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Wang S, Ko CC, Chung MK. Nociceptor mechanisms underlying pain and bone remodeling via orthodontic forces: toward no pain, big gain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1365194. [PMID: 38455874 PMCID: PMC10917994 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1365194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic forces are strongly associated with pain, the primary complaint among patients wearing orthodontic braces. Compared to other side effects of orthodontic treatment, orthodontic pain is often overlooked, with limited clinical management. Orthodontic forces lead to inflammatory responses in the periodontium, which triggers bone remodeling and eventually induces tooth movement. Mechanical forces and subsequent inflammation in the periodontium activate and sensitize periodontal nociceptors and produce orthodontic pain. Nociceptive afferents expressing transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) play central roles in transducing nociceptive signals, leading to transcriptional changes in the trigeminal ganglia. Nociceptive molecules, such as TRPV1, transient receptor potential ankyrin subtype 1, acid-sensing ion channel 3, and the P2X3 receptor, are believed to mediate orthodontic pain. Neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptides and substance P can also regulate orthodontic pain. While periodontal nociceptors transmit nociceptive signals to the brain, they are also known to modulate alveolar bone remodeling in periodontitis. Therefore, periodontal nociceptors and nociceptive molecules may contribute to the modulation of orthodontic tooth movement, which currently remains undetermined. Future studies are needed to better understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying neuroskeletal interactions in orthodontics to improve orthodontic treatment by developing novel methods to reduce pain and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement-thereby achieving "big gains with no pain" in clinical orthodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ching-Chang Ko
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Effects of high-frequency near infrared laser irradiation on experimental tooth movement-induced pain in rats. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2697-2706. [PMID: 35695995 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Discomfort and dull pain are known side effects of orthodontic treatment. Pain is expected to be reduced by near-infrared (NIR) lasers; however, the mechanism underlying effects of short-pulse NIR lasers in the oral and maxillofacial area remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of high-frequency NIR diode laser irradiation on pain during experimental tooth movement (ETM) on 120 J. NIR laser with 910 nm wavelength, 45 W maximum output power, 300 mW average output power, and 200 ns pulse width (Lumix 2; (Lumix 2; Fisioline, Verduno CN, Italy) was used for the experiment. A nickel-titanium-closed coil was used to apply a 50-gf force between the maxillary left-side first molar and incisor in 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (280-300 g) to induce ETM. We measured facial-grooming frequency and vacuous chewing movement (VCM) period between laser-irradiation and ETM groups. We performed immunofluorescent histochemistry analysis to quantify levels of Iba-1, astrocytes, and c-fos protein-like immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in the trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis (Vc). Compared with the ETM group, the laser irradiation group had significantly decreased facial-grooming frequency (P = 0.0036), VCM period (P = 0.043), Fos-IR (P = 0.0028), Iba-1 levels (P = 0.0069), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels (P = 0.0071). High-frequency NIR diode laser irradiation appears to have significant analgesic effects on ETM-induced pain, which involve inhibiting neuronal activity, microglia, and astrocytes, and it inhibits c-fos, Iba-1, and GFAP expression, reducing ETM-induced pain in rats. High-frequency NIR diode laser application could be applied to reduce pain during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Zhou Y, Song Z, Chen S, Yao F, Liu J, Ouyang Z, Liao Z. Mechanism of Catechol-O-methyltransferase Regulating Orofacial Pain Induced by Tooth Movement. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4229491. [PMID: 34725639 PMCID: PMC8557060 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4229491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in tooth movement pain. METHODS The experimental groups were randomly allocated into the healthy control, sham operation, model, model+shCOMT experimental, model+shCOMT control, and model+COMT antagonist groups. A tooth movement pain model was established. The pain stimulation and behavior test were performed. The duration of grooming behavior was determined. The appropriate experimental force and duration for application were selected. COMT shRNA vector was constructed and packaged as adenovirus. The shCOMT adenovirus was injected into the left infraorbital foramen. Seven days later, the trigeminal ganglia of all treatment groups were obtained. The COMT and IL-17 expressions were detected by western blot. The appropriate COMT antagonist concentration was selected. The pathological results of each group were detected by HE staining. The tooth movement distance was determined. The COMT gene expression was detected by FISH. The COMT and IL-17 expressions in the right trigeminal ganglion tissue of each group were detected by western blot. RESULTS The 60 g force and 14-day duration required the lowest stimulus intensity, the duration of grooming behavior was the longest, and the effect on COMT and IL-17 was the most significant. In the model group, formation of digestive cavity was seen in the trigeminal ganglion tissue, with infiltration of inflammatory cells, upregulation of the COMT and IL-17 expressions, and significant increase in the tooth movement distance. Compared with the model group, the shCOMT experimental group and the COMT antagonist group significantly improved the trigeminal ganglion tissue injury, significantly decreased the tooth movement distance, and significantly inhibited the COMT and IL-17 expressions. CONCLUSION The efficiency of tooth movement can be influenced by interfering the COMT-related gene expression. This proves that the COMT system can regulate the orthodontic tooth movement pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Affliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 49 Fuzhou Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shibiao Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fen Yao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Affliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 49 Fuzhou Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Affliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 49 Fuzhou Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ouyang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Affliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 49 Fuzhou Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhengyu Liao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Affliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 49 Fuzhou Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi Province, China
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Wang S, Chung MK. Orthodontic force induces nerve injury-like transcriptomic changes driven by TRPV1-expressing afferents in mouse trigeminal ganglia. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920973141. [PMID: 33215551 PMCID: PMC7686596 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920973141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic force produces mechanical irritation and localized inflammation in
the periodontium, which causes pain in most patients. Nocifensive behaviors
resulting from orthodontic force in mice can be substantially attenuated by
intraganglionic injection of resiniferatoxin (RTX), a neurotoxin that
specifically ablates a subset of neurons expressing transient receptor potential
vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). In the current study, we determined changes in the
transcriptomic profiles in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) following the application
of orthodontic force, and assessed the roles of TRPV1-expressing afferents in
these transcriptomic changes. RTX or vehicle was injected into the TG of mice a
week before the placement of an orthodontic spring exerting 10 g of force. After
2 days, the TG were collected for RNA sequencing. The application of orthodontic
force resulted in 1279 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the TG. Gene
ontology analysis showed downregulation of gliogenesis and ion channel
activities, especially of voltage-gated potassium channels. DEGs produced by
orthodontic force correlated more strongly with DEGs resulting from nerve injury
than from inflammation. Orthodontic force resulted in the differential
expression of multiple genes involved in pain regulation, including upregulation
of Atf3, Adcyap1, Bdnf, and
Csf1, and downregulation of Scn10a,
Kcna2, Kcnj10, and P2ry1.
Orthodontic force-induced DEGs correlated with DEGs specific to multiple
neuronal and non-neuronal subtypes following nerve injury. These transcriptomic
changes were abolished in the mice that received the RTX injection. These
results suggest that orthodontic force produces transcriptomic changes
resembling nerve injury in the TG and that nociceptive inputs through
TRPV1-expressing afferents leads to subsequent changes in gene expression not
only in TRPV1-positive neurons, but also in TRPV1-negative neurons and
non-neuronal cells throughout the ganglia. Orthodontic force-induced
transcriptomic changes might be an active regenerative program of trigeminal
ganglia in response to axonal injury following orthodontic force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Liao Z, Long H, Song Z, He Y, Lai W. Behavioral Responses and Expression of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ and Its Receptor (N/OFQ-NOP System) during Experimental Tooth Movement in Rats. Pain Res Manag 2021; 2021:9981732. [PMID: 34336071 PMCID: PMC8318770 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9981732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To determine behavioral testing after experimental tooth movement in rats and to explore the role of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and its receptor (the N/OFQ-NOP system) in pain induced by experimental tooth movement. Design The mouth-wiping behavior of rats was assessed by studying behavioral responses after experimental tooth movement. The distribution of N/OFQ in the periodontal ligament, the trigeminal ganglion (TG), and the caudal one-third of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The variations in N/OFQ expression in the TG and Vc were measured by Western blotting. The ongoing changes in the gene expression of the prepronociceptin gene and opioid receptor-like 1 receptor were assessed in the TG and Vc by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Overall, the mouth-wiping behavior increased significantly. The behavior first increased and then gradually decreased to a low level, showing cyclical variation. N/OFQ immunoreactivity increased in the periodontal ligament after tooth movement. ppN/OFQ mRNA and protein levels showed a time-dependent increase in the TG and were positively correlated with pain stimulus. NOP gene levels showed large fluctuations. In the Vc, the expression and changes in the N/OFQ-NOP system showed the opposite trend as those noted in TG and the periodontal membrane. Conclusion The N/OFQ system may have a complex regulatory function in the pain induced by tooth movement and may be related to inflammation caused by orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal damage. The specific mechanism remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Liao
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Department of Orthodontics, Nanchang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuwei He
- Department of Orthodontics, Beiping Dental Clinic, Dazhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Wanasuntronwong A, Punyawattananon V, Rotpenpian N, Meepong R, Srikiatkhachorn A. Nociceptive receptors are expressed differently in trigeminal nociception after lingual nerve injury and unilateral external carotid artery occlusion in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 126:105128. [PMID: 33895544 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the different changes in nociceptive activity between two animal models of trigeminal neuropathic pain: unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush in rats. DESIGN In this study, changes in nociceptive activity were investigated in unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush models of trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) evoked by capsaicin application on the tongue of rats were recorded in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed in the trigeminal ganglia and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. RESULTS The fEPSP in unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush rats was irregular relative to that in sham rats. In particular, the fEPSP spike in lingual nerve crush rats had a higher amplitude and shorter duration than that in sham rats. Unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush also increased c-fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Upregulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in trigeminal ganglion was observed in unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush rats, whereas upregulation of purinergic receptor subtype 3 in trigeminal ganglion was observed only in lingual nerve crush rats. CONCLUSIONS Although unilateral external carotid artery ischemic reperfusion and lingual nerve crush similarly increased nociceptive activity at the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, the fEPSPs and expression of nociceptive peripheral afferent neurons were different. Therefore, direct and indirect nerve injuries apparently induced the same nociceptive activity by different signaling responses dependent on nociceptive receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anan Srikiatkhachorn
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
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Yan X, Han H, Zhang S, Lu Y, Ren L, Tang Y, Li X, Jian F, Wang Y, Long H, Lai W. N/OFQ modulates orofacial pain induced by tooth movement through CGRP-dependent pathways. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:25. [PMID: 33836649 PMCID: PMC8034138 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) has been revealed to play bidirectional roles in orofacial pain modulation. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a well-known pro-nociceptive molecule that participates in the modulation of orofacial pain. We aimed to determine the effects of N/OFQ on the modulation of orofacial pain and on the release of CGRP. METHODS Orofacial pain model was established by ligating springs between incisors and molars in rats for the simulation of tooth movement. The expression level of N/OFQ was determined and pain level was scored in response to orofacial pain. Both agonist and antagonist of N/OFQ receptor were administered to examine their effects on pain and the expression of CGRP in trigeminal ganglia (TG). Moreover, gene therapy based on the overexpression of N/OFQ was delivered to validate the modulatory role of N/OFQ on pain and CGRP expression. RESULTS Tooth movement elicited orofacial pain and an elevation in N/OFQ expression. N/OFQ exacerbated orofacial pain and upregulated CGRP expression in TG, while UFP-101 alleviated pain and downregulated CGRP expression. N/OFQ-based gene therapy was successful in overexpressing N/OFQ in TG, which resulted in pain exacerbation and elevation of CGRP expression in TG. CONCLUSIONS N/OFQ exacerbated orofacial pain possibly through upregulating CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanzhu Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linghuan Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yufei Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fan Jian
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Okubo N, Ishikawa H, Sano R, Shimazu Y, Takeda M. Effect of resveratrol on the hyperexcitability of nociceptive neurons associated with ectopic hyperalgesia induced by experimental tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci 2020; 128:275-283. [PMID: 33856731 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether, under in vivo conditions, systemic administration of resveratrol attenuates the experimental tooth movement-induced ectopic hyperalgesia associated with hyperexcitability of nociceptive trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) neurons. The threshold of escape from mechanical stimulation applied to the ipsilateral whisker pad in rats exposed to experimental tooth movement was significantly lower than seen in control rats from day 1 to 3 following movement of the right maxillary first molar tooth. The lowered mechanical threshold in the rats exposed to experimental tooth movement had almost returned to the level of sham-treated naïve rats at day 3 following administration of resveratrol. The mean mechanical threshold of nociceptive SpVc neurons was significantly lower after experimental tooth movement but the lower threshold could be reversed by administration of resveratrol. The higher discharge frequency of nociceptive SpVc neurons for noxious mechanical stimuli observed in rats exposed to experimental tooth movement was statistically significantly lower following resveratrol administration. These results suggest that resveratrol attenuates experimental tooth movement-induced mechanical ectopic hyperalgesia via suppression of peripheral and/or central sensitization. These findings support the idea that resveratrol, a complementary alternative medicine, is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of experimental tooth movement-induced ectopic hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Okubo
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Haruna Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Rena Sano
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shimazu
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takeda
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
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Hasuzawa N, Moriyama S, Moriyama Y, Nomura M. Physiopathological roles of vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), an essential component for vesicular ATP release. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183408. [PMID: 32652056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is the last identified member of the SLC17 organic anion transporter family, which plays a central role in vesicular storage in ATP-secreting cells. The discovery of VNUT demonstrated that, despite having been neglected for a long time, vesicular ATP release represents a major pathway for purinergic chemical transmission, which had been mainly attributed to ATP permeation channels. This article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of VNUT and its physiopathological roles as well as the development of inhibitors. Regulating the activity and/or the expression of VNUT represents a new and promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hasuzawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Sawako Moriyama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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Morii A, Miyamura Y, Sago MI, Mizuhara M, Shikayama T, Naniwa M, Hitomi S, Ujihara I, Kuroishi KN, Gunjigake KK, Shiga M, Morimoto Y, Kawamoto T, Ono K. Orthodontic force-induced oxidative stress in the periodontal tissue and dental pulp elicits nociception via activation/sensitization of TRPA1 on nociceptive fibers. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:175-186. [PMID: 31866360 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic patients complain of pain for the first few days after insertion of appliances. Mechanical force has been reported to produce oxidants in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. It has not been studied whether orthodontic force-induced oxidative stress elicits nociception. Herein, we focused on the role of the oxidant-sensitive channel TRPA1 on nociception in orthodontic pain. In a rat model of loaded orthodontic force between the maxillary first molar and incisor, the behavioral signs of orofacial nociception, facial rubbing and wiping, increased to a peak on day 1 and gradually diminished to the control level on day 5. Administration of free radical scavengers (Tempol and PBN) and TRPA1 antagonist (HC-030031) inhibited nociceptive behaviors on day 1. In the PDL, the oxidative stress marker 8-OHdG was highly detected on day 1 and recovered on day 5 to the sham-operated level. The dental pulp showed similar results as the PDL. TRPA1 mRNA was abundantly expressed in the trigeminal ganglion relative to PDL tissue, and there were TRPA1-immunopositive neuronal fibers in the PDL and pulp. In dissociated trigeminal ganglion neurons, H2O2 at 5 mM induced a Ca2+ response that was inhibited by HC-030031. Although H2O2 at 100 μM did not yield any response, it enhanced the mechanically activated TRPA1-dependent Ca2+ response. These results suggest that oxidative stress in the PDL and dental pulp following orthodontic force activates and/or mechanically sensitizes TRPA1 on nociceptive fibers, resulting in orthodontic nociception. Later, the disappearance of nociception seems to be related to a decrease in oxidative stress, probably due to tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Morii
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyamura
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misa I Sago
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizuhara
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takemi Shikayama
- Division of Periodontology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mako Naniwa
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Izumi Ujihara
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kayoko N Kuroishi
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaori K Gunjigake
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Momotoshi Shiga
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morimoto
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Qiao H, Gao Y, Huang Q, Jia R. The central nucleus of the amygdala lesion attenuates orthodontic pain during experimental tooth movement in rats. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01506. [PMID: 31863574 PMCID: PMC6955828 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthodontic pain is the most common adverse side effect reported in the context of tooth movement. Given its central role in processing pain and negative emotion, the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is thought to be a key site involved in orthodontic pain sensation. METHODS In the present study, we therefore explored whether the CeA is involved in contributing to orthodontic pain in a rat model of tooth movement. For this study, we utilized adult male rats with bilateral sham or electrolytic CeA lesions (400 μA; 25 s), and then we analyzed face grooming behavior as a measure of pain sensation. RESULTS Through this approach, we found that there were time- and force-dependent factors influencing pain levels in these rats. We further found that bilateral CeA lesions markedly reduced tooth movement-induced orofacial pain and that unilateral CeA lesions did so to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS As such, these results suggest the CeA is a key area of orthodontic pain, with the results of this study highlighting potential avenues for achieving pain relief in those suffering from orthodontic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Mizuhara M, Kometani-Gunjigake K, Nakao-Kuroishi K, Toyono T, Hitomi S, Morii A, Shiga M, Seta Y, Ono K, Kawamoto T. Vesicular nucleotide transporter mediates adenosine triphosphate release in compressed human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells and participates in tooth movement-induced nociception in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 110:104607. [PMID: 31810015 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain control is imperative in orthodontic treatment. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key mediator released from periodontal ligament cells that excites nociceptive nerve endings. Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), encoded by the Solute carrier family 17 member 9 (SLC17A9) gene, participates in ATP uptake into secretory vesicles; thus, it may mediate tooth movement-induced pain. In the present study, we examined whether VNUT in periodontal ligament cells participates in tooth movement-induced nociception. DESIGN Expression levels of SLC17A9, connexin 43, and pannexin 1 in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs) were examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mechanical force via centrifugation-induced ATP release was measured using an ATP bioluminescence assay. Inhibitors were used to evaluate the role of ATP transporters. Face-grooming behaviors were assessed as indicators of nociceptive responses after experimental tooth movement in rats, as well as the effects of drugs for the pain-like behavior. RESULTS After HPDLFs underwent mechanical stimulation by centrifugation, SLC17A9 mRNA expression in the cells was significantly upregulated. Increased ATP release from HPDLFs after mechanical stimulation was suppressed by treatment with clodronic acid, a VNUT inhibitor, at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 μM. In rats, face-grooming behaviors (indicators of nociception) were significantly increased on day 1 after experimental tooth movement. Increased face-grooming behaviors were suppressed by systemic administration of clodronic acid (0.1 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that release of ATP from periodontal ligament cells via VNUT is important for nociceptive transduction during orthodontic treatment. Thus, VNUT may provide a novel drug target for tooth movement-induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Mizuhara
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Kaori Kometani-Gunjigake
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Kayoko Nakao-Kuroishi
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Takashi Toyono
- Division of Anatomy, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Aoi Morii
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan; Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Momotoshi Shiga
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Yuji Seta
- Division of Anatomy, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
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Liu S, Liu L, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Hu H, Wu Z, Long H, Lai W. Effect of endomorphin-2 on orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2019; 127:408-416. [PMID: 31365768 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endomorphin-2 demonstrates potent antinociceptive effects in various pain models. The objectives of the present study were to explore the role of endomorphin-2 in the modulation of orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats. An orthodontic pain model was established in male Sprague-Dawley rats by ligating coiled springs to mimic orthodontic force (40 g). On days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 following orthodontic tooth movement, bite force was recorded as a surrogate measure of orthodontic pain. Ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and periodontal tissues were harvested for immunostaining. Endomorphin-2, endomorphin-2 + naloxone (a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist), naloxone, and saline were injected into trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues to explore the role of endomorphin-2 on orthodontic pain. The results showed that following orthodontic tooth movement, endomorphin-2 expression levels in trigeminal ganglia were elevated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Orthodontic pain levels were increased on days 1, 3, and 5. The administration of endomorphin-2 into both trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues alleviated orthodontic pain. Moreover, the effects of endomorphin-2 could be blocked by naloxone completely in trigeminal ganglia but only partially in periodontal tissues. Therefore, endomorphin-2 plays an important role in the modulation of orthodontic pain both centrally and peripherally, probably through different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanlu Jiang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhouqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Cuoghi OA, Topolski F, de Faria LP, Ervolino E, Micheletti KR, Miranda-Zamalloa YM, Moresca R, Moro A, de Mendonça MR. Correlation between pain and hyalinization during tooth movement induced by different types of force. Angle Orthod 2019; 89:788-796. [PMID: 30855181 DOI: 10.2319/041118-273.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the correlation between pain and tissue reactions during induced tooth movement (ITM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus; ∼90 days of age, 300 g) were used. The animals were divided into seven groups of six rats each: one control group and six experimental groups subjected to ITM by continuous force (CF) or interrupted continuous force (ICF) for 1, 3, and 5 days. Hyalinization of the periodontal ligament (PL) and occurrence of pain were observed. Animal behavior (walking, climbing, immobile posture, resting/sleeping, and directed face grooming) and the presence of chemical mediators associated with nociception, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the PL were analyzed. RESULTS There was a moderate positive correlation between hyalinization and the presence of COX-2 (rs = 0.404; P < .05) and IL-1β (rs = 0.429; P < .05). There was a moderate negative correlation between hyalinization and exploratory behaviors (walking, r = -0.586, P < .01; climbing, r = -0.573, P < .01), and a moderate positive correlation between hyalinization and resting/sleeping (r = 0.467; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a correlation between pain and undesirable tissue reactions in ITM.
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Cheng Y, Huang P, Meng B, Gan L, Wu D, Cao Y. Antinociceptive effects of the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor ST034307 on tooth-movement-induced nociception in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 98:81-86. [PMID: 30465937 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of the selective adenylyl cyclase type 1 (AC1) inhibitor ST034307 on tooth movement nociception through orofacial nociceptive behavior tests and molecular examination. METHODS We placed fixed nickel-titanium alloy closed-coil springs around the incisors of male Sprague-Dawley rats to induce tooth movement. We subsequently administered ST034307 (3 mg/kg), for 2 days, intraperitoneally, and then subjected the rats to a battery of behavioral tests (n = 10/group) to assess orofacial nociception. The changes in the expression of key molecules in the anterior cingulate cortex were measured by ELISA (n = 8/group) and Western blotting (n = 8/group). RESULTS Tooth movement increased face-grooming activities and rat grimace scale scores. Tooth movement was also associated with enhanced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation as well as protein kinase A (PKA) activation. Moreover, the phosphorylation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex increased during tooth movement. ST034307 significantly decreased mouth wiping and rat grimace scale scores, accompanied by reductions in cAMP generation, PKA activation, AMPA receptor phosphorylation, and NMDA receptor expression in the anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that adenylyl cyclase type 1 plays an important role in the development of orthodontic tooth movement nociception. Furthermore, ST034307 can be used as an effective pharmacotherapy for orthodontic nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Cheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peina Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Meng
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Gan
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongle Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Zhou Y, Long H, Ye N, Liao L, Yang X, Jian F, Wang Y, Lai W. The effect of capsaicin on expression patterns of CGRP in trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus caudalis following experimental tooth movement in rats. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 24:597-606. [PMID: 28076465 PMCID: PMC5161258 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720160150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the effect of capsaicin on expression patterns of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) following experimental tooth movement. Material and Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study and divided into small-dose capsaicin+force group, large-dose capsaicin+force group, saline+force group, and no force group. Closed coil springs were used to mimic orthodontic forces in all groups except for the no force group, in which springs were inactivated. Capsaicin and saline were injected into periodontal tissues. Rats were euthanized at 0 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d following experimental tooth movement. Then, TG and Vc were obtained for immunohistochemical staining and western blotting against CGRP. Results Immunohistochemical results indicated that CGRP positive neurons were located in the TG, and CGRP immunoreactive fibers were distributed in the Vc. Immunohistochemical semiquantitative analysis and western blotting analysis demonstrated that CGRP expression levels both in TG and Vc were elevated at 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d in the saline + force group. However, both small-dose and large-dose capsaicin could decrease CGRP expression in TG and Vc at 1 d and 3 d following experimental tooth movement, as compared with the saline + force group. Conclusions These results suggest that capsaicin could regulate CGRP expression in TG and Vc following experimental tooth movement in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Niansong Ye
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Lina Liao
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Jian
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
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Zhu Y, Wang S, Long H, Zhu J, Jian F, Ye N, Lai W. Effect of static magnetic field on pain level and expression of P2X3 receptors in the trigeminal ganglion in mice following experimental tooth movement. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 38:22-30. [PMID: 27770441 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Shengguo Wang
- Department of Stomatology; Second Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Fan Jian
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Niansong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Long H, Wang Y, Jian F, Liao LN, Yang X, Lai WL. Current advances in orthodontic pain. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:67-75. [PMID: 27341389 PMCID: PMC4932774 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic pain is an inflammatory pain that is initiated by orthodontic force-induced vascular occlusion followed by a cascade of inflammatory responses, including vascular changes, the recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells, and the release of neurogenic and pro-inflammatory mediators. Ultimately, endogenous analgesic mechanisms check the inflammatory response and the sensation of pain subsides. The orthodontic pain signal, once received by periodontal sensory endings, reaches the sensory cortex for pain perception through three-order neurons: the trigeminal neuron at the trigeminal ganglia, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis at the medulla oblongata and the ventroposterior nucleus at the thalamus. Many brain areas participate in the emotion, cognition and memory of orthodontic pain, including the insular cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and hypothalamus. A built-in analgesic neural pathway—periaqueductal grey and dorsal raphe—has an important role in alleviating orthodontic pain. Currently, several treatment modalities have been applied for the relief of orthodontic pain, including pharmacological, mechanical and behavioural approaches and low-level laser therapy. The effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief has been validated, but its effects on tooth movement are controversial. However, more studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of other modalities. Furthermore, gene therapy is a novel, viable and promising modality for alleviating orthodontic pain in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Na Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Li Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Shan D, He Y, Long H, Zhou Y, Liu H, Xu R, Huang R, Lai W. The effects of blocking N/OFQ receptors on orofacial pain following experimental tooth movement in rats. AUSTRALASIAN ORTHODONTIC JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.21307/aoj-2020-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor (N/OFQ receptor) antagonist on orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats.
Methods
A total of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200–300 g were divided into six groups: a control group, force group, force+saline intraperitoneal group, force+saline periodontal group, force+UFP-101 ([Nphe1,Arg14,Lys15]N/OFQ-NH2; antagonist for N/OFQ receptor) intraperitoneal group, and force+UFP-101 periodontal group. Closed coil springs were ligated between the upper incisors and first molar to exert an orthodontic force (40 g) between the teeth. Injectable administration dosages were 30 μl saline or 30 μl saline containing 0.03 mg/kg UFP-101. Following the injections, orofacial pain levels were assessed through directed face grooming (mouth wiping). Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and p values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
Results
Orofacial pain levels were significantly higher in the force group than in the control group. Orofacial pain levels differed significantly between the force group, force+saline periodontal group and force+UFP-101 periodontal group, but were similar between the control group, force+UFP-101 intraperitoneal group and force+saline intraperitoneal group. Moreover, orofacial pain levels did not differ between the force group, force+saline intraperitoneal group and force+UFP-101 intraperitoneal group.
Conclusions
Periodontal, but not intraperitoneal, administration of UFP-101 could alleviate orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats, suggesting that periodontal N/OFQ receptors participate in orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yuwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Renhuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
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Wang Y, Long H, Jian F, Li X, Yang X, Zhao Z, Lai W. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ up-regulates P2X3receptors in primary cultures of neonatal rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:409-15. [PMID: 26607208 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Abstract
There is a brief introductory summary of purinergic signaling involving ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown, and the current classification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines. The review then describes purinergic mechanosensory transduction involved in visceral, cutaneous, and musculoskeletal nociception and on the roles played by receptor subtypes in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Multiple purinoceptor subtypes are involved in pain pathways both as an initiator and modulator. Activation of homomeric P2X3 receptors contributes to acute nociception and activation of heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors appears to modulate longer-lasting nociceptive sensitivity associated with nerve injury or chronic inflammation. In neuropathic pain activation of P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y12 receptors on microglia may serve to maintain nociceptive sensitivity through complex neural-glial cell interactions and antagonists to these receptors reduce neuropathic pain. Potential therapeutic approaches involving purinergic mechanisms will be discussed.
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Long H, Liao L, Gao M, Ma W, Zhou Y, Jian F, Wang Y, Lai W. Periodontal CGRP contributes to orofacial pain following experimental tooth movement in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:31-7. [PMID: 26164378 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin-related gene peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in orofacial inflammatory pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether periodontal CGRP contributes to orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Closed coil springs were used to deliver forces. Rats were euthanized on 0d, 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, and 14d following experimental tooth movement. Then, alveolar bones were obtained for immunostaining of periodontal tissues against CGRP. Two hours prior to euthanasia on each day, orofacial pain levels were assessed through rat grimace scale. CGRP and olcegepant (CGRP receptor antagonist) were injected into periodontal tissues to verify the roles of periodontal CGRP in orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement. Periodontal CGRP expression levels and orofacial pain levels were elevated on 1d, 3d, 5d, and 7d following experimental tooth movement. The two indices were significantly correlated with each other and fitted into a dose-response model. Periodontal administration of CGRP could elevate periodontal CGRP expressions and exacerbate orofacial pain. Moreover, olcegepant administration could decrease periodontal CGRP expressions and alleviate orofacial pain. Therefore, periodontal CGRP plays an important role in pain transmission and modulation following experimental tooth movement. We suggest that it may participate in a positive feedback aiming to amplify orofacial pain signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lina Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meiya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenqiang Ma
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Meng R, Song M, Pan J. Rho is involved in periodontal tissue remodelling with experimental tooth movement in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:923-31. [PMID: 25827752 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise in vivo the close relationship between the Rho signalling pathway and periodontal tissue remodelling in experimental tooth movement in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided randomly into four groups. Closed-coil springs were used to create a 40-g mesial force to move the right upper first molars in anaesthetised rats. The untreated contralateral side served as a control. On days 3, 7, 10, and 14 after force application, paraffin wax-embedded sections of the dissected maxilla were prepared for immunohistochemistry to localise Rho kinase (ROCK), LIM kinase (LIMK), and its downstream effector (cofilin). The immunoreactivity of the molecules investigated in the periodontal ligament area was converted into grey-scale values. RESULTS The expression of Rho and its signalling were detected mainly in the disto-coronal areas of the root in the periodontal ligament area of the control and loaded teeth. In contrast, ROCK-, LIMK-, and cofilin-positive cells were rare in the mesio-coronal areas. In the experimental group, the expression of ROCK, LIMK, and cofilin on the tension side (disto-coronal areas) increased significantly on days 7, 10, and 14, compared with those of untreated control teeth. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Rho is involved in periodontal tissue remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement, modulating ROCK, LIMK, and cofilin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Song
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinsong Pan
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Qiao H, Gao Y, Zhang C, Zhou H. Increased expression of TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion is involved in orofacial pain during experimental tooth movement in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2014; 123:17-23. [PMID: 25407056 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is involved in pain induced by experimental tooth movement, experiments were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g. Directed face-grooming behavior was used to evaluate nocifensive behavior in rats during experimental tooth movement. The distribution of TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and its expression was detected by western blotting at several time points following the application of various magnitudes of force during tooth movement. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TRPV1 was expressed in TG, and its expression was increased after experimental tooth movement. Western blot results also showed that experimental tooth movement led to a statistically significant increase in expression of TRPV1 protein in TG. Meanwhile, the time spent on directed face-grooming peaked on day 1 and thereafter showed a gradual decrease. In addition, both the change in TRPV1 expression in the TG and directed face-grooming behavior were modulated in a force-dependent manner and in concert with initial orthodontic pain responses. Our results reveal that TRPV1 expression is modulated by experimental tooth movement and is involved in tooth-movement pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qiao
- Department of Orthodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
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Up-regulation of PKMζ expression in the anterior cingulate cortex following experimental tooth movement in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:749-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Liao L, Long H, Zhang L, Chen H, Zhou Y, Ye N, Lai W. Evaluation of pain in rats through facial expression following experimental tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci 2014; 122:121-4. [PMID: 24428464 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Helin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Niansong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Yang Z, Luo W, Wang J, Tan Y, Fu R, Fang B. Chemokine ligand 2 in the trigeminal ganglion regulates pain induced by experimental tooth movement. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:730-6. [PMID: 24417496 DOI: 10.2319/090213-643.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the chemokine ligand 2/chemokine receptor 2 (CCL2/CCR2) signaling pathway plays an important role in pain induced by experimental tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of CCL2/CCR2 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) was determined by Western blotting 0 hours, 4 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after tooth movement. CCL2 localization and cell size distribution were revealed by immunohistochemistry. The effects of increasing force on CCL2 expression and behavioral changes were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of CCL2/CCR2 antagonists on these changes in pain behaviors were all evaluated. Exogenous CCL2 was injected into periodontal tissues and cultured TG neurons with different concentrations, and then the pain responses or c-fos expression were assessed. RESULTS Experimental tooth movement led to a statistically significant increase in CCL2/CCR2 expression from day 3 to day 7, especially in small to medium-sized TG neurons. It also triggered an increase in the time spent on directed face-grooming behaviors in a force magnitude-dependent and CCL2 dose-dependent manner. Pain induced by experimental tooth movement was effectively blocked by a CCR2 antagonist and by CCL2 neutralizing antibody. Also, exogenous CCL2 led to an increase in c-fos expression in cultured TG neurons, which was blocked by CCL2 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS The peripheral CCL2/CCR2 axis is modulated by experimental tooth movement and involved in the development of tooth movement pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- a Research Scientist and Instructor, Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
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Vilotti S, Marchenkova A, Ntamati N, Nistri A. B-type natriuretic peptide-induced delayed modulation of TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors of mouse trigeminal sensory neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81138. [PMID: 24312267 PMCID: PMC3842315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Important pain transducers of noxious stimuli are small- and medium-diameter sensory neurons that express transient receptor vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels and/or adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X3 receptors whose activity is upregulated by endogenous neuropeptides in acute and chronic pain models. Little is known about the role of endogenous modulators in restraining the expression and function of TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors. In dorsal root ganglia, evidence supports the involvement of the natriuretic peptide system in the modulation of nociceptive transmission especially via the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) that activates the natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) to downregulate sensory neuron excitability. Since the role of BNP in trigeminal ganglia (TG) is unclear, we investigated the expression of BNP in mouse TG in situ or in primary cultures and its effect on P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors of patch-clamped cultured neurons. Against scant expression of BNP, almost all neurons expressed NPR-A at membrane level. While BNP rapidly increased cGMP production and Akt kinase phosphorylation, there was no early change in passive neuronal properties or responses to capsaicin, α,β-meATP or GABA. Nonetheless, 24 h application of BNP depressed TRPV1 mediated currents (an effect blocked by the NPR-A antagonist anantin) without changing responses to α,β-meATP or GABA. Anantin alone decreased basal cGMP production and enhanced control α,β-meATP-evoked responses, implying constitutive regulation of P2X3 receptors by ambient BNP. These data suggest a slow modulatory action by BNP on TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors outlining the role of this peptide as a negative regulator of trigeminal sensory neuron excitability to nociceptive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vilotti
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Marchenkova
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Niels Ntamati
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Nistri
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Luo W, Fu R, Tan Y, Fang B, Yang Z. Chemokine CCL2 up-regulated in the medullary dorsal horn astrocytes contributes to nocifensive behaviors induced by experimental tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 122:27-35. [PMID: 24206110 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Orthodontics; Shanghai Stomatological Disease Center; Shanghai China
| | - Runqing Fu
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yu Tan
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
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Liao L, Hua X, Long H, Ye N, Zhou Y, Wang S, Lai W. Expression patterns of nociceptin in rats following experimental tooth movement. Angle Orthod 2013; 83:1022-6. [PMID: 23650934 PMCID: PMC8722828 DOI: 10.2319/020913-119.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the expression levels of nociceptin following experimental tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: sham and experimental groups. For the experimental group, closed coil springs were used to mimic orthodontic force (80 g) between upper incisors and first molars, and the rats were killed at 0 hours, 4 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days. All of these procedures were similar for the sham group, except for that no force was applied. The four rats killed at 0 hours without any intervention were used as the baseline control in each group. Trigeminal nucleus caudalis from both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of force applications were obtained for immunostaining. RESULTS Nociceptin was expressed in both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of each group. Its expression levels started to increase on day 2, peaked on day 7, and returned to baseline on day 10 in the experimental group, while expression levels started to decrease on day 1 and returned to baseline on day 10 in the sham group. Moreover, the expression levels were similar between the ipsilateral and contralateral sides in each group. CONCLUSION The expression levels of nociceptin were elevated following experimental tooth movement. The anesthetic agent used in this study (chloral hydrate) may have an antagonism with nociceptin. Due to bilateral innervation of anterior teeth and bilateral projection of nerve fibers, the expression levels of nociceptin were similar between ipsilateral and contralateral sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liao
- PhD Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochuan Hua
- Masters Graduate Student, Huiying Dental Clinic, 55# Huashan Nan Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hu Long
- PhD Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Niansong Ye
- PhD Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Masters Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- PhD Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Professor, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Purinergic mechanisms and pain--an update. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 716:24-40. [PMID: 23524093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a brief summary of the background literature about purinergic signalling. The review then considers purinergic mechanosensory transduction involved in visceral, cutaneous and musculoskeletal nociception and on the roles played by P2X3, P2X2/3, P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y₁₂ receptors in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Current developments of compounds for the therapeutic treatment of both visceral and neuropathic pain are discussed.
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain conditions, particularly those associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect a large percentage of the population. Identifying mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia could contribute to the development of new treatment strategies for the management of TMD and other muscle pain conditions. In this study, we provide evidence of functional interactions between two ligand-gated channels, P2X₃ and transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1), in trigeminal sensory neurons, and propose that the interactions serve as an underlying mechanism for the development of mechanical hyperalgesia. Mechanical sensitivity of the masseter muscle was assessed in lightly anesthetized rats via an electronic anesthesiometer (Ro et al., 2009). Direct intramuscular injection of a selective P2X₃ agonist, alpha,beta-methylene adenosine triphosphate (αβmeATP), induced a dose- and time-dependent hyperalgesia. Mechanical sensitivity in the contralateral muscle was unaffected suggesting local P2X₃ mediate hyperalgesia. Anesthetizing the overlying skin had no effect on αβmeATP-induced hyperalgesia confirming the contribution of P2X₃ from the muscle. Importantly, the αβmeATP-induced hyperalgesia was prevented by pretreatment of the muscle with a TRPV1 antagonist, AMG9810. P2X₃ was co-expressed with TRPV1 in the masseter muscle afferents confirming the possibility for intracellular interactions. Additionally, in a subpopulation of P2Xv/TRPV1 positive neurons, capsaicin-induced Ca(2+) transients were significantly amplified following P2X₃ activation. Finally, activation of P2X₃ induced phosphorylation of serine, but not threonine, residues in TRPV1 in trigeminal ganglia cultures. Significant phosphorylation was observed at 15 min, the time point at which behavioral hyperalgesia was prominent. Previously, activation of either P2X₃ or TRPV1 had been independently implicated in the development of mechanical hyperalgesia. Our data propose P2X₃ and TRPV1 interact in a facilitatory manner, which could contribute to the peripheral sensitization known to underlie masseter hyperalgesia.
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Ford AP. P2X3 antagonists: novel therapeutics for afferent sensitization and chronic pain. Pain Manag 2012; 2:267-77. [DOI: 10.2217/pmt.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Despite decades of innovation and effort, the pharmaceutical needs of countless patients with chronic pain remain underserved. Effective and safe treatments must clearly come from novel approaches, yet targets and molecules selected hitherto have returned little benefit. Antagonism of P2X3 purinoceptors on pain-conveying nerves is a highly novel approach, and compounds from this class are advancing into patient studies. P2X3 channels are found in C- and Aδ-primary afferent neurons in most tissues, and are strikingly specific to pain detection. P2X3 antagonists block peripheral activation of these fibers via ATP, released from most cells by inflammation, injury, stress and distension, and clearly provide an alternative pharmacological mechanism to attenuate pain signals. P2X3 is also expressed presynaptically at central spinal terminals of afferent neurons, where ATP further sensitizes painful signals en route to the brain. The selectivity of P2X3 expression allows hope of a lower potential for adverse effects in brain, gut and cardiovascular tissues – limiting factors for most analgesics. P2X3 receptor-mediated sensitization has been implicated in rodent models in inflammatory, visceral, neuropathic and cancer pain states, as well as in airways hyper-reactivity, migraine and visceral organ irritability. Although we are often reminded that the effects of new medicines can translate poorly into clinical effectiveness, the broad efficacy seen following P2X3 inhibition in rodent models strengthens the prospect that an unprecedented mechanism to counter sensitization of afferent pathways may offer some merciful relief to millions of patients struggling daily with persistent discomfort and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Ford
- Afferent Pharmaceuticals, 2755 Campus Drive, Suite 100, San Mateo, CA 94403, USA
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In pursuit of P2X3 antagonists: novel therapeutics for chronic pain and afferent sensitization. Purinergic Signal 2011; 8:3-26. [PMID: 22095157 PMCID: PMC3265711 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating pain by inhibiting ATP activation of P2X3-containing receptors heralds an exciting new approach to pain management, and Afferent's program marks the vanguard in a new class of drugs poised to explore this approach to meet the significant unmet needs in pain management. P2X3 receptor subunits are expressed predominately and selectively in so-called C- and Aδ-fiber primary afferent neurons in most tissues and organ systems, including skin, joints, and hollow organs, suggesting a high degree of specificity to the pain sensing system in the human body. P2X3 antagonists block the activation of these fibers by ATP and stand to offer an alternative approach to the management of pain and discomfort. In addition, P2X3 is expressed pre-synaptically at central terminals of C-fiber afferent neurons, where ATP further sensitizes transmission of painful signals. As a result of the selectivity of the expression of P2X3, there is a lower likelihood of adverse effects in the brain, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular tissues, effects which remain limiting factors for many existing pain therapeutics. In the periphery, ATP (the factor that triggers P2X3 receptor activation) can be released from various cells as a result of tissue inflammation, injury or stress, as well as visceral organ distension, and stimulate these local nociceptors. The P2X3 receptor rationale has aroused a formidable level of investigation producing many reports that clarify the potential role of ATP as a pain mediator, in chronic sensitized states in particular, and has piqued the interest of pharmaceutical companies. P2X receptor-mediated afferent activation has been implicated in inflammatory, visceral, and neuropathic pain states, as well as in airways hyperreactivity, migraine, itch, and cancer pain. It is well appreciated that oftentimes new mechanisms translate poorly from models into clinical efficacy and effectiveness; however, the breadth of activity seen from P2X3 inhibition in models offers a realistic chance that this novel mechanism to inhibit afferent nerve sensitization may find its place in the sun and bring some merciful relief to the torment of persistent discomfort and pain. The development philosophy at Afferent is to conduct proof of concept patient studies and best identify target patient groups that may benefit from this new intervention.
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Gao Y, Duan YZ. Increased COX2 in the Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis Is Involved in Orofacial Pain Induced by Experimental Tooth Movement. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:485-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu XD, Wang JJ, Sun L, Chen LW, Rao ZR, Duan L, Cao R, Wang MQ. Involvement of medullary dorsal horn glial cell activation in mediation of masseter mechanical allodynia induced by experimental tooth movement. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:1143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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