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Wen W, Liu G, Wei X, Huang H, Wang C, Zhu D, Sun J, Yan H, Huang X, Shi W, Dai X, Dong J, Jiang L, Guo Y, Wang H, Liu Y. Biomimetic nanocluster photoreceptors for adaptative circular polarization vision. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2397. [PMID: 38493210 PMCID: PMC10944536 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoclusters with atomically precise structures and discrete energy levels are considered as nanoscale semiconductors for artificial intelligence. However, nanocluster electronic engineering and optoelectronic behavior have remained obscure and unexplored. Hence, we create nanocluster photoreceptors inspired by mantis shrimp visual systems to satisfy the needs of compact but multi-task vision hardware and explore the photo-induced electronic transport. Wafer-scale arrayed photoreceptors are constructed by a nanocluster-conjugated molecule heterostructure. Nanoclusters perform as an in-sensor charge reservoir to tune the conductance levels of artificial photoreceptors by a light valve mechanism. A ligand-assisted charge transfer process takes place at nanocluster interface and it features an integration of spectral-dependent visual adaptation and circular polarization recognition. This approach is further employed for developing concisely structured, multi-task, and compact artificial visual systems and provides valuable guidelines for nanocluster neuromorphic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guocai Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaofang Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Danlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianzhe Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huijuan Yan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenkang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jichen Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Fangrui L, Jiaoli Z, Schunter C, Lin W, Yongzheng T, Zhiqiang H, Bin K. How Oratosquilla oratoria compound eye response to the polarization of light: In the perspective of vision genes and related proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129053. [PMID: 38161015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The special rhabdom structure of the mid-band ommatidium in compound eye contributes to the mantis shrimp being the only animal species known to science that can recognize circularly polarized light (CPL). Although the number of mid-band ommatidium of Oratosquilla oratoria is reduced, the mid-band ommatidium still has orthogonal geometric interleaved rhabdom and short oval distal rhabdom, which may mean that the O. oratoria has weakened circular polarized light vision (CPLV). Here we explored the molecular mechanisms of how O. oratoria response to the polarization of light. Based on the specific expression patterns of vision-related functional genes and proteins, we suggest that the order of light response by O. oratoria compound eye was first natural light, then left-circularly polarized light (LCPL), linearly polarized light, right-circularly polarized light (RCPL) and dark. Meanwhile, we found that the expression levels of vision-related functional genes and proteins in O. oratoria compound eye under RCPL were not significantly different from those in DL, which may imply that O. oratoria cannot respond to RCPL. Furthermore, the response of LCPL is likely facilitated by the differential expression of opsin and microvilli - related functional genes and proteins (arrestin and sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter). In conclusion, this study systematically illustrated for the first time how O. oratoria compound eye response to the polarization of light at the genetic level, and it can improve the visual ecological theory behind polarized light vision evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Fangrui
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Zhou Jiaoli
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Celia Schunter
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Tang Yongzheng
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Han Zhiqiang
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China.
| | - Kang Bin
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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Kumar V, Kymissis I. MicroLED/LED electro-optical integration techniques for non-display applications. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 10:021306. [PMID: 37265477 PMCID: PMC10155219 DOI: 10.1063/5.0125103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroLEDs offer an extraordinary combination of high luminance, high energy efficiency, low cost, and long lifetime. These characteristics are highly desirable in various applications, but their usage has, to date, been primarily focused toward next-generation display technologies. Applications of microLEDs in other technologies, such as projector systems, computational imaging, communication systems, or neural stimulation, have been limited. In non-display applications which use microLEDs as light sources, modifications in key electrical and optical characteristics such as external efficiency, output beam shape, modulation bandwidth, light output power, and emission wavelengths are often needed for optimum performance. A number of advanced fabrication and processing techniques have been used to achieve these electro-optical characteristics in microLEDs. In this article, we review the non-display application areas of the microLEDs, the distinct opto-electrical characteristics required for these applications, and techniques that integrate the optical and electrical components on the microLEDs to improve system-level efficacy and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - I. Kymissis
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Palecanda S, Steck M, Porter ML. Increasing complexity of opsin expression across stomatopod development. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10121. [PMID: 37250447 PMCID: PMC10220389 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomatopods are well studied for their unique visual systems, which can consist of up to 16 different photoreceptor types and 33 opsin proteins expressed in the adults of some species. The light-sensing abilities of larval stomatopods are comparatively less well understood with limited information about the opsin repertoire of these early-life stages. Early work has suggested that larval stomatopods may not possess the extensive light detection abilities found in their adult counterparts. However, recent studies have shown that these larvae may have more complex photosensory systems than previously thought. To examine this idea at the molecular level, we characterized the expression of putative light-absorbing opsins across developmental stages, from embryo to adult, in the stomatopod species Pullosquilla thomassini using transcriptomic methods with a special focus on ecological and physiological transition periods. Opsin expression during the transition from the larval to the adult stage was further characterized in the species Gonodactylaceus falcatus. Opsin transcripts from short, middle, and long wavelength-sensitive clades were found in both species, and analysis of spectral tuning sites suggested differences in absorbance within these clades. This is the first study to document the changes in opsin repertoire across development in stomatopods, providing novel evidence for light detection across the visual spectrum in larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara Palecanda
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hawaiʻi at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - Mireille Steck
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hawaiʻi at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - Megan L. Porter
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hawaiʻi at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
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McDonald MS, Feller KD, Porter ML. Investigation of the ultrastructures and retinal arrangements of larval stomatopod eyes. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 73:101251. [PMID: 36907144 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2023.101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Though the transparent apposition eyes of larval stomatopod crustaceans lack most of the unique retinal specializations known from their adult counterparts, increasing evidence suggests that these tiny pelagic organisms possess their own version of retinal complexity. In this paper, we examined the structural organization of larval eyes in six species of stomatopod crustaceans across three stomatopod superfamilies using transmission electron microscopy. The primary focus was to examine retinular cell arrangement of the larval eyes and characterize the presence of an eighth retinular cell (R8), which is typically responsible for UV vision in crustaceans. For all species investigated, we identified R8 photoreceptor cells positioned distal to the main rhabdom of R1-7 cells. This is the first evidence that R8 photoreceptor cells exist in larval stomatopod retinas, and among the first identified in any larval crustacean. Considering recent studies that identified UV sensitivity in larval stomatopods, we propose that this sensitivity is driven by this putative R8 photoreceptor cell. Additionally, we identified a potentially unique crystalline cone structure in each of the species examined, the function of which is still not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa S McDonald
- School of Life Sciences, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Edmondson Hall 216, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Kathryn D Feller
- Biology Department, Integrated Science and Engineering Complex 319, Union College, Schenectady, NY, 12308, USA
| | - Megan L Porter
- School of Life Sciences, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Edmondson Hall 216, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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Palecanda S, Iwanicki T, Steck M, Porter ML. Crustacean conundrums: a review of opsin diversity and evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210289. [PMID: 36058240 PMCID: PMC9441232 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of crustacean vision is lacking compared to the more well-studied vertebrates and insects. While crustacean visual systems are typically conserved morphologically, the molecular components (i.e. opsins) remain understudied. This review aims to characterize opsin diversity across crustacean lineages for an integrated view of visual system evolution. Using publicly available data from 95 species, we identified opsin sequences and classified them by clade. Our analysis produced 485 putative visual opsins and 141 non-visual opsins. The visual opsins were separated into six clades: long wavelength sensitive (LWS), middle wavelength sensitive (MWS) 1 and 2, short wavelength or ultraviolet sensitive (SWS/UVS) and a clade of thecostracan opsins, with multiple LWS and MWS opsin copies observed. The SWS/UVS opsins were relatively conserved in most species. The crustacean classes Cephalocarida, Remipedia and Hexanauplia exhibited reduced visual opsin diversity compared to others, with the malacostracan decapods having the highest opsin diversity. Non-visual opsins were identified from all investigated classes except Cephalocarida. Additionally, a novel clade of non-visual crustacean-specific, R-type opsins (Rc) was discovered. This review aims to provide a framework for future research on crustacean vision, with an emphasis on the need for more work in spectral characterization and molecular analysis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding colour vision: molecular, physiological, neuronal and behavioural studies in arthropods'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara Palecanda
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Thomas Iwanicki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Mireille Steck
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Megan L. Porter
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Cronin TW, Porter ML, Bok MJ, Caldwell RL, Marshall J. Colour vision in stomatopod crustaceans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210278. [PMID: 36058241 PMCID: PMC9441230 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The stomatopod crustaceans, or mantis shrimps, are colourful marine invertebrate predators. Their unusual compound eyes have dorsal and ventral regions resembling typical crustacean apposition designs separated by a unique region called the midband that consists of from two to six parallel rows of ommatidia. In species with six-row midbands, the dorsal four rows are themselves uniquely specialized for colour analysis. Rhabdoms of ommatidia in these rows are longitudinally divided into three distinct regions: an apical ultraviolet (UV) receptor, a shorter-wavelength middle tier receptor and a longer-wavelength proximal tier receptor. Each of the total of 12 photoreceptors has a different spectral sensitivity, potentially contributing to a colour-vision system with 12 channels. Mantis shrimps can discriminate both human-visible and UV colours, but with limited precision compared to other colour-vision systems. Here, we review the structure and function of stomatopod colour vision, examining the types of receptors present in a species, the spectral tuning of photoreceptors both within and across species, the neural analysis of colour and the genetics underlying the multiple visual pigments used for colour vision. Even today, after many decades of research into the colour vision of stomatopods, much of its operation and its use in nature remain a mystery. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding colour vision: molecular, physiological, neuronal and behavioural studies in arthropods'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 20250, USA
| | - Megan L. Porter
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Michael J. Bok
- Department of Biology, Lund Vision Group, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | - Roy L. Caldwell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Kundu P, Choi N, Rundus AS, Santer RD, Hebets EA. Uncovering ‘Hidden’ Signals: Previously Presumed Visual Signals Likely Generate Air Particle Movement. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.939133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolf spiders within the genus Schizocosa have become a model system for exploring the form and function of multimodal communication. In terms of male signaling, much past research has focused on the role and importance of dynamic and static visual and substrate-borne vibratory communication. Studies on S. retrorsa, however, have found that female-male pairs were able to successfully mate in the absence of both visual and vibratory stimuli, suggesting a reduced or non-existent role of these signaling modalities in this species. Given these prior findings, it has been suggested that S. retrorsa males may utilize an additional signaling modality during courtship—air particle movement, often referred to as near-field sound—which they likely produce with rapid leg waving and receive using thin filiform sensory hairs called trichobothria. In this study, we tested the role of air-particle movement in mating success by conducting two independent sets of mating trials with randomly paired S. retrorsa females and males in the dark and on granite (i.e., without visual or vibratory signals) in two different signaling environments—(i) without (“No Noise”) and (ii) with (“Noise”) introduced air-particle movement intended to disrupt signaling in that modality. We also ran foraging trials in No Noise/Noise environments to explore the impact of our treatments on overall behavior. Across both mating experiments, our treatments significantly impacted mating success, with more mating in the No Noise signaling environments compared to the Noise environments. The rate of leg waving—a previously assumed visual dynamic movement that has also been shown to be able to produce air particle displacement—was higher in the No Noise than Noise environments. Across both treatments, males with higher rates of leg waving had higher mating success. In contrast to mating trials results, foraging success was not influenced by Noise. Our results indicate that artificially induced air particle movement disrupts successful mating and alters male courtship signaling but does not interfere with a female’s ability to receive and assess the rate of male leg waving.
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Streets A, England H, Marshall J. Colour vision in stomatopod crustaceans: more questions than answers. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274564. [PMID: 35224643 PMCID: PMC9001920 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stomatopod crustaceans, or mantis shrimps, are known for their extensive range of spectral sensitivities but relatively poor spectral discrimination. Instead of the colour-opponent mechanism of other colour vision systems, the 12 narrow-band colour channels they possess may underlie a different method of colour processing. We investigated one hypothesis, in which the photoreceptors are proposed to act as individual wave-band detectors, interpreting colour as a parallel pattern of photoreceptor activation, rather than a ratiometric comparison of individual signals. This different form of colour detection has been used to explain previous behavioural tests in which low saturation blue was not discriminated from grey, potentially because of similar activation patterns. Results here, however, indicate that the stomatopod, Haptosquilla trispinosa was able to easily distinguish several colours, including blue of both high and low saturation, from greys. The animals did show a decrease in performance over time in an artificially lit environment, indicating plasticity in colour discrimination ability. This rapid plasticity, most likely the result of a change in opsin (visual pigment) expression, has now been noted in several animal lineages (both invertebrate and vertebrate) and is a factor we suggest needing care and potential re-examination in any colour-based behavioural tests. As for stomatopods, it remains unclear why they achieve poor colour discrimination using the most comprehensive set of spectral sensitivities in the animal kingdom and also what form of colour processing they may utilise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Streets
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Hayley England
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Australia
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Broser M. Far-Red Absorbing Rhodopsins, Insights From Heterodimeric Rhodopsin-Cyclases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:806922. [PMID: 35127823 PMCID: PMC8815786 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.806922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered Rhodopsin-cyclases from Chytridiomycota fungi show completely unexpected properties for microbial rhodopsins. These photoreceptors function exclusively as heterodimers, with the two subunits that have very different retinal chromophores. Among them is the bimodal photoswitchable Neorhodopsin (NeoR), which exhibits a near-infrared absorbing, highly fluorescent state. These are features that have never been described for any retinal photoreceptor. Here these properties are discussed in the context of color-tuning approaches of retinal chromophores, which have been extensively studied since the discovery of the first microbial rhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, in 1971 (Oesterhelt et al., Nature New Biology, 1971, 233 (39), 149–152). Further a brief review about the concept of heterodimerization is given, which is widely present in class III cyclases but is unknown for rhodopsins. NIR-sensitive retinal chromophores have greatly expanded our understanding of the spectral range of natural retinal photoreceptors and provide a novel perspective for the development of optogenetic tools.
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Hwang HS, Jung J, Baeza JA. The mitochondrial genome of Faughnia haani (Stomatopoda): novel organization of the control region and phylogenetic position of the superfamily Parasquilloidea. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:716. [PMID: 34600469 PMCID: PMC8487505 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomatopod crustaceans are aggressive marine predators featuring complex compound eyes and powerful raptorial appendages used for "smashing" or "spearing" prey and/or competitors. Among them, parasquilloids (superfamily Parasquilloidea) possess eyes with 2-3 midband rows of hexagonal ommatidia and spearing appendages. Here, we assembled and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of the parasquilloid Faughnia haani and explored family- and superfamily-level phylogenetic relationships within the Stomatopoda based on mitochondrial protein coding genes (PCGs). RESULTS The mitochondrial genome of F. haani is 16,089 bp in length and encodes 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region that is relatively well organized, containing 2 GA-blocks, 4 poly-T stretches, various [TA(A)]n-blocks, and 2 hairpin structures. This organized control region is likely a synapomorphic characteristic in the Stomatopoda. Comparison of the control region among superfamilies shows that parasquilloid species are more similar to gonodactyloids than to squilloids and lysiosquilloids given the presence of various poly-T stretches between the hairpin structures and [TA(A)]n-blocks. Synteny is identical to that reported for other stomatopods and corresponds to the Pancrustacea ground pattern. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on PCGs revealed that Parasquilloidea is sister to Lysiosquilloidea and Gonodactyloidea and not to Squilloidea, contradicting previous phylogenetic studies. CONCLUSIONS The novel phylogenetic position of Parasquilloidea revealed by our study indicates that 'spearing' raptorial appendages are plesiomorphic and that the 'smashing' type is either derived (as reported in previous studies) or apomorphic. Our results raise the possibility that the spearing raptorial claw may have independently evolved twice. The superfamily Parasquilloidea exhibits a closer relationship with other stomatopod superfamilies with a different raptorial claw type and with dissimilar numbers of midband rows of hexagonal ommatidia. Additional studies focusing on the assembly of mitochondrial genomes from species belonging to different genera, families, and superfamilies within the order Stomatopoda are warranted to reach a robust conclusion regarding the evolutionary history of this iconic clade based on mitochondrial PCGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seung Hwang
- Research Institute of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Jung
- Division of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juan Antonio Baeza
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA. .,Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34949, USA. .,Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
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Haug C, Haug JT. A new fossil mantis shrimp and the convergent evolution of a lobster-like morphotype. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11124. [PMID: 33959413 PMCID: PMC8054755 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Eumalacostracan crustaceans all have a more or less stereotypic body organisation in the sense of tagmosis. Originally, this included a head with six segments (ocular segment plus five appendage-bearing segments), a thorax region with eight segments, and a pleon with six segments. Interestingly, despite these restrictions in variability in terms of tagmosis, the morphological diversity within Eumalacostraca is rather high. A group providing representative examples that are commonly known is Decapoda. Decapodan crustaceans include shrimp-like forms, lobster-like forms and crab-like forms. The stem species of Eucarida, the group including Decapoda and Euphausiacea, presumably possessed a rather shrimp-like morphology, quite similar to the stem species of Eumalacostraca. Also two other lineages within Eumalacostraca, namely Hoplocarida (with the mantis shrimps as modern representatives) and Neocarida (with the sister groups Thermosbaenacea and Peracarida) evolved from the shrimp-like body organisation to include a lobster-like one. In this study, we demonstrate that the stepwise evolution towards a lobster morphotype occurred to a certain extent in similar order in these three lineages, Hoplocarida, Eucarida and Peracarida, leading to similar types of derived body organisation. This evolutionary reconstruction is based not only on observations of modern fauna, but especially on exceptionally preserved Mesozoic fossils, including the description of a new species of mantis shrimps bridging the morphological gap between the more ancestral-appearing Carboniferous forms and the more modern-appearing Jurassic forms. With this, Mesozoic eumalacostracans represent an important (if not unique) ‘experimental set-up’ for research on factors leading to convergent evolution, the understanding of which is still one of the puzzling challenges of modern evolutionary theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Haug
- Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim T Haug
- Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Scholtz G, Staude A, Dunlop JA. Reply to "Points of view in understanding trilobite eyes". Nat Commun 2021; 12:2084. [PMID: 33828090 PMCID: PMC8027826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Staude
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, c/o Zuse Institut Berlin (ZIB), Takustr. 7, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason A Dunlop
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Drerup C, How MJ. Polarization contrasts and their effect on the gaze stabilization of crustaceans. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:237796. [PMID: 33692078 PMCID: PMC8077661 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many animals go to great lengths to stabilize their eyes relative to the visual scene and do so to enhance the localization of moving objects and to functionally partition the visual system relative to the outside world. An important cue that is used to control these stabilization movements is contrast within the visual surround. Previous studies on insects, spiders and fish have shown that gaze stabilization is achromatic (‘colour blind’), meaning that chromatic contrast alone (in the absence of apparent intensity contrasts) does not contribute to gaze stabilization. Following the assumption that polarization vision is analogous in many ways to colour vision, the present study shows that five different crustacean species do not use the polarization of light alone for gaze stabilization, despite being able to use this modality for detecting predator-like objects. This work therefore suggests that the gaze stabilization in many crustaceans cannot be elicited by the polarization of light alone. Summary: Five different crustacean species do not use the polarization of light alone for gaze stabilization, despite being able to use this modality for detecting predator-like objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Drerup
- CCMAR (Centro de Ciências do Mar), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Marine Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Martin J How
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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15
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Altaqui A, Sen P, Schrickx H, Rech J, Lee JW, Escuti M, You W, Kim BJ, Kolbas R, O'Connor BT, Kudenov M. Mantis shrimp-inspired organic photodetector for simultaneous hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe3196. [PMID: 33658196 PMCID: PMC7929508 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Combining hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging provides a powerful sensing modality with broad applications from astronomy to biology. Existing methods rely on temporal data acquisition or snapshot imaging of spatially separated detectors. These approaches incur fundamental artifacts that degrade imaging performance. To overcome these limitations, we present a stomatopod-inspired sensor capable of snapshot hyperspectral and polarization sensing in a single pixel. The design consists of stacking polarization-sensitive organic photovoltaics (P-OPVs) and polymer retarders. Multiple spectral and polarization channels are obtained by exploiting the P-OPVs' anisotropic response and the retarders' dispersion. We show that the design can sense 15 spectral channels over a 350-nanometer bandwidth. A detector is also experimentally demonstrated, which simultaneously registers four spectral channels and three polarization channels. The sensor showcases the myriad degrees of freedom offered by organic semiconductors that are not available in inorganics and heralds a fundamentally unexplored route for simultaneous spectral and polarimetric imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Altaqui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2410 Campus Shore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Harry Schrickx
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jeromy Rech
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Escuti
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2410 Campus Shore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Kolbas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2410 Campus Shore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Michael Kudenov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2410 Campus Shore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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16
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Winsor AM, Pagoti GF, Daye DJ, Cheries EW, Cave KR, Jakob EM. What gaze direction can tell us about cognitive processes in invertebrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 564:43-54. [PMID: 33413978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Most visually guided animals shift their gaze using body movements, eye movements, or both to gather information selectively from their environments. Psychological studies of eye movements have advanced our understanding of perceptual and cognitive processes that mediate visual attention in humans and other vertebrates. However, much less is known about how these processes operate in other organisms, particularly invertebrates. We here make the case that studies of invertebrate cognition can benefit by adding precise measures of gaze direction. To accomplish this, we briefly review the human visual attention literature and outline four research themes and several experimental paradigms that could be extended to invertebrates. We briefly review selected studies where the measurement of gaze direction in invertebrates has provided new insights, and we suggest future areas of exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Winsor
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Guilherme F Pagoti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321, Travessa 14, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Daniel J Daye
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Erik W Cheries
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Kyle R Cave
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jakob
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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17
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Gainett G, Ballesteros JA, Kanzler CR, Zehms JT, Zern JM, Aharon S, Gavish-Regev E, Sharma PP. Systemic paralogy and function of retinal determination network homologs in arachnids. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:811. [PMID: 33225889 PMCID: PMC7681978 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachnids are important components of cave ecosystems and display many examples of troglomorphisms, such as blindness, depigmentation, and elongate appendages. Little is known about how the eyes of arachnids are specified genetically, let alone the mechanisms for eye reduction and loss in troglomorphic arachnids. Additionally, duplication of Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN) homologs in spiders has convoluted functional inferences extrapolated from single-copy homologs in pancrustacean models. RESULTS We investigated a sister species pair of Israeli cave whip spiders, Charinus ioanniticus and C. israelensis (Arachnopulmonata, Amblypygi), of which one species has reduced eyes. We generated embryonic transcriptomes for both Amblypygi species, and discovered that several RDGN homologs exhibit duplications. We show that duplication of RDGN homologs is systemic across arachnopulmonates (arachnid orders that bear book lungs), rather than being a spider-specific phenomenon. A differential gene expression (DGE) analysis comparing the expression of RDGN genes in field-collected embryos of both species identified candidate RDGN genes involved in the formation and reduction of eyes in whip spiders. To ground bioinformatic inference of expression patterns with functional experiments, we interrogated the function of three candidate RDGN genes identified from DGE using RNAi in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. We provide functional evidence that one of these paralogs, sine oculis/Six1 A (soA), is necessary for the development of all arachnid eye types. CONCLUSIONS Our work establishes a foundation to investigate the genetics of troglomorphic adaptations in cave arachnids, and links differential gene expression to an arthropod eye phenotype for the first time outside of Pancrustacea. Our results support the conservation of at least one RDGN component across Arthropoda and provide a framework for identifying the role of gene duplications in generating arachnid eye diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Gainett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Jesús A Ballesteros
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Charlotte R Kanzler
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jakob T Zehms
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John M Zern
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shlomi Aharon
- National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Efrat Gavish-Regev
- National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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18
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Schröder-Turk GE. Quo vadis biophotonics? Wearing serendipity and slow science as a badge of pride, and embracing biology. Faraday Discuss 2020; 223:307-323. [PMID: 33034598 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article is a reflection on the themes of the Faraday Discussion meeting on 'Biological and bio-inspired optics' held from 20 to 22 July 2020. It is a personal perspective on the nature of this field as a broad and interdisciplinary field that has led to a sound understanding of the material properties of biological nanostructured and optical materials. The article describes how the nature of the field and the themes of the conference are reflected in particular in work on the 3D bicontinuous biophotonic nanostructures known as single gyroids and in bicontinuous structures more broadly. Such single gyroid materials are found for example in the butterfly Thecla opisena, where the questions of biophotonic response, of bio-inspired optics, of the relationship between structure and function, and of the relationship between natural and synthetic realisations are closely interlinked. This multitude of facets of research on single gyroid structures reflects the beauty of the broader field of biophotonics, namely as a field that lives through embracing the serendipitous discovery of the biophotonic marvels that nature offers to us as seeds for in-depth analysis and understanding. The meandering nature of its discoveries, and the need to accept the slowness that comes from exploration of intellectually new or foreign territory, mean that the field shares some traits with biological evolution itself. Looking into the future, I consider that a closer engagement with living tissue and with the biological questions of function and formation, rather than with the materials science of biological materials, will help ensure the continuing great success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd E Schröder-Turk
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering & Education, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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19
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Exceptional diversity of opsin expression patterns in Neogonodactylus oerstedii (Stomatopoda) retinas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8948-8957. [PMID: 32241889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917303117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatopod crustaceans possess some of the most complex animal visual systems, including at least 16 spectrally distinct types of photoreceptive units (e.g., assemblages of photoreceptor cells). Here we fully characterize the set of opsin genes expressed in retinal tissues and determine expression patterns of each in the stomatopod Neogonodactylus oerstedii Using a combination of transcriptome and RACE sequencing, we identified 33 opsin transcripts expressed in each N. oerstedii eye, which are predicted to form 20 long-wavelength-sensitive, 10 middle-wavelength-sensitive, and three UV-sensitive visual pigments. Observed expression patterns of these 33 transcripts were highly unusual in five respects: 1) All long-wavelength and short/middle-wavelength photoreceptive units expressed multiple opsins, while UV photoreceptor cells expressed single opsins; 2) most of the long-wavelength photoreceptive units expressed at least one middle-wavelength-sensitive opsin transcript; 3) the photoreceptors involved in spatial, motion, and polarization vision expressed more transcripts than those involved in color vision; 4) there is a unique opsin transcript that is expressed in all eight of the photoreceptive units devoted to color vision; and 5) expression patterns in the peripheral hemispheres of the eyes suggest visual specializations not previously recognized in stomatopods. Elucidating the expression patterns of all opsin transcripts expressed in the N. oerstedii retina reveals the potential for previously undocumented functional diversity in the already complex stomatopod eye and is a first step toward understanding the functional significance of the unusual abundance of opsins found in many arthropod species' visual systems.
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20
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Franklin AM, Marshall J, Feinstein AD, Bok MJ, Byrd AD, Lewis SM. Differences in signal contrast and camouflage among different colour variations of a stomatopod crustacean, Neogonodactylus oerstedii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1236. [PMID: 31988305 PMCID: PMC6985165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal colouration is often a trade-off between background matching for camouflage from predators, and conspicuousness for communication with con- or heterospecifics. Stomatopods are marine crustaceans known to use colour signals during courtship and contests, while their overall body colouration may provide camouflage. However, we have little understanding of how stomatopods perceive these signals in their environment or whether overall body coloration does provide camouflage from predators. Neogonodactylus oerstedii assess meral spot colour during contests, and meral spot colour varies depending on local habitat. By calculating quantum catch for N. oerstedii's 12 photoreceptors associated with chromatic vision, we found that variation in meral spot total reflectance does not function to increase signal contrast in the local habitat. Neogonodactylus oerstedii also show between-habitat variation in dorsal body colouration. We used visual models to predict a trichromatic fish predator's perception of these colour variations. Our results suggest that sandy and green stomatopods are camouflaged from a typical fish predator in rubble fields and seagrass beds, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate signal contrast and camouflage in a stomatopod. These results provide new insight into the function and evolution of colouration in a species with a complex visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Franklin
- Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Michael J Bok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Anya D Byrd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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21
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Optic lobe organization in stomatopod crustacean species possessing different degrees of retinal complexity. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 206:247-258. [PMID: 31811397 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stomatopod crustaceans possess tripartite compound eyes; upper and lower hemispheres are separated by an equatorial midband of several ommatidial rows. The organization of stomatopod retinas is well established, but their optic lobes have been studied less. We used histological staining, immunolabeling, and fluorescent tracer injections to compare optic lobes in two 6-row midband species, Neogonodactylus oerstedii and Pseudosquilla ciliata, to those in two 2-row midband species, Squilla empusa and Alima pacifica. Compared to the 6-row species, we found structural differences in all optic neuropils in both 2-row species. Photoreceptor axons from 2-row midband ommatidia supply two sets of lamina cartridges; however, conspicuous spaces lacking lamina cartridges are observed in locations corresponding to where the cartridges of the upper four ommatidial rows of 6-row species would exist. The tripartite arrangement and enlarged projections containing fibers associated with the two rows of midband ommatidia can be traced throughout the entire optic lobe. However, 2-row species lack some features of medullar and lobular neuropils in 6-row species. Our results support the hypothesis that 2-row midband species are derived from a 6-row ancestor, and suggest specializations in the medulla and lobula found solely in 6-row species are important for color and polarization analysis.
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22
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Thoen HH, Wolff GH, Marshall J, Sayre ME, Strausfeld NJ. The reniform body: An integrative lateral protocerebral neuropil complex of Eumalacostraca identified in Stomatopoda and Brachyura. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1079-1094. [PMID: 31621907 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda) possess in common with other crustaceans, and with Hexapoda, specific neuroanatomical attributes of the protocerebrum, the most anterior part of the arthropod brain. These attributes include assemblages of interconnected centers called the central body complex and in the lateral protocerebra, situated in the eyestalks, paired mushroom bodies. The phenotypic homologues of these centers across Panarthropoda support the view that ancestral integrative circuits crucial to action selection and memory have persisted since the early Cambrian or late Ediacaran. However, the discovery of another prominent integrative neuropil in the stomatopod lateral protocerebrum raises the question whether it is unique to Stomatopoda or at least most developed in this lineage, which may have originated in the upper Ordovician or early Devonian. Here, we describe the neuroanatomical structure of this center, called the reniform body. Using confocal microscopy and classical silver staining, we demonstrate that the reniform body receives inputs from multiple sources, including the optic lobe's lobula. Although the mushroom body also receives projections from the lobula, it is entirely distinct from the reniform body, albeit connected to it by discrete tracts. We discuss the implications of their coexistence in Stomatopoda, the occurrence of the reniform body in another eumalacostracan lineage and what this may mean for our understanding of brain functionality in Pancrustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Halkinrud Thoen
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas James Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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23
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Long-Wavelength Reflecting Filters Found in the Larval Retinas of One Mantis Shrimp Family (Nannosquillidae). Curr Biol 2019; 29:3101-3108.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Daly IM, How MJ, Partridge JC, Roberts NW. Gaze stabilization in mantis shrimp in response to angled stimuli. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:515-527. [PMID: 31093738 PMCID: PMC6647723 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gaze stabilization is a fundamental aspect of vision and almost all animals shift their eyes to compensate for any self-movement relative to the external environment. When it comes to mantis shrimp, however, the situation becomes complicated due to the complexity of their visual system and their range of eye movements. The stalked eyes of mantis shrimp can independently move left and right, and up and down, whilst simultaneously rotating about the axis of the eye stalks. Despite the large range of rotational freedom, mantis shrimp nevertheless show a stereotypical gaze stabilization response to horizontal motion of a wide-field, high-contrast stimulus. This response is often accompanied by pitch (up-down) and torsion (about the eye stalk) rotations which, surprisingly, have no effect on the performance of yaw (side-to-side) gaze stabilization. This unusual feature of mantis shrimp vision suggests that their neural circuitry for detecting motion is radially symmetric and immune to the confounding effects of torsional self-motion. In this work, we reinforce this finding, demonstrating that the yaw gaze stabilization response of the mantis shrimp is robust to the ambiguous motion cues arising from the motion of striped visual gratings in which the angle of a grating is offset from its direction of travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Daly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Martin J How
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julian C Partridge
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, (M470), Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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25
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Valdez-Lopez JC, Donohue MW, Bok MJ, Wolf J, Cronin TW, Porter ML. Sequence, Structure, and Expression of Opsins in the Monochromatic Stomatopod Squilla empusa. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:386-397. [PMID: 29697793 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Most stomatopod crustaceans have complex retinas in their compound eyes, with up to 16 spectral types of photoreceptors, but members of the superfamily Squilloidea have much simpler retinas, thought to contain a single photoreceptor spectral class. In the Atlantic stomatopod Squilla empusa, microspectrophotometry shows that all photoreceptors absorb light maximally at 517 nm, indicating that a single visual pigment is present in all photoreceptors in the retina. However, six distinct, but partial, long wavelength sensitive (LWS) opsin transcripts, which encode the protein component of the visual pigment, have been previously isolated through RT-PCR. In order to investigate the spectral and functional differences among S. empusa's opsins, we used RT-PCR to complete the 3' end of sequences for five of the six expressed opsins. The extended sequences spanned from the first transmembrane (TM1) helix to the 3' end of the coding region. Using homology-based modeling, we predicted the three-dimensional structure of the amino acid translation of the S. empusa opsins. Based on these analyses, S. empusa LWS opsins share a high sequence identity in TM regions and in amino acids within 15 Å of the chromophore-binding lysine on TM helix 7 (TM7), suggesting that these opsins produce spectrally similar visual pigments in agreement with previous results. However, we propose that these spectrally similar opsins differ functionally, as there are non-conservative amino acid substitutions found in intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) and TM5/ICL3, which are critical regions for G-protein binding, and substitutions in extracellular regions suggest different chromophore attachment affinities. In situ hybridization of two of the opsins (Se5 and Se6) revealed strong co-expression in all photoreceptors in both midband and peripheral regions of the retina as well as in selected ocular and cerebral ganglion neuropils. These data suggest the expression of multiple opsins-likely spectrally identical, but functionally different-in multiple types of neuronal cells in S. empusa. This suggests that the multiple opsins characteristic of other stomatopod species may have similar functional specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Valdez-Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Mary W Donohue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Michael J Bok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julia Wolf
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Megan L Porter
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Marshall NJ, Powell SB, Cronin TW, Caldwell RL, Johnsen S, Gruev V, Chiou THS, Roberts NW, How MJ. Polarisation signals: a new currency for communication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/3/jeb134213. [PMID: 30733259 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.134213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Most polarisation vision studies reveal elegant examples of how animals, mainly the invertebrates, use polarised light cues for navigation, course-control or habitat selection. Within the past two decades it has been recognised that polarised light, reflected, blocked or transmitted by some animal and plant tissues, may also provide signals that are received or sent between or within species. Much as animals use colour and colour signalling in behaviour and survival, other species additionally make use of polarisation signalling, or indeed may rely on polarisation-based signals instead. It is possible that the degree (or percentage) of polarisation provides a more reliable currency of information than the angle or orientation of the polarised light electric vector (e-vector). Alternatively, signals with specific e-vector angles may be important for some behaviours. Mixed messages, making use of polarisation and colour signals, also exist. While our knowledge of the physics of polarised reflections and sensory systems has increased, the observational and behavioural biology side of the story needs more (and more careful) attention. This Review aims to critically examine recent ideas and findings, and suggests ways forward to reveal the use of light that we cannot see.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Samuel B Powell
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
| | - Roy L Caldwell
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
| | - Sonke Johnsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Viktor Gruev
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - T-H Short Chiou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Nicholas W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Martin J How
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Zhu Q, Fu Y, Liu Z. A bio-inspired model for bidirectional polarisation detection. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2018; 13:066002. [PMID: 30156563 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aadd64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a novel polarisation detection model based on the microstructure of rhabdom in mantis shrimp eyes, in which a single unit can detect two directions of orthogonal polarisation. The bionic model incorporated multi-layered orthogonal Si wire grids, and the finite-difference time-domain method was used to simulate light absorption. A single-layer Si wire grid was simulated to study the effects of thickness and duty cycle on extinction ratios. A multi-layer orthogonal wire grid was simulated to study the effects of distance between adjacent layers. The simulations revealed that the bionic model can achieve orthogonal polarisation detection. Additionally, for 600 coupled layers, the extinction ratios in both directions were greater than 60, and light absorption in the absorptive directions exceeded 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhu
- School of Opto-Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China. Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Measurement and Optical Information Transmission Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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Bok MJ, Roberts NW, Cronin TW. Behavioural evidence for polychromatic ultraviolet sensitivity in mantis shrimp. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1384. [PMID: 30068672 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatopod crustaceans are renowned for their elaborate visual systems. Their eyes contain a plethora of photoreceptors specialized for chromatic and polarization detection, including several that are sensitive to varying wavelength ranges and angles of polarization within the ultraviolet (UV) range (less than 400 nm). Behavioural experiments have previously suggested that UV photoreception plays a role in stomatopod communication, but these experiments have only manipulated the entire UV range. Here, using a behavioural approach, we examine UV vision in the stomatopod Haptosquilla trispinosa Using binary trained choice assays as well as innate burrow-choice experiments, we assessed the ability of H. trispinosa to detect and respond to narrow-band LED stimuli peaking near 314 nm (UVB) versus 379 nm (UVA) in wavelength. We find that H. trispinosa can discriminate these stimuli and appears to display an aversive reaction to UVB light, suggesting segregated behavioural responses to stimuli within the UV range. Furthermore, we find that H. trispinosa can discriminate stimuli peaking near 379 nm versus 351 nm in wavelength, suggesting that their wavelength discrimination in the UV is comparable to their performance in the human-visible range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Nicholas W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Cummings ME, Endler JA. 25 Years of sensory drive: the evidence and its watery bias. Curr Zool 2018; 64:471-484. [PMID: 30108628 PMCID: PMC6084598 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 25 years since the formalization of the Sensory Drive hypothesis was published in the American Naturalist (1992). Since then, there has been an explosion of research identifying its utility in contributing to our understanding of inter- and intra-specific variation in sensory systems and signaling properties. The main tenet of Sensory Drive is that environmental characteristics will influence the evolutionary trajectory of both sensory (detecting capabilities) and signaling (detectable features and behaviors) traits in predictable directions. We review the accumulating evidence in 154 studies addressing these questions and categorized their approach in terms of testing for environmental influence on sensory tuning, signal characteristics, or both. For the subset of studies that examined sensory tuning, there was greater support for Sensory Drive processes shaping visual than auditory tuning, and it was more prevalent in aquatic than terrestrial habitats. Terrestrial habitats and visual traits were the prevalent habitat and sensory modality in the 104 studies showing support for environmental influence on signaling properties. An additional 19 studies that found no supporting evidence for environmental influence on signaling traits were all based in terrestrial ecosystems and almost exclusively involved auditory signals. Only 29 studies examined the complete coevolutionary process between sensory and signaling traits and were dominated by fish visual communication. We discuss biophysical factors that may contribute to the visual and aquatic bias for Sensory Drive evidence, as well as biotic factors that may contribute to the lack of Sensory Drive processes in terrestrial acoustic signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Cummings
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John A Endler
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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Daly IM, How MJ, Partridge JC, Roberts NW. Complex gaze stabilization in mantis shrimp. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20180594. [PMID: 29720419 PMCID: PMC5966611 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all animals, regardless of the anatomy of the eyes, require some level of gaze stabilization in order to see the world clearly and without blur. For the mantis shrimp, achieving gaze stabilization is unusually challenging as their eyes have an unprecedented scope for movement in all three rotational degrees of freedom: yaw, pitch and torsion. We demonstrate that the species Odontodactylus scyllarus performs stereotypical gaze stabilization in the yaw degree of rotational freedom, which is accompanied by simultaneous changes in the pitch and torsion rotation of the eye. Surprisingly, yaw gaze stabilization performance is unaffected by both the torsional pose and the rate of torsional rotation of the eye. Further to this, we show, for the first time, a lack of a torsional gaze stabilization response in the stomatopod visual system. In the light of these findings, we suggest that the neural wide-field motion detection network in the stomatopod visual system may follow a radially symmetric organization to compensate for the potentially disorientating effects of torsional eye movements, a system likely to be unique to stomatopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Daly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Martin J How
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julian C Partridge
- School of Biological Sciences and the Oceans Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Thoen HH, Sayre ME, Marshall J, Strausfeld NJ. Representation of the stomatopod's retinal midband in the optic lobes: Putative neural substrates for integrating chromatic, achromatic and polarization information. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1148-1165. [PMID: 29377111 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stomatopods have an elaborate visual system served by a retina that is unique to this class of pancrustaceans. Its upper and lower eye hemispheres encode luminance and linear polarization while an equatorial band of photoreceptors termed the midband detects color, circularly polarized light and linear polarization in the ultraviolet. In common with many malacostracan crustaceans, stomatopods have stalked eyes, but they can move these independently within three degrees of rotational freedom. Both eyes separately use saccadic and scanning movements but they can also move in a coordinated fashion to track selected targets or maintain a forward eyestalk posture during swimming. Visual information is initially processed in the first two optic neuropils, the lamina and the medulla, where the eye's midband is represented by enlarged regions within each neuropil that contain populations of neurons, the axons of which are segregated from the neuropil regions subtending the hemispheres. Neuronal channels representing the midband extend from the medulla to the lobula where populations of putative inhibitory glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons intrinsic to the lobula have specific associations with the midband. Here we investigate the organization of the midband representation in the medulla and the lobula in the context of their overall architecture. We discuss the implications of observed arrangements, in which midband inputs to the lobula send out collaterals that extend across the retinotopic mosaic pertaining to the hemispheres. This organization suggests an integrative design that diverges from the eumalacostracan ground pattern and, for the stomatopod, enables color and polarization information to be integrated with luminance information that presumably encodes shape and motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Halkinrud Thoen
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas James Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Cronin TW, Garcia M, Gruev V. Multichannel spectrometers in animals. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2018; 13:021001. [PMID: 29313524 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aaa61b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral, hyperspectral, polarimetric, and other types of multichannel imaging spectrometers are coming into common use for a variety of applications, including remote sensing, material identification, forensics, and medical diagnosis. These instruments are often bulky and intolerant of field abuse, so designing compact, reliable, portable, and robust devices is a priority. In contrast to most engineering designs, animals have been building compact and robust multichannel imaging systems for millennia-their eyes. Biological sensors arise by evolution, of course, and are not designed 'for' a particular use; they exist because the creatures that were blessed with useful mutations were better able to survive and reproduce than their competitors. While this is an inefficient process for perfecting a sensor, it brings unexpected innovations and novel concepts into visual system design-concepts that may be useful in the inspiration of new engineered solutions to problematic challenges, like the ones mentioned above. Here, we review a diversity of multichannel visual systems from both vertebrate and invertebrate animals, considering the receptor molecules and cells, spectral sensitivity and its tuning, and some aspects of the higher-level processing systems used to shape spectral (and polarizational) channels in vision. The eyes of mantis shrimps are presented as potential models for biomimetic multichannel imaging systems. We end with a description of a bioinspired, newly developed multichannel spectral/polarimetric imaging system based on mantis shrimp vision that is highly adaptable to field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States of America
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Deisseroth K, Hegemann P. The form and function of channelrhodopsin. Science 2018; 357:357/6356/eaan5544. [PMID: 28912215 PMCID: PMC5723383 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan5544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels that, via regulation of flagellar function, enable single-celled motile algae to seek ambient light conditions suitable for photosynthesis and survival. These plant behavioral responses were initially investigated more than 150 years ago. Recently, major principles of function for light-gated ion channels have been elucidated by creating channelrhodopsins with kinetics that are accelerated or slowed over orders of magnitude, by discovering and designing channelrhodopsins with altered spectral properties, by solving the high-resolution channelrhodopsin crystal structure, and by structural model-guided redesign of channelrhodopsins for altered ion selectivity. Each of these discoveries not only revealed basic principles governing the operation of light-gated ion channels, but also enabled the creation of new proteins for illuminating, via optogenetics, the fundamentals of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. .,Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Palmer BA, Taylor GJ, Brumfeld V, Gur D, Shemesh M, Elad N, Osherov A, Oron D, Weiner S, Addadi L. The image-forming mirror in the eye of the scallop. Science 2017; 358:1172-1175. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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35
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Thoen HH, Chiou TH, Marshall NJ. Intracellular Recordings of Spectral Sensitivities in Stomatopods: a Comparison across Species. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:1117-1129. [PMID: 28992286 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomatopods (mantis shrimps) possess one of the most complex eyes in the world with photoreceptors detecting up to 12 different colors. It is not yet understood why stomatopods have almost four times the number of spectral photoreceptors compared with most other animals. It has, however, been suggested that these seemingly redundant photoreceptors could encode color through a new mechanism. Here we compare the spectral sensitivities across five species of stomatopods within the superfamily Gonodactyloidea using intracellular electrophysiological recordings. The results show that the spectral sensitivities across species of stomatopods are remarkably similar apart from some variation in the long-wavelength receptors. We relate these results to spectral sensitivity estimates previously obtained using microspectrophotometry and discuss the variation in the spectral sensitivity maxima (λmax) of the long-wavelength receptors in regard to the previous findings that stomatopods are able to tune their spectral sensitivities according to their respective light environment. We further discuss the similarities of the spectral sensitivities across species of stomatopods in regard to how color information might be processed by their visual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne H Thoen
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tsyr-Huei Chiou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - N Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Wolff GH, Thoen HH, Marshall J, Sayre ME, Strausfeld NJ. An insect-like mushroom body in a crustacean brain. eLife 2017; 6:29889. [PMID: 28949916 PMCID: PMC5614564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushroom bodies are the iconic learning and memory centers of insects. No previously described crustacean possesses a mushroom body as defined by strict morphological criteria although crustacean centers called hemiellipsoid bodies, which serve functions in sensory integration, have been viewed as evolutionarily convergent with mushroom bodies. Here, using key identifiers to characterize neural arrangements, we demonstrate insect-like mushroom bodies in stomatopod crustaceans (mantis shrimps). More than any other crustacean taxon, mantis shrimps display sophisticated behaviors relating to predation, spatial memory, and visual recognition comparable to those of insects. However, neuroanatomy-based cladistics suggesting close phylogenetic proximity of insects and stomatopod crustaceans conflicts with genomic evidence showing hexapods closely related to simple crustaceans called remipedes. We discuss whether corresponding anatomical phenotypes described here reflect the cerebral morphology of a common ancestor of Pancrustacea or an extraordinary example of convergent evolution. With more than four million species, arthropods are the largest and most diverse group of animals on the planet and include, for example, crustaceans, insects and spiders. They are defined by their segmented bodies, hard outer skeletons and jointed limbs. All arthropods share a common ancestor that lived more than 550 million years ago. Exactly how this ancestral arthropod gave rise to the myriad species that exist today is unclear but we know that at some point the arthropod family tree split into branches, one of which went on to become the crustaceans. The crustacean branch then split again, giving rise to a line of descendants that would become the insects. But although insects evolved from crustaceans, the brains of insects possess structures that those of crustaceans do not. Known as mushroom bodies, these structures help to form and store memories. Their absence in crustaceans has therefore been an enduring mystery. Wolff et al. now add a piece to the puzzle by showing that one group of modern-day crustaceans, the mantis shrimps, does in fact possess mushroom bodies. By visualizing cells and pathways within the brains of mantis shrimps, and also a number of closely related species, Wolff et al. show that only these shrimps possess true mushroom bodies. However, some of the mantis shrimp’s close relatives possess a few attributes of these structures. This suggests that mushroom bodies are evolutionarily ancient structures that arose in a common ancestor of insects and crustaceans, before being lost or radically modified in most of the crustaceans. So why did this happen? Mantis shrimps are top predators with excellent vision that hunt over considerable distances, requiring them to evaluate and memorize complex features of their environment. These cognitive demands, which might not be shared by other crustaceans, may have led to the mantis shrimps retaining their mushroom bodies. Further research into the brains and behavior of the mantis shrimp may provide insights into how mushroom bodies construct memories of a complex sensory world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Nicholas James Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
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37
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Van Der Wal C, Ahyong ST, Ho SYW, Lo N. The evolutionary history of Stomatopoda (Crustacea: Malacostraca) inferred from molecular data. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3844. [PMID: 28948111 PMCID: PMC5610894 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The crustacean order Stomatopoda comprises seven superfamilies of mantis shrimps, found in coastal waters of the tropics and subtropics. These marine carnivores bear notable raptorial appendages for smashing or spearing prey. We investigated the evolutionary relationships among stomatopods using phylogenetic analyses of three mitochondrial and two nuclear markers. Our analyses recovered the superfamily Gonodactyloidea as polyphyletic, with Hemisquilla as the sister group to all other extant stomatopods. A relaxed molecular clock, calibrated by seven fossil-based age constraints, was used to date the origin and major diversification events of stomatopods. Our estimates suggest that crown-group stomatopods (Unipeltata) diverged from their closest crustacean relatives about 340 Ma (95% CRI [401–313 Ma]). We found that the specialized smashing appendage arose after the spearing appendage ∼126 Ma (95% CRI [174–87 Ma]). Ancestral state reconstructions revealed that the most recent common ancestor of extant stomatopods had eyes with six midband rows of hexagonal ommatidia. Hexagonal ommatidia are interpreted as plesiomorphic in stomatopods, and this is consistent with the malacostracan ground-plan. Our study provides insight into the evolutionary timescale and systematics of Stomatopoda, although further work is required to resolve with confidence the phylogenetic relationships among its superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Van Der Wal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shane T Ahyong
- Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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38
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Daly IM, How MJ, Partridge JC, Roberts NW. The independence of eye movements in a stomatopod crustacean is task dependent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1360-1368. [PMID: 28356369 PMCID: PMC5399772 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.153692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stomatopods have an extraordinary visual system, incorporating independent movement of their eyes in all three degrees of rotational freedom. In this work, we demonstrate that in the peacock mantis shrimp, Odontodactylus scyllarus, the level of ocular independence is task dependent. During gaze stabilization in the context of optokinesis, there is weak but significant correlation between the left and right eyes in the yaw degree of rotational freedom, but not in pitch and torsion. When one eye is completely occluded, the uncovered eye does not drive the covered eye during gaze stabilization. However, occluding one eye does significantly affect the uncovered eye, lowering its gaze stabilization performance. There is a lateral asymmetry, with the magnitude of the effect depending on the eye (left or right) combined with the direction of motion of the visual field. In contrast, during a startle saccade, the uncovered eye does drive a covered eye. Such disparate levels of independence between the two eyes suggest that responses to individual visual tasks are likely to follow different neural pathways. Summary: The level of independence between the eyes of mantis shrimps (stomatopods) is task dependent, suggesting variability in neural processing of visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Daly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Martin J How
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julian C Partridge
- School of Animal Biology and the Oceans Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway (M317), Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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39
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Franklin AM, Applegate MB, Lewis SM, Omenetto FG. Stomatopods detect and assess achromatic cues in contests. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Thoen HH, Strausfeld NJ, Marshall J. Neural organization of afferent pathways from the stomatopod compound eye. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3010-3030. [PMID: 28577301 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans and insects share many similarities of brain organization suggesting that their common ancestor possessed some components of those shared features. Stomatopods (mantis shrimps) are basal eumalacostracan crustaceans famous for their elaborate visual system, the most complex of which possesses 12 types of color photoreceptors and the ability to detect both linearly and circularly polarized light. Here, using a palette of histological methods we describe neurons and their neuropils most immediately associated with the stomatopod retina. We first provide a general overview of the major neuropil structures in the eyestalks lateral protocerebrum, with respect to the optical pathways originating from the six rows of specialized ommatidia in the stomatopod's eye, termed the midband. We then focus on the structure and neuronal types of the lamina, the first optic neuropil in the stomatopod visual system. Using Golgi impregnations to resolve single neurons we identify cells in different parts of the lamina corresponding to the three different regions of the stomatopod eye (midband and the upper and lower eye halves). While the optic cartridges relating to the spectral and polarization sensitive midband ommatidia show some specializations not found in the lamina serving the upper and lower eye halves, the general morphology of the midband lamina reflects cell types elsewhere in the lamina and cell types described for other species of Eumalacostraca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne H Thoen
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Brain architecture of the Pacific White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 (Malacostraca, Dendrobranchiata): correspondence of brain structure and sensory input? Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:255-271. [PMID: 28389816 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Penaeus vannamei (Dendrobranchiata, Decapoda) is best known as the "Pacific White Shrimp" and is currently the most important crustacean in commercial aquaculture worldwide. Although the neuroanatomy of crustaceans has been well examined in representatives of reptant decapods ("ground-dwelling decapods"), there are only a few studies focusing on shrimps and prawns. In order to obtain insights into the architecture of the brain of P. vannamei, we use neuroanatomical methods including X-ray micro-computed tomography, 3D reconstruction and immunohistochemical staining combined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy and serial sectioning. The brain of P. vannamei exhibits all the prominent neuropils and tracts that characterize the ground pattern of decapod crustaceans. However, the size proportion of some neuropils is salient. The large lateral protocerebrum that comprises the visual neuropils as well as the hemiellipsoid body and medulla terminalis is remarkable. This observation corresponds with the large size of the compound eyes of these animals. In contrast, the remaining median part of the brain is relatively small. It is dominated by the paired antenna 2 neuropils, while the deutocerebral chemosensory lobes play a minor role. Our findings suggest that visual input from the compound eyes and mechanosensory input from the second pair of antennae are major sensory modalities, which this brain processes.
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Heras FJH, Laughlin SB. Optimizing the use of a sensor resource for opponent polarization coding. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2772. [PMID: 28316880 PMCID: PMC5355978 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flies use specialized photoreceptors R7 and R8 in the dorsal rim area (DRA) to detect skylight polarization. R7 and R8 form a tiered waveguide (central rhabdomere pair, CRP) with R7 on top, filtering light delivered to R8. We examine how the division of a given resource, CRP length, between R7 and R8 affects their ability to code polarization angle. We model optical absorption to show how the length fractions allotted to R7 and R8 determine the rates at which they transduce photons, and correct these rates for transduction unit saturation. The rates give polarization signal and photon noise in R7, and in R8. Their signals are combined in an opponent unit, intrinsic noise added, and the unit's output analysed to extract two measures of coding ability, number of discriminable polarization angles and mutual information. A very long R7 maximizes opponent signal amplitude, but codes inefficiently due to photon noise in the very short R8. Discriminability and mutual information are optimized by maximizing signal to noise ratio, SNR. At lower light levels approximately equal lengths of R7 and R8 are optimal because photon noise dominates. At higher light levels intrinsic noise comes to dominate and a shorter R8 is optimum. The optimum R8 length fractions falls to one third. This intensity dependent range of optimal length fractions corresponds to the range observed in different fly species and is not affected by transduction unit saturation. We conclude that a limited resource, rhabdom length, can be divided between two polarization sensors, R7 and R8, to optimize opponent coding. We also find that coding ability increases sub-linearly with total rhabdom length, according to the law of diminishing returns. Consequently, the specialized shorter central rhabdom in the DRA codes polarization twice as efficiently with respect to rhabdom length than the longer rhabdom used in the rest of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J H Heras
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Current affiliation: Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme (CNP), Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Simon B Laughlin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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Thoen HH, Marshall J, Wolff GH, Strausfeld NJ. Insect-Like Organization of the Stomatopod Central Complex: Functional and Phylogenetic Implications. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:12. [PMID: 28223924 PMCID: PMC5294995 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to investigating functional attributes of the central complex is to relate its various elaborations to pancrustacean phylogeny, to taxon-specific behavioral repertoires and ecological settings. Here we review morphological similarities between the central complex of stomatopod crustaceans and the central complex of dicondylic insects. We discuss whether their central complexes possess comparable functional properties, despite the phyletic distance separating these taxa, with mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda) belonging to the basal branch of Eumalacostraca. Stomatopods possess the most elaborate visual receptor system in nature and display a fascinating behavioral repertoire, including refined appendicular dexterity such as independently moving eyestalks. They are also unparalleled in their ability to maneuver during both swimming and substrate locomotion. Like other pancrustaceans, stomatopods possess a set of midline neuropils, called the central complex, which in dicondylic insects have been shown to mediate the selection of motor actions for a range of behaviors. As in dicondylic insects, the stomatopod central complex comprises a modular protocerebral bridge (PB) supplying decussating axons to a scalloped fan-shaped body (FB) and its accompanying ellipsoid body (EB), which is linked to a set of paired noduli and other recognized satellite regions. We consider the functional implications of these attributes in the context of stomatopod behaviors, particularly of their eyestalks that can move independently or conjointly depending on the visual scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne H Thoen
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ultraviolet (UV) light occupies the spectral range of wavelengths slightly shorter than those visible to humans. Because of its shorter wavelength, it is more energetic (and potentially more photodamaging) than ‘visible light’, and it is scattered more efficiently in air and water. Until 1990, only a few animals were recognized as being sensitive to UV light, but we now know that a great diversity, possibly even the majority, of animal species can visually detect and respond to it. Here, we discuss the history of research on biological UV photosensitivity and review current major research trends in this field. Some animals use their UV photoreceptors to control simple, innate behaviors, but most incorporate their UV receptors into their general sense of vision. They not only detect UV light but recognize it as a separate color in light fields, on natural objects or living organisms, or in signals displayed by conspecifics. UV visual pigments are based on opsins, the same family of proteins that are used to detect light in conventional photoreceptors. Despite some interesting exceptions, most animal species have a single photoreceptor class devoted to the UV. The roles of UV in vision are manifold, from guiding navigation and orientation behavior, to detecting food and potential predators, to supporting high-level tasks such as mate assessment and intraspecific communication. Our current understanding of UV vision is restricted almost entirely to two phyla: arthropods and chordates (specifically, vertebrates), so there is much comparative work to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Michael J. Bok
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Sölvegatan 35, Lund 223 62, Sweden
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Franklin AM, Marshall NJ, Lewis SM. Multimodal signals: ultraviolet reflectance and chemical cues in stomatopod agonistic encounters. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160329. [PMID: 27853613 PMCID: PMC5108963 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Complex signals are commonly used during intraspecific contests over resources to assess an opponent's fighting ability and/or aggressive state. Stomatopod crustaceans may use complex signals when competing aggressively for refuges. Before physical attacks, stomatopods assess their opponents using chemical cues and perform threat displays showing a coloured patch, the meral spot. In some species, this spot reflects UV. However, despite their complex visual system with up to 20 photoreceptor classes, we do not know if stomatopods use chromatic or achromatic signals in contests. In a field study, we found that Neogonodactylus oerstedii meral spot luminance varies with sex, habitat and, more weakly, body length. Next, we conducted an experimental manipulation which demonstrated that both chemical cues and chromatic signals are used during contests. In the absence of chemical cues, stomatopods approached an occupied refuge more quickly and performed offensive behaviours at a lower rate. When UV reflectance was absent, stomatopods performed offensive behaviours more frequently and contest duration trended towards shorter fights. These results provide new evidence that UV reflectance and/or visible spectrum luminance is used to amplify threat displays. Our results are the first to demonstrate that chemical and chromatic cues comprise a multimodal signal in stomatopod contests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sara M. Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Daly IM, How MJ, Partridge JC, Temple SE, Marshall NJ, Cronin TW, Roberts NW. Dynamic polarization vision in mantis shrimps. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12140. [PMID: 27401817 PMCID: PMC4945877 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaze stabilization is an almost ubiquitous animal behaviour, one that is required to see the world clearly and without blur. Stomatopods, however, only fix their eyes on scenes or objects of interest occasionally. Almost uniquely among animals they explore their visual environment with a series pitch, yaw and torsional (roll) rotations of their eyes, where each eye may also move largely independently of the other. In this work, we demonstrate that the torsional rotations are used to actively enhance their ability to see the polarization of light. Both Gonodactylus smithii and Odontodactylus scyllarus rotate their eyes to align particular photoreceptors relative to the angle of polarization of a linearly polarized visual stimulus, thereby maximizing the polarization contrast between an object of interest and its background. This is the first documented example of any animal displaying dynamic polarization vision, in which the polarization information is actively maximized through rotational eye movements. Mantis shrimps are known to display large pitch, yaw and torsional eye rotations. Here, the authors show that these eye movements allow mantis shrimp to orientate particular photoreceptors in order to better discriminate the polarization of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Daly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Martin J How
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julian C Partridge
- School of Animal Biology and the Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway (M317), Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Shelby E Temple
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - N Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Nicholas W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Abstract
Using two UV-sensitive visual pigments and the UV-filtering properties of four mycosporine-like amino acids, mantis shrimp create six spectrally distinct UV receptors. This is yet another example of the unique ways in which mantis shrimp have adapted to extract information from their visual world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis R Loew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Guarín-Zapata N, Gomez J, Yaraghi N, Kisailus D, Zavattieri PD. Shear wave filtering in naturally-occurring Bouligand structures. Acta Biomater 2015; 23:11-20. [PMID: 25983314 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Wave propagation was investigated in the Bouligand-like structure from within the dactyl club of the stomatopod, a crustacean that is known to smash their heavily shelled preys with high accelerations. We incorporate the layered nature in a unitary material cell through the propagator matrix formalism while the periodic nature of the material is considered via Bloch boundary conditions as applied in the theory of solid state physics. Our results show that these materials exhibit bandgaps at frequencies related to the stress pulse generated by the impact of the dactyl club to its prey, and therefore exhibiting wave filtering in addition to the already known mechanisms of macroscopic isotropic behavior and toughness.
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Abstract
Butterflies and stomatopods are certainly outliers in their unconventional colour sense and despite some similarities at first glance, in fact sample the world of colour very differently. In one way, butterflies are relatively conventional, possessing either tri-or tetrachromatic colour vision, then just adding one or several task-specific sub-mechanisms onto this. It is the stomatopods so far that have really pushed the boat out into a different colour vision mechanism. Over 400 million years of independent evolution they have arrived at a solution with more in common with the way a satellite sensor examines the colours of the earth than other animals. Remember, however, that unconventional colour vision is not just the realm of the serially polychromatic. Apparently waterfleas with four classes of spectral receptors living in ponds operate a task-specific spectral sense with no need, or indeed neural processing power, to construct a complex discriminatory mechanism. It seems they have the butterfly added-extra set without the more complex comparative chromatic mechanisms, although in truth, conclusive behavioural proof is lacking. Behavioural observation of colour vision in the ecological context of each animal is vital before making the distinction between conventional and unconventional. Just counting spectral sensitivities is never enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Laboratory of Neuroethology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Japan.
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Marshall J, Carleton KL, Cronin T. Colour vision in marine organisms. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 34:86-94. [PMID: 25725325 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colour vision in the marine environment is on average simpler than in terrestrial environments with simple or no colour vision through monochromacy or dichromacy. Monochromacy is found in marine mammals and elasmobranchs, including whales and sharks, but not some rays. Conversely, there is also a greater diversity of colour vision in the ocean than on land, examples being the polyspectral stomatopods and the many colour vision solutions found among reef fish. Recent advances in sequencing reveal more opsin (visual pigment) types than functionally useful at any one time. This diversity arises through opsin duplication and conversion. Such mechanisms allow pick-and-mix adaptation that tunes colour vision on a variety of very short non-evolutionary timescales. At least some of the diversity in marine colour vision is best explained as unconventional colour vision or as neutral drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4070, Australia.
| | - Karen L Carleton
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Thomas Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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