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Su Y, Yang X, Yang L, Liu X, She Z, Zhang Y, Dong Z. Thyroid hormones regulate reelin expression in neuropsychiatric disorders. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:1033-1044. [PMID: 36166833 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy have increased over the past two decades, leading to the occurrence of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of thyroid hormone (TH)-regulated gene expression and neuropsychiatric development during the postnatal period remain unknown. Recent achievements have shown that reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in neuronal migration and localization during the development of neocortex and cerebellar cortex, thereby participating in the development of neuropsychiatric diseases. Reelin-induced neuronal migration requires triiodothyronine (T3) from the deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by fetal brain deiodinases. Previous studies have reported decreased reelin levels and abnormal gene expression, which are the same as the pathological alternations in reelin-induced neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Low T3 in the fetal brain due to hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy may be detrimental to neuronal migration, leading to neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on the reelin expression between hypothyroidism and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Su
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Xinjing Liu
- College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Zhenghang She
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Youwen Zhang
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
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Hypothyroidism impairs the host immune response during the acute phase of Chagas disease. Immunobiology 2020; 225:152024. [PMID: 33227693 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diseases associated with thyroid hypofunction have been the subject of studies in infectious models, since several authors have demonstrated a pivotal role of iodinated hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) in the modulation of immune effector responses. Using a model of hypothyroidism induced by anti-thyroid drug, we investigated the influence of hypothyroidism in the course of acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. For this, male Hannover Wistar rats were challenged with methimazole for 21 days (0.02% in drinking water), and water for control counterparts. After confirmation of the hypothyroidism, rats were intraperitoneally challenged with 1x105 blood trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi. Our findings suggest that hypothyroidism impairs animal weight gain, but does not affect the health of essential organs. Interestingly, infected hypothyroid animals had a significant increase in thymic cell death, with consequent drop in lymphocyte frequency in whole blood (evaluated on the 11th day of infection). Analyzing the percentage of immune cells in the spleen, we found a strong influence of hypothyroidism as a negative regulator of B cells, and antigenic ability of macrophages (RT1b expression) in the course of the experimental chagasic infection. Enhanced serum IL-17A concentration was induced by T. cruzi infection, but hypothyroidism impaired the production of this mediator as seen in infected hypothyroid animals. Taken together, our work suggests for the first time that hypothyroidism may adversely interfere with the modulation of effective immunity in the early phase of Chagas' disease.
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Lebsir D, Guemri J, Kereselidze D, Grison S, Benderitter M, Pech A, Cohen D, Benadjaoud MA, Lestaevel P, Souidi M. Repeated potassium iodide exposure during pregnancy impairs progeny's brain development. Neuroscience 2019; 406:606-616. [PMID: 30797025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protracted radioiodine release may require repeated intake of potassium iodide (KI) to protect thyroid gland. It is well established that iodine excess inhibits transiently the thyroid function. As developing fetus depends on maternal thyroid hormones (TH) supply, more knowledge is needed about the plausible effects that repeated KI intake can cause in this sensitive population, especially that even subtle variation of maternal thyroid function may have persistent consequences on progeny brain processing. The aim of this study is to assess the consequences of repeated intake of KI during pregnancy on the progeny's thyroid function and brain development. To do so pregnant Wistar rats received KI over eight days, and then thirty days after the weaning, male progeny was subjected to behavior test. Pituitary and thyroid hormones level, anti-thyroid antibodies level, organs morphology, gene expression and global DNA methylation were assessed. Thirty days after the weaning, KI-exposed male progeny showed an uncommon hormonal status, characterized by a decrease of both thyroid-stimulating hormone (-28%) and free thyroxine (-7%) levels. Motor coordination was altered in KI-exposed male progeny. At the cerebellar level, we observed a decrease of mRNA expression of DCX (-42%) and RC3 (-85%); on the other hand, at the cortical level, mRNA expression of MBP (+71%), MOBP (+90%) and Kcna1 (+42%) was increased. To conclude, repeated KI prophylaxis is not adequate during pregnancy since it led to long-term irreversible neurotoxicity in the male progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Lebsir
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julien Guemri
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Dimitri Kereselidze
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stephane Grison
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Annick Pech
- Pharmacie centrale des armées, Direction des Approvisionnement en produits de Santé des Armées, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - David Cohen
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Benadjaoud
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Lestaevel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maâmar Souidi
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Ahmed RG, Walaa GH, Asmaa FS. Suppressive effects of neonatal bisphenol A on the neuroendocrine system. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:397-407. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718757082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of neonatal bisphenol A (BPA) administration on neuroendocrine features (the thyroid–brain axis). BPA (20 or 40 µg/kg) was orally administered to juvenile male albino rats ( Rattus norvegicus) from postnatal days (PNDs) 15 to 30. Both doses resulted in lower serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and growth hormone levels and higher thyrotropin level than the control levels at PND 30. In the neonatal cerebellum and cerebrum, vacuolation, pyknosis, edema, degenerative changes, and reductions in the size and number of the cells were observed in both treated groups. Alternatively, elevations in oxidative markers (lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) at both dose levels were recorded at PND 30, along with decreased activities of antioxidant markers (ascorbic acid, total thiol [t-SH], glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase) with respect to control levels. Thus, the BPA-induced hypothyroid state may disturb the neonatal thyroid–brain axis via production of free radicals, and this could damage the plasma membrane and cellular components, delaying cerebrum and cerebellum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- RG Ahmed
- Anatomy and Embryology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - GH Walaa
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - FS Asmaa
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Moog NK, Entringer S, Heim C, Wadhwa PD, Kathmann N, Buss C. Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development. Neuroscience 2017; 342:68-100. [PMID: 26434624 PMCID: PMC4819012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal supply of TH. The fetal thyroid gland does not commence TH synthesis until mid gestation, and the adverse consequences of severe maternal TH deficiency on offspring neurodevelopment are well established. Recent evidence suggests that even more moderate forms of maternal thyroid dysfunction, particularly during early gestation, may have a long-lasting influence on child cognitive development and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, these observed alterations appear to be largely irreversible after birth. It is, therefore, important to gain a better understanding of the role of maternal thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment in terms of the nature, magnitude, time-specificity, and context-specificity of its effects. With respect to the issue of context specificity, it is possible that maternal stress and stress-related biological processes during pregnancy may modulate maternal thyroid function. The possibility of an interaction between the thyroid and stress systems in the context of fetal brain development has, however, not been addressed to date. We begin this review with a brief overview of TH biology during pregnancy and a summary of the literature on its effect on the developing brain. Next, we consider and discuss whether and how processes related to maternal stress and stress biology may interact with and modify the effects of maternal thyroid function on offspring brain development. We synthesize several research areas and identify important knowledge gaps that may warrant further study. The scientific and public health relevance of this review relates to achieving a better understanding of the timing, mechanisms and contexts of thyroid programing of brain development, with implications for early identification of risk, primary prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Moog
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Entringer
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - C Heim
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, College of Health and Human Development, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - P D Wadhwa
- University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 3117 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 837 Health Sciences Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - N Kathmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Buss
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of California, Irvine, Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, 333 The City Drive West, Suite 1200, Orange, CA 92868, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, 505 South Main Street, Suite 525, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Olivares AM, Moreno-Ramos OA, Haider NB. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Central Nervous System Development and Associated Diseases. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:93-121. [PMID: 27168725 PMCID: PMC4859451 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily is composed of a wide range of receptors involved in a myriad of important biological processes, including development, growth, metabolism, and maintenance. Regulation of such wide variety of functions requires a complex system of gene regulation that includes interaction with transcription factors, chromatin-modifying complex, and the proper recognition of ligands. NHRs are able to coordinate the expression of genes in numerous pathways simultaneously. This review focuses on the role of nuclear receptors in the central nervous system and, in particular, their role in regulating the proper development and function of the brain and the eye. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mutations in NHRs on a spectrum of human diseases from autism to retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Olivares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Andrés Moreno-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Neena B Haider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Marzban H, Del Bigio MR, Alizadeh J, Ghavami S, Zachariah RM, Rastegar M. Cellular commitment in the developing cerebellum. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:450. [PMID: 25628535 PMCID: PMC4290586 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa and is critical for motor coordination and non-motor functions including cognitive and emotional processes. The anatomical structure of cerebellum is distinct with a three-layered cortex. During development, neurogenesis and fate decisions of cerebellar primordium cells are orchestrated through tightly controlled molecular events involving multiple genetic pathways. In this review, we will highlight the anatomical structure of human and mouse cerebellum, the cellular composition of developing cerebellum, and the underlying gene expression programs involved in cell fate commitments in the cerebellum. A critical evaluation of the cell death literature suggests that apoptosis occurs in ~5% of cerebellar cells, most shortly after mitosis. Apoptosis and cellular autophagy likely play significant roles in cerebellar development, we provide a comprehensive discussion of their role in cerebellar development and organization. We also address the possible function of unfolded protein response in regulation of cerebellar neurogenesis. We discuss recent advancements in understanding the epigenetic signature of cerebellar compartments and possible connections between DNA methylation, microRNAs and cerebellar neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss genetic diseases associated with cerebellar dysfunction and their role in the aging cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Robby M Zachariah
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Gilbert ME, Ramos RL, McCloskey DP, Goodman JH. Subcortical band heterotopia in rat offspring following maternal hypothyroxinaemia: structural and functional characteristics. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:528-41. [PMID: 24889016 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) play crucial roles in brain maturation and are important for neuronal migration and neocortical lamination. Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) represent a class of neuronal migration errors in humans that are often associated with childhood epilepsy. We have previously reported the presence of SBH in a rodent model of low level hypothyroidism induced by maternal exposure to the goitrogen, propylthiouracil (PTU). In the present study, we report the dose-response characteristics of this developmental malformation and the connectivity of heterotopic neurones with other brain regions, as well as their functionality. Pregnant rats were exposed to varying concentrations of PTU through the drinking water (0-10 p.p.m.) beginning on gestational day 6 to produce graded levels of TH insufficiency. Dose-dependent increases in the volume of the SBH present in the corpus callosum were documented in the adult offspring, with a clear presence at concentrations of PTU that resulted in minor (< 15%) reductions in maternal serum thyroxine as measured when pups were weaned. SBH contain neurones, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. Monoaminergic and cholinergic processes were prevalent and many of the axons were myelinated. Anatomical connectivity of SBH neurones to cortical neurones and the synaptic functionality of these anatomical connections was verified by ex vivo field potential recordings. SBH persisted in adult offspring despite a return to euthyroid status on termination of exposure and these offspring displayed an increased sensitivity to seizures. Features of this model are attractive with respect to the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of cortical development, the effectiveness of therapeutic intervention in hypothyroxinaemia during pregnancy and the impact of the very modest TH imbalance that accompanies exposure to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gilbert
- Toxicity Assessment Division, Neurotoxicology Branch, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Faustino LC, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Thyroid hormone role on cerebellar development and maintenance: a perspective based on transgenic mouse models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:75. [PMID: 24904526 PMCID: PMC4033007 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellum development is sensitive to thyroid hormone (TH) levels, as THs regulate neuronal migration, differentiation, and myelination. Most effects of THs are mediated by the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms TRβ1, TRβ2, and TRα1. Studies aimed at identifying TH target genes during cerebellum development have only achieved partial success, as some of these genes do not possess classical TH-responsive elements, and those that do are likely to be temporally and spatially regulated by THs. THs may also affect neurodevelopment by regulating transcription factors that control particular groups of genes. Furthermore, TH action can also be affected by TH transport, which is mediated mainly by monocarboxylate transporter family members. Studies involving transgenic animal models and genome-wide expression analyses have helped to address the unanswered questions regarding the role of TH in cerebellar development. Recently, a growing body of evidence has begun to clarify the molecular, cellular, and functional aspects of THs in the developing cerebellum. This review describes the current findings concerning the effects of THs on cerebellar development and maintenance as well as advances in the genetic animal models used in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C. Faustino
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania M. Ortiga-Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Tania M. Ortiga-Carvalho, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil e-mail:
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Dong J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wei W, Min H, Song B, Xi Q, Teng W, Chen J. Iodine deficiency increases apoptosis and decreases synaptotagmin-1 and PSD-95 in rat hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 16:135-41. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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11
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Peterson SM, Zhang J, Freeman JL. Developmental reelin expression and time point-specific alterations from lead exposure in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 38:53-60. [PMID: 23665418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reelin (RELN) is a large glycoprotein that plays critical roles during and after neuronal development. In a previous study utilizing developing zebrafish, the RELN ortholog was in a subset of genes associated with neuronal function that was altered following exposure to 100ppb Pb at 72h post-fertilization (hpf). Although RELN is associated with neurodevelopment and neurological diseases, it represents a previously uncharacterized target for developmental Pb neurotoxicity. To further investigate Pb-induced expression decrease of RELN, a more detailed analysis was done using in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR (qPCR) on developing zebrafish at multiple developmental time points and at different exposure concentrations. Time points included in the analysis were 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96hpf. The four exposure conditions tested were 10, 50 or 100ppb Pb as well as a control. In situ hybridization demonstrated concentrated expression of the gene in the telencephalon and in midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord. Expression was less spatially restricted early in development but became isolated to specific cell populations in the central nervous system by 48hpf. The telencephalon demonstrated a high degree of expression throughout development. Pb exposure did not affect the observed location of expression at any of the time points tested. However, qPCR analysis demonstrated that reln expression statistically decreased in embryos exposed to the highest concentration compared to controls at 60hpf. No changes in brain morphology as assessed by measuring brain length and no significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the brain were observed at the highest exposure concentration. These data demonstrate that a decrease in reln expression occurs following Pb exposure at a concentration below one that results in changes in brain length or in the number of apoptotic cells in the zebrafish model system during a short window and is likely linked to concurrent developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Peterson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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