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Erdemir F, Karabulut A, Aydin U, Guler S, Cicek A, Gokduman SN, Eser E, Birdogan S, Kocagoz T. Metagenomic analysis of atheroma plaques for identification of microorganisms indicates presence of Toxoplasma gondii as a possible etiological agent. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:102539. [PMID: 39270468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Vital organs like the heart are affected by the occlusion of blood vessels due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. However, the role of infectious agents has always been an essential subject of investigation. This study investigated the presence of microorganisms, including nanobacteria, in atherosclerotic plaques removed from human carotid arteries by microbiological and metagenomic examination. METHODS Atheroma plaque samples were obtained from 20 patients with carotid artery stenosis who had atherectomy by surgery or percutaneous intervention. Nanobacteria were grown by culturing homogenates of the atheroma plaques. Whole genome sequencing was done for samples. Because of the high percentage of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) DNA, PCR investigation was applied to detect T. gondii DNA in the samples. RESULTS A molecular analysis of nanobacteria revealed them to be made of human proteins, supporting the theory that they are not living organisms. According to sequencing results, samples showed that more than 50 % of the metagenomic sequences belonged to Toxoplasma gondii. PCR investigation indicated that T. gondii DNA was positive in 8 (40 %) of 20 plaques. CONCLUSIONS Further evidence regarding the role of T. gondii in the etiology of plaque formation may help determine the strategy for prevention and treatment of infections in preventing atheroma plaque formation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyzanur Erdemir
- Acibadem University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karabulut
- Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Unal Aydin
- Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Salih Guler
- Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Cicek
- Acibadem University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcen Necibe Gokduman
- Acibadem University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ecem Eser
- Acibadem University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Tanil Kocagoz
- Acibadem University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Istanbul, Turkey; Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Taylor KD, Wood AC, Rotter JI, Guo X, Herrington DM, Johnson WC, Post WS, Tracy RP, Rich SS, Malik S. Metagenomic Study of the MESA: Detection of Gemella Morbillorum and Association With Coronary Heart Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e035693. [PMID: 39344648 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.124.035693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a feature of coronary heart disease (CHD), but the role of proinflammatory microbial infection in CHD remains understudied. METHODS AND RESULTS CHD was defined in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) as myocardial infarction (251 participants), resuscitated arrest (2 participants), and CHD death (80 participants). We analyzed sequencing reads from 4421 MESA participants in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine program using the PathSeq workflow of the Genome Analysis Tool Kit and a 65-gigabase microbial reference. Paired reads aligning to 840 microbes were detected in >1% of participants. The association of the presence of microbe reads with incident CHD (follow-up, ~18 years) was examined. First, important variables were ascertained using a single regularized Cox proportional hazard model, examining change of risk as a function of presence of microbe with age, sex, education level, Life's Simple 7, and inflammation. For variables of importance, the hazard ratio (HR) was estimated in separate (unregularized) Cox proportional hazard models including the same covariates (significance threshold Bonferroni corrected P<6×10-5, 0.05/840). Reads from 2 microbes were significantly associated with CHD: Gemella morbillorum (HR, 3.14 [95% CI, 1.92-5.12]; P=4.86×10-6) and Pseudomonas species NFACC19-2 (HR, 3.22 [95% CI, 2.03-5.41]; P=1.58×10-6). CONCLUSIONS Metagenomics of whole-genome sequence reads opens a possible frontier for detection of pathogens for chronic diseases. The association of G morbillorum and Pseudomonas species reads with CHD raises the possibilities that microbes may drive atherosclerotic inflammation and that treatments for specific pathogens may provide clinical utility for CHD reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation Torrance CA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | - Alexis C Wood
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) Children's Nutrition Research Center Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation Torrance CA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation Torrance CA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA
| | | | - W Craig Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Biochemistry Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont Colchester VT
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics University of Virginia Charlottesville VA
| | - Shaista Malik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine University of California Irvine Irvine CA
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute Irvine CA
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Salah A, Bouzid F, Dhouib W, Benmarzoug R, Triki N, Rebai A, Kharrat N. Integrative Bioinformatics Approaches to Uncover Hub Genes and Pathways Involved in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:2107-2127. [PMID: 38809349 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a significant global health challenge resulting from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. However, the molecular pathways and genetic factors involved in the onset and progression of CVDs remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed an integrative bioinformatic analysis to highlight specific genes and signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of 80 CVDs. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through the integrated analysis of microarray and GWAS datasets. Then, hub genes were identified after gene ontology functional annotation analysis and protein-protein internet (PPI) analysis. In addition, pathways were identified through KEGG and gene ontology enrichment analyses. A total of 821 hub genes related to 80 CVDs were identified, including 135 common and frequent CVD-associated genes. TNF, IL6, VEGFA, and TGFB.1 genes were the central core genes expressed in 50% or more of CVDs, confirming that the inflammation is a key pathological feature of CVDs. Analysis of hub genes by KEGG enrichment revealed predominant enrichment in 201 KEGG pathways, of which the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications was identified as the common key KEGG implicated in 62 CVDs. In addition, the outcomes showed an overrepresentation in pathways categorized under human diseases, particularly in the subcategories of infectious diseases and cancers, which may be common risk factors for CVDs. In conclusion, this powerful approach for in silico fine-mapping of genes and pathways allowed the identification of determinant hubs genes and pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of CVDs which could be employed in developing more targeted and effective interventions for preventing, diagnosing, and treating CVDs. The function of these hub genes in CVDs needs further exploration to elucidate their biological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awatef Salah
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Fériel Bouzid
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wala Dhouib
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Benmarzoug
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Triki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Najla Kharrat
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Paolini E, Cozzi S, Codolo G. CAIP-Induced ROS Production Contributes to Sustaining Atherosclerotic Process Associated with Helicobacter cinaedi Infection through Macrophages and Endothelial Cells Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9377. [PMID: 39273324 PMCID: PMC11394679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have linked the intestinal bacterium Helicobacter cinaedi with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, identifying the Cinaedi Antigen Inflammatory Protein (CAIP) as a key virulence factor. Oxidative stress and inflammation are crucial in sustaining the atherosclerotic process and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) uptake. Primary human macrophages and endothelial cells were pre-incubated with 10 µM diphenyl iodonium salt (DPI) and stimulated with 20 µg/mL CAIP. Lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX-1) expression was evaluated by FACS analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using the fluorescent probe H2DCF-DA, and cytokine release was quantified by ELISA assay. Foam cells formation was assessed by Oil Red-O staining, and phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinases and NF-κB pathway activation were determined by Western blot. This study demonstrated that CAIP triggered LOX-1 over-expression and increased ROS production in both macrophages and endothelial cells. Blocking ROS abrogated LOX-1 expression and reduced LDL uptake and foam cells formation. Additionally, CAIP-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine release was significantly affected by ROS inhibition. The signaling pathway induced by CAIP-induced oxidative stress led to p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. These findings elucidate the mechanism of action of CAIP, which heightens oxidative stress and contributes to the atherosclerotic process in H. cinaedi-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Paolini
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Cozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gaia Codolo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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5
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Li X, Liu S, Wu H, Li B, Li Y, Li R, Tang D, Zhang H. Viral metagenomics combined with non-targeted serum metabolomics reveals the role of enteroviruses in a mouse model of coronary heart disease. Virol J 2024; 21:169. [PMID: 39080726 PMCID: PMC11290145 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a common cardiovascular disease that is associated with altered gut microbiota. Enteroviruses, an essential component of the gut microbiome, may play an important role in disease progression. However, the relationship between enteroviruses and CHD remains unclear. The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has facilitated research on the interconnections between viruses and disease-related metabolites. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed a high-fat diet (CHD group) or chow diet (Sham group) for 12 weeks, and ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed at the end of week 8. After 4 weeks, all animals were euthanised. Subsequently, the animals were evaluated for basic haemato-biochemical parameters and cardiac function, and aorta staining was performed. Based on enteroviral metagenomics and serum UPLC-MS/MS metabolomics analyses, we evaluated the association between enteroviral groups and serum metabolites of CHD mouse model. A high-fat diet and coronary ligation enabled the establishment of the CHD mouse model. Notably, the enterovirus spectrum of the sham group was significantly different from that of the CHD group, with 24 viral communities of different family and species classification, such as Tsarbombavirus, Mingyongvirus, Claudivirus, and Firehammervirus, exhibiting significant differences. In addition, 731 Differential metabolites were detected in the serum of both groups of mice. Correlation network analysis revealed a close relationship between various metabolites related to lipid metabolism and different viruses, including Tsarbombavirus, Mingyongvirus, Claudivirus, and Firehammervirus. CONCLUSIONS An animal model of CHD, characterised by lipid disturbance and myocardial ischaemia, was established using a high-fat diet and ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery. Tsarbombavirus, Firehammervirus, Mingyongvirus, and Claudivirus were associated with metabolites in the lipid metabolism pathway. The results indicate that Tsarbombavirus may be the main genus interacting with CHD-related metabolites in mice. Conclusively, the findings of our study provide novel insights into the potential relationship enterovirus groups and metabolites associated with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Institute of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sihong Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haonan Wu
- Medical Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Medical Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoqi Li
- Medical Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danli Tang
- Medical Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Huamin Zhang
- Institute of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zheng H, Tai L, Xu C, Wang W, Ma Q, Sun W. Microfluidic-based cardiovascular systems for advanced study of atherosclerosis. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38948949 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00756e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a significant global health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Extensive efforts have been made to replicate the cardiovascular system and explore the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of AS. Microfluidics has emerged as a valuable technology for modeling the cardiovascular system and studying AS. Here a brief review of the advances of microfluidic-based cardiovascular systems for AS research is presented. The critical pathogenetic mechanisms of AS investigated by microfluidic-based cardiovascular systems are categorized and reviewed, with a detailed summary of accurate diagnostic methods for detecting biomarkers using microfluidics represented. Furthermore, the review covers the evaluation and screening of AS drugs assisted by microfluidic systems, along with the fabrication of novel drug delivery carriers. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for advancing microfluidic-based cardiovascular systems in AS research are discussed and proposed, particularly regarding new opportunities in multi-disciplinary fundamental research and therapeutic applications for a broader range of disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China.
| | - Lei Tai
- Pharmacy Department, Shandong Qingdao Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Chengbin Xu
- Pharmacy Department, Shandong Qingdao Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Weijiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qingming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wentao Sun
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China.
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de Jong MJM, Schaftenaar FH, Depuydt MAC, Lozano Vigario F, Janssen GMC, Peeters JAHM, Goncalves L, Wezel A, Smeets HJ, Kuiper J, Bot I, van Veelen P, Slütter B. Virus-Associated CD8 + T-Cells Are Not Activated Through Antigen-Mediated Interaction Inside Atherosclerotic Lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1302-1314. [PMID: 38511327 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Viral infections have been associated with the progression of atherosclerosis and CD8+ T-cells directed against common viruses, such as influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus, have been detected inside human atherosclerotic lesions. These virus-specific CD8+ T-cells have been hypothesized to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis; however, whether they affect disease progression directly remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize the activation status of virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in the atherosclerotic lesion. METHODS The presence, clonality, tissue enrichment, and phenotype of virus-associated CD8+ T-cells in atherosclerotic lesions were assessed by exploiting bulk T-cell receptor-β sequencing and single-cell T-cell receptor (α and β) sequencing datasets on human endarterectomy samples and patient-matched blood samples. To investigate if virus-specific CD8+ T-cells can be activated through T-cell receptor stimulation in the atherosclerotic lesion, the immunopeptidome of human plaques was determined. RESULTS Virus-associated CD8+ T-cells accumulated more in the atherosclerotic lesion (mean=2.0%), compared with patient-matched blood samples (mean=1.4%; P=0.05), and were more clonally expanded and tissue enriched in the atherosclerotic lesion in comparison with nonassociated CD8+ T-cells from the lesion. Single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing and flow cytometry revealed that these virus-associated CD8+ T-cells were phenotypically highly similar to other CD8+ T-cells in the lesion and that both exhibited a more activated phenotype compared with circulating T-cells. Interestingly, virus-associated CD8+ T-cells are unlikely to be activated through antigen-specific interactions in the atherosclerotic lesion, as no virus-derived peptides were detected on HLA-I in the lesion. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that virus-specific CD8+ T-cells are tissue enriched in atherosclerotic lesions; however, their potential contribution to inflammation may involve antigen-independent mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/virology
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Male
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Female
- Middle Aged
- Aged
- Carotid Artery Diseases/immunology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/virology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike J M de Jong
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, the Netherlands (M.J.M.J., F.H.S., M.A.C.D., F.L.V., J.K., I.B., B.S.)
| | - Frank H Schaftenaar
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, the Netherlands (M.J.M.J., F.H.S., M.A.C.D., F.L.V., J.K., I.B., B.S.)
| | - Marie A C Depuydt
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, the Netherlands (M.J.M.J., F.H.S., M.A.C.D., F.L.V., J.K., I.B., B.S.)
| | - Fernando Lozano Vigario
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, the Netherlands (M.J.M.J., F.H.S., M.A.C.D., F.L.V., J.K., I.B., B.S.)
| | - George M C Janssen
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, the Netherlands (G.M.C.J., P.v.V.)
| | - Judith A H M Peeters
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center - location Westeinde, Lijnbaan, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.A.H.M.P., L.G., A.W., H.J.S.)
| | - Lauren Goncalves
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center - location Westeinde, Lijnbaan, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.A.H.M.P., L.G., A.W., H.J.S.)
| | - Anouk Wezel
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center - location Westeinde, Lijnbaan, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.A.H.M.P., L.G., A.W., H.J.S.)
| | - Harm J Smeets
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center - location Westeinde, Lijnbaan, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.A.H.M.P., L.G., A.W., H.J.S.)
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, the Netherlands (M.J.M.J., F.H.S., M.A.C.D., F.L.V., J.K., I.B., B.S.)
| | - Ilze Bot
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, the Netherlands (M.J.M.J., F.H.S., M.A.C.D., F.L.V., J.K., I.B., B.S.)
| | - Peter van Veelen
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, the Netherlands (G.M.C.J., P.v.V.)
| | - Bram Slütter
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, the Netherlands (M.J.M.J., F.H.S., M.A.C.D., F.L.V., J.K., I.B., B.S.)
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Xu L, Chen F, Fan W, Saito S, Cao D. The role of γδT lymphocytes in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369202. [PMID: 38774876 PMCID: PMC11106432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis poses a significant threat to human health, impacting overall well-being and imposing substantial financial burdens. Current treatment strategies mainly focus on managing low-density lipids (LDL) and optimizing liver functions. However, it's crucial to recognize that Atherosclerosis involves more than just lipid accumulation; it entails a complex interplay of immune responses. Research highlights the pivotal role of lipid-laden macrophages in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. These macrophages attract lymphocytes like CD4 and CD8 to the inflamed site, potentially intensifying the inflammatory response. γδ T lymphocytes, with their diverse functions in innate and adaptive immune responses, pathogen defense, antigen presentation, and inflammation regulation, have been implicated in the early stages of Atherosclerosis. However, our understanding of the roles of γδ T cells in Atherosclerosis remains limited. This mini-review aims to shed light on the characteristics and functions of γδ T cells in Atherosclerosis. By gaining insights into the roles of γδ T cells, we may uncover a promising strategy to mitigate plaque buildup and dampen the inflammatory response, thereby opening new avenues for effectively managing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiMin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Frontier Inspection Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Jin Q, Zhang C, Chen R, Jiang L, Li H, Wu P, Li L. Quinic acid regulated TMA/TMAO-related lipid metabolism and vascular endothelial function through gut microbiota to inhibit atherosclerotic. J Transl Med 2024; 22:352. [PMID: 38622667 PMCID: PMC11017595 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinic acid (QA) and its derivatives have good lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective functions, but their role in atherosclerosis remains unknown. This study attempted to investigate the mechanism of QA on atherogenesis in Apoe-/- mice induced by HFD. METHODS HE staining and oil red O staining were used to observe the pathology. The PCSK9, Mac-3 and SM22a expressions were detected by IHC. Cholesterol, HMGB1, TIMP-1 and CXCL13 levels were measured by biochemical and ELISA. Lipid metabolism and the HMGB1-SREBP2-SR-BI pathway were detected by PCR and WB. 16 S and metabolomics were used to detect gut microbiota and serum metabolites. RESULTS QA or low-frequency ABX inhibited weight gain and aortic tissue atherogenesis in HFD-induced Apoe-/- mice. QA inhibited the increase of cholesterol, TMA, TMAO, CXCL13, TIMP-1 and HMGB1 levels in peripheral blood of Apoe-/- mice induced by HFD. Meanwhile, QA or low-frequency ABX treatment inhibited the expression of CAV-1, ABCA1, Mac-3 and SM22α, and promoted the expression of SREBP-1 and LXR in the vascular tissues of HFD-induced Apoe-/- mice. QA reduced Streptococcus_danieliae abundance, and promoted Lactobacillus_intestinalis and Ileibacterium_valens abundance in HFD-induced Apoe-/- mice. QA altered serum galactose metabolism, promoted SREBP-2 and LDLR, inhibited IDOL, FMO3 and PCSK9 expression in liver of HFD-induced Apoe-/- mice. The combined treatment of QA and low-frequency ABX regulated microbe-related Glycoursodeoxycholic acid and GLYCOCHENODEOXYCHOLATE metabolism in HFD-induced Apoe-/- mice. QA inhibited TMAO or LDL-induced HCAECs damage and HMGB1/SREBP2 axis dysfunction, which was reversed by HMGB1 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS QA regulated the gut-liver lipid metabolism and chronic vascular inflammation of TMA/TMAO through gut microbiota to inhibit the atherogenesis in Apoe-/- mice, and the mechanism may be related to the HMGB1/SREBP2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The Changsha central Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, China
| | - Chiyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The Changsha central Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Luping Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The Changsha central Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Pengcui Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The Changsha central Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The Changsha central Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China.
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Grivat B, Marques-Vidal P, Kraege V. Vitamin supplements: Are they associated with immune status? Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 60:102-108. [PMID: 38479896 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vitamins are essential nutrients, taken in very small amounts (0.01-100 mg a day). Associations between vitamin supplement intake or status and the immune system are far from consensual. Our aim was to understand the association between vitamin supplements and the immune system, namely regarding lymphocyte count and immunoglobulin levels against infectious pathogens. METHODS Cross-sectional study using data from the first follow-up of the CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study (April 2009 to September 2012). Participants were categorized as vitamin users and non-users. Serostatus for 15 viruses, six bacteria, and one parasite was assessed. Data for inflammatory markers (hs-CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and blood elements were also collected. RESULTS Of the initial 5064 participants, 3769 (74.5 %, mean age 58.3 ± 10.5 years, 53.6 % women) were retained for serostatus. On bivariate analysis, participants taking vitamins presented with higher positivity levels in three markers and lower positivity levels in two, but those differences were no longer statistically significant after multivariable analysis. 4489 participants (88.6 %, mean age 57.7 ± 10.5 years, 53.2 % women) had data for inflammatory markers; no association was found between vitamin supplement use and inflammatory markers both on bivariate and multivariable analysis. Finally, 3349 participants (66.1 %, mean age 57.3 ± 10.3 years, 53.1 % women) had data for blood elements; on bivariate analysis, vitamin supplement users had lower levels of haemoglobin and lymphocytes, but those differences were no longer significant after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSION In this cross-sectional, population-based study, we found no association between vitamin supplement use and markers of immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bazil Grivat
- Kantonsschule Frauenfeld, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Kraege
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Medical Directorate, Lausanne University Hospital, CHUV, Switzerland; Innovation and Clinical Research Directorate, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Akther F, Sajin D, Moonshi SS, Wu Y, Vazquez-Prada KX, Ta HT. Modeling Foam Cell Formation in A Hydrogel-Based 3D-Intimal Model: A Study of The Role of Multi-Diseases During Early Atherosclerosis. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300463. [PMID: 38200677 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Monocyte recruitment and transmigration are crucial in atherosclerotic plaque development. The multi-disease complexities aggravate the situation and continue to be a constant concern for understanding atherosclerosis plaque development. Herein, a 3D hydrogel-based model that integrates disease-induced microenvironments is sought to be designed, allowing us to explore the early stages of atherosclerosis, specifically examining monocyte fate in multi-disease complexities. As a proof-of-concept study, murine cells are employed to develop the model. The model is constructed with collagen embedded with murine aortic smooth muscle cells and a murine endothelial monolayer lining. The model achieves in vitro disease complexities using external stimuli such as glucose and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Hyperglycemia exhibits a significant increase in monocyte adhesion but no enhancement in monocyte transmigration and foam cell conversion compared to euglycemia. Chronic infection achieved by LPS stimulation results in a remarkable augment in initial monocyte attachment and a significant increment in monocyte transmigration and foam cells in all concentrations. Moreover, the model exhibits synergistic sensitivity under multi-disease conditions such as hyperglycemia and infection, enhancing initial monocyte attachment, cell transmigration, and foam cell formation. Additionally, western blot data prove the enhanced levels of inflammatory biomarkers, indicating the model's capability to mimic disease-induced complexities during early atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Akther
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Dimple Sajin
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Shehzahdi S Moonshi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Yuao Wu
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Karla X Vazquez-Prada
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Hang Thu Ta
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
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12
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Mattila J, Pitkänen N, Järveläinen H. Common variable immunodeficiency-an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1289675. [PMID: 38028500 PMCID: PMC10663274 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1289675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a disease of chronic inflammation of the arterial wall, is the main cause of most cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), a group of diseases characterized by frequent infections due to defective antibody production and lack of human immunoglobulins, plays a role in immune activation and inflammation. Thus, it can be hypothesized that CVID increases the risk for atherosclerotic CVDs. On the other hand, it is also possible that CVID patients are protected from atherosclerotic CVDs based on their life-long immunoglobulin therapy. Here, we examined whether patients with CVID have an increased risk for atherosclerotic CVDs or whether they are protected from these diseases. Using an electronic patient database registry search of a population of 83 CVID patients and their age- and sex-matched, tenfold larger control population we demonstrate that CVID patients have a statistically significantly higher risk for coronary heart disease (OR 2.4, p = 0.015) and peripheral vascular disease (OR 12.5, p < 0.001). Regarding cerebrovascular disease, there was a trend towards CVID patients having more strokes or ischemic attacks, but the difference was not statistically significant (OR 2.0, p = 0.133). The combined OR for CVID patients for atherosclerotic CVDs was 2.6 (p = 0.001). CVID population had more hypertension, but smoking was more seldom. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of diabetes or levels of serum total, HDL or LDL cholesterol, or glycosylated hemoglobin A1c between CVID patients and their controls. CVID patients had infections more frequently and the OR for autoimmune diseases was 3.8 (p < 0.001). Finally, a multivariate logistic analysis showed that CVID is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic CVDs (p = 0.002). The present study demonstrates for the first time that CVID is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic CVDs. Further studies are required to fully understand the exact mechanisms behind this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Mattila
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- Auria Biobank, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Satasairaala Central Hospital, Satakunta Hospital District, Pori, Finland
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Lawson JS. The rise and fall of tobacco smoking and associated rise and fall of coronary atherosclerosis the lethal role of tobacco. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1267205. [PMID: 37855020 PMCID: PMC10579586 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1267205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review two new hypotheses are explored, one, that the decline in coronary heart disease is mainly due to a dramatic decline in the prevalence of underlying atherosclerosis and two, that tobacco smoking has been a much greater influence on atherosclerosis than previously estimated. The major outcome of coronary atherosclerosis is myocardial infarction. Between 1900 and 1960 the prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis dramatically rose in young male soldiers. Between 1960 and 2010 the prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in young US soldiers equally dramatically fell. Understanding the reasons for this rise and fall offers important insights into the causes of atherosclerosis. In 1960 over 50% of US military personnel were tobacco smokers but by 1988 the rate had reduced to 30%. The increased prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in young soldiers between 1900 and 1960 was mainly due to increased tobacco smoking. An additional influence was an increase in food and sugar consumption. The fall in atherosclerosis between 1960 and 2010 was probably due to a reduction in tobacco smoking and to a lesser extent, control of hypertension and lowering of high serum total cholesterol. In Western populations up to two thirds of the fall in deaths due to myocardial infarction has been shown to be due to declines in the incidence of heart attacks. Based on the data included in this review it is arguable that the main reason for the fall in the incidence of heart attacks is the fall in the prevalence of underlying coronary atherosclerosis. The adverse influences of tobacco have been well documented. However the enormity of these adverse influences has not been recognised. Over 50% of men continue to smoke tobacco in China, Indonesia, Russia and middle eastern countries. Based on the experience of Western countries over half of these men will die of smoking related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Jovanikić O, Stevanović G, Đorđevic B, Jovanović M, Lepić M. Mathematical model of aging in COVID-19. J Med Biochem 2023; 42:383-391. [PMID: 37814624 PMCID: PMC10560502 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-39602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim was examination of the intimamedia thickness of carotid arteries in COVID-19 infection. Methods In 50 patients, the thickness of the intimomedial complex (IMT) in the common carotid arteries was measured. The values were compared with the control group in 2006-9. The condition of the lungs was assessed by ultrasound score (It score) (0-42) as mild (0-14) or mediumsevere (15-28) Covid. IMT thickening risk factors and the value of fibrinogen, IL-6 and CRP were recorded. Two IMT prediction models were formed. The socio-epidemiological model predicts the development of IMT based on epidemiological factors. Apart from these factors, the second model also includes the values of the mentioned biomarkers. Results It score 20±6, IMT values right: median 0.99 mm, p25=0.89, p75=1.14; left: 1±0.22 mm. Control: IMTright: median 0.7 mm, p25=0.68 mm; p75=0-9 mm; left: median=0.75 mm, p25=0.6 mm, p75=1.0 mm. The group/control difference is highly significant. Epide mio - logical model: logit (IMT)= 4.463+(2.021+value for GEN)+(0.055x AGE value)+(-3.419x RF value)+(-4.447x SM value)+(5.115x HTA value)+(3.56x DM value)+ (22.389x LIP value)+(24.206x CVD value)+(1.449x other value)+(-0.138x It score value)+(0.19xBMI value). Epidemiological-inflammatory model: logit (IMT)=5.204+ (2.545x GEN value)+(0.076x AGE value)+(-6.132x RF value)+(-7.583x SM value)+(8.744x HTA value)+(6.838x DM value)+(25.446x LIP value)+(28.825x CVD value)+ (2.487x other value)+(-0.218xIt score value)+(0.649x BMI value) +(-0.194x fibrinogen value)+(0.894x IL-6 value)+(0.659x CRP value). Values for both models Exp(B)=4.882; P of sample=0.83; logit=-0.19; OR= 23.84; model accuracy for the first model 87% and for the second 88%; Omnibus test of the first model c2=34.324; p=0.000; reliability coefficient -2LogLH=56.854; Omnibus test of the second model c2=39.774; p=0.000; and -2LogLH=51.403. Conclusions The ageing of blood vessels in COVID-19 can be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Stevanović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade
| | | | | | - Milan Lepić
- University of Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade
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Hadipour E, Emami SA, Tayarani‐Najaran N, Tayarani‐Najaran Z. Effects of sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) and bioactive compounds (sesamin and sesamolin) on inflammation and atherosclerosis: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:3729-3757. [PMID: 37457142 PMCID: PMC10345702 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, oxidative stress, obesity, infection, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes are the main causes of atherosclerosis, which in the long term lead to hardening of the arteries. In the current study, we reviewed recent findings of the mechanism of sesame and its active compounds of sesamin and sesamolin regulates on atherosclerosis. Sesame can decrease the lipid peroxidation and affect the enzymes, which control the balance of oxidative status in the body. Besides modulating the inflammatory cytokines, sesame regulates the main mediators of the signaling pathways in the process of inflammation, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Sesame decreases the growth of different pathogens. It fights against obesity and helps to reduce weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and lipid count of serum and liver. In addition to lowering fasting blood sugar (FBS), it decreases the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and glucose levels and improves insulin function. With high content of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), sesame efficiently controls the blood plasma lipids and changes the lipid profile. In the case of hypertension, it maintains the health of endothelium through multiple mechanisms and conserves the response of the arteries to vasodilation. PUFA in sesame suppresses blood clotting and fibrinogen activity. All the mentioned properties combat atherosclerosis and hardening of blood vessels, which are detailed in the present review for sesame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hadipour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of GuilanRashtIran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Niloufar Tayarani‐Najaran
- Department of Dental Prosthesis, School of DentistryMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Zahra Tayarani‐Najaran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Kim SB, Kim N, Park J, Hwang IC, Lim SH, Song DH, Choi Y, Yoon H, Shin CM, Park YS, Lee DH, Ahn S. Preventive effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the coronary heart diseases depending on age and sex with a median follow-up of 51 months. Helicobacter 2023:e12969. [PMID: 36946460 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and coronary heart disease (CHD) is controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of H. pylori eradication on CHD, especially in terms of age and sex. MATERIALS AND METHODS From May 2003 to March 2022, 4765 subjects with H. pylori infection and without CHD (median follow-up: 51 months) were prospectively enrolled. The participants were categorized into two groups: H. pylori eradication and H. pylori non-eradication. After propensity-score matching (PSM), the effect of H. pylori eradication on CHD was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, history of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, and aspirin intake between the eradication and non-eradication groups (3783 vs. 982) before and after PSM. Multivariate analysis after PSM showed that H. pylori eradication (HR: 0.489, CI: 0.314-0.761, p = .002), age (HR: 1.027, CI: 1.007-1.047, p = .007), hypertension (HR: 2.133, CI: 1.337-3.404, p = 001), dyslipidemia (HR: 1.758, CI: 1.086-2.848, p = .022), and aspirin intake (HR: 2.508, CI: 1.566-4.017, p < .001) were associated with CHD development. H. pylori eradication prevented CHD in males ≤65 years (HR: 0.133, CI: 0.039-0.455, p = .001), but not in those aged >65 years (p = .078) (p for interaction = .022). In contrast, females aged >65 years (HR: 0.260, CI: 0.110-0.615, p = .002) were protected by H. pylori eradication and not those ≤65 years (p = .485) (p for interaction = .003). This preventive effect increased more after PSM, particularly in males ≤65 years and females >65 years. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori eradication prevented CHD and this effect was different depending on age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaehyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - In-Chang Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seon Hee Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center Seoul National University Hospital, and Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Du Hyun Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Yonghoon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Cheol Min Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Ahn
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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Zhang G, Li X, Huang X. m6A-related bioinformatics analysis and functional characterization reveals that METTL3-mediated NPC1L1 mRNA hypermethylation facilitates progression of atherosclerosis via inactivation of the MAPK pathway. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:429-442. [PMID: 36583755 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays important roles in many major diseases, including atherosclerosis (AS). In the present study, we aimed to explore the transcriptomic m6A landscape of endothelial function-associated genes and identify potential regulators in AS progression. METHODS The GEO data (GSE142386) from MeRIP-seq in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with METTL3 knocked down or not were analyzed. RNA-seq was performed to identify differences in gene expression. Gene ontology (GO) functional and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were conducted to evaluate the potential functions of the differentially expressed genes. MeRIP-qPCR was used to measure the m6A and mRNA levels of the top 8 downregulated genes, and NPC1L1 was selected as the candidate gene. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was used to stimulate HUVECs, and METTL3 or NPC1L1 was silenced in ox-LDL-treated cells. And Transwell, ELISA, and cell apoptosis assays were performed to assess cell functional injury. ApoE-/- mice were fed with high-fat diet for 8 weeks to establish an AS model, and adenovirus-mediated NPC1L1 shRNA or NC shRNA was injected into the mice through the tail vein. Mouse aortic tissue damage and plaque deposition were evaluated by H&E, Oil Red O, and TUNEL staining. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-four hypermethylated m6A peaks and 222 hypomethylated peaks were detected in response to knockdown of METTL3. Genes with altered m6A peaks were significantly involved in the histone modification, enzyme activity, and formation of multiple complexes and were predominantly enriched in the MAPK pathway. NPC1L1 was a most significantly downregulated transcript in response to knockdown of METTL3. Moreover, knockdown of NPC1L1 or de-m6A (METTL3 knockdown)-mediated downregulation of NPC1L1 could improve ox-LDL-induced dysfunction of HUVECs in vitro and high-fat diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque in vivo, which was associated with the inactivation of the MAPK pathway. CONCLUSION METTL3-mediated NPC1L1 mRNA hypermethylation facilitates AS progression by regulating the MAPK pathway, and NPC1L1 may be a novel target for the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, 256 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China.
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18
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Hodel F, Xu ZM, Thorball CW, de La Harpe R, Letang-Mathieu P, Brenner N, Butt J, Bender N, Waterboer T, Marques-Vidal PM, Vollenweider P, Vaucher J, Fellay J. Associations of genetic and infectious risk factors with coronary heart disease. eLife 2023; 12:79742. [PMID: 36785929 PMCID: PMC9928420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the most pressing health problems of our time and a major cause of preventable death. CHD results from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Using multiplex serological testing for persistent or frequently recurring infections and genome-wide analysis in a prospective population study, we delineate the respective and combined influences of genetic variation, infections, and low-grade inflammation on the risk of incident CHD. Study participants are enrolled in the CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study, a longitudinal, population-based cohort with baseline assessments from 2003 through 2008 and follow-up visits every 5 years. We analyzed a subgroup of 3459 individuals with available genome-wide genotyping data and immunoglobulin G levels for 22 persistent or frequently recurring pathogens. All reported CHD events were evaluated by a panel of specialists. We identified independent associations with incident CHD using univariable and multivariable stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Of the 3459 study participants, 210 (6.07%) had at least one CHD event during the 12 years of follow-up. Multivariable stepwise Cox regression analysis, adjusted for known cardiovascular risk factors, socioeconomic status, and statin intake, revealed that high polygenic risk (hazard ratio [HR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.10-1.56, p=2.64 × 10-3) and infection with Fusobacterium nucleatum (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.08-2.45, p=1.99 × 10-2) were independently associated with incident CHD. In a prospective, population-based cohort, high polygenic risk and infection with F. nucleatum have a small, yet independent impact on CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Hodel
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland,Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Zhi Ming Xu
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland,Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Roxane de La Harpe
- Department of Medicine, Internal medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Prunelle Letang-Mathieu
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland,Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Nicole Brenner
- Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research CenterHeidelbergGermany
| | - Julia Butt
- Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research CenterHeidelbergGermany
| | - Noemi Bender
- Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research CenterHeidelbergGermany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research CenterHeidelbergGermany
| | - Pedro Manuel Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Julien Vaucher
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland,Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland,Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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19
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Prevalence of Microorganisms in Atherosclerotic Plaques of Coronary Arteries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8678967. [PMID: 36506809 PMCID: PMC9731758 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8678967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the existence of pathogens in atherosclerotic plaques of coronary arteries was investigated in coronary arteries diseases (CAD) patients. Methods This study was designed and implemented up to 31 August 2020. The findings present according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) checklist. Two independent reviewers (I.RJ and S.H) performed a comprehensive search on four different English databases including PubMed, ISI, Scopus, and Embase. In order to assess the quality of the articles, a checklist prepared by The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was used. Results Finally, 44 studies were selected. The prevalence of different microorganisms in coronary arteries were as follows: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (46.2%), Campylobacter rectus (43.0%), Chlamydia pneumonia (42.8%), Cytomegalovirus (29.1%), Helicobacter pylori (18.9%), Herpes simplex virus type 1 (5.9%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (42.6%), Prevotella intermedia (47.6%), Tannerella forsythia (43.7%), and Treponema denticola (32.9%). Conclusion Based on the result of this meta-analysis, Prevotella intermedia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are the most common microorganisms in atherosclerotic plaques of coronary arteries and may have an important role in the development of atherosclerosis.
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20
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Exploring the Mechanisms and Association between Oral Microflora and Systemic Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112800. [PMID: 36428859 PMCID: PMC9689323 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of dentistry is ever-changing and dynamic in all fields of dentistry including periodontal health and disease. Recent studies show that oral health and systemic health are interdependent, particularly in the way that poor oral hygiene and periodontal health affect the systemic health of an individual and vice versa. Periodontal diseases are multifactorial in nature in which the role of bacterial infections is inevitable. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing technologies have shed light on the dysregulation of the growth of oral microbial flora and their environment, including those that are associated with periodontitis and other oral and non-oral diseases. Under such circumstances, it becomes important to explore oral microbiota and understand the effects of periodontal pathogens in the pathogenesis of systemic diseases. In addition, it may strengthen our view that a better understanding of oral microbial flora and proper examination of the oral cavity may aid in the early diagnosis and possible treatment of systemic diseases and conditions. This will eventually lead to providing better care to our patients. Therefore, in this research, we attempt to outline the periodontal pathophysiology along with the role of periodontal pathogens in some commonly encountered systemic conditions.
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Jung SH, Lee KT. Atherosclerosis by Virus Infection—A Short Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102634. [PMID: 36289895 PMCID: PMC9599298 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis manifests by the thickening of artery walls and their narrowed channels through the accumulation of plaque. It is one of the most important indicators of cardiovascular disease. It can be caused by various factors, such as smoking, a high cholesterol diet, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and genetic factors. However, atherosclerosis can also develop due to infection. It has been reported that some bacteria and viruses can cause the development of atherosclerosis. Examples of these viruses are influenza viruses, herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, or papillomaviruses, which are all prevalent and eminent globally for infecting the population worldwide. Moreover, many patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) showed symptoms of cardiovascular disease. In this review paper, the viruses linked to the development of atherosclerosis are introduced, and their viral characteristics, the mechanisms of the development of atherosclerosis, and the current vaccines and antiviral treatment methods are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seang-Hwan Jung
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.J.); (K.-T.L.)
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.J.); (K.-T.L.)
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22
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Lipopolysaccharides and Cellular Senescence: Involvement in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911148. [PMID: 36232471 PMCID: PMC9569556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular walls related to aging. Thus far, the roles of cellular senescence and bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have been speculated to be independent of each other. Some types of macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells are in a senescent state at the sites of atherosclerotic lesions. Likewise, bacterial infections and accumulations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer-membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria, have also been observed in the atherosclerotic lesions of patients. This review introduces the integration of these two potential pathways in atherosclerosis. Previous studies have suggested that LPS directly induces cellular senescence in cultured monocytes/macrophages and vascular cells. In addition, LPS enhances the inflammatory properties (senescence-associated secretory phenotype [SASP]) of senescent endothelial cells. Thus, LPS derived from Gram-negative bacteria could exaggerate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by inducing and enhancing cellular senescence and the SASP-associated inflammatory properties of specific vascular cells in atherosclerotic lesions. This proposed mechanism can provide novel approaches to preventing and treating this common age-related disease.
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23
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Bacterial Infections and Atherosclerosis – A Mini Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most challenging subsets of coronary artery disease in humans, in which risk factors emerge from childhood, and its prevalence increases with age. Experimental research demonstrates that infections due to bacteria stimulate atherogenic events. Atherosclerosis has complex pathophysiology that is linked with several bacterial infections by damaging the inner arterial wall and heart muscles directly and indirectly by provoking a systemic pro-inflammation and acute-phase protein. Repeated bacterial infections trigger an inflammatory cascade that triggers immunological responses that negatively impact cardiovascular biomarkers includes triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, heat shock proteins, cytokines, fibrinogen, and leukocyte count. Herein, we intended to share the role of bacterial infection in atherosclerosis and evaluate existing evidence of animal and human trials on the association between bacterial infections and atherosclerosis on update.
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Jalili M, Sayehmiri K, Ansari N, Pourhossein B, Fazeli M, Azizi Jalilian F. Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review. Adv Respir Med 2022; 90:338-348. [PMID: 36004963 PMCID: PMC9717337 DOI: 10.3390/arm90040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a lot of evidence to suggest that patients infected with the COVID-19 and influenza viruses are at risk of atherosclerosis. Additionally, there are heterogeneous studies on the risk of arthrosclerosis in patients infected with the influenza and COVID-19 viruses. We conducted a case−control and cross-sectional study and examined the association between the risk of atherosclerosis, and influenza virus (IV-A and IV-B) and COVID-19 infections in this study. We searched for keywords such as influenza virus, COVID-19 and atherosclerosis in English and Persian in well-known databases such as PubMed, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar. In this study, we analyzed the information using a meta-analysis, the random effect model, the I2 index and STAT (version 11.2). The results from the analysis of ten studies on influenza virus and nine studies on COVID-19 reviewed individually (totaling 6428 samples for influenza virus infections and 10,785 samples for COVID-19 infections) demonstrated a risk of arthrosclerosis in patients with influenza and COVID-19 infections, with an OR (odds ratio) = 0.45 ((95% CI): 0.25 to 0.64) and an OR (odds ratio) = 1.04 ((95% CI): 0.82 to 1.26), respectively. The present study provides new insights into the risk of atherosclerosis in patients infected with the COVID-19 and influenza viruses. Therefore, it seems necessary to consider different strategies for managing and eradicating viral infections among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Jalili
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838738, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, Iran
| | - Kourosh Sayehmiri
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (F.A.J.); Tel.: +98-9354260838 (F.A.J.)
| | - Nastaran Ansari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838738, Iran
| | - Behzad Pourhossein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838738, Iran
| | - Maryam Fazeli
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838738, Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838738, Iran
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (F.A.J.); Tel.: +98-9354260838 (F.A.J.)
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Engineering a novel immunogenic chimera protein utilizing bacterial infections associated with atherosclerosis to induce a deviation in adaptive immune responses via Immunoinformatics approaches. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 102:105290. [PMID: 35568333 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have established the role of bacteria including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis in the development of atherosclerosis. These bacteria contribute to plaque formation via promoting Th1 immune responses and speeding up ox-LDL formation. Hence, we employed computational reverse vaccinology (RV) approaches to deviate immune response toward Th2 via engineering a novel immunogenic chimera protein. Prominent atherogenic antigens from related bacteria were identified. Then, machine learning-based servers were employed for predicting CTL and HTL epitopes. We selected epitopes from a wide variety of HLAs. Then, a chimeric protein sequence containing TAT peptide, adjuvant, IL-10 inducer, and linker-separated epitopes was designed. The conformational structure of the vaccine was built via multiple-template homology modelling using MODELLER. The initial structure was refined and validated by Ramachandran plot. The vaccine was also docked with TLR4. After that, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the docked vaccine-TLR4 was conducted. Finally, the immune simulation of the vaccine was conducted via the C-ImmSim server. A chimera protein with 629 amino acids was built and, classified as a non-allergenic probable antigen. An improved ERRAT score of 80.95 for the refined structure verified its stability. Additionally, validation via the Ramachandran plot showed 98.09% of the residues were located in the most favorable and permitted regions. MD simulations showed the vaccine-TLR4 complex reached a stable conformation. Also, RMS fluctuations analysis revealed no sign of protein denaturation or unfolding. Finally, immune response simulations indicated a promising response by innate and adaptive immunity. In summary, we built an immunogenic vaccine against atherosclerosis and demonstrated its favorable properties via advanced Immunoinformatics analyses. This study may pave the path for combat against atherosclerosis.
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Cristescu CV, Alain S, Ruță SM. The Role of CMV Infection in Primary Lesions, Development and Clinical Expression of Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133832. [PMID: 35807114 PMCID: PMC9267753 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of deaths related to cardiovascular disease is increasing every year, despite all available therapies and the aggressive campaigns for lifestyle modification and prevention of risk factors. Atherosclerosis is a complex process underlying cardiovascular disease. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is often associated to atherosclerosis and its clinical expression such as coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral artery disease. CMV infection may promote acute atherosis within placentas from women with preeclampsia and it may also accelerate atherosclerosis in HIV-infected and organ-transplanted patients. This review focuses on the current scientific evidence for the role of CMV infection in the development of acute atherosis and atherosclerosis from placentation throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Valentina Cristescu
- School of Advanced Studies of the Romanian Academy (SCOSAAR), Romanian Academy, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
- National Center for Cytomegalovirus Research, UMR 1092, 87042 Limoges, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sophie Alain
- National Center for Cytomegalovirus Research, UMR 1092, 87042 Limoges, France;
| | - Simona Maria Ruță
- Virology Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
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27
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Wanjalla CN, Temu TM, Mashayekhi M, Warren CM, Shepherd BE, Gangula R, Fuseini H, Bailin S, Gabriel CL, Gangula P, Madhur MS, Kalams S, Mallal SA, Harrison DG, Beckman JA, Koethe JR. Interleukin-17A is associated with flow-mediated dilation and interleukin-4 with carotid plaque in persons with HIV. AIDS 2022; 36:963-973. [PMID: 35165215 PMCID: PMC9167243 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic inflammation contributes to the high burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in persons with HIV (PWH). HIV has broad effects on innate and adaptive immune cells, including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and CD4+ T-helper cells. At present, the relationship between CVD and plasma cytokines reflecting ILC/T-helper responses in PWH is not well defined. We investigated relationships between plasma cytokines and subclinical atherosclerosis. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. METHODS We recruited 70 PWH on a single antiretroviral regimen (efavirenz, teno- fovir, and emtricitabine) with at least 12 months of suppressed viremia and 30 HIVnegative controls. We quantified plasma cytokines and chemokines, including inter- feron-g, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-17A, markers of macrophage activation, and markers of endothelial activation using multiplex assays and ELISA. Cytokines were grouped using Ward's hierarchical clustering. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid plaque burden were determined using ultrasound. Multivariable linear regression and negative binomial regression analyses were used to assess the relationships of plasma biomarkers and endpoints adjusted for CVD risk factors. RESULTS We identified three distinct clusters in PWH, one containing Th1/Th2/ILC1/ ILC2 type cytokines, one with Th17/ILC3/macrophage-related cytokines, and a less specific third cluster. Lower FMD was associated with higher plasma IL-17A and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 a. In contrast, IL-4, a Th2/ILC2 type cytokine, was associated with carotid plaque. When HIV-negative controls were added to the models clustering was more diffuse, and these associations were attenuated or absent. CONCLUSION Th17/ILC3 and Th2/ILC2-mediated immune mechanisms may have distinct roles in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic plaque formation, respectively, in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tecla M. Temu
- Departments of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christian M. Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bryan E. Shepherd
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rama Gangula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hubaida Fuseini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Bailin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Curtis L. Gabriel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pandu Gangula
- Department of Medicine & Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, TN, USA
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Simon A. Mallal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua A. Beckman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John R. Koethe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
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28
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Faerstein E. Noncommunicable diseases: more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of? CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38Suppl 1:e00239221. [PMID: 35544924 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00239221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Faerstein
- Instituto de Medicina Social Hesio Cordeiro, Universidade do Estado do rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Abstract
Cellular lipid metabolism plays a pivotal role in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, as increased lipogenesis in HCMV-infected cells favors the envelopment of newly synthesized viral particles. As all cells are equipped with restriction factors (RFs) able to exert a protective effect against invading pathogens, we asked whether a similar defense mechanism would also be in place to preserve the metabolic compartment from HCMV infection. Here, we show that gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), an RF able to block HCMV DNA synthesis, can also counteract HCMV-mediated metabolic reprogramming in infected primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs), thereby limiting virion infectivity. Specifically, we find that IFI16 downregulates the transcriptional activation of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) through cooperation with the carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP), thereby reducing HCMV-induced transcription of lipogenic enzymes. The resulting decrease in glucose uptake and consumption leads to diminished lipid synthesis, which ultimately curbs the de novo formation of enveloped viral particles in infected HFFs. Consistently, untargeted lipidomic analysis shows enhanced cholesteryl ester levels in IFI16 KO versus wild-type (WT) HFFs. Overall, our data unveil a new role of IFI16 in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism upon HCMV replication and uncover new potential targets for the development of novel antiviral therapies.
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30
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Roy P, Orecchioni M, Ley K. How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:251-265. [PMID: 34389841 PMCID: PMC10111155 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the root cause of many cardiovascular diseases. Extensive research in preclinical models and emerging evidence in humans have established the crucial roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in driving atherosclerosis-associated chronic inflammation in arterial blood vessels. New techniques have highlighted the enormous heterogeneity of leukocyte subsets in the arterial wall that have pro-inflammatory or regulatory roles in atherogenesis. Understanding the homing and activation pathways of these immune cells, their disease-associated dynamics and their regulation by microbial and metabolic factors will be crucial for the development of clinical interventions for atherosclerosis, including potentially vaccination-based therapeutic strategies. Here, we review key molecular mechanisms of immune cell activation implicated in modulating atherogenesis and provide an update on the contributions of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Roy
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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31
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Flow Cytometry and Mass Cytometry for Measuring the Immune Cell Infiltrate in Atherosclerotic Arteries. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2419:779-800. [PMID: 35238001 PMCID: PMC10155218 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the abundant infiltration of immune cells starting at early stages and progressing to late stages of the disease. The study and characterization of immune cells infiltrating and residing in the aorta has being tackled by several methodologies such as flow cytometry and mass cytometry (CyTOF). Flow cytometry has been primarily used to address the aortic leukocyte composition; however, only a limited number of markers can be analyzed simultaneously. CyTOF started to overcome these limitations by employing rare element-tagged antibodies and combines mass spectrometry with the ease and precision of flow cytometry. CyTOF currently allows for the simultaneous measurement of more than 40 cellular parameters at single-cell resolution.In this chapter, we describe the methodology used to isolate single immune cells from mouse aortas, followed by protocols for flow cytometry and CyTOF for aortic immune cell characterization.
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32
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Jaago M, Pupina N, Rähni A, Pihlak A, Sadam H, Vrana NE, Sinisalo J, Pussinen P, Palm K. Antibody response to oral biofilm is a biomarker for acute coronary syndrome in periodontal disease. Commun Biol 2022; 5:205. [PMID: 35246599 PMCID: PMC8897497 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence over the last decades have supported the role of gum infections as a risk for future major cardiovascular events. The precise mechanism connecting coronary artery disease (CAD) with periodontal findings has remained elusive. Here, we employ next generation phage display mimotope-variation analysis (MVA) to identify the features of dysfunctional immune system that associate CAD with periodontitis. We identify a fine molecular description of the antigenic epitope repertoires of CAD and its most severe form - acute coronary syndrome (ACS) by profiling the antibody reactivity in a patient cohort with invasive heart examination and complete clinical oral assessment. Specifically, we identify a strong immune response to an EBV VP26 epitope mimicking multiple antigens of oral biofilm as a biomarker for the no-CAD group. With a 2-step biomarker test, we stratify subjects with periodontitis from healthy controls (balanced accuracy 84%), and then assess the risk for ACS with sensitivity 71-89% and specificity 67-100%, depending on the oral health status. Our findings highlight the importance of resolving the immune mechanisms related to severe heart conditions such as ACS in the background of oral health. Prospective validation of these findings will support incorporation of these non-invasive biomarkers into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Jaago
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Annika Rähni
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Arno Pihlak
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Helle Sadam
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Nihal Engin Vrana
- Spartha Medical, 14B Rue de la Canardiere, 67100, Strasbourg, France
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaia Palm
- Protobios Llc, Mäealuse 4, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia. .,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Gao YP, Zhou W, Huang PN, Liu HY, Bi XJ, Zhu Y, Sun J, Tang QY, Li L, Zhang J, Zhu WH, Cheng XQ, Liu YN, Deng YB. Persistent Endothelial Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease-2019 Survivors Late After Recovery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:809033. [PMID: 35237624 PMCID: PMC8882598 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.809033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can result in an endothelial dysfunction in acute phase. However, information on the late vascular consequences of COVID-19 is limited. Methods Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) examination were performed, and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed in 86 survivors of COVID-19 for 327 days (IQR 318–337 days) after recovery. Comparisons were made with 28 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls and 30 risk factor-matched patients. Results Brachial artery FMD was significantly lower in the survivors of COVID-19 than in the healthy controls and risk factor-matched controls [median (IQR) 7.7 (5.1–10.7)% for healthy controls, 6.9 (5.5–9.4)% for risk factor-matched controls, and 3.5(2.2–4.6)% for COVID-19, respectively, p < 0.001]. The FMD was lower in 25 patients with elevated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [2.7(1.2–3.9)] than in 61 patients without elevated TNF-α [3.8(2.6–5.3), p = 0.012]. Furthermore, FMD was inversely correlated with serum concentration of TNF-α (r = −0.237, p = 0.007). Conclusion Survivors of COVID-19 have a reduced brachial artery FMD, which is inversely correlated with increased serum concentration of TNF-α. Prospective studies on the association of endothelial dysfunction with long-term cardiovascular outcomes, especially the early onset of atherosclerosis, are warranted in survivors of COVID-19.
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34
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Pupina N, Avarlaid A, Sadam H, Pihlak A, Jaago M, Tuvikene J, Rähni A, Planken A, Planken M, Kalso E, Tienari PJ, Nieminen JK, Seppänen MRJ, Vaheri A, Lindholm D, Sinisalo J, Pussinen P, Timmusk T, Palm K. Immune response to a conserved enteroviral epitope of the major capsid VP1 protein is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease. EBioMedicine 2022; 76:103835. [PMID: 35091341 PMCID: PMC8801986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major cardiac events including myocardial infarction (MI) are associated with viral infections. However, how specific infections contribute to the cardiovascular insults has remained largely unclear. METHODS We employed next generation phage display mimotope-variation analysis (MVA) to explore the link between antibody-based immune response and severe cardiovascular conditions. Here, we used a case-control design, including the first-stage discovery cohort (n = 100), along with cohorts for second-stage discovery (n = 329) and validation (n = 466). FINDINGS We observed strong antibody response to the peptide antigens with Gly-Ile-X-Asp (G-I-X-D) core structure in healthy individuals but not in patients with MI. Analysis of the origin of this epitope linked it with the N-terminus of the VP1 protein of poliovirus 3 (PV3), but also other species of picornaviruses. Consistently, we found low levels of antibody response to the G-I-X-D epitope in individuals with severe cardiac disease complications. INTERPRETATION Our findings imply that antibody response to the G-I-X-D epitope is associated with polio vaccinations and that high antibody levels to this epitope could discriminate healthy individuals from prospective MI patients as a blood-derived biomarker. Together, these findings highlight the importance of epitope-specific antibody response and suggest that protective immunity against the polio- and non-polio enteroviral infections support improved cardiovascular health. FUNDING Estonian Ministry of Education (5.1-4/20/170), Estonian Research Council (PRG573, PRG805), H2020-MSCA-RISE-2016 (EU734791), H2020 PANBioRA (EU760921), European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Project no. 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012), Helsinki University Hospital grants, Mary and Georg C. Ehrnrooth Foundation, Finnish Eye Foundation, Finska Läkaresällskapet, The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation and Sigrid Jusélius Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annela Avarlaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
| | - Helle Sadam
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
| | - Arno Pihlak
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Jaago
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Tuvikene
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia; dxlabs LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Annika Rähni
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
| | - Anu Planken
- The North Estonia Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Eija Kalso
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Pharmacology and SleepWell Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne K Nieminen
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dan Lindholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Tõnis Timmusk
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
| | - Kaia Palm
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.
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Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease and its related complications are the major cause of mortality in Western societies. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall triggered by traditional and nontraditional risk factors and mediated by inflammatory and immune responses. Recent clinical trials provided compelling evidence corroborating that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease and demonstrated efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality. Traditional risk factors drive vascular inflammation, further justifying the instrumental role of intensified risk factor management in attenuating and preventing atherosclerotic disease and complications. Promising therapeutic approaches specifically related to inhibition of inflammation span traditional anti-inflammatory drugs, specific immunomodulation, and development of vaccination against atherosclerotic disease. Here, we review the inflammatory component in atherogenesis, the available evidence from clinical trials evaluating efficacy of therapeutic anti-inflammatory interventions in patients with high cardiovascular risk, and discuss potential future targets for anti-inflammatory or immune modulatory treatment in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bugger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Gan G, Lu B, Zhang R, Luo Y, Chen S, Lei H, Li Y, Cai Z, Huang X. Chronic apical periodontitis exacerbates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and leads to changes in the diversity of gut microbiota. Int Endod J 2021; 55:152-163. [PMID: 34714545 PMCID: PMC9298730 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the impact of chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) on atherosclerosis and gut microbiota by establishing a Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)‐induced CAP in an apolipoprotein E‐deficient (apoE−/−) mice model. Methodology Twenty‐eight male apoE−/− mice were divided into two groups with 14 in each: CAP group and control group. In the CAP group, sterile cotton wool containing 108 colony‐forming units of P. gingivalis was placed into the pulp chamber after pulp exposure followed by coronal resin filling in bilateral maxillary first and second molars. The mice were fed with a chow diet to induce atherosclerosis. Animals were euthanized 16 weeks after the operation, and the periapical lesions of bilateral maxillary first and second molars were assessed by micro‐CT. After collection of aortic arches, atherosclerotic lesions were measured by Oil Red O staining. Serum levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) were measured. Stools were collected to detect alterations in gut microbiota by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Independent samples t‐test was used to calculate the difference between the two groups. Results CAP was observed in 98.2% of molars. A significant increase in atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aortic arches was found in the CAP groups (CAP: 2.001% ± 0.27%, control: 0.927% ± 0.22%, p = .005). No significant difference was observed between sevum level of HDL‐C (CAP: 2.295 ± 0.31 mmol/L, Control: 3.037 ± 0.55 mmol/L, p = .264) or LDL‐C (CAP: 17.066 ± 3.95 mmol/L, Control: 10.948 ± 1.69 mmol/L, p = .177) in CAP group and Control group. There were no significant differences in TG (CAP: 1.076 ± 0.08 mmol/L, control: 1.034 ± 0.13 mmol/L, p = .794) or TC (CAP: 6.372 ± 0.98 mmol/L, control: 6.679 ± 0.75 mmol/L, p = .72) levels between the two groups (p > .05). The alpha diversity was elevated in the CAP group. In terms of beta diversity, the CAP and control groups were clearly distinguished by the microbial community. Conclusion In a mouse experimental model, pulp infection with P. gingivalis ‐induced CAP, thus aggravating the development of atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, CAP increased alpha diversity and altered the beta diversity of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowu Gan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Beibei Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ren Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yufang Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huaxiang Lei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Chen MT, Chung CH, Ke HY, Peng CK, Chien WC, Shen CH. Risk of Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection in Patients with Tuberculosis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111075. [PMID: 34769592 PMCID: PMC8583242 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) can cause chronic inflammation. The occurrence of aortic aneurysm (AA) and aortic dissection (AD) may be associated with chronic inflammatory disease, but whether TB increases the risk of AA and AD remains to be determined. This study aimed to investigate the association between TB and the development of AA and AD. We conducted a population-based cohort study using data obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. We selected 31,220 individuals with TB and 62,440 individuals without TB by matching the cohorts according to age, sex, and index year at a ratio of 1:2. Cox regression analysis revealed that the TB cohort had a 1.711-fold higher risk of AA and AD than the non-TB cohort after adjustment for sex, age, socioeconomic status, and comorbidities (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.711; 95% confidence interval = 1.098–2.666). Patients with pulmonary, extrapulmonary, and miliary TB had a 1.561-, 1.892-, and 8.334-fold higher risk of AA and AD, respectively. Furthermore, patients with TB at <6 months, 6–12 months, and 1–5 years of follow-up had a 6.896-, 2.671-, and 2.371-fold risk of AA and AD, respectively. Physicians should consider the subsequent development of AA and AD while treating patients with TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsung Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (M.-T.C.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yen Ke
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Kan Peng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (M.-T.C.); (C.-K.P.)
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); Tel.: +886-2-87923311 (W.-C.C. & C.-H.S.)
| | - Chih-Hao Shen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (M.-T.C.); (C.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: (W.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); Tel.: +886-2-87923311 (W.-C.C. & C.-H.S.)
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Cho SN, Choi JA, Lee J, Son SH, Lee SA, Nguyen TD, Choi SY, Song CH. Ang II-Induced Hypertension Exacerbates the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092478. [PMID: 34572127 PMCID: PMC8465031 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known that infection plays a role in the development of hypertension. However, the role of hypertension in the progression of infectious diseases remain unknown. Many countries with high rates of hypertension show geographical overlaps with those showing high incidence rates of tuberculosis (TB). To explore the role of hypertension in tuberculosis, we compared the effects of hypertension during mycobacterial infection, we infected both hypertensive Angiotensin II (Ang II) and control mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strain H37Ra by intratracheal injection. Ang II-induced hypertension promotes cell death through both apoptosis and necrosis in Mtb H37Ra infected mouse lungs. Interestingly, we found that lipid accumulation in pulmonary tissues was significantly increased in the hypertension group compared to the normal controls. Ang II-induced hypertension increases the formation of foamy macrophages during Mtb infection and it leads to cell death. Moreover, the hypertension group showed more severe granuloma formation and fibrotic lesions in comparison with the control group. Finally, we observed that the total number of mycobacteria was increased in the lungs in the hypertension group compared to the normal controls. Taken together, these results suggest that hypertension increases intracellular survival of Mtb through formation of foamy macrophages, resulting in severe pathogenesis of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Na Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-N.C.); (J.-A.C.); (J.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-A.L.); (T.-D.N.)
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-N.C.); (J.-A.C.); (J.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-A.L.); (T.-D.N.)
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Junghwan Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-N.C.); (J.-A.C.); (J.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-A.L.); (T.-D.N.)
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Son
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-N.C.); (J.-A.C.); (J.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-A.L.); (T.-D.N.)
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Seong-Ahn Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-N.C.); (J.-A.C.); (J.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-A.L.); (T.-D.N.)
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Tam-Doan Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-N.C.); (J.-A.C.); (J.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-A.L.); (T.-D.N.)
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Song-Yi Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Translational Immunology Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwa Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-N.C.); (J.-A.C.); (J.L.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-A.L.); (T.-D.N.)
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Translational Immunology Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-580-8245; Fax: +82-42-585-3686
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Prasad K. Current Status of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease. Int J Angiol 2021; 30:177-186. [PMID: 34776817 PMCID: PMC8580611 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty percent of all death from cardiovascular diseases is due to coronary artery disease (CAD). This is avoidable if early identification is made. Preventive health care has a major role in the fight against CAD. Atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic plaque rupture are involved in the development of CAD. Modifiable risk factors for CAD are dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, chronic renal disease, chronic infection, high C-reactive protein, and hyperhomocysteinemia. CAD can be prevented by modification of risk factors. This paper defines the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of CAD. It discusses the mechanism of risk factor-induced atherosclerosis. This paper describes the CAD risk score and its use in the selection of individuals for primary prevention of CAD. Guidelines for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of CAD have been described. Modification of risk factors and use of guidelines for prevention of CAD would prevent, regress, and slow down the progression of CAD, improve the quality of life of patient, and reduce the health care cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Moreno CR, Ramires JAF, Lotufo PA, Soeiro AM, Oliveira LMDS, Ikegami RN, Kawakami JT, Pereira JDJ, Reis MM, Higuchi MDL. Morphomolecular Characterization of Serum Nanovesicles From Microbiomes Differentiates Stable and Infarcted Atherosclerotic Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:694851. [PMID: 34422924 PMCID: PMC8375156 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.694851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities are considered decisive for maintaining a healthy situation or for determining diseases. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an important complication of atherosclerosis caused by the rupture of atheroma plaques containing proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL), damaged proteins, lipids, and DNA, a microenvironment compatible with a pathogenic microbial community. Previously, we found that archaeal DNA-positive infectious microvesicles (iMVs) were detected in vulnerable plaques and in the sera of Chagas disease patients with heart failure. Now, we characterize and quantify the levels of serum microbiome extracellular vesicles through their size and content using morphomolecular techniques to differentiate clinical outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD). We detected increased numbers of large iMVs (0.8–1.34 nm) with highly negative surface charge that were positive for archaeal DNA, Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigens and MMP9 in the sera of severe AMI patients, strongly favoring our hypothesis that pathogenic archaea may play a role in the worst outcomes of atherosclerosis. The highest numbers of EVs <100 nm (exosomes) and MVs from 100 to 200 nm in the stable atherosclerotic and control healthy groups compared with the AMI groups were indicative that these EVs are protective, entrapping and degrading infectious antigens and active MMP9 and protect against the development of plaque rupture. Conclusion: A microbiome with pathogenic archaea is associated with high numbers of serum iMVs in AMI with the worst prognosis. This pioneering work demonstrates that the morphomolecular characterization and quantification of iEVs in serum may constitute a promising serum prognostic biomarker in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Rodrigues Moreno
- Laboratorio de Patologia Cardiaca, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Franchini Ramires
- Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Matos Soeiro
- Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luanda Mara da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências - LIM56, Departamento de Dermatologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Nishiyama Ikegami
- Laboratorio de Patologia Cardiaca, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Tiyeko Kawakami
- Laboratorio de Patologia Cardiaca, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline de Jesus Pereira
- Laboratorio de Patologia Cardiaca, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Martins Reis
- Laboratorio de Patologia Cardiaca, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Higuchi
- Laboratorio de Patologia Cardiaca, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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COVID-19 Disease, Women's Predominant Non-Heparin Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia and Kounis Syndrome: A Passepartout Cytokine Storm Interplay. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080959. [PMID: 34440163 PMCID: PMC8391920 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitute one of the deadliest pandemics in modern history demonstrating cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematologic, mucocutaneous, respiratory, neurological, renal and testicular manifestations and further complications. COVID-19-induced excessive immune response accompanied with uncontrolled release of cytokines culminating in cytokine storm seem to be the common pathogenetic mechanism of these complications. The aim of this narrative review is to elucidate the relation between anaphylaxis associated with profound hypotension or hypoxemia with pro-inflammatory cytokine release. COVID-19 relation with Kounis syndrome and post-COVID-19 vaccination correlation with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (HITT), especially serious cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, were also reviewed. Methods: A current literature search in PubMed, Embase and Google databases was performed to reveal the pathophysiology, prevalence, clinical manifestation, correlation and treatment of COVID-19, anaphylaxis with profuse hypotension, Kounis acute coronary syndrome and thrombotic events post vaccination. Results: The same key immunological pathophysiology mechanisms and cells seem to underlie COVID-19 cardiovascular complications and the anaphylaxis-associated Kounis syndrome. The myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 has been attributed to coronary spasm, plaque rupture and microthrombi formation, hypoxic injury or cytokine storm disposing the same pathophysiology with the three clinical variants of Kounis syndrome. COVID-19-interrelated vaccine excipients as polysorbate, polyethelene glycol (PEG) and trometamol constitute potential allergenic substances. Conclusion: Better acknowledgement of the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical similarities, multiorgan complications of COVID-19 or other viral infections as dengue and human immunodeficiency viruses along with the action of inflammatory cells inducing the Kounis syndrome could identify better immunological approaches for prevention, treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as post-COVID-19 vaccine adverse reactions.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the features and risk factors of bacterial skin infections (BSIs) in hospitalized patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP). METHODS Records were retrospectively reviewed for 110 hospitalized patients with BP admitted to Peking University First Hospital between 2013 and 2019. Bacterial species and drug resistance were assessed, and then the underlying risk factors for BSIs were evaluated. RESULTS Infections were present in 40% (44/110) of the patients. Staphylococcus aureus (72.7%, 32/44) was the most common bacterium, and it was highly resistant to penicillin (81.3%, 26/32), erythromycin (62.5%, 20/32), and clindamycin (56.3%, 18/32), but 100.0% sensitive to vancomycin and tigecycline. Coronary heart disease (P = .02; odds ratio [OR], 12.68), multisystem comorbidities (P = .02; OR, 3.67), hypoalbuminemia (P = .04; OR, 3.70), high levels of anti-BP180 antibodies (>112.4 U/mL; P = .003; OR, 6.43), and season (spring: reference; summer: P = .002; OR, 23.58; autumn: P = .02; OR, 12.19; winter: P = .02; OR, 13.19) were significantly associated with BSIs. CONCLUSIONS Hospitalized patients with BP had a high incidence of BSIs, and those patients with underlying risk factors require careful management to prevent and control BSIs.
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Filardo S, Di Pietro M, Diaco F, Romano S, Sessa R. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in SARS-CoV-2- and Chlamydia pneumoniae-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070723. [PMID: 34202515 PMCID: PMC8301438 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the years, a growing number of studies have provided evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of infectious agent-related cardiovascular diseases. Amongst the numerous respiratory pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus responsible for the global ongoing pandemic, and Chlamydia pneumoniae, a widely known intracellular obligate bacteria, seem to have an essential role in promoting reactive oxygen species and cytokine production. The present review highlights the common oxidative and inflammatory molecular pathways underlying the cardiovascular diseases associated with SARS-CoV-2 or C. pneumoniae infections. The main therapeutic and preventive approaches using natural antioxidant compounds will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Fabiana Diaco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Silvio Romano
- Cardiology, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, P.le Salvatore Tommasi, 1, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
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Paulsen AJ, Fischer ME, Pinto A, Merten N, Dillard LK, Schubert CR, Huang GH, Klein BEK, Tweed TS, Cruickshanks KJ. Incidence of Hearing Impairment and Changes in Pure-Tone Average Across Generations. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 147:151-158. [PMID: 33211071 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Age-adjusted prevalence of hearing impairment (HI) decreased across generations in the 20th century, suggesting that HI is partially preventable. It is not known whether HI incidence differs by generation. Objectives To examine whether HI incidence and change in pure-tone average (PTA) differ by generation and identify factors underlying these differences. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS) and Beaver Dam Offspring Study (BOSS), a pair of studies of adults in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Baseline examinations occurred from 1993 to 1995 in the EHLS and 2005 to 2008 in BOSS, with two 5-year follow-up examinations in each cohort. This longitudinal cohort study assessed 3651 participants without HI at baseline who had follow-up data. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was incident HI measured by pure-tone audiometry, defined as PTA greater than 25-dB hearing level (dB HL) in either ear. Associations of 5-year incidence were estimated by relative risks (RRs) and 10-year cumulative incidence with generation, as categorized by commonly used sociodemographic descriptors of year of birth, by hazard ratios (HRs). The 10-year change in PTA was investigated using a generation × time interaction term in generalized estimating equation models. Results Among the 3651 participants (mean [SD] age at baseline 53.1 [10.6] years; 2255 [61.8%] female; and 3567 [97.7%] non-Hispanic White), the 5-year HI incidence was 14.1% (95% CI, 13.0%-15.3%) and the 10-year cumulative incidence was 26.0% (95% CI, 24.6%-27.6%). The incidence increased with age. The risk of 5-year incident HI decreased by generation (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.97) when adjusting for multiple covariates. The decreased risk was similar in the 10-year period (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.73-1.01). The PTA change rate (per 5 years of follow-up) decreased by generation, with the Greatest Generation (born 1901-1924) experiencing the highest rate (7.03 dB HL). The rates were all significantly lower for the other generations (Silent Generation [born 1925-1945], 3.30 dB HL; Baby Boom Generation [born 1946-1964], 3.36 dB HL; and Generation X [born 1965-1984], 2.33 dB HL). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that the risk of HI and rate of PTA change is lower for the Silent Generation and Baby Boom Generation compared with the Greatest Generation. Part of this lower risk is likely associated with changes in modifiable factors. A potential continued benefit may exist for Generation X. Combined with the reduced risk of HI for the Silent Generation and Baby Boom Generation, this finding implies that the future HI burden may be lower than current estimates suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Paulsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Mary E Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Alex Pinto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Natascha Merten
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Lauren K Dillard
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin, Madison (Dillard)
| | - Carla R Schubert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Guan-Hua Huang
- Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Ted S Tweed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Karen J Cruickshanks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison.,Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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45
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Nilchian A, Plant E, Parniewska MM, Santiago A, Rossignoli A, Skogsberg J, Hedin U, Matic L, Fuxe J. Induction of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor in Macrophages During the Formation of Atherosclerotic Plaques. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:2041-2051. [PMID: 32852032 PMCID: PMC7661765 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple viruses are implicated in atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms by which they infect cells and contribute to plaque formation in arterial walls are not well understood. Based on reports showing the presence of enterovirus in atherosclerotic plaques we hypothesized that the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR/CAR), although absent in normal arteries, could be induced during plaque formation. Large-scale microarray and mass spectrometric analyses revealed significant up-regulation of CXADR messenger RNA and protein levels in plaque-invested carotid arteries compared with control arteries. Macrophages were identified as a previously unknown cellular source of CXADR in human plaques and plaques from Ldr-/-Apob100/100 mice. CXADR was specifically associated with M1-polarized macrophages and foam cells and was experimentally induced during macrophage differentiation. Furthermore, it was significantly correlated with receptors for other viruses linked to atherosclerosis. The results show that CXADR is induced in macrophages during plaque formation, suggesting a mechanism by which enterovirus infect cells in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Nilchian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Estelle Plant
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata M Parniewska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Santiago
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aránzazu Rossignoli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefin Skogsberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Fuxe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Takeoka H, Sagara Y, Ksashiwagi S, Nabeshima S. Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Infection Is a Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med Res 2021; 13:164-169. [PMID: 33854656 PMCID: PMC8016519 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection, such as by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been reported to cause atherosclerosis by inducing inflammation. Because human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus, as is HIV, we investigated the possible influence of HTLV-1 on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by use of established atherosclerosis parameters. Methods The study was done on Iki Island, Fukuoka, an area endemic for HTLV-1. The data of 1,424 residents who reported to an annual health check were available for analysis. Anti-HTLV-1 antibody status and factors associated with atherosclerosis were examined, including maximum intima-media thickness (Max-IMT) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV). Results HTLV-1 positive participants had significantly higher Max-IMT (1.15 ± 0.55 vs. 1.08 ± 0.61 mm, P = 0.04) and PWV (1,760.6 ± 414.5 vs. 1,657.1 ± 425.5 cm/s, P < 0.01) values than did those negative. Moreover, in multiple regression analysis (odds ratio: 1.39, P < 0.01) of participants with Max-IMT 1.1 mm or over, HTLV-1 was extracted as an independent factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Conclusion Our results indicate that HTLV-1 infection confers a high risk of atherosclerosis, although its opposite relation is also possible. It is important to carefully follow the health status of HTLV-1 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takeoka
- General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.,General Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sagara
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, 1-2-1 Kamikoga, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8588, Japan
| | - Seizaburo Ksashiwagi
- Fukuoka Center, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, 1-2-1 Kamikoga, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8588, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nabeshima
- General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Russell AE, Cavendish JZ, Rai A, Vannoy M, Dakhlallah AH, Hu H, Ren X, Amer A, Brown CM, Marsh CB, Simpkins JW, Dakhlallah D. Intermittent Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Significantly Increases Cortical Infarct Size and Impairs Autophagy. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:1759091421991769. [PMID: 33626880 PMCID: PMC8020222 DOI: 10.1177/1759091421991769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Traditional risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and obesity do not fully account for all stroke cases. Recent infection is regarded as changes in systemic immune signaling, which can increase thrombosis formation and other stroke risk factors. We have previously shown that administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 30-minutes prior to stroke increases in infarct volume. In the current study, we found that animals intermittently exposed to LPS have larger cortical infarcts when compared to saline controls. To elucidate the mechanism behind this phenomenon, several avenues were investigated. We observed significant upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA, especially in the ipsilateral hemisphere of both saline and LPS exposed groups compared to sham surgery animals. We also observed significant reductions in expression of genes involved in autophagy in the ipsilateral hemisphere of LPS stroke animals. In addition, we assessed DNA methylation of autophagy genes and observed a significant increase in the ipsilateral hemisphere of LPS stroke animals. Intermittent exposure to LPS increases cortical infarct volume, downregulates autophagy genes, and induces hypermethylation of the corresponding CpG islands. These data suggest that intermittent immune activation may deregulate epigenetic mechanisms and promote neuropathological outcomes after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Russell
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States.,Rockerfeller Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States.,Department of Biology, School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - John Z Cavendish
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States.,Rockerfeller Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States
| | - Ali Rai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States
| | - Mya Vannoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States
| | - Ahmad H Dakhlallah
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States
| | - Heng Hu
- Rockerfeller Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States
| | - Xuefang Ren
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States.,Rockerfeller Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States
| | - Amal Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Candice M Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States.,Rockerfeller Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States
| | - Clay B Marsh
- Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States
| | - James W Simpkins
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States.,Rockerfeller Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States
| | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, United States.,School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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Alhusseiny SM, Saleh NE, El-Zayady WM, Hussein MS, El-Beshbishi SN. Association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and coronary atherosclerosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1190-1197. [PMID: 33596320 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide protozoon that can infect all nucleated vertebrate cells. Little information is available about the association between T. gondii infection and coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS A total of 320 cases were enrolled (160 patients with coronary atherosclerosis and 160 non-atherosclerotic individuals). Blood samples were collected to measure anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum lipid profile. Coronary angiogram was also performed. RESULTS The seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic individuals was 63.1% and 46.2%, respectively, with higher levels of anti-T. gondii IgG in atherosclerotic patients. Consumption of contaminated water, unwashed fruits and vegetables and raw meat and contact with soil were significant risk factors for Toxoplasma infection. Significant differences were detected in serum levels of low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides and cholesterol between both groups. Positive correlations were detected between ELISA titres and serum levels of low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides and cholesterol, disease severity and the number of affected vessels. Male gender and contact with soil had a significant association with positive T. gondii serology in atherosclerotic patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with coronary atherosclerosis have a high prevalence of T. gondii infection. More studies are crucial to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of chronic toxoplasmosis on coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Alhusseiny
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nora E Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M El-Zayady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Hussein
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Specialized Medical Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar N El-Beshbishi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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49
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Algowhary M. Association between age and infection in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Egypt Heart J 2021; 73:12. [PMID: 33515355 PMCID: PMC7847417 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-021-00137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in young patients has a unique risk profile. We aimed to detect bacteria in aspirate of infarct artery in young versus old patients. Results Aspirates of consecutive 140 patients who underwent a primary coronary intervention were taken for bacteriological, microscopical, and immunohistochemical (for bacterial pneumolysin) examinations. Their results were calculated in young (≤ 50 years) versus old (> 50 years) patients. Median age (interquartile range) was 45 (38–48) years in young (60 patients) and 59 (55–65) years in old (80 patients) patients, p < 0.0001. Both groups had similar baseline data except age, males, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, family history, lesion length, and ectatic vessel. Different bacteria were cultured in 11.3% of all patients involving 22.6% of young and 2.8% of old patients [hazard ratio 8.03 (95% CI 1.83–51.49), p = 0.002]. By multivariate analyses, age groups and leukocytic count were independent predictors of infection (bacteria and pneumolysin), p = 0.027 and p < 0.0001, respectively. Optimal cutoff value of leukocytic count was 12,250 cells/μl [ROC curve sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 86.4%, and AUC 0.97 (95% CI 0.95–1.0), p < 0.001]. Infection was an independent predictor of STEMI in young versus old patients, p < 0.001. Nevertheless, in-hospital events occurred insignificantly different and neither age groups nor infection was predictor of in-hospital events. Conclusions Young patients had significantly higher percentage of bacteria in their infarcted artery than old patients. High leukocytic count in patients below 50 predicts infection that causes acute myocardial infarction. Antibacterial trials directed toward this group are required for secondary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy Algowhary
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Assiut University Heart Hospital, Assiut University, Asyut, 71515, Egypt.
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50
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Liu Y, Zhang HG. Vigilance on New-Onset Atherosclerosis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:629413. [PMID: 33553222 PMCID: PMC7855580 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.629413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global challenge to public health. While its typical clinical manifestations are respiratory disorders, emerging evidence of cardiovascular complications indicates the adverse interaction between SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular outcomes. Given that viral infection has emerged as an additional risk factor for atherosclerosis, in this paper, we attempt to clarify the susceptibility to new-onset atherosclerosis in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Mechanistically, serving as functional receptors for SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mediates SARS-CoV-2 infection of endothelial cells (ECs) directly, leading to endothelial dysfunction and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In addition, high expression of CD147, an alternative receptor, and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome may also contribute to atherosclerosis in the context of COVID-19. More importantly, SARS-CoV-2 attacks the immune system, which results in excessive inflammation and perpetuates a vicious cycle of deteriorated endothelial dysfunction that further promotes inflammation. The alterations in the blood lipid profile induced by COVID-19 should not be ignored in assessing the predisposition toward atherosclerosis in victims of COVID-19. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the long-term monitoring of inflammatory factors and endothelial function should be considered in the follow-up of patients who have recovered from COVID-19 for early detection and prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai-Gang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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