responses to bacteria in subgingival dental plaque leading to loss of the integrity of the periodontium, compromised tooth function, and eventually tooth loss. Periodontitis is an economically important disease as it is time-consuming and expensive to treat. Periodontitis has a worldwide prevalence of 5-15% and the prevalence of severe disease in western populations has increased in recent decades. Furthermore, periodontitis is more common in smokers, in obesity, in people with diabetes, and in heart disease patients although the pathogenic processes underpinning these links are, as yet, poorly understood. Diagnosis and monitoring of periodontitis rely on traditional clinical examinations which are inadequate to predict patient susceptibility, disease activity, and response to treatment. Studies of the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis and analysis of mediators in saliva have allowed the identification of many potentially useful biomarkers. Convenient measurement of these biomarkers using chairside analytical devices could form the basis for diagnostic tests which will aid the clinician and the patient in periodontitis management; this review will summarise this field and will identify the experimental, technical, and clinical issues that remain to be addressed before such tests can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Taylor
- Institute of Cellular Medicine & Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
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Brogden KA, Johnson GK, Vincent SD, Abbasi T, Vali S. Oral inflammation, a role for antimicrobial peptide modulation of cytokine and chemokine responses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:1097-113. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.836059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sánchez GA, Miozza VA, Delgado A, Busch L. Salivary IL-1β and PGE2
as biomarkers of periodontal status, before and after periodontal treatment. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:1112-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A. Sánchez
- Biophysic Unit; School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Valeria A. Miozza
- Pharmacology Unit; School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Alejandra Delgado
- Pharmacology Unit; School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Lucila Busch
- Pharmacology Unit; School of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
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Reina S, Hoyos F, Carranza N, Borda E. Salivary inflammatory mediators and metalloproteinase 3 in patients with chronic severe periodontitis before and after periodontal phase I therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2053-5775-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Otenio CCM, Fonseca I, Martins MF, Ribeiro LC, Assis NMSP, Ferreira AP, Ribeiro RA. Expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS in pregnant women with periodontal disease. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:4468-78. [PMID: 23079986 DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.20.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent oral diseases. An association between this disease and pregnancy has been suggested, but available findings are controversial. We evaluated the expression levels of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pregnant women with and without periodontal disease in comparison with non-pregnant women with and without periodontal disease since studies have suggested a relationship between periodontitis and the expression levels of these genes. The women in the sample were distributed into four groups: pregnant and non-pregnant women, with or without periodontal disease, a total of 32 women. The periodontal condition was evaluated according to the probing depth, clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing. Analysis of gene expression was performed by real-time PCR. Comparisons were made of the level of gene expression among the four groups. Expression of IL-1β in the non-pregnant women with periodontal disease was 12.6 times higher than in the non-pregnant women without periodontal disease (P < 0.01), while expression of TNF-α in the non-pregnant women without periodontal disease was 3.5 times higher than in the pregnant women with periodontal disease (P < 0.05). Despite these differences, our overall findings indicate no differences in the expression levels of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS in pregnant women with and without periodontal disease in comparison with expression of the same genes in non-pregnant women with and without periodontal disease, suggesting that periodontal disease is not influenced by pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C M Otenio
- Departamento de Odontologia Social e Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.
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Detection and quantitation of forty eight cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and nine acute phase proteins in healthy human plasma, saliva and urine. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4802-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sexton WM, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Dawson DR, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease in response to treatment. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:434-41. [PMID: 21480939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary biomarkers of periodontitis were assessed longitudinally to determine response to therapy. METHODS A 6-month case-controlled study of adults with chronic periodontitis was performed, with 33 participants receiving oral hygiene instructions (OHI) alone and 35 with scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with OHI. Saliva samples collected at week 0, 16 and 28 were analysed for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α. Clinical measures of periodontal disease were recorded at each visit. RESULTS All parameters of periodontal health improved significantly in both groups by week 16 (p<0.0001) with the SRP group demonstrating greater benefit at week 16 and 28. Baseline OPG and TNF-α levels changed significantly at both follow-up visits (p<0.03), regardless of treatment group. IL-1β and MMP-8 levels decreased significantly from baseline (p<0.04) in the SRP group only. OPG, MMP-8, and MIP-1α were significantly reduced in responders compared with non-responders (p=0.04, 0.01, 0.05, respectively). In receiver-operating characteristic analyses, MMP-8 produced the highest area under the curve (0.7; p=0.01). CONCLUSION Salivary levels of IL-1β, MMP-8, OPG, and MIP-1α reflected disease severity and response to therapy suggesting their potential utility for monitoring periodontal disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Sexton
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Isaza-Guzmán DM, Arias-Osorio C, Martínez-Pabón MC, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Salivary levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1: A pilot study about the relationship with periodontal status and MMP-9−1562C/T gene promoter polymorphism. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:401-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kaushik R, Yeltiwar RK, Pushpanshu K. Salivary interleukin-1β levels in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after periodontal phase I therapy and healthy controls: a case-control study. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1353-9. [PMID: 21235331 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of interleukin (IL)-1β in periodontal disease pathogenesis is well researched. This study aimed to assess and compare the salivary IL-1β levels in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after periodontal phase I therapy and periodontally healthy controls. Further, relationships between IL-1β levels and various clinical parameters were explored. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with moderate-to-severe generalized chronic periodontitis and 24 age-, race-, and ethnicity-matched controls participated in this study. Saliva samples were obtained from all patients. The clinical parameters recorded were clinical attachment loss (AL), probing depth, bleeding on probing, periodontal index, and gingival index. Clinical evaluation and sample collection were repeated 1 month after periodontal phase I therapy in patients with periodontitis. IL-1β levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Mean IL-1β levels in patients with periodontitis at baseline (1,312.75 pg/mL) were significantly higher (P <0.0001; eight-fold) than in controls (161.51 pg/mL). Although treatment in patients with periodontitis resulted in significant reduction in IL-1β levels (mean: 674.34 pg/mL; P = 0.001), they remained significantly higher (P <0.0001; four-fold) than control levels. There were significant correlations between IL-1β levels and all clinical parameters (P <0.01) except percentage sites with clinical AL >2 mm (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that IL-1β levels are raised in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis, which are reduced after phase I therapy, suggesting a close association between salivary IL-1β and periodontitis. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to validate salivary IL-1β as a marker for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Kaushik
- Department of Periodontics, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, Bhilai, India.
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Sawaki K, Shinomiya T, Okubo M, Tsukagoshi E, Ogane M, Matsuura M, Yoshikawa M, Kawaguchi M. Proteomic Analysis of Lipopolysaccharide-treated Submandibular Gland in Rat. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2011; 52:31-7. [DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.52.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mirrielees J, Crofford LJ, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Dawson DR, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Rheumatoid arthritis and salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:1068-74. [PMID: 20880053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) influenced levels of salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease. METHODS Medical assessments, periodontal examinations and pain ratings were obtained from 35 RA, 35 chronic periodontitis and 35 age- and gender-matched healthy controls in a cross-sectional, case-controlled study. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were analysed for interleukin-1β (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations. RESULTS The arthritis and healthy groups had significantly less oral disease than the periodontitis group (P<0.0001), with the arthritis group having significantly more sites bleeding on probing (BOP) than matched controls (P=0.012). Salivary levels of MMP-8 and IL-1β were significantly elevated in the periodontal disease group (P<0.002), and IL-1β was the only biomarker with significantly higher levels in the arthritis group compared with controls (P=0.002). Arthritis patients receiving anti-TNF-α antibody therapy had significantly lower IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared with arthritis patients not on anti-TNF-α therapy (P=0.016, 0.024) and healthy controls (P<0.001, P=0.011), respectively. CONCLUSION RA patients have higher levels of periodontal inflammation than healthy controls, i.e., an increased BOP. Systemic inflammation appears to influence levels of select salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease, and anti-TNF-α antibody-based disease-modifying therapy significantly lowers salivary IL-1β and TNF-α levels in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Mirrielees
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Pradhan-Palikhe P, Tervahartiala T, Pussinen PJ, Suominen-Taipale L, Sorsa T. Salivary MMP-8, TIMP-1, and ICTP as markers of advanced periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:487-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Miller CS, Foley JD, Bailey AL, Campell CL, Humphries RL, Christodoulides N, Floriano PN, Simmons G, Bhagwandin B, Jacobson JW, Redding SW, Ebersole JL, McDevitt JT. Current developments in salivary diagnostics. Biomark Med 2010; 4:171-89. [PMID: 20387312 PMCID: PMC2857781 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary diagnostics is an emerging field that has progressed through several important developments in the past decade, including the publication of the human salivary proteome and the infusion of federal funds to integrate nanotechnologies and microfluidic engineering concepts into developing compact point-of-care devices for rapid analysis of this secretion. In this article, we discuss some of these developments and their relevance to the prognosis, diagnosis and management of periodontitis, as an oral target, and cardiovascular disease, as a systemic example for the potential of these biodiagnostics. Our findings suggest that several biomarkers are associated with distinct biological stages of these diseases and demonstrate promise as practical biomarkers in identifying and managing periodontal disease, and acute myocardial infarction. The majority of these studies have progressed through biomarker discovery, with the identified molecules requiring more robust clinical studies to enable substantive validation for disease diagnosis. It is predicted that with continued advances in this field the use of a combination of biomarkers in multiplex panels is likely to yield accurate screening tools for these diagnoses in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Miller
- Oral Medicine Section, MN 324, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA Tel.: +1 859 323 5598
| | - Joseph D Foley
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alison L Bailey
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charles L Campell
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Lexington Veterans Administration Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Glennon Simmons
- Bioengineering & Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Spencer W Redding
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Oral Medicine Section, MN 324, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA Tel.: +1 859 323 5598
| | - John T McDevitt
- Bioengineering & Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Uitto VJ, Pussinen PJ, Hyvärinen K, Suominen-Taipale L, Knuuttila M. Salivary interleukin-1βconcentration and the presence of multiple pathogens in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:922-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yilmaz O, Sater AA, Yao L, Koutouzis T, Pettengill M, Ojcius DM. ATP-dependent activation of an inflammasome in primary gingival epithelial cells infected by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Cell Microbiol 2009; 12:188-98. [PMID: 19811501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Production of IL-1beta typically requires two-separate signals. The first signal, from a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, promotes intracellular production of immature cytokine. The second signal, derived from a danger signal such as extracellular ATP, results in assembly of an inflammasome, activation of caspase-1 and secretion of mature cytokine. The inflammasome component, Nalp3, plays a non-redundant role in caspase-1 activation in response to ATP binding to P2X(7) in macrophages. Gingival epithelial cells (GECs) are an important component of the innate-immune response to periodontal bacteria. We had shown that GECs express a functional P2X(7) receptor, but the ability of GECs to secrete IL-1beta during infection remained unknown. We find that GECs express a functional Nalp3 inflammasome. Treatment of GECs with LPS or infection with the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, induced expression of the il-1beta gene and intracellular accumulation of IL-1beta protein. However, IL-1beta was not secreted unless LPS-treated or infected cells were subsequently stimulated with ATP. Conversely, caspase-1 is activated in GECs following ATP treatment but not P. gingivalis infection. Furthermore, depletion of Nalp3 by siRNA abrogated the ability of ATP to induce IL-1beta secretion in infected cells. The Nalp3 inflammasome is therefore likely to be an important mediator of the inflammatory response in gingival epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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O'Connor MF, Irwin MR, Wellisch DK. When grief heats up: pro-inflammatory cytokines predict regional brain activation. Neuroimage 2009; 47:891-6. [PMID: 19481155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with sickness behaviors, a set of behaviors including low mood, which are orchestrated by the brain and described as shift in motivational state. The present study investigated the hypothesis that local inflammation is associated with greater subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC) activation in persons undergoing chronic stress. METHODS Women undergoing the emotional stress of bereavement had fMRI scans during a grief elicitation task. Local inflammation was measured by salivary concentrations of two markers of pro-inflammatory cytokine activity (e.g., interleukin-1beta and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II). RESULTS Analyses revealed that both inflammatory markers were positively associated with ventral prefrontal activation (e.g., sACC and orbitofrontal cortex) as well as other regions important in the emotional task such as noun retrieval (e.g., temporal cortex), and visual processing (e.g., cuneus and fusiform gyrus). In separate analyses, the ventral prefrontal activations correlated with free recall of grief-related word stimuli, but not neutral word stimuli. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate the relationship between emotional processing, regional brain activation and localized inflammation in a chronically stressed population of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Frances O'Connor
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, USA.
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