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Rubovitch V, Pharayra A, Har-Even M, Dvir O, Mattson MP, Pick CG. Dietary Energy Restriction Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:613-621. [PMID: 30734244 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of neurological damage in young people. It was previously reported that dietary restriction, by either intermittent fasting (IF) or daily caloric restriction (CR), could protect neurons against dysfunction and degeneration in animal models of stroke and Parkinson's disease. Recently, several studies have shown that the protein Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) plays a significant role in the induced neuroprotection following dietary restriction. In the present study, we found a significant reduction of SIRT1 levels in the cortex and hippocampus in a mouse model of mild weight-drop closed head TBI. This reduction was prevented in mice maintained on IF (alternate day fasting) and CR initiated after the head trauma. Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory (measured using a novel object recognition test) was impaired 30 days post-injury in mice fed ad libitum, but not in mice in the IF and CR groups. These results suggest a clinical potential for IF and/or CR as an intervention to reduce brain damage and improve functional outcome in TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - A Pharayra
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M Har-Even
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - O Dvir
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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2
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Abstract
Mutations of mtDNA accumulate in aging humans and other mammals to cause mitochondrial dysfunction in a subset of cells in various tissues. Furthermore, experimental induction of mtDNA mutations causes a premature aging syndrome in the mouse. To study if mitochondrial dysfunction is universally involved in shortening life span in metazoans, we generated a series of fruit fly lines with varying levels of mtDNA mutations. Unexpectedly, we report that fruit flies are remarkably tolerant to mtDNA mutations, as exemplified by their lack of effect on physiology and lifespan. Only an artificially induced, very drastic increase of the mtDNA mutation load will lead to reduced lifespan, showing that mtDNA mutations are unlikely to limit lifespan in natural fruit fly populations. Mammals develop age-associated clonal expansion of somatic mtDNA mutations resulting in severe respiratory chain deficiency in a subset of cells in a variety of tissues. Both mathematical modeling based on descriptive data from humans and experimental data from mtDNA mutator mice suggest that the somatic mutations are formed early in life and then undergo mitotic segregation during adult life to reach very high levels in certain cells. To address whether mtDNA mutations have a universal effect on aging metazoans, we investigated their role in physiology and aging of fruit flies. To this end, we utilized genetically engineered flies expressing mutant versions of the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial DNA polymerase (DmPOLγA) as a means to introduce mtDNA mutations. We report here that lifespan and health in fruit flies are remarkably tolerant to mtDNA mutations. Our results show that the short lifespan and wide genetic bottleneck of fruit flies are limiting the extent of clonal expansion of mtDNA mutations both in individuals and between generations. However, an increase of mtDNA mutations to very high levels caused sensitivity to mechanical and starvation stress, intestinal stem cell dysfunction, and reduced lifespan under standard conditions. In addition, the effects of dietary restriction, widely considered beneficial for organismal health, were attenuated in flies with very high levels of mtDNA mutations.
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3
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Morgan AH, Rees DJ, Andrews ZB, Davies JS. Ghrelin mediated neuroprotection - A possible therapy for Parkinson's disease? Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:317-326. [PMID: 29277488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder affecting 10 million people worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still unclear. The disease is characterised by dopamine nerve cell loss in the mid-brain and intra-cellular accumulation of α-synuclein that results in motor and non-motor dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective effects of the stomach hormone, ghrelin, in models of Parkinson's disease. Recent findings suggest that it may modulate mitochondrial function and autophagic clearance of impaired organelle in response to changes in cellular energy balance. We consider the putative cellular mechanisms underlying ghrelin-action and the possible role of ghrelin mimetics in slowing or preventing Parkinson's disease progression. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwena H Morgan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, UK
| | - Daniel J Rees
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, UK
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, UK.
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4
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Mulvey L, Sands WA, Salin K, Carr AE, Selman C. Disentangling the effect of dietary restriction on mitochondrial function using recombinant inbred mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 455:41-53. [PMID: 27597651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan and healthspan in many species, but precisely how it elicits its beneficial effects is unclear. We investigated the impact of DR on mitochondrial function within liver and skeletal muscle of female ILSXISS mice that exhibit strain-specific variation in lifespan under 40% DR. Strains TejJ89 (lifespan increased under DR), TejJ48 (lifespan unaffected by DR) and TejJ114 (lifespan decreased under DR) were studied following 10 months of 40% DR (13 months of age). Oxygen consumption rates (OCR) within isolated liver mitochondria were unaffected by DR in TejJ89 and TejJ48, but decreased by DR in TejJ114. DR had no effect on hepatic protein levels of PGC-1a, TFAM, and OXPHOS complexes IV. Mitonuclear protein imbalance (nDNA:mtDNA ratio) was unaffected by DR, but HSP90 protein levels were reduced in TejJ114 under DR. Surprisingly hepatic mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production was elevated by DR in TejJ89, with total superoxide dismutase activity and protein carbonyls increased by DR in both TejJ89 and TejJ114. In skeletal muscle, DR had no effect on mitochondrial OCR, OXPHOS complexes or mitonuclear protein imbalance, but H2O2 production was decreased in TejJ114 and nuclear PGC-1a increased in TejJ89 under DR. Our findings indicate that hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction associated with reduced lifespan of TejJ114 mice under 40% DR, but similar dysfunction was not apparent in skeletal muscle mitochondria. We highlight tissue-specific differences in the mitochondrial response in ILSXISS mice to DR, and underline the importance and challenges of exploiting genetic heterogeneity to help understand mechanisms of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Mulvey
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - William A Sands
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Karine Salin
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Amanda E Carr
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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5
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Morgan AH, Andrews ZB, Davies JS. Less is more: Caloric regulation of neurogenesis and adult brain function. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28771924 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calorie intake is essential for regulating normal physiological processes and is fundamental to maintaining life. Indeed, both extremes of calorie intake result in increased morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss the effect of calorie intake on adult brain function, with an emphasis on the beneficial effects of mild calorie restriction. Recent findings relating to the regenerative and protective effects of the gastrointestinal hormone, ghrelin, suggest that it may underlie the beneficial effects of calorie restriction. We discuss the putative cellular mechanisms underlying the action of ghrelin and their possible role in supporting healthy brain ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Morgan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Z B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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6
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Wu B, Jiang M, Peng Q, Li G, Hou Z, Milne GL, Mori S, Alonso R, Geisler JG, Duan W. 2,4 DNP improves motor function, preserves medium spiny neuronal identity, and reduces oxidative stress in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:83-90. [PMID: 28359739 PMCID: PMC9912814 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the first exon of the gene huntingtin. There is no treatment to prevent or delay the disease course of HD currently. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as key determinants of the disease progression in HD. Therefore, counteracting mutant huntingtin (mHtt)-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction appears as a new approach to treat this devastating disease. Interestingly, mild mitochondrial uncoupling improves neuronal resistance to stress and facilitates neuronal survival. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling can be induced by the proper dose of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a proton ionophore that was previously used for weight loss. In this study, we evaluated the effects of chronic administration of DNP at three doses (0.5, 1, 5mg/kg/day) on mHtt-induced behavioral deficits and cellular abnormalities in the N171-82Q HD mouse model. DNP at a low dose (1mg/kg/day) significantly improved motor function and preserved medium spiny neuronal marker DARPP32 and postsynaptic protein PSD95 in the striatum of HD mice. Further mechanistic study suggests that DNP at this dose reduced oxidative stress in HD mice, which was indicated by reduced levels of F2-isoprostanes in the brain of HD mice treated with DNP. Our data indicated that DNP provided behavioral benefit and neuroprotective effect at a weight neutral dose in HD mice, suggesting that the potential value of repositioning DNP to HD treatment is warranted in well-controlled clinical trials in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of General Practice, The First hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mali Jiang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Qi Peng
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gang Li
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolian Medical University School of Pharmacy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolian, China
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Eicosanoid Core Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Susumu Mori
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert Alonso
- Mitochon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Radnor, PA, United States
| | | | - Wenzhen Duan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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7
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Cararo JH, Streck EL, Schuck PF, Ferreira GDC. Carnosine and Related Peptides: Therapeutic Potential in Age-Related Disorders. Aging Dis 2015; 6:369-79. [PMID: 26425391 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazole dipeptides (ID), such as carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine), are compounds widely distributed in excitable tissues of vertebrates. ID are also endowed of several biochemical properties in biological tissues, including antioxidant, bivalent metal ion chelating, proton buffering, and carbonyl scavenger activities. Furthermore, remarkable biological effects have been assigned to such compounds in age-related human disorders and in patients whose activity of serum carnosinase is deficient or undetectable. Nevertheless, the precise biological role of ID is still to be unraveled. In the present review we shall discuss some evidences from clinical and basic studies for the utilization of ID as a drug therapy for age-related human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- José H Cararo
- 1 Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-Graduaçãoem Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- 2 Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia F Schuck
- 1 Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-Graduaçãoem Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo da C Ferreira
- 3 Laboratório de Bioenergética, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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8
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Zhang B, Cui S, Bai X, Zhuo L, Sun X, Hong Q, Fu B, Wang J, Chen X, Cai G. SIRT3 overexpression antagonizes high glucose accelerated cellular senescence in human diploid fibroblasts via the SIRT3-FOXO1 signaling pathway. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2237-53. [PMID: 23494737 PMCID: PMC3825003 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is one of the seven mammalian sirtuins, which are homologs of the yeast Sir2 gene. SIRT3 is the only sirtuin reported to be associated with human life span. Many recent studies have indicated that SIRT3 levels are elevated by exercise and caloric restriction, but whether SIRT3 influences cell senescence under stressed conditions in human diploid fibroblasts has not been established. Our data showed that expression of SIRT3 is elevated in human diploid fibroblasts under low glucose (3.3 mM glucose) growth conditions and decreased under high glucose (25 mM glucose) growth conditions. We have demonstrated that SIRT3 interacts with forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1). High glucose levels also increased aging phenotypes and FOXO1 acetylation level. We have demonstrated that overexpression of SIRT3 under high glucose conditions reduces FOXO1 acetylation, suggesting that deacetylation of FOXO1 by SIRT3 elevates the expression of the FOXO1 target genes, catalase, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) while decreasing senescence phenotypes. We studied the effects of SIRT3 protein knockdown by shRNA under low glucose conditions. The data showed that shRNA-SIRT3 accelerated senescence phenotypes and acetylation of FOXO1; the expression level of catalase and MnSOD decreased compared with the control group. As a consequence, SIRT3 antagonized cellular senescence with the characteristic features of delayed SA-β-gal staining, senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) formation, and p16(INK4A) expression. These results demonstrate for the first time that SIRT3 overexpression antagonizes high glucose-induced cellular senescence in human diploid fibroblasts via the SIRT3-FOXO1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, 100853 China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 China
| | - Shaoyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Li Zhuo
- Department of Nephrology, China - Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Quan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Bo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, 100853 China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, Beijing, 100853 China
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9
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Kang C, Chung E, Diffee G, Ji LL. Exercise training attenuates aging-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in rat skeletal muscle: role of PGC-1α. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1343-50. [PMID: 23994518 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aged skeletal muscle demonstrates declines in muscle mass and deterioration of mitochondrial content and function. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) plays an important role in promoting muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in response to exercise training, but its role in senescent muscle is not clear. In the present study we hypothesize that a downregulation of the PGC-1α signaling pathway contributes to mitochondrial deterioration in aged muscle whereas endurance training ameliorates the deficits. Three groups of Fischer 344/BNF1 rats were used: young, sedentary (Y, 4 months); old, sedentary (O, 22 months); and old trained (OT, 22 months), subjected to treadmill running at 17.5 m/min, 10% grade for 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 12-weeks. PGC-1α mRNA and nuclear PGC-1α protein content in the soleus muscle were both decreased in O vs. Y rats, whereas OT rats showed a 2.3 and 1.8-fold higher PGC-1α content than O and Y rats, respectively (P<0.01). Mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), cytochrome c (Cyt c) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA contents were significantly decreased in O vs. Y rats, but elevated by 2.2 (P<0.01), 1.4 (P<0.05) and 2.4-fold (P<0.01), respectively, in OT vs. O rats. In addition, Tfam and mtDNA showed 1.6 and 1.8-fold (P<0.01) higher levels, respectively, in OT vs. Y rats. These adaptations were accompanied by significant increases in the expression of the phosphorylated form of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) (P<0.01), p38 mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) (P<0.05) and silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) (P<0.01) in OT rats. Furthermore, OT rats showed great levels of phosphorylation in cAMP responsive element binding protein (p-CREB) and DNA binding compared to O and Y rats. These data indicate that endurance training can attenuate aging-associated decline in mitochondrial protein synthesis in skeletal muscle partly due to upregulation of PGC-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chounghun Kang
- The Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; The Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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10
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Dutra MF, Bristot IJ, Batassini C, Cunha NB, Vizuete AFK, de Souza DF, Moreira JCF, Gonçalves CA. Effects of chronic caloric restriction on kidney and heart redox status and antioxidant enzyme activities in Wistar rats. BMB Rep 2013. [PMID: 23187008 PMCID: PMC4133804 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been associated with health benefits and these effects have been attributed, in part, to modulation of oxidative status by CR; however, data are still controversial. Here, we investigate the effects of seventeen weeks of chronic CR on parameters of oxidative damage/modification of proteins and on antioxidant enzyme activities in cardiac and kidney tissues. Our results demonstrate that CR induced an increase in protein carbonylation in the heart without changing the content of sulfhydryl groups or the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT). Moreover, CR caused an increase in CAT activity in kidney, without changing other parameters. Protein carbonylation has been associated with oxidative damage and functional impairment; however, we cannot exclude the possibility that, under our conditions, this alteration indicates a different functional meaning in the heart tissue. In addition, we reinforce the idea that CR can increase CAT activity in the kidney. [BMB Reports 2012; 45(11): 671-676]
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Ferreira Dutra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Sáude, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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11
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Bowers J, Terrien J, Clerget-Froidevaux MS, Gothié JD, Rozing MP, Westendorp RGJ, van Heemst D, Demeneix BA. Thyroid hormone signaling and homeostasis during aging. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:556-89. [PMID: 23696256 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans and in animal models show negative correlations between thyroid hormone (TH) levels and longevity. TH signaling is implicated in maintaining and integrating metabolic homeostasis at multiple levels, notably centrally in the hypothalamus but also in peripheral tissues. The question is thus raised of how TH signaling is modulated during aging in different tissues. Classically, TH actions on mitochondria and heat production are obvious candidates to link negative effects of TH to aging. Mitochondrial effects of excess TH include reactive oxygen species and DNA damage, 2 factors often considered as aging accelerators. Inversely, caloric restriction, which can retard aging from nematodes to primates, causes a rapid reduction of circulating TH, reducing metabolism in birds and mammals. However, many other factors could link TH to aging, and it is these potentially subtler and less explored areas that are highlighted here. For example, effects of TH on membrane composition, inflammatory responses, stem cell renewal and synchronization of physiological responses to light could each contribute to TH regulation of maintenance of homeostasis during aging. We propose the hypothesis that constraints on TH signaling at certain life stages, notably during maturity, are advantageous for optimal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bowers
- Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Générale et Comparée, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7221, 75231 Paris cedex 5, France
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12
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Curtis JM, Hahn WS, Long EK, Burrill JS, Arriaga EA, Bernlohr DA. Protein carbonylation and metabolic control systems. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:399-406. [PMID: 22742812 PMCID: PMC3408802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is linked to the production of reactive lipid aldehydes that non-enzymatically alkylate cysteine, histidine, or lysine residues in a reaction termed protein carbonylation. Reactive lipid aldehydes and their derivatives are detoxified via a variety of phase I and phase II systems, and when antioxidant defenses are compromised or oxidative conditions are increased, protein carbonylation is increased. The resulting modification has been implicated as causative in a variety of metabolic states including neurodegeneration, muscle wasting, insulin resistance, and aging. Although such modifications usually result in loss of protein function, protein carbonylation may be regulatory and activate signaling pathways involved in antioxidant biology and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Wendy S. Hahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Eric K. Long
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Joel S. Burrill
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David A Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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13
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Skeletal muscle transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α mediates mitochondrial, but not metabolic, changes during calorie restriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:2931-6. [PMID: 22308395 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115813109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is a dietary intervention that extends lifespan and healthspan in a variety of organisms. CR improves mitochondrial energy production, fuel oxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging in skeletal muscle and other tissues, and these processes are thought to be critical to the benefits of CR. PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates mitochondrial function and is induced by CR. Consequently, many of the mitochondrial and metabolic benefits of CR are attributed to increased PGC-1α activity. To test this model, we examined the metabolic and mitochondrial response to CR in mice lacking skeletal muscle PGC-1α (MKO). Surprisingly, MKO mice demonstrated a normal improvement in glucose homeostasis in response to CR, indicating that skeletal muscle PGC-1α is dispensable for the whole-body benefits of CR. In contrast, gene expression profiling and electron microscopy (EM) demonstrated that PGC-1α is required for the full CR-induced increases in mitochondrial gene expression and mitochondrial density in skeletal muscle. These results demonstrate that PGC-1α is a major regulator of the mitochondrial response to CR in skeletal muscle, but surprisingly show that neither PGC-1α nor mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle are required for the whole-body metabolic benefits of CR.
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Hempenstall S, Page MM, Wallen KR, Selman C. Dietary restriction increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration but not mitochondrial content in C57BL/6 mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2011; 133:37-45. [PMID: 22212415 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is suggested to induce mitochondrial biogenesis, although recently this has been challenged. Here we determined the impact of 1, 9 and 18 months of 30% DR in male C57BL/6 mice on key mitochondrial factors and on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, relative to age-matched ad libitum (AL) controls. We examined proteins and mRNAs associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and measured mitochondrial respiration in permeabilised myofibres using high resolution respirometry. 30% DR, irrespective of duration, had no effect on citrate synthase activity. In contrast, total and nuclear protein levels of PGC-1α, mRNA levels of several mitochondrial associated proteins (Pgc-1α, Nrf1, Core 1, Cox IV, Atps) and cytochrome c oxidase content were increased in skeletal muscle of DR mice. Furthermore, a range of mitochondrial respiration rates were increased significantly by DR, with DR partially attenuating the age-related decline in respiration observed in AL controls. Therefore, DR did not increase mitochondrial content, as determined by citrate synthase, in mouse skeletal muscle. However, it did induce a PGC-1α adaptive response and increased mitochondrial respiration. Thus, we suggest that a functionally 'efficient' mitochondrial electron transport chain may be a critical mechanism underlying DR, rather than any net increase in mitochondrial content per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hempenstall
- Integrative and Environmental Physiology, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK
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Ellers J, Ruhe B, Visser B. Discriminating between energetic content and dietary composition as an explanation for dietary restriction effects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1670-1676. [PMID: 21914451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in dietary calories has been shown to prolong life span in a wide variety of taxa, but there has been much debate about confounding factors such as nutritional composition of the diet, or reallocation of nutrients from reduced reproduction. To disentangle the contribution of these different mechanisms to extension of life span, we study the effect of caloric restriction on longevity and fecundity in two species of sugar-feeding parasitoid wasps. They have a simple diet that consists of carbohydrates only, and they do not resorb eggs, which rules out the proposed alternative explanations for beneficial effects of caloric restriction. Two caloric restriction treatments were applied: first, dietary dilution to investigate the effect of carbohydrate concentration in the diet; and second, intermittent feeding to examine the effect of feeding frequency on longevity and fecundity. Only the dietary dilution treatment showed an effect of caloric restriction with the highest longevity recorded at 80% sucrose (w/v). No effect of dietary regime was found on fecundity. We also measured the weight increase of the parasitoids after feeding to obtain an estimate of consumption. A constant quantity of the sugar solution was consumed in all dietary dilution treatments, hence caloric intake was proportional to sucrose concentrations. Although the present study does not disqualify the relevance of nutrient composition in other species, our data unequivocally demonstrate that caloric restriction alone is sufficient to extend life span and invalidate alternative explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Birkenfeld AL, Lee HY, Guebre-Egziabher F, Alves TC, Jurczak MJ, Jornayvaz FR, Zhang D, Hsiao JJ, Martin-Montalvo A, Fischer-Rosinsky A, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF, Jordan J, Fromm MF, König J, Lieske S, Carmean CM, Frederick DW, Weismann D, Knauf F, Irusta PM, De Cabo R, Helfand SL, Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Deletion of the mammalian INDY homolog mimics aspects of dietary restriction and protects against adiposity and insulin resistance in mice. Cell Metab 2011; 14:184-95. [PMID: 21803289 PMCID: PMC3163140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduced expression of the Indy (I'm Not Dead, Yet) gene in D. melanogaster and its homolog in C. elegans prolongs life span and in D. melanogaster augments mitochondrial biogenesis in a manner akin to caloric restriction. However, the cellular mechanism by which Indy does this is unknown. Here, we report on the knockout mouse model of the mammalian Indy (mIndy) homolog, SLC13A5. Deletion of mIndy in mice (mINDY(-/-) mice) reduces hepatocellular ATP/ADP ratio, activates hepatic AMPK, induces PGC-1α, inhibits ACC-2, and reduces SREBP-1c levels. This signaling network promotes hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis, lipid oxidation, and energy expenditure and attenuates hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Together, these traits protect mINDY(-/-) mice from the adiposity and insulin resistance that evolve with high-fat feeding and aging. Our studies demonstrate a profound effect of mIndy on mammalian energy metabolism and suggest that mINDY might be a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Lombard DB, Tishkoff DX, Bao J. Mitochondrial sirtuins in the regulation of mitochondrial activity and metabolic adaptation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011; 206:163-88. [PMID: 21879450 PMCID: PMC3245626 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21631-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, mitochondria carry out numerous functions that are central to cellular and organismal health. How mitochondrial activities are regulated in response to differing environmental conditions, such as variations in diet, remains an important unsolved question in biology. Here, we review emerging evidence suggesting that reversible acetylation of mitochondrial proteins on lysine residues represents a key mechanism by which mitochondrial functions are adjusted to meet environmental demands. In mammals, three members of the sirtuin class of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases - SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 - localize to mitochondria and regulate targets involved in a diverse array of biochemical pathways. The importance of this activity is highlighted by recent studies of SIRT3 indicating that this protein suppresses the emergence of diverse age-related pathologies: hearing loss, cardiac fibrosis, and malignancy. Together, these findings argue that mitochondrial protein acetylation represents a central means by which mammals regulate mitochondrial functions to maintain cellular and organismal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Gerontology, 3015 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Haigis MC, Yankner BA. The aging stress response. Mol Cell 2010; 40:333-44. [PMID: 20965426 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the outcome of a balance between damage and repair. The rate of aging and the appearance of age-related pathology are modulated by stress response and repair pathways that gradually decline, including the proteostasis and DNA damage repair networks and mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. Highly conserved insulin/IGF-1, TOR, and sirtuin signaling pathways in turn control these critical cellular responses. The coordinated action of these signaling pathways maintains cellular and organismal homeostasis in the face of external perturbations, such as changes in nutrient availability, temperature, and oxygen level, as well as internal perturbations, such as protein misfolding and DNA damage. Studies in model organisms suggest that changes in signaling can augment these critical stress response systems, increasing life span and reducing age-related pathology. The systems biology of stress response signaling thus provides a new approach to the understanding and potential treatment of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Chen LH, Chiou GY, Chen YW, Li HY, Chiou SH. MicroRNA and aging: a novel modulator in regulating the aging network. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9 Suppl 1:S59-66. [PMID: 20708718 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs are a group of noncoding small RNA that are capable of modulating the expression of hundreds of genes via a near-perfect or partial complementary to target mRNA. The ability to regulate multiple targets simultaneously makes miRNA a crucial regulator in many physiological conditions, especially in the aging network and process. The tremendous capability of miRNA supports its ability in regulating ageing, which is a complex process involving multiple interconnected signaling pathways. Even though the relationship between miRNA and ageing is not fully understood, studies have provided evidence showing that miRNAs participate in regulating cell cycle progression, proliferation, stemness gene expression, and stress-induced responses. Molecular studies of ageing and miRNAs would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of ageing and, subsequently, help to ameliorate this universal process compromising our quality of life. In this review article, we focus our attention on miRNA targets in conserved pathways involved in organism aging and aging networks, as well as cellular senescence.
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Gene expression profiles of colonic mucosa in healthy young adult and senior dogs. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12882. [PMID: 20877568 PMCID: PMC2943922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported the effects of age and diet on nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and large intestinal fermentation patterns in healthy young adult and senior dogs. However, a genome-wide molecular analysis of colonic mucosa as a function of age and diet has not yet been performed in dogs. Methodology/Principal Findings Colonic mucosa samples were collected from six senior (12-year old) and six young adult (1-year old) female beagles fed one of two diets (animal protein-based vs. plant protein-based) for 12 months. Total RNA in colonic mucosa was extracted and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip® Canine Genome Arrays. Results indicated that the majority of gene expression changes were due to age (212 genes) rather than diet (66 genes). In particular, the colonic mucosa of senior dogs had increased expression of genes associated with cell proliferation, inflammation, stress response, and cellular metabolism, whereas the expression of genes associated with apoptosis and defensive mechanisms were decreased in senior vs. young adult dogs. No consistent diet-induced alterations in gene expression existed in both age groups, with the effects of diet being more pronounced in senior dogs than in young adult dogs. Conclusion Our results provide molecular insight pertaining to the aged canine colon and its predisposition to dysfunction and disease. Therefore, our data may aid in future research pertaining to age-associated gastrointestinal physiological changes and highlight potential targets for dietary intervention to limit their progression.
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Verdin E, Hirschey MD, Finley LWS, Haigis MC. Sirtuin regulation of mitochondria: energy production, apoptosis, and signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 35:669-75. [PMID: 20863707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a highly conserved family of proteins whose activity can prolong the lifespan of model organisms such as yeast, worms and flies. Mammals contain seven sirtuins (SIRT1-7) that modulate distinct metabolic and stress response pathways. Three sirtuins, SIRT3, SIRT4 and SIRT5, are located in the mitochondria, dynamic organelles that function as the primary site of oxidative metabolism and play crucial roles in apoptosis and intracellular signaling. Recent findings have shed light on how the mitochondrial sirtuins function in the control of basic mitochondrial biology, including energy production, metabolism, apoptosis and intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Ramesh BN, Rao TSS, Prakasam A, Sambamurti K, Rao KSJ. Neuronutrition and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 19:1123-39. [PMID: 20308778 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder resulting from both genetic and environmental factors with the latter being particularly important for the sporadic form of the disease. As such, diets rich in saturated fatty acids and alcohol, and deficient in antioxidants and vitamins appear to promote the onset of the disease, while diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, antioxidants, and wine likely suppress its onset. In addition, evidence suggests that diets rich in polyphenols and some spices suppress the onset of AD by scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage. Metal ions are known to catalyze the production of free radicals and induce mental retardation or dementia, and several studies have also identified metals such as Pb, Fe, Al, Cu, and Zn in AD pathogenesis. While specific metal chelators have been tested for therapy, they have not been very successful, probably due to their late administration, i.e., after brain damage has been triggered. Since several dietary polyphenols are known to chelate metals, their routine use may also be protective against the onset of AD. In this review, we summarize beneficial dietary techniques in the fight against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balenahalli N Ramesh
- Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR Unit, Mysore, India
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Glycolysis links p53 function with NF-kappaB signaling: impact on cancer and aging process. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:1-6. [PMID: 20301205 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 1930, Otto Warburg observed that cancer cells produce an increased amount of their energy through aerobic glycolysis and subsequently, this was called the Warburg effect. During aging, the capacity for mitochondrial respiration clearly declines and aerobic glycolysis appears to compensate for the deficiency in oxidative metabolism. This shift in energy production, both in aging and cancer, could protect from the toxic effects of oxygen free radicals whereas increased glycolysis can have adverse effects. It was recently demonstrated that the glycolysis-linked protein O-glycosylation can potentiate the catalytic activity of IKK beta and subsequently trigger NF-kappaB signaling. It seems that tumor suppressor oncogene p53 has an important role in the regulation of protein O-glycosylation since p53 is a potent inhibitor of glycolysis, for example, via TIGAR protein expression. Aging is known to repress the function of p53 and this could enhance glycolysis and NF-kappaB signaling. We will discuss the role of p53 in the regulation of glycolysis-dependent activation of NF-kappaB signaling in both cancer and aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Mattson MP. Perspective: Does brown fat protect against diseases of aging? Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:69-76. [PMID: 19969105 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The most commonly studied laboratory rodents possess a specialized form of fat called brown adipose tissue (BAT) that generates heat to help maintain body temperature in cold environments. In humans, BAT is abundant during embryonic and early postnatal development, but is absent or present in relatively small amounts in adults where it is located in paracervical and supraclavicular regions. BAT cells can 'burn' fatty acid energy substrates to generate heat because they possess large numbers of mitochondria in which oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled from ATP production as a result of a transmembrane proton leak mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Studies of rodents in which BAT levels are either increased or decreased have revealed a role for BAT in protection against diet-induced obesity. Data suggest that individuals with low levels of BAT are prone to obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, whereas those with higher levels of BAT maintain lower body weights and exhibit superior health as they age. BAT levels decrease during aging, and dietary energy restriction increases BAT activity and protects multiple organ systems including the nervous system against age-related dysfunction and degeneration. Future studies in which the effects of specific manipulations of BAT levels and thermogenic activity on disease processes in animal models (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases) are determined will establish if and how BAT affects the development and progression of age-related diseases. Data from animal studies suggest that BAT and mitochondrial uncoupling can be targeted for interventions to prevent and treat obesity and age-related diseases. Examples include: diet and lifestyle changes; specific regimens of mild intermittent stress; drugs that stimulate BAT formation and activity; induction of brown adipose cell progenitors in muscle and other tissues; and transplantation of brown adipose cells.
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Zur T, Nemny-Lavy E, Papadopoulos NT, Nestel D. Social interactions regulate resource utilization in a Tephritidae fruit fly. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:890-897. [PMID: 19505473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that social interactions (e.g., the actions and reactions elicited by the interaction of co-specific individuals) induce individual fruit flies (Tephritidae) to ingest more food, especially protein-rich food. Changes in feeding behavior related to social interactions have been associated with reproduction (e.g., when different sexes are present), reproductive facilitation (e.g., when two females interact) and stress and aggression (e.g., flies of the same sex, or crowdedness). The present study investigated the effect of social interaction on the feeding, longevity and resource management of the Ethiopian fruit fly, Dacus ciliatus. Single flies and pairs of flies (of the same or different sexes) were confined to a small arena (the PUB system), in which we measured the amount of liquid food ingested daily by each fly. In addition, we sampled flies of different ages, extracted and quantified their lipid and protein contents, and related individual metabolic contents to the ingestion of a fructose and protein hydrolysate solution. Results showed that individual ingestion was significantly higher in flies maintained in pairs than in flies kept as solitary individuals. The highest intake rates were observed for the female-female pairs. In general, females ingested significantly greater volumes than males. Lipid contents tended to decrease progressively with age in flies kept as solitary individuals, especially in female flies, while lipid levels decreased and then increased in flies maintained in pairs. Protein trends were similar, although less pronounced than the patterns observed for the lipids. The flies kept as solitary individuals lived significantly longer than those kept in pairs. A resource-management analysis points to a decreased metabolic rate in flies kept as solitary individuals, as compared to paired flies. Results are discussed in view of theories of resource management and survival strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Zur
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Israel
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Patel BP, Hamadeh MJ. Nutritional and exercise-based interventions in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:604-17. [PMID: 19782443 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Disease pathogenesis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves a number of interconnected mechanisms all resulting in the rapid deterioration of motor neurons. The main mechanisms include enhanced free radical production, protein misfolding, aberrant protein aggregation, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and apoptosis. The aim of this review is to assess the efficacy of using nutrition- and exercise-related interventions to improve disease outcomes in ALS. METHODS Studies involving nutrition or exercise in human and animal models of ALS were reviewed. RESULTS Treatments conducted in animal models of ALS have not consistently translated into beneficial results in clinical trials due to poor design, lack of power and short study duration, as well as differences in the genetic backgrounds, treatment dosages and disease pathology between animals and humans. However, vitamin E, folic acid, alpha lipoic acid, lyophilized red wine, coenzyme Q10, epigallocatechin gallate, Ginkgo biloba, melatonin, Cu chelators, and regular low and moderate intensity exercise, as well as treatments with catalase and l-carnitine, hold promise to mitigating the effects of ALS, whereas caloric restriction, malnutrition and high-intensity exercise are contraindicated in this disease model. CONCLUSIONS Improved nutritional status is of utmost importance in mitigating the detrimental effects of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha P Patel
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Finley LW, Haigis MC. The coordination of nuclear and mitochondrial communication during aging and calorie restriction. Ageing Res Rev 2009; 8:173-88. [PMID: 19491041 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that integrate environmental signals to regulate energy production, apoptosis and Ca(2+) homeostasis. Not surprisingly, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with aging and the pathologies observed in age-related diseases. The vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome, and so communication between the nucleus and mitochondria is essential for maintenance of appropriate mitochondrial function. Several proteins have emerged as major regulators of mitochondrial gene expression, capable of increasing transcription of mitochondrial genes in response to the physiological demands of the cell. In this review, we will focus on PGC-1alpha, SIRT1, AMPK and mTOR and discuss how these proteins regulate mitochondrial function and their potential involvement in aging, calorie restriction and age-related disease. We will also discuss the pathways through which mitochondria signal to the nucleus. Although such retrograde signaling is not well studied in mammals, there is growing evidence to suggest that it may be an important area for future aging research. Greater understanding of the mechanisms by which mitochondria and the nucleus communicate will facilitate efforts to slow or reverse the mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs during aging.
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Maalouf M, Rho JM, Mattson MP. The neuroprotective properties of calorie restriction, the ketogenic diet, and ketone bodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:293-315. [PMID: 18845187 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet possess broad therapeutic potential in various clinical settings and in various animal models of neurological disease. Following calorie restriction or consumption of a ketogenic diet, there is notable improvement in mitochondrial function, a decrease in the expression of apoptotic and inflammatory mediators and an increase in the activity of neurotrophic factors. However, despite these intriguing observations, it is not yet clear which of these mechanisms account for the observed neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, limited compliance and concern for adverse effects hamper efforts at broader clinical application. Recent research aimed at identifying compounds that can reproduce, at least partially, the neuroprotective effects of the diets with less demanding changes to food intake suggests that ketone bodies might represent an appropriate candidate. Ketone bodies protect neurons against multiple types of neuronal injury and are associated with mitochondrial effects similar to those described during calorie restriction or ketogenic diet treatment. The present review summarizes the neuroprotective effects of calorie restriction, of the ketogenic diet and of ketone bodies, and compares their putative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Maalouf
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 63-323 CH5, Box 951763, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA.
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Varela AT, Gomes AP, Simões AM, Teodoro JS, Duarte FV, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Indirubin-3'-oxime impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and prevents mitochondrial permeability transition induction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 233:179-85. [PMID: 18786556 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Indirubin, a red colored 3,2'-bisindole isomer, is a component of Indigo naturalis and is an active ingredient used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic diseases. The family of indirubin derivatives, such as indirubin-3'-oxime, has been suggested for various therapeutic indications. However, potential toxic interactions such as indirubin effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics are still unknown. This study evaluated the action of indirubin-3'-oxime on the function of isolated rat liver mitochondria contributing to a better understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying the multiple effects of indirubin. Indirubin-3'-oxime incubated with isolated rat liver mitochondria, at concentrations above 10microM, significantly depresses the phosphorylation efficiency of mitochondria as inferred from the decrease in the respiratory control and ADP/O ratios, the perturbations in mitochondrial membrane potential and in the phosphorylative cycle induced by ADP. Furthermore, indirubin-3'-oxime at up to 25microM stimulates the rate of state 4 respiration and inhibits state 3 respiration. The increased lag phase of repolarization was associated with a direct inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase. Indirubin-3'-oxime significantly inhibited the activity of complex II and IV thus explaining the decreased FCCP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration. Mitochondria pre-incubated with indirubin-3'-oxime exhibits decreased susceptibility to calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. This work shows for the first time multiple effects of indirubin-3'-oxime on mitochondrial bioenergetics thus indicating a potential mechanism for indirubin-3'-oxime effects on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T Varela
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Valle A, Silvestri E, Moreno M, Chambery A, Oliver J, Roca P, Goglia F. Combined Effect of Gender and Caloric Restriction on Liver Proteomic Expression Profile. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:2872-81. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800086t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adamo Valle
- Grup de Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera Valldeomssa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Dipartamento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port′ Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Univesità di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Grup de Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera Valldeomssa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Dipartamento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port′ Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Univesità di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Moreno
- Grup de Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera Valldeomssa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Dipartamento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port′ Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Univesità di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Grup de Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera Valldeomssa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Dipartamento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port′ Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Univesità di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Jordi Oliver
- Grup de Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera Valldeomssa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Dipartamento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port′ Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Univesità di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Pilar Roca
- Grup de Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera Valldeomssa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Dipartamento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port′ Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Univesità di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Grup de Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera Valldeomssa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Dipartamento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port′ Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Univesità di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Boraldi F, Annovi G, Paolinelli-Devincenzi C, Tiozzo R, Quaglino D. The effect of serum withdrawal on the protein profile of quiescent human dermal fibroblasts in primary cell culture. Proteomics 2008; 8:66-82. [PMID: 18095366 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effect of serum deprivation on proliferating cells is well known, in contrast its role on primary cell cultures, at confluence, has not been deeply investigated. Therefore, in order to explore the response of quiescent cells to serum deprivation, ubiquitous mesenchymal cells, as normal human dermal fibroblasts, were grown, for 48 h after confluence, in the presence or absence of 10% FBS. Fibroblast behaviour (i.e. cell morphology, cell viability, ROS production and elastin synthesis) was evaluated morphologically and biochemically. Moreover, the protein profile was investigated by 2-DE and differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS. Serum withdrawal caused cell shrinkage but did not significantly modify the total cell number. ROS production, as evaluated by the dihydroethidium (DH2) probe, was increased after serum deprivation, whereas elastin synthesis, measured by a colorimetric method, was markedly reduced in the absence of serum. By proteome analysis, 41 proteins appeared to significantly change their expression, the great majority of protein changes were related to the cytoskeleton, the stress response and the glycolytic pathway. Data indicate that human dermal fibroblasts in primary cell culture can adapt themselves to environmental changes, without significantly altering cell viability, at least after a few days of treatment, even though serum withdrawal represents a stress condition capable to increase ROS production, to influence cell metabolism and to interfere with cell behaviour, favouring the expression of several age-related features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, Modena, Italy
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Goto S, Naito H, Kaneko T, Chung HY, Radák Z. Hormetic effects of regular exercise in aging: correlation with oxidative stress. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 32:948-53. [PMID: 18059621 DOI: 10.1139/h07-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To explore mechanisms of the beneficial consequences of regular exercise, we studied the effects of regular swimming and treadmill exercise on oxidative stress in the brain and liver of rats. Protein carbonyl was significantly reduced and the activity of proteasome was upregulated in the brain extracts of young and middle-aged animals after 9 weeks of swimming training. Furthermore, their cognitive functions were significantly improved. In separate experiments, the activation of transcription nuclear factor kappaB was attenuated in the liver of old rats after 8 weeks of regular treadmill exercise and the DNA binding activity of glucocorticoid receptor reduced with age was restored, suggesting that inflammatory reactions are alleviated by the regimen. This was accompanied by upregulation of the glutathione level and reduced reactive oxygen species generation. Similar training reduced the 8-oxodeoxyguanosine content in the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of the liver of old rats. Thus, these findings, together with reports of other investigators, suggest that moderate regular exercise attenuates oxidative stress. The mild oxidative stress possibly elicited by regular exercise appears to manifest a hormesis-like effect in nonmuscular tissues, constituting beneficial mechanisms of exercise by adaptively upregulating various antioxidant mechanisms, including antioxidative and repair-degradation enzymes for damaged molecules. Importantly, the adaptation induced by regular exercise was effective even if initiated late in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sataro Goto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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35
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is considered an efficient system in which to store energy. Throughout life, the total amount of body fat exhibits some oscillations. Typically, there are three specific periods in which there are notable increases in fat mass, specifically early in life, during pregnancy and lactation, and with ageing. The existence of the first two peaks in fat mass has been interpreted, from an evolutionary point of view, as a beneficial manoeuvre to protect against the scarcity of energy to the offspring of the species. Nevertheless, the role of increasing body fat with ageing is more dubious. However, recent evidence suggests that the gain in adiposity in senescence may also be interpreted in the same evolutionary context. The aim of this review is to focus on the age-related changes in fat depots. In addition, an evolutionary explanation to the observed changes has been emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zafon
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital General i Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Ferguson M, Sohal BH, Forster MJ, Sohal RS. Effect of long-term caloric restriction on oxygen consumption and body temperature in two different strains of mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2007; 128:539-45. [PMID: 17822741 PMCID: PMC2048713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis, that a decrease in metabolic rate mediates the life span prolonging effect of caloric restriction (CR), was tested using two strains of mice, one of which, C57BL/6, exhibits life span extension as a result of CR, while the other, DBA/2, shows little or no effect. Comparisons of the rate of resting oxygen consumption and body temperature were made between the strains after they were fed ad libitum (AL) or maintained under 40% CR, from 4 to 16 months of age. Ad libitum-fed mice of the two strains weighed the same when young and consumed similar amounts of food throughout the experiment; however, the C57BL/6 mice weighed 25% more than DBA/2 mice at 15 months of age. The rate of oxygen consumption was normalized as per gram body weight, lean body mass or organ weight as well as per animal. The body temperature and the rate of oxygen consumption, expressed according to all of the four criteria, were decreased in the DBA/2 mice following CR. The C57BL/6 mice also showed a CR-related decrease in body temperature and in the rate of oxygen consumption per animal and when normalized according to lean body mass or organ weight. The results of this study indicate that CR indeed lowers the rate of metabolism; however, this effect by CR does not necessarily entail the prolongation of the life span of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ferguson
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Amador-Noguez D, Dean A, Huang W, Setchell K, Moore D, Darlington G. Alterations in xenobiotic metabolism in the long-lived Little mice. Aging Cell 2007; 6:453-70. [PMID: 17521389 PMCID: PMC2859448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous microarray expression analysis of the long-lived Little mice (Ghrhr(lit/lit)) showed a concerted up-regulation of xenobiotic detoxification genes. Here, we show that this up-regulation is associated with a potent increase in resistance against the adverse effects of a variety of xenobiotics, including the hepatotoxins acetaminophen and bromobenzene and the paralyzing agent zoxazolamine. The classic xenobiotic receptors Car (Constitutive Androstane Receptor) and Pxr (Pregnane X Receptor) are considered key regulators of xenobiotic metabolism. Using double and triple knockout/mutant mouse models we found, however, that Car and Pxr are not required for the up-regulation of xenobiotic genes in Little mice. Our results suggest instead that bile acids and the primary bile acid receptor Fxr (farnesoid X receptor) are likely mediators of the up-regulation of xenobiotic detoxification genes in Little mice. Bile acid levels are considerably elevated in the bile, serum, and liver of Little mice. We found that treatment of wild-type animals with cholic acid, one of the major bile acids elevated in Little mice, mimics in large part the up-regulation of xenobiotic detoxification genes observed in Little mice. Additionally, the loss of Fxr had a major effect on the expression of the xenobiotic detoxification genes up-regulated in Little mice. A large fraction of these genes lost or decreased their high expression levels in double mutant mice for Fxr and Ghrhr. The alterations in xenobiotic metabolism in Little mice constitute a form of increased stress resistance and may contribute to the extended longevity of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Amador-Noguez
- Molecular & Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Raman A, Baum ST, Colman RJ, Kemnitz JW, Weindruch R, Schoeller DA. Metabolizable energy intake during long-term calorie restriction in rhesus monkeys. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42:988-94. [PMID: 17618073 PMCID: PMC2084374 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is a dietary intervention shown to increase maximum life-span. The aim of this study was to compare the metabolizable energy of the pelleted semi-purified diet with estimated energy intake from food weight. Energy density of diet, urine and feces were measured by bomb calorimetry in rhesus monkeys (23-29 years old) on CR (CR, n=11) and control (C, n=9). Food moisture was measured to be 2-fold higher (9+/-1%) than indicated on the label (approximately 5%). The measured gross energy of diet was 4.4 kcal/g dry weight of CR and 4.5 kcal/g dry weight of C diets. In a two-day trial, food intake (mean+/-SD) was 112+/-20 g and 136+/-26 g of dry mass/d in the CR and C monkeys, respectively (p=0.003). The fraction of the diet absorbed (CR=0.91; C=0.95) was different (p<0.001) between CR and C monkeys. Using these coefficients, the metabolizable energy intake averaged over 6 months was 450+/-53 and 534+/-97 kcal/d in CR and C monkeys, respectively (Diff=16%; p=0.03). These values were compared with energy expenditure (EE), as measured annually by indirect calorimetry (490+/-61 kcal/d in CR and 532+/-62 kcal/d in C monkeys). Adjusted for changes in body composition (2+/-10 kcal/d in CR and -7+/-12 kcal/d in C), energy balance was not different from zero in CR (-42+/-42 kcal/d) and C (9+/-61 kcal/d) monkeys. Use of diet weight is a reasonable estimate of the level of CR when food waste is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Raman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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39
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Tolkamp BJ, Yearsley JM, Gordon IJ, Illius AW, Speakman JR, Kyriazakis I. Predicting the effects of body fatness on food intake and performance of sheep. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:1206-15. [PMID: 17381961 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507691922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue produces signals that can have a profound effect on many physiological functions, including energy expenditure and food intake. The hypothesis that variation in food intake of sheep resulting from differences in animal fatness can be predicted from effects of animal fatness on energetic efficiency was subjected to three tests. First, an existing food intake model was adapted to account for effects of animal fatness, as estimated by condition score, on food intake. Parameter values were derived from data obtained with two of five treatment groups of an experiment where ewe lambs were fed either chopped hay or pelleted concentrates. The model predicted the intake of the remaining three treatment groups satisfactorily. The energy intake model was subsequently extended with a protein module based upon a Gompertz curve to simulate changes in body weight and condition score. The model predicted these changes satisfactorily for most treatment groups during the experimental period of 50 weeks. In a last test, the final body weights and body lipid contents of animals fed either hay or concentrates for a period of 3 years were predicted. The predictions for final body weight (77 or 118 kg) and lipid content in the empty body (26 or 58 %) were within the range of expectations for sheep with access to hay or concentrates, respectively. The biological implications of the hypothesis that body fatness acts upon voluntary intake via its effects on energetic efficiency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert J Tolkamp
- Animal Nutrition and Health Department, Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impact of dietary restriction on physiologic function in humans is now beginning to be examined. The clinical trials are fueled by decades of animal experiments showing that dietary restriction delays the aging process and decreases the incidence of many age-associated diseases. The critical issue addressed in this article is whether or not dietary restriction long term is feasible or beneficial in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Short-term dietary restriction in humans does appear to have beneficial effects at lowering metabolism, especially when examining carbohydrates and weight loss. Dietary restriction long term does, however, have detrimental psychological effects in humans, making its feasibility questionable. Even short-term dietary restriction can negatively impact physical activity and potentially some aspects of immunity. The best avenue for humans to benefit from dietary restriction would be for pharmacological or bioactive food ingredient mimetics to be developed which would be more applicable for long-term use. SUMMARY Dietary restriction per se is unlikely to emerge as a feasible long-term strategy to improve human health. Developing dietary restriction mimetics targeting energy metabolism may prove beneficial, not only in aging, but also in diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Jolly
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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