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Romejko K, Markowska M, Niemczyk S. The Review of Current Knowledge on Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10470. [PMID: 37445650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a 25-kDa protein that is secreted mostly by immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Its production is stimulated in response to inflammation. The concentrations of NGAL can be measured in plasma, urine, and biological fluids such as peritoneal effluent. NGAL is known mainly as a biomarker of acute kidney injury and is released after tubular damage and during renal regeneration processes. NGAL is also elevated in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients. It may play a role as a predictor of the progression of renal function decreases with complications and mortality due to kidney failure. NGAL is also useful in the diagnostic processes of cardiovascular diseases. It is highly expressed in injured heart tissue and atherosclerostic plaque; its serum concentrations correlate with the severity of heart failure and coronary artery disease. NGAL increases inflammatory states and its levels rise in arterial hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic complications such as insulin resistance, and is also involved in carcinogenesis. In this review, we present the current knowledge on NGAL and its involvement in different pathologies, especially its role in renal and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Romejko
- Department of Internal Diseases, Nephrology and Dialysis, Military Institute of Medicine-National Research Institute, 128 Szaserów Street, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Markowska
- Department of Internal Diseases, Nephrology and Dialysis, Military Institute of Medicine-National Research Institute, 128 Szaserów Street, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Niemczyk
- Department of Internal Diseases, Nephrology and Dialysis, Military Institute of Medicine-National Research Institute, 128 Szaserów Street, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
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The Prognostic Utility of Plasma NGAL Levels in ST Segment Elevation in Myocardial Infarction Patients. Adv Prev Med 2020; 2020:4637043. [PMID: 32908709 PMCID: PMC7477595 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4637043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients are markedly higher. In addition, plasma NGAL levels were increased in patients with acute and chronic heart failure as a complication of myocardial infarction. In this study, we investigated whether there is a difference between the prognostic use of plasma NGAL levels in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with preserved and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Methods 235 consecutive STEMI patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into groups according to LVEF. Plasma NGAL, troponin I, creatine kinase MB (CKMB), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Finally, the study population examined with 34 reduced LVEF and 34 preserved LVEF consisted of a total of 68 patients (12 females; mean age, 61.5 ± 14.7). All patients were followed up prospectively for 6 months. This study group was divided into two subgroups as the patients who died (n = 14) and survived (n = 34), and plasma NGAL levels of the groups were compared. Results The median of NGAL was 190.08 ng/ml. Age, troponin I, CKMB, CRP, glomerular filtration rate, and creatinine were higher in reduced LVEF groups. Plasma NGAL levels were also higher in reduced LVEF than in preserved LVEF, but statistically not significant (p=0.07). Plasma NGAL levels were significantly higher in death patients than in survived patients (p < 0.001). In ROC curve analysis, the level to detect isolated cardiovascular mortality with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 77% was 190 ng/mL for NGAL. Conclusion Plasma NGAL levels can be used to predict cardiovascular mortality in STEMI patients.
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Sivalingam Z, Erik Magnusson N, Grove EL, Hvas AM, Dalby Kristensen S, Bøjet Larsen S. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2018; 78:470-476. [PMID: 30261750 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2018.1499956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a small glycoprotein secreted by neutrophils. NGAL regulates the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9, which plays a role in plaque instability. It has therefore been hypothesised that NGAL may modulate inflammation and promote the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Our aim was to assess the predictive value of plasma NGAL in a prospective cohort study of 876 high-risk patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). NGAL levels were measured using the NGAL TestTM from BioPorto Diagnostics. Clinical follow-up was performed after a median of 3.1 years. The endpoint was a combination of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction (MI), cardiovascular death (CVD), or ischaemic stroke. The NGAL concentration was (median [25;75%]: 64.3 µg/L [51.3;81.4]). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.56 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49;0.64) for the diagnosis of the composite endpoint and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.56;0.75) after adding NGAL to high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), leucocyte count, interleukin-6 (IL-6), calprotectin, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus, smoking and creatinine. However, the AUC for hs-CRP, leucocyte count, IL-6, calprotectin, age, sex, BMI, diabetes mellitus, smoking and creatinine without NGAL was similar at 0.66 (95% CI: 0.56;0.76). NGAL alone had no predictive value with respect to the composite endpoint of non-fatal AMI, ischaemic stroke, or CVD in stable CAD patients. NGAL did not add any predictive value to the endpoint compared with existing inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils Erik Magnusson
- b Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences , The Medical Research Laboratories , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Erik Lerkevang Grove
- a Department of Cardiology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark.,c Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Hvas
- c Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,d Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Steen Dalby Kristensen
- a Department of Cardiology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark.,c Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Sanne Bøjet Larsen
- a Department of Cardiology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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Association of vascular indices with novel circulating biomarkers as prognostic factors for cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Biochem 2018; 53:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sivalingam Z, Larsen SB, Grove EL, Hvas AM, Kristensen SD, Magnusson NE. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a risk marker in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 56:5-18. [PMID: 28672731 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a promising diagnostic biomarker of early acute kidney injury. Increasing evidence suggests that NGAL may also be involved in inflammatory processes in cardiovascular disease. NGAL modulates the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which is an important mediator of plaque instability in atherosclerosis. The complex formation between NGAL and MMP-9 therefore suggests that NGAL might play a role in progression of atherothrombotic disease. This review summarises current data on NGAL in atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, and heart failure.
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Zhang Y, Huang J, Yang X, Sun X, Xu Q, Wang B, Zhong P, Wei Z. Altered Expression of TXNIP in the peripheral leukocytes of patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9108. [PMID: 29245343 PMCID: PMC5728958 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD) is mainly caused by atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease characterized by plaque formation in arteries. Reactive oxygen species caused structural damage and dysfunction of arterial endothelial cells. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is the endogenous inhibitor and regulator of thioredoxin, a major cellular antioxidant and antiapoptotic system. In order to explore the role of TXNIP in the occurrence and development of CAD, we detected the TXNIP expression and discussed its molecular mechanisms in CAD. METHODS The mRNA levels of TXNIP gene in peripheral leucocytes were detected in CAD and healthy controls (CTR) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. And TXNIP proteins were detected by western blotting. RESULTS TXNIP gene expression levels in patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP, n = 96) were significantly increased compared with those of CTR (n = 192, P < .05). However, the situation is different in acute myocardial infarction (n = 96, P > .05). Logistic regression analysis showed that TXNIP levels were significantly positive correlated with UAP (OR = 1.728, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS TXNIP gene expression in the peripheral leucocytes was increased in patients with UAP, indicating that TXNIP in circulating leucocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of UAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital
| | - Jian Huang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University
| | - Xinglin Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital
| | - Qincheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital
| | - Baokui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital
| | - Peng Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital
| | - Zixiu Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital
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Lidocaine Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction of the Systemic Artery in Rats With Intermittent Periodontal Inflammation. Anesth Analg 2017; 124:2054-2062. [PMID: 28525515 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction of the systemic artery. However, it is unknown whether the use of local anesthetics during painful dental procedures alleviates periodontal inflammation and systemic endothelial function. This study was designed to examine whether the gingival or systemic injection of lidocaine prevents oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction of the systemic artery in rats with intermittent periodontal inflammation caused by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). METHODS Some rats received 1500 µg LPS injections to the gingiva during a week interval from the age of 8 to 11 weeks (LPS group). Lidocaine (3 mg/kg), LPS + lidocaine (3 mg/kg), LPS + lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg), and LPS + lidocaine (3 mg/kg, IP) groups simultaneously received gingival 1.5 or 3 mg/kg or IP 3 mg/kg injection of lidocaine on the same schedule as the gingival LPS. Isolated aortas or mandibles were subjected to the evaluation of histopathologic change, isometric force recording, reactive oxygen species, and Western immunoblotting. RESULTS Mean blood pressure and heart rate did not differ among the control, LPS, LPS + lidocaine (3 mg/kg), and lidocaine (3 mg/kg) groups. LPS application reduced acetylcholine (ACh, 10 to 10 mol/L)-induced relaxation (29% difference at ACh 3 × 10 mol/L, P = .01), which was restored by catalase. Gingival lidocaine (1.5 and 3 mg/kg) dose dependently prevented the endothelial dysfunction caused by LPS application (24.5%-31.1% difference at ACh 3 × 10 mol/L, P = .006 or .001, respectively). Similar to the gingival application, the IP injection of lidocaine (3 mg/kg) restored the ACh-induced dilation of isolated aortas from rats with the LPS application (27.5% difference at ACh 3 × 10 mol/L, P < .001). Levels of reactive oxygen species were double in aortas from the LPS group (P < .001), whereas the increment was abolished by polyethylene glycol-catalase, gingival lidocaine (3 mg/kg), or the combination. The LPS induced a 4-fold increase in the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in the periodontal tissue (P < .001), whereas the lidocaine (3 mg/kg) coadministration partly reduced the levels. Lidocaine application also decreased the protein expression of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit p47phox, which was enhanced by the gingival LPS (5.6-fold increase; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Lidocaine preserved the aortic endothelial function through a decrease in arterial reactive oxygen species produced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and periodontal tumor necrosis factor-α levels in rats with periodontal inflammation. These results suggest the beneficial effect of the gingival application of local anesthetics on the treatment of periodontal diseases on endothelial function of systemic arteries.
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Increased Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Uremia Is Associated with Chronic Inflammation and Prevalent Coronary Artery Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8415179. [PMID: 28523279 PMCID: PMC5385902 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8415179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Neutrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We hypothesized that the NET formation of neutrophils might be changed in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, explaining their higher incidence of coronary artery diseases (CAD). Method. A cross-sectional study was performed in 60 maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, 30 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (HV, negative control), and 30 patients with acute infection (positive control). Neutrophil activation and function were measured with reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity, degranulation, NET formation, and phenotypical changes. Result. Compared with HV, neutrophils extracted from MHD patients displayed significantly increased levels of basal NET formation, ROS production, and degranulation, suggesting spontaneous activation in uremia. Also, an increase in citrullinated histone H3 was detected in this group compared to the HV. And neutrophils from HV were normal CD16bright/CD62Lbright cells; however, neutrophils from MHD were CD16bright/CD62Ldim, similar to those from patients with acute infections. Interestingly, multivariate analyses identified the prevalent CAD and neutrophil counts as independent determinants of baseline NET formation (β = 0.323, p = 0.016 and β = 0.369, p = 0.006, resp.). Conclusions. Uremia-associated-increased NET formation may be a sign of increased burden of atherosclerosis.
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Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels are U-shaped in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study-Impact for mortality. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171574. [PMID: 28207778 PMCID: PMC5312954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a glycoprotein released by damaged renal tubular cells and mature neutrophils. It is elevated in kidney injury, but also in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction. We investigated the prognostic value of NGAL for total and cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography without history of renal insufficiency at inclusion into the study. PARTICIPANTS The LURIC study is an ongoing prospective cohort study of patients referred for coronary angiography and is designed to evaluate determinants of cardiovascular health. RESULTS NGAL was determined in plasma of 2997 persons (mean age: 62.7 years; 69.7% men) with a follow up for 10 years. 2358 patients suffered from CAD and 638 did not-these patients served as controls. Stable CAD was found in 1408 and unstable CAD in 950 patients. Death rate from cardiovascular events and all causes was highest in patients within the 4th quartile of NGAL (≥56 ng/ml, p<0.001 vs third quartile), even after adjustment for age and gender. According to multivariable-adjusted Cox analysis adjusting for well-known cardiovascular risk factors, as well as lipid lowering therapy, angiographic CAD, and C-reactive protein we found patients in the highest NGAL quartile being at increased risk for cardiovascular (hazard ratio (HR) 1.33, 95%CI 1.05-1.67, p = 0.016) and all cause mortality (HR 1.29 95%CI 1.07-1.55, p = 0.007) compared to those in the third quartile. The lowest risk was seen in the third quartile of NGAL (41-56 ng/ml) suggesting a U-shaped relationship between NGAL and mortality. Further adjustment for creatinine abrogated the predictive effect of NGAL. However, the 3rd and 4th quartiles of NGAL were significantly associated with higher neutrophil counts, which were associated with CAD, non-ST elevation and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Plasma NGAL concentrations are mainly derived from neutrophils and do not predict mortality independent of renal function.
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Yamamoto Y, Saito T, Feng GG, Li J, Yasuda Y, Kazaoka Y, Fujiwara Y, Kinoshita H. Intermittent local periodontal inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction of the systemic artery via increased levels of hydrogen peroxide concomitantly with overexpression of superoxide dismutase. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:901-907. [PMID: 27526356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was designed to examine whether the intermittent local periodontal inflammation induces endothelial dysfunction of the systemic artery caused by oxidative stress and if increased levels of hydrogen peroxide coexisted with overexpression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as NADPH oxidase contribute to the oxidative stress. METHODS The rats in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) group received 1500μg LPS injection to bilateral gingiva of the lower jaw a week interval from eight- to eleven-week-old. Isolated mandibles or aortas were subjected to the evaluation of histopathological changes, isometric force recordings, reactive oxygen species using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (10(-5)mol/L) and protein expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and SOD, respectively. RESULTS Mandible sections demonstrated the periodontal inflammation only in the LPS group at three days, but not seven days, after the LSP injection. Acetylcholine (10(-9) to 10(-5)mol/L)-induced relaxation was reduced only in aortas from the LPS group. Gp91ds-tat and PEG-catalase restored the impaired dilation in arteries from the LPS group. Levels of reactive oxygen species were enhanced in aortas from the LPS group, whereas the increment was abolished by the treatment with gp91-ds-tat or PEG-catalase. Expression of a NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox and CuZn-SOD increased in the LPS group. CONCLUSIONS The intermittent local periodontal inflammation induces systemic endothelial dysfunction caused by overproduction of reactive oxygen species in the systemic artery of rats and that overexpression of CuZn-SOD as well as a NADPH oxidase cytosolic subunit contributes to increased levels of hydrogen peroxide in blood vessels of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takumi Saito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Guo-Gang Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jiazheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yasuda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kazaoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
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Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Neutrophil's weapons in atherosclerosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:663-71. [PMID: 26551083 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important components of immunity associated with inflammatory responses against a broad spectrum of pathogens. These cells could be rapidly activated by proinflammatory stimuli and migrate to the inflamed and infected sites where they release a variety of cytotoxic molecules with antimicrobial activity. Neutrophil antibacterial factors include extracellular proteases, redox enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and small bioactive molecules. In resting neutrophils, these factors are stored in granules and released upon activation during degranulation. These factors could be also secreted in a neutrophil-derived microparticle-dependent fashion. Neutrophils exhibit a unique property to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of decondensed chromatin and granular proteins to catch and kill bacteria. Neutrophil-released factors are efficient in inactivation and elimination of pathogens through oxidation-dependent or independent damage of bacterial cells, inactivation and neutralization of virulence factors and other mechanisms. However, in chronic atherosclerosis-associated inflammation, protective function of neutrophils could be impaired and misdirected against own cells. This could lead to deleterious effects and progressive vascular injury. In atherogenesis, a pathogenic role of neutrophils could be especially seen in early stages associated with endothelial dysfunction and induction of vascular inflammation and in late atherosclerosis associated with plaque rupture and atherothrombosis. Assuming a prominent impact of neutrophils in cardiovascular pathology, developing therapeutic strategies targeting neutrophil-specific antigens could have a promising clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia; Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Gürel OM, Demircelik MB, Bilgic MA, Yilmaz H, Yilmaz OC, Cakmak M, Eryonucu B. Association between Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and Coronary Artery Calcification in Patients Undergoing 64-Multidetector Computed Tomography. Korean Circ J 2015; 45:372-7. [PMID: 26413104 PMCID: PMC4580695 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2015.45.5.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been found to be associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine whether the RDW measures are associated with the coronary artery calcification score (CACS) in patients who did not present with obvious coronary heart disease (CHD). Subjects and Methods A total of 527 consecutive patients with a low to intermediate risk for CHD but without obvious disease were enrolled in this study. The study subjects underwent coronary computerized tomography angiography and CACS was calculated. The patients were divided into two groups based on CACS: Group I (CACS≤100) and Group II (CACS>100). The two groups were compared in terms of classic CHD risk factors and haematological parameters, particularly the RDW. Results Group I patients were younger than Group II patients. The Framingham risk score (FRS) in patients of Group II was significantly higher than that in patients of Group I. Group II patients had significantly elevated levels of haemoglobin, RDW, neutrophil count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio compared with Group I patients. CACS was correlated with age, RDW, and ejection fraction. In the multivariate analysis, age, RDW, and FRS were independent predictors of CACS. Using the receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, a RDW value of 13.05% was identified as the best cut-off for predicting the severity of CACS (>100) (area under the curve=0.706). Conclusion We found that the RDW is an independent predictor of the CACS, suggesting that it might be a useful marker for predicting CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgul Malcok Gürel
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Mukadder Ayse Bilgic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakki Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Caglar Yilmaz
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Occupational Diseases Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Cakmak
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Eryonucu
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara, Turkey
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Lindberg S, Jensen JS, Mogelvang R, Pedersen SH, Galatius S, Flyvbjerg A, Magnusson NE. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalinin in the general population: association with inflammation and prognosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2135-42. [PMID: 24969771 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a glycoprotein stored in granules of neutrophil leukocytes participating in inflammatory and atherosclerotic processes and possibly plaque rupture. Despite the putative role of NGAL in atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction, human studies of plasma NGAL are still limited. APPROACH AND RESULTS We prospectively followed 5599 randomly selected men and women from the community in the fourth Copenhagen Heart Study. Plasma NGAL was measured at study entry. Participants were followed for 10 years. During follow-up, 20% died (n=1120) and 15% (n=884) developed a major adverse cardiovascular event. Plasma NGAL associated strongly with all inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, total leukocyte count, neutrophil count) and inversely with estimated glomerular filtration rate (all, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified neutrophil leukocyte count as the main determinant of plasma NGAL. During follow-up, participants with increasing NGAL had increased risk of all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular event (both, P<0.001). Even after adjustment for confounding risk factors by Cox regression analysis, NGAL remained an independent predictor of both all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular event. When added to the Framingham risk score, NGAL improved c-statistics and correctly reclassified ≈15% into more appropriate risk groups. In comparison with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, when both markers were added to the Framingham risk score, NGAL conferred 3× to 4× the risk. CONCLUSIONS Plasma NGAL is strongly associated with inflammation in the general population. NGAL independently associated with 10-year outcome, and when added to the Framingham risk score, NGAL both improves c-statistics and correctly reclassifies participants into more accurate risk categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Lindberg
- From the Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M., S.H.P., S.G.); Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M.); Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.J.); The Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.); and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.).
| | - Jan S Jensen
- From the Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M., S.H.P., S.G.); Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M.); Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.J.); The Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.); and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.)
| | - Rasmus Mogelvang
- From the Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M., S.H.P., S.G.); Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M.); Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.J.); The Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.); and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.)
| | - Sune H Pedersen
- From the Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M., S.H.P., S.G.); Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M.); Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.J.); The Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.); and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.)
| | - Søren Galatius
- From the Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M., S.H.P., S.G.); Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M.); Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.J.); The Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.); and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.)
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- From the Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M., S.H.P., S.G.); Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M.); Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.J.); The Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.); and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.)
| | - Nils E Magnusson
- From the Department of Cardiology P, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M., S.H.P., S.G.); Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L., J.S.J., R.M.); Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.S.J.); The Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.); and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (A.F., N.E.M.)
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Lavin B, Gómez M, Pello OM, Castejon B, Piedras MJ, Saura M, Zaragoza C. Nitric oxide prevents aortic neointimal hyperplasia by controlling macrophage polarization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1739-46. [PMID: 24925976 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) prevents neointima hyperplasia by still unknown mechanisms. To demonstrate the significance of endothelial nitric oxide in the polarization of infiltrated macrophages through the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 in neointima formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS After aortic endothelial denudation, NOS3 null mice show elevated neointima formation, detecting increased mobilization of LSK (lineage-negative [Lin]-stem-cell antigen 1 [SCA1]+KIT+) progenitor cells, and high ratios of M1 (proinflammatory) to M2 (resolving) macrophages, accompanied by high expression of interleukin-5, interleukin-6, MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor), interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ. In conditional c-Myc knockout mice, in which M2 polarization is defective, denuded aortas showed extensive wall thickening as well. Conditioned medium from NOS3-deficient endothelium induced extensive repolarization of M2 macrophages to an M1 phenotype, and vascular smooth muscle cells proliferated and migrated faster in conditioned medium from M1 macrophages. Among the different proteins participating in cell migration, MMP-13 was preferentially expressed by M1 macrophages. M1-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell migration was inhibited when macrophages were isolated from MMP-13-deficient mice, whereas exogenous administration of MMP-13 to vascular smooth muscle cell fully restored migration. Excess vessel wall thickening in mice lacking NOS3 was partially reversed by simultaneous deletion of MMP-13, indicating that NOS3 prevents neointimal hyperplasia by preventing MMP-13 activity. An excess of M1-polarized macrophages that coexpress MMP-13 was also detected in human carotid samples from endarterectomized patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that at least M1 macrophage-mediated expression of MMP-13 in NOS3 null mice induces neointima formation after vascular injury, suggesting that MMP-13 may represent a new promising target in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Lavin
- From the Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain (B.L., M.G., O.M.P., B.C., C.Z.); Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, Alcala de Henares, Spain (M.S.); and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain (M.J.P., C.Z.)
| | - Monica Gómez
- From the Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain (B.L., M.G., O.M.P., B.C., C.Z.); Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, Alcala de Henares, Spain (M.S.); and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain (M.J.P., C.Z.)
| | - Oscar M Pello
- From the Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain (B.L., M.G., O.M.P., B.C., C.Z.); Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, Alcala de Henares, Spain (M.S.); and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain (M.J.P., C.Z.)
| | - Borja Castejon
- From the Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain (B.L., M.G., O.M.P., B.C., C.Z.); Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, Alcala de Henares, Spain (M.S.); and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain (M.J.P., C.Z.)
| | - Maria J Piedras
- From the Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain (B.L., M.G., O.M.P., B.C., C.Z.); Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, Alcala de Henares, Spain (M.S.); and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain (M.J.P., C.Z.)
| | - Marta Saura
- From the Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain (B.L., M.G., O.M.P., B.C., C.Z.); Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, Alcala de Henares, Spain (M.S.); and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain (M.J.P., C.Z.)
| | - Carlos Zaragoza
- From the Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain (B.L., M.G., O.M.P., B.C., C.Z.); Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, Alcala de Henares, Spain (M.S.); and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain (M.J.P., C.Z.).
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15
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Wallquist C, Paulson JM, Hylander B, Lundahl J, Jacobson SH. Increased accumulation of CD16+ monocytes at local sites of inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Scand J Immunol 2014; 78:538-44. [PMID: 24111715 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) display a high prevalence of cardiovascular events and acute infections. Potential effector cells are the CD16(+) monocytes, known to be increased in the peripheral circulation in CKD. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of CD16 and CX3 CR1 on peripheral and in vivo extravasated monocytes in patients with CKD (GFR < 20 ml/min × 1.73 m²) using flow cytometry. In vivo extravasated monocytes were collected from a local inflammatory site, induced by a skin blistering technique. Soluble markers were assessed by Luminex. The number of CD16(+) monocytes was significantly higher in patients with CKD compared with healthy subjects, both in the peripheral circulation (P < 0.05) and at the site of induced inflammation (P < 0.001). Patients with CKD displayed significantly higher concentration of soluble CX3 CL1 both in the peripheral circulation (P < 0.01) and in the interstitial fluid (P < 0.001). In addition, patients with CKD had a significantly higher concentration of TNF-α in the peripheral circulation (P < 0.001). On the contrary, at the inflammatory site, concentrations of both TNF-α and IL-10 were significantly lower in patients with CKD compared with healthy controls (P < 0.05 for both). In conclusion, patients with CKD have an increased percentage of CD16(+) monocytes in both circulation and at the inflammatory site, and this finding is in concurrence with simultaneous changes in CX3 CR1. Together with distorted TNF-α and IL-10 levels, this may have potential impact on the altered inflammatory response in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wallquist
- Department of Nephrology, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Västmanlands Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
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16
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Christenson K, Björkman L, Davidsson L, Karlsson A, Follin P, Dahlgren C, Bylund J. Collection of in vivo transmigrated neutrophils from human skin. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1124:39-52. [PMID: 24504945 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-845-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of knowledge on the life and death of human neutrophils has been obtained by the in vitro study of isolated cells derived from peripheral blood. However, neutrophils are of main importance, physiologically as well as pathologically, after they have left circulation and transmigrated to extravascular tissues. The journey from blood to tissue is complex and eventful, and tissue neutrophils are in many aspects distinct from the cells left in circulation. Here we describe how to obtain human tissue neutrophils in a controlled experimental setting from aseptic skin lesions created by the application of negative pressure. One protocol enables the direct analysis of the blister content, infiltrating leukocytes as well as exudate fluid, and is a simple method to follow multiple parameters of aseptic inflammation in vivo. Also described is the skin chamber technique, a method based on denuded skin blisters which are subsequently covered by collection chambers filled with autologous serum. Although slightly more artificial as compared to analysis of the blister content directly, the cellular yield of this skin chamber method is sufficient to perform a large number of functional analyses of in vivo transmigrated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Christenson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Ni J, Ma X, Zhou M, Pan X, Tang J, Hao Y, Lu Z, Gao M, Bao Y, Jia W. Serum lipocalin-2 levels positively correlate with coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:176. [PMID: 24359145 PMCID: PMC3878105 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lipocalin-2 (LCN2) cytokine, primarily known as a protein of the granules of human neutrophils, has been recently reported to be implicated in metabolic and inflammatory disorders. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between serum LCN2 levels and coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Serum LCN2 levels of 261 in-patients who underwent coronary angiography were measured by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Demographic (169 men and 92 postmenopausal women) and clinical (metabolic syndrome (MS), triglyceride (TG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels) characteristics were collected to assess independent factors of CAD (CAD: 188 and non-CAD: 73) and serum LCN2 levels by multiple logistic regression and multivariate stepwise regression analyses, respectively. Results Serum LCN2 levels were significantly higher in men (37.5 (27.4-55.4) vs. women: 28.2 (18.7-45.9) ng/mL, p < 0.01) and men with CAD (39.2 (29.3-56.5) vs. non-CAD men: 32.7 (20.5-49.7) ng/mL, p < 0.05), and showed significant positive correlation with CAD in men (odds ratio = 2.218, 95% confidence interval: 1.017-4.839). Similarly, serum LCN2 levels were significantly higher in men with MS (40.2 (31.9-59.4) vs. non-MS: 32.0 (21.7-47.6) ng/mL, p < 0.01) and showed a significant positive correlation with the number of MS components (p for trend < 0.05). No significant differences or correlations were seen in women. TG and neutrophils (standard β = 0.238 and 0.173) were independent factors of serum LCN2 levels in men, and only neutrophils (standard β = 0.286) affected levels in women (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Increased serum LCN2 levels are positively correlated with the presence of CAD and MS in a Chinese cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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18
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Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels associated with cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Exp Nephrol 2013; 18:778-83. [PMID: 24337622 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-013-0923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) have been reported in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure, and stroke. We assessed the relationships between serum levels of NGAL and the prevalence of CVD, and clarified the prognostic usefulness of systemic NGAL levels in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS Eighty-eight HD patients were followed up for 1 year. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between de novo CVD status and NGAL levels as well as other risk factors. RESULTS During follow-up, CVD events occurred in 20 patients. Initial serum levels of NGAL and brain natriuretic peptide of HD patients with de novo CVD were significantly higher than those of HD patients without de novo CVD. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that initial serum levels of NGAL were independent risk factors for de novo CVD in HD patients. When patients were classified on the basis of NGAL quartiles, multiple logistic regression analyses demonstrated that the highest quartile of NGAL level showed an increased odds ratio for the prevalence of CVD. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that NGAL levels can be used to detect the prevalence of CVD in HD patients with or without diabetes.
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Rudolph TK, Schaper N, Klinke A, Demir C, Goldmann B, Lau D, Köster R, Hellmich M, Meinertz T, Baldus S, Rudolph V. Liberation of vessel-adherent myeloperoxidase reflects plaque burden in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:354-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Alipour A, Ribalta J, Njo TL, Janssen HW, Birnie E, van Miltenburg AJM, Elte JWF, Castro Cabezas M. Trans-vessel gradient of myeloperoxidase in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:920-5. [PMID: 23869443 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) may reflect generalized inflammation. We evaluated leucocyte activation in subjects with and without CAD in different vascular compartments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were divided in two groups; subjects without CAD (controls; n = 25) and with stable CAD (n = 52) based on coronary angiography. After blood sampling from vessels, cardiovascular risk factors and leucocyte activation markers CD11b, CD66b and cytoplasmatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Myeloperoxidase (MPO) was higher in patients with CAD at all sites compared with controls (188 ± 7 vs. 210 ± 12 au for venous (P < 0.05), 178 ± 7 vs. 212 ± 12 au for femoral artery (P = 0.08), 166 ± 7 vs. 195 ± 12 au for abdominal artery (P < 0.05), 166 ± 6 vs. 189 ± 14 au for left coronary (P = 0.08) and 163 ± 6 vs. 193 ± 12 au for the right coronary artery (P < 0.05)). Other markers did not differ between the groups. A gradient of inflammation from peripheral vessels to the coronaries was found by differences in MPO in both groups; from 210 ± 12 au in the venous compartments towards 189 ± 14 and 193 ± 12 au, in the left and right coronaries, respectively, for the controls (P = 0.001), and from 188 ± 7 au in the venous compartment towards 166 ± 6 and 163 ± 6 au in the left and right coronaries, respectively, for the patients (P = 0.007). Other leucocyte activation markers did not show such a gradient. CONCLUSIONS There is a generalized inflammatory neutrophil gradient for MPO from peripheral vessels towards the coronaries in both patients with CAD and controls. However, patients with CAD show a higher degree of inflammation, mostly in the coronaries. These data strengthen the role of activated neutrophils in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Alipour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, St. Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tülübaş F, Gürel A, Akkoyun DC, Alpsoy Ş, Akyüz A, Erdoğan H, Yılmaz A. MCV and MCH Values in Coronary Artery Patients with Positive Gensini Score. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Uraemia causes inflammation and reduces immune system function as evidenced by an increased risk of viral-associated cancers, increased susceptibility to infections and decreased vaccination responses in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The substantially increased risk of atherosclerosis in these patients is also probably related to uraemia-associated inflammation. Uraemia is associated with a reduction in the number and function of lymphoid cells, whereas numbers of myeloid cells in uraemic patients are normal or increased with increased production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Similar to healthy elderly individuals, patients with ESRD have increased numbers of specific proinflammatory subsets of T cells and monocytes, suggesting the presence of premature immunological ageing in these patients. These cells might contribute to inflammation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, and have, therefore, been identified as novel nonclassical cardiovascular risk factors. The cellular composition of the immune system does not normalize after successful kidney transplantation despite a rapid reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress. This finding suggests that premature ageing of the immune system in patients with ESRD might be related to a permanent skewing of the haematopoetic stem cell population towards myeloid-generating subsets, similar to that seen in healthy elderly individuals.
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Iqbal N, Choudhary R, Chan J, Wentworth B, Higginbotham E, Maisel AS. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as diagnostic and prognostic tool for cardiovascular disease and heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:209-20. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2013.763795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Makris K, Rizos D, Kafkas N, Haliassos A. Neurophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a new biomarker in laboratory medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 50:1519-32. [PMID: 23104835 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a 25 kDa protein of the lipocalin superfamily. This protein is expressed and secreted by immune cells, hepatocytes, and renal tubular cells in various pathologic states. NGAL has recently generated great interest as an early biomarker of renal injury. However, like many other endogenous biomarkers it is not produced by just one cell type and it exists in more than one molecular form. As recent research has shown different pathological conditions may involved in the production of this molecule. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the biology of NGAL and examines the role of this molecule of acute renal injury as well as in other pathologic conditions like neoplasia, anemia, pregnancy, cardiovascular disease chronic kidney disease and in cardiorenal syndrome. Commercial and research immunoassays are used to measure NGAL in both plasma and urine but these assays are not standardized. The existence of different molecular forms of NGAL and their expression at various disease states further complicates the interpretation of the results. Pre analytical issues and biological variation are also not fully elucidated.
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Role of matrix metalloproteinase-8 in atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:659282. [PMID: 23365489 PMCID: PMC3556866 DOI: 10.1155/2013/659282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaque rupture is the main cause of acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Atherosclerotic plaques have been described to be vulnerable and more prone to rupture when they are characterized by thin, highly inflamed, and collagen-poor fibrous caps and contain elevated levels of proteases, including metalloproteinases (MMPs). Initiation of collagen breakdown in plaques requires interstitial collagenases, a MMP subfamily consisting of MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13. Previous reports demonstrated that MMP-1 and MMP-13 might be overexpressed in both human and experimental atherosclerosis. Since neutrophils have been only recently reported in atherosclerotic plaques, the role of MMP-8 (formerly known as “neutrophil collagenase”) was only marginally evaluated. In this paper, we will update and comment on evidence of the most relevant regulatory pathways and activities mediated by MMP-8 in atherogenesis.
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Eirin A, Gloviczki ML, Tang H, Rule AD, Woollard JR, Lerman A, Textor SC, Lerman LO. Chronic renovascular hypertension is associated with elevated levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:4153-61. [PMID: 22923545 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renovascular hypertension (RVH) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the stenotic kidney and progressive renal dysfunction. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an acute phase protein induced in inflammatory conditions and ischemia, is a novel biomarker for acute kidney injury. We hypothesized that chronic RVH would be associated with increased renal and circulating NGAL levels. METHODS We prospectively measured renal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) levels of NGAL and inflammatory cytokines in essential hypertensive (EH) and RVH patients, during constant sodium intake and anti-hypertensive regimens, and compared them with systemic levels in age-matched normotensive subjects (n = 22 each). In addition, we measured urinary NGAL and kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 in all patients. RESULTS Blood pressure, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), lipid panels and medications were similar in RVH and EH. Systemic, stenotic and contralateral renal vein levels of NGAL were all similarly elevated in RVH versus normal hypertension and EH (P < 0.05), as were renal vein levels of inflammatory markers like tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, renal vein NGAL levels inversely correlated with eGFR, and directly with renal vein (but not systemic) levels of inflammatory markers. Urinary levels of NGAL and KIM-1 were elevated in both EH and RVH, as were systemic levels of C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS Chronic RVH is associated with elevated NGAL levels, likely due to ongoing kidney and systemic inflammation and ischemia. These findings may also imply the occurrence of the inflammation process in chronic RVH, which might contribute to the poorer outcomes of RVH compared with EH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Lundahl J, Jacobson SH, Paulsson JM. IL-8 from Local Subcutaneous Wounds Regulates CD11b Activation. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:419-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ramos-Mozo P, Madrigal-Matute J, Vega de Ceniga M, Blanco-Colio LM, Meilhac O, Feldman L, Michel JB, Clancy P, Golledge J, Norman PE, Egido J, Martin-Ventura JL. Increased plasma levels of NGAL, a marker of neutrophil activation, in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis 2012; 220:552-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Wang Y. Small lipid-binding proteins in regulating endothelial and vascular functions: focusing on adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and lipocalin-2. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:603-21. [PMID: 21658023 PMCID: PMC3315034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dysregulated production of adipokines from adipose tissue plays a critical role in the development of obesity-associated cardiovascular abnormalities. A group of adipokines, including adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and lipocalin-2, possess specific lipid-binding activity and are up-regulated in obese human subjects and animal models. They act as lipid chaperones to promote lipotoxicity in endothelial cells and cause endothelial dysfunction under obese conditions. However, different small lipid-binding proteins modulate the development of vascular complications in distinctive manners, which are partly attributed to their specialized structural features and functionalities. By focusing on A-FABP and lipocalin-2, this review summarizes recent advances demonstrating the causative roles of these newly identified adipose tissue-derived lipid chaperones in obesity-related endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complications. The specific lipid-signalling mechanisms mediated by these two proteins are highlighted to support their specialized functions. In summary, A-FABP and lipocalin-2 represent potential therapeutic targets to design drugs for preventing vascular diseases associated with obesity. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Wu G, Wei G, Huang J, Pang S, Liu L, Yan B. Decreased gene expression of LC3 in peripheral leucocytes of patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:958-63. [PMID: 21812771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common and multifactorial arterial disease that is mainly caused by atherosclerosis. Macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils have been implicated in atherosclerotic plaque development. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular process for the removal of long-lived protein and organelles, plays a variety of pathophysiological roles. However, the roles of autophagy in peripheral leucocytes in atherosclerosis and CAD have not been explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS LC3 is a marker gene for autophagy, and LC3-II, a conjugated form of LC3 protein, is a membrane marker for autophagosome and autophagolysosomes. In this study, LC3 gene expression levels and LC3-II protein levels in peripheral leucocytes were measured in patients with CAD (n = 146) and healthy controls (n = 87). RESULTS In patients with CAD, LC3 gene expression levels in the peripheral leucocytes were significantly decreased compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls (P < 0·01). LC3-II protein levels were also significantly decreased in patients with CAD (P < 0·01). Multivariate logistic analyses showed that decreased LC3 gene expression levels were strongly associated with CAD. There were no differences in LC3 transcripts and LC3-II protein levels between subgroups of patients with CAD. CONCLUSIONS LC3 gene expression in the peripheral leucocytes was significantly decreased in patients with CAD, indicating that autophagosome formation is decreased. These data suggest that autophagy in circulating leucocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, China
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Leoncini G, Mussap M, Viazzi F, Fravega M, Degrandi R, Bezante GP, Deferrari G, Pontremoli R. Combined use of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) and albumin as markers of early cardiac damage in primary hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1951-6. [PMID: 21756891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) is an early and specific marker of acute kidney dysfunction. Recent evidences suggest that NGAL may also be involved in chronic vascular remodeling during the development of atherosclerosis. Albuminuria, a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events, is thought to reflect widespread subclinical vascular abnormalities. We investigated the relationship between urinary NGAL (uNGAL), albuminuria and left ventricular mass (LVM) in patients with primary hypertension. METHODS A total of 120 untreated, non diabetic patients with primary hypertension (mean age 47 ± 9 years) were studied. uNGAL was measured by a chemiluminescent microparticle method, optimized on a fully automated analytical platform (ARCHITECT, Abbott Diagnostics Inc, Rome, IT). Albuminuria was measured by immunonephelometry on an Immage Immunochemistry System (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, California, USA) and expressed as albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). LVM was assessed by echocardiography and indexed to body surface area (LVM/BSA). RESULTS No significant correlation was found between uNGAL and ACR; however, both variables were directly related to clinic systolic blood pressure (rho=0.241, p=0.0085 and rho=0.248, p=0.0068 respectively), left ventricular relative wall thickness (rho=0.251, p=0.0156 and rho=0.263, p=0.0013 respectively), and LVM/BSA (rho=0.285, p=0.0062 and rho=0.213, p=0.0410 respectively). The uNGAL and ACR simultaneous increase above their respective median values was associated with higher LVM/BSA values (p=0.0109) and with a higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (p=0.0017). Furthermore, logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of presenting LVH increased more than 4-fold when uNGAL and ACR were both above the median value, even after adjustment for age, gender and blood pressure values. CONCLUSIONS The simultaneous increase in uNGAL and ACR excretion is significantly associated with the increase of LVM in low risk patients with primary hypertension. This association is clinically significant for the early assessment of cardiac damage in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Leoncini
- Department of Cardionephrology, University of Genoa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Jönsson S, Lundberg A, Kälvegren H, Bergström I, Szymanowski A, Jonasson L. Increased levels of leukocyte-derived MMP-9 in patients with stable angina pectoris. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19340. [PMID: 21559401 PMCID: PMC3084822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective There is a growing interest for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in plasma as novel biomarkers in coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to identify the sources of MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 among peripheral blood cells and further explore whether gene expression or protein release was altered in patients with stable angina pectoris (SA). Methods In total, plasma MMP-9 was measured in 44 SA patients and 47 healthy controls. From 10 patients and 10 controls, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and neutrophils were isolated and stimulated ex vivo. MMPs, TIMPs and myeloperoxidase were measured in plasma and supernatants by ELISA. The corresponding gene expression was measured by real-time PCR. Results Neutrophils were the dominant source of MMP-8 and MMP-9. Upon moderate stimulation with IL-8, the neutrophil release of MMP-9 was higher in the SA patients compared with controls (p<0.05). In PBMC, the TIMP-1 and MMP-9 mRNA expression was higher in SA patients compared with controls, p<0.01 and 0.05, respectively. There were no differences in plasma levels between patients and controls except for TIMP-2, which was lower in patients, p<0.01. Conclusion Measurements of MMPs and TIMPs in plasma may be of limited use. Despite similar plasma levels in SA patients and controls, the leukocyte-derived MMP-9 and TIMP-1 are significantly altered in patients. The findings indicate that the leukocytes are more prone to release and produce MMP-9 in symptomatic and angiographically verified CAD—a phenomenon that may have clinical implications in the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jönsson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Lundberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hanna Kälvegren
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ida Bergström
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Szymanowski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lena Jonasson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Wang Z, Lee J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Liu X, Shang F, Zheng Q. Increased Th17 cells in coronary artery disease are associated with neutrophilic inflammation. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2011; 45:54-61. [DOI: 10.3109/14017431.2010.491123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lambrinoudaki I, Karaflou M, Kaparos G, Grigoriou O, Alexandrou A, Panoulis C, Logothetis E, Creatsa M, Christodoulakos G, Kouskouni E. The effect of hormone therapy and tibolone on serum CD40L and ADAM-8 in healthy post-menopausal women. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:720-4. [PMID: 20436265 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The role of neutrophils and platelets in atherothrombotic disease is well established. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of HT and tibolone on the soluble markers of neutrophil and platelet activation, "a disentigrin and metalloproteinase domain" (ADAM-8) and CD40 ligand (CD40L) respectively, in healthy post-menopausal women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred and six healthy post-menopausal women were randomly allocated to: estradiol plus drospirenone (E₂/DSP), E₂ hemihydrate 1 mg plus norethisterone acetate (E₂/NETA) 0.5 mg, and tibolone 2.5 mg. Serum ADAM-8 and CD40L were measured at baseline and at 6 months. RESULTS Baseline values of ADAM-8 and CD40L were similar between groups. No significant correlation was revealed between ADAM-8 or CD40L and parameters related to cardiovascular risk factors in each group. No significant changes were observed between baseline values and values at 6 months (E₂/DSP group: ADAM-8: 267.4±71.3 pg/ml vs 270.7±42.8 pg/ml, p=0.86, CD40L: 6.43±3.13 vs 6.79±2.70 ng/ml, p=0.67), (E₂/NETA group: ADAM-8: 308.3±64.3 vs 294.7±57.7 pg/ml, p=0.40, CD40L: 9.68±2.81 vs 8.59±5.13 ng/ml, p=0.51), (tibolone group: ADAM-8: 307.5±87.5 vs 289±48.1 pg/ml, p=0.48, CD40L: 9.46±4.30 vs 9.26±4.60 ng/ml, p=0.99). CONCLUSIONS Our study has not revealed an association between estrogen plus progestin treatment or tibolone on serum ADAM-8 and CD40L levels in healthy post-menopausal women. Larger prospective studies are needed to further investigate the effect of low-dose HT or tibolone on serum markers of neutrophil and platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lambrinoudaki
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Paulsson JM, Jacobson SH, Lundahl J. Neutrophil activation during transmigration in vivo and in vitro A translational study using the skin chamber model. J Immunol Methods 2010; 361:82-8. [PMID: 20691696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil transmigration can be studied in vitro by use of the transwell model and in vivo by the skin chamber model. Activation during transmigration involves translocation of secretory vesicles and granules to the plasma- and phagolysosome membranes. In this study, we compared the skin chamber model with the transwell model, focusing on the mobilization of CR1 (CD35), CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CD63 from intracellular vesicles and granules. In addition, functional responses towards a bacterial related stimulus, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), in terms of CR3 expression and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed. Discrepancies between the skin chamber model and the transwell model were observed. The expression of CR1 increased following in vivo transmigration (p<0.001) and, in contrast, decreased following in vitro transmigration (p=0.004). Furthermore, CR1 was mobilized following an isolation procedure included in the transwell model. The expression of CR3 increased following both in vivo (p<0.001) and in vitro (p=0.03) transmigration. However, in vitro transmigration did not influence the fMLP induced CR3 expression which was significantly increased following in vivo transmigration (p=0.01). In addition, the fMLP induced production of ROS was significantly reduced following in vitro transmigration (p=0.002) but unaltered after in vivo transmigration, indicating differences between the impact of the two systems on cellular activation. The observed discrepancies between the two models might be partly explained by granule mobilization and neutrophil priming, induced during the isolation procedure included in the transwell model, which results in an altered cellular activation. Therefore, mobilization of granules needs to be accounted for when interpreting data from different model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin M Paulsson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Särndahl E, Bergström I, Nijm J, Forslund T, Perretti M, Jonasson L. Enhanced neutrophil expression of annexin-1 in coronary artery disease. Metabolism 2010; 59:433-40. [PMID: 19850308 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The systemic inflammatory activity in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with a dysregulated cortisol response. Moreover, an aberrant activation status of neutrophils in CAD has been discussed; and the question of glucocorticoid resistance has been raised. The anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by annexin-1 (ANXA1). We investigated the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and ANXA1, as well as the exogenous effects of ANXA1 on neutrophils in CAD patients and related the data to diurnal salivary cortisol. Salivary cortisol levels were measured in the morning and evening during 3 consecutive days in 30 CAD patients and 30 healthy individuals. The neutrophil expression of GR and ANXA1 was determined by flow cytometry. The effect of exogenous ANXA1 was determined in a neutrophil stimulation assay. The patients showed a flattened diurnal cortisol pattern compared with healthy subjects, involving higher levels in the evening. The neutrophil expression of GR-total and GR-alpha was decreased, whereas the GR-beta expression did not differ compared with controls. The neutrophil expression of ANXA1 was significantly increased in patients. Ex vivo, ANXA1 impaired the leukotriene B(4)-induced neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species in patients but not in controls. Our findings indicate a persistent overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in CAD patients but do not give any evidence for glucocorticoid resistance, as assessed by the neutrophil expression of GR and ANXA1. The altered neutrophil phenotype in CAD may thus represent a long-term response to disease-related activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Särndahl
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden.
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Bolignano D, Coppolino G, Lacquaniti A, Buemi M. From kidney to cardiovascular diseases: NGAL as a biomarker beyond the confines of nephrology. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:273-6. [PMID: 20415702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a small 25 kDa stress-protein released from injured tubular cells after various damaging stimuli, is already known by nephrologists as one of the most promising biomarkers of incoming Acute Kidney Injury. Moreover, recent studies seem to suggest a potential involvement of this factor also in the genesis and progression of chronic kidney diseases. This brief review explores the new interesting involvement of NGAL in the experimental and clinical field of cardiovascular diseases, such as the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. It does not seem difficult that, in the next future, NGAL may become a new missing link between the kidney and the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bolignano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Murphy AJ, Woollard KJ. High-density lipoprotein: A potent inhibitor of inflammation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 37:710-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and their complex MMP-9/NGAL in breast cancer disease. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:390. [PMID: 19889214 PMCID: PMC2775750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) expression is induced in many types of human cancer, while detection of its complex with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is correlated with cancer disease status. We aim to evaluate the serum expression of MMP-9, NGAL and their complex (MMP-9/NGAL) during the diagnostic work-up of women with breast abnormalities and investigate their correlation with disease severity. METHODS The study included 113 women with non-palpable breast lesions undergoing vacuum-assisted breast biopsy for histological diagnosis, and 30 healthy women, which served as controls. Expression levels of MMP-9, NGAL and their complex MMP-9/NGAL were determined in peripheral blood samples with immunoenzymatic assays. RESULTS Women with invasive ductal carcinoma exhibited significantly increased levels of MMP-9, NGAL and MMP-9/NGAL compared to healthy controls (MMP-9: p < 0.003, NGAL: p < 0.008 MMP-9/NGAL: p < 0.01). Significant correlations were observed between MMP-9 and NGAL serum levels and breast disease severity score (r = 0.229, p < 0.006 and r = 0.206, p < 0.01, respectively), whereas a non-significant correlation was found for their complex. MMP-9, NGAL and their complex MMP-9/NGAL levels were not correlated with either Body Mass Index (BMI) or age of patients. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the serum measurement of MMP-9 and NGAL may be useful in non-invasively monitoring breast cancer progression, while supporting their potential role as early biomarkers of breast disease status.
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Zografos T, Haliassos A, Korovesis S, Giazitzoglou E, Voridis E, Katritsis D. Association of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin with the severity of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104:917-20. [PMID: 19766756 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations were measured in 73 consecutive patients who underwent first-time angiography for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), and their associations with angiographic indexes of the severity of CAD (i.e., number of diseased vessels and modified Gensini score) were estimated. Median serum NGAL levels in patients with angiographically confirmed CAD were significantly higher than those in patients with normal coronary arteries (29.0 ng/ml [interquartile range 25.2 to 36.8] vs 22.4 ng/ml [interquartile range 17.34 to 32.0], p = 0.004). Statistically significant correlations were observed between serum NGAL level and the number of diseased vessels (r(s) = 0.390, p = 0.01) and modified Gensini score (r(s) = 0.356, p = 0.002). Using multivariate analysis, serum NGAL level was independently associated with the presence and severity of CAD. In conclusion, serum NGAL levels are significantly higher in the presence of CAD and are correlated with the severity of the disease. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm the use of NGAL as a biomarker for the detection and extent of CAD.
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Paulsson JM, Held C, Jacobson SH, Lundahl J. In vivoExtravasated Human Monocytes have an Altered Expression of CD16, HLA-DR, CD86, CD36 and CX3CR1. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:368-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Dyslipidaemias, particularly those characterized by the 'atherogenic profile' of high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, are the major modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. The search for drugs to favourably alter such lipid profiles, reducing the associated morbidity and mortality, remains a major research focus. Niacin (nicotinic acid) is the most effective agent available for increasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, but its use is associated with side effects that negatively affect patient compliance: these appear to arise largely as a result of production of prostaglandin D(2) and its subsequent activation of the DP(1) receptor. Desire to reduce the side effects (and improve pharmacokinetic parameters) has led to the development of a number of agonists that have differing effects, both in terms of clinical potency and the severity of adverse effects. The recent discovery of the niacin G-protein-coupled receptor HM74A (GPR109A) has clarified the distinction between the mechanism whereby niacin exerts its therapeutic effects and the mechanisms responsible for the generation of side effects. This has allowed the development of new drugs that show great potential for the treatment of dyslipidaemia. However, recent advances in understanding of the contribution of prostaglandin metabolism to vascular wall health suggest that some of the beneficial effects of niacin may well result from activation of the same pathways responsible for the adverse reactions. The purpose of this review is to emphasize that the search for agonists that show higher tolerability must take into account all aspects of signalling through this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Vosper
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK.
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Jayagopal A, Su YR, Blakemore JL, Linton MF, Fazio S, Haselton FR. Quantum dot mediated imaging of atherosclerosis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:165102. [PMID: 19420562 PMCID: PMC2718756 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/16/165102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The progression of atherosclerosis is associated with leukocyte infiltration within lesions. We describe a technique for the ex vivo imaging of cellular recruitment in atherogenesis which utilizes quantum dots (QD) to color-code different cell types within lesion areas. Spectrally distinct QD were coated with the cell-penetrating peptide maurocalcine to fluorescently-label immunomagnetically isolated monocyte/macrophages and T lymphocytes. QD-maurocalcine bioconjugates labeled both cell types with a high efficiency, preserved cell viability, and did not perturb native leukocyte function in cytokine release and endothelial adhesion assays. QD-labeled monocyte/macrophages and T lymphocytes were reinfused in an ApoE(-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis and age-matched controls and tracked for up to four weeks to investigate the incorporation of cells within aortic lesion areas, as determined by oil red O (ORO) and immunofluorescence ex vivo staining. QD-labeled cells were visible in atherosclerotic plaques within two days of injection, and the two cell types colocalized within areas of subsequent ORO staining. Our method for tracking leukocytes in lesions enables high signal-to-noise ratio imaging of multiple cell types and biomarkers simultaneously within the same specimen. It also has great utility in studies aimed at investigating the role of distinct circulating leukocyte subsets in plaque development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwath Jayagopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yan Ru Su
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John L Blakemore
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Frederick R Haselton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Burnier L, Fontana P, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Kwak BR. Intercellular Communication in Atherosclerosis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2009; 24:36-44. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is a process necessary for physiological tissue homeostasis and appears often altered during disease. Gap junction channels, formed by connexins, allow the direct intercellular communication between adjacent cells. After a brief review of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, we will discuss the role of connexins throughout the different stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Burnier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology,
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; and
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Anne Angelillo-Scherrer
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology,
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Bolignano D, Basile G, Parisi P, Coppolino G, Nicocia G, Buemi M. Increased Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Levels Predict Mortality in Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Rejuvenation Res 2009; 12:7-14. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Basile
- Department of Geriatric and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pina Parisi
- Department of Geriatric and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Nicocia
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Microbiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Buemi
- Department of Nephrology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Kell DB. Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:2. [PMID: 19133145 PMCID: PMC2672098 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular 'reactive oxygen species' (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. REVIEW We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation).The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible.This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, since in some circumstances (especially the presence of poorly liganded iron) molecules that are nominally antioxidants can actually act as pro-oxidants. The reduction of redox stress thus requires suitable levels of both antioxidants and effective iron chelators. Some polyphenolic antioxidants may serve both roles.Understanding the exact speciation and liganding of iron in all its states is thus crucial to separating its various pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. Redox stress, innate immunity and pro- (and some anti-)inflammatory cytokines are linked in particular via signalling pathways involving NF-kappaB and p38, with the oxidative roles of iron here seemingly involved upstream of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) reaction. In a number of cases it is possible to identify mechanisms by which ROSs and poorly liganded iron act synergistically and autocatalytically, leading to 'runaway' reactions that are hard to control unless one tackles multiple sites of action simultaneously. Some molecules such as statins and erythropoietin, not traditionally associated with anti-inflammatory activity, do indeed have 'pleiotropic' anti-inflammatory effects that may be of benefit here. CONCLUSION Overall we argue, by synthesising a widely dispersed literature, that the role of poorly liganded iron has been rather underappreciated in the past, and that in combination with peroxide and superoxide its activity underpins the behaviour of a great many physiological processes that degrade over time. Understanding these requires an integrative, systems-level approach that may lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Sitniewska E, Malyszko JS, Poniatowski B, Dobrzycki S. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of renal function in non-diabetic patients with stage 2-4 chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2008; 30:625-8. [PMID: 18661413 DOI: 10.1080/08860220802134607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines advocate creatinine-based equations for estimating GFR to identify patients with potential kidney disease and classify them into different stages due to the fact that serum creatinine is very insensitive to changes in the glomerular filtration rate. Very few biomarkers exist for monitoring chronic kidney disease. The aim of the study was to assess whether NGAL could represent a novel, sensitive marker of kidney function in adult patients with CKD. The study was performed on 92 non-diabetic patients with CKD stages 2-4. Serum and urinary NGAL as well as serum cystatin C were measured using commercially available kits. Serum NGAL was related, in univariate analysis, to serum creatinine, urinary NGAL, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocyte count, eGFR, and cystatin C. Urinary NGAL correlated with age, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum creatinine, and eGFR. In multiple regression analysis, predictors of serum NGAL were creatinine (beta value = 0.97, p = 0.005), cystatin C (beta = 0.34, p = 0.01), and eGFR (beta value = 1.77, p = 0.001). In the healthy volunteers, serum NGAL correlated with age, serum creatinine, eGFR, leukocyte count, and cystatin C. Taking into consideration the fact that the recent DOQI (Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative) states that individuals with reduced GRF (glomerular filtration rate) are at greater risk for CVD and cardiac deaths, precise evaluation of renal function is important in order to select the appropriate strategy to reduce the cardiovascular risk. NGAL should be investigated as a potential early and sensitive marker of kidney impairment/injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland.
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Paulsson JM, Dadfar E, Held C, Jacobson SH, Lundahl J. In vivo transmigrated monocytes from patients with stable coronary artery disease have a reduced expression of CD11b. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 153:196-204. [PMID: 18460014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is characterized by infiltration of monocyte derived cells in the intima of the vessel wall. We hypothesized that accumulation of these cells is caused partly by an altered monocyte transmigration process in CAD. To gain insight into this issue we applied the skin blister method that allows collection of in vivo transmigrated cells at sites of local inflammation. Nineteen patients with stable CAD and 19 matched controls were enrolled. Markers of inflammation and gradients of chemokines, as well as adhesion molecule expression and up-regulation capacity, were studied. The expression of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10, was similar in patients and controls, indicating that patients were in a stable phase of the disease. Expression of adhesion molecules, CD11b and very late activation antigen-4, on peripheral monocytes did not differ between patients and controls. However, following in vivo transmigration, monocytes in patients with CAD had a significantly reduced expression and mobilization of CD11b. The effect on CD11b could not be reproduced by in vitro stimulation with blister fluid, representing a local inflammatory milieu, or in an in vitro system of transmigration. These findings point towards differences in monocyte CD11b expression and availability at an inflammatory site between patients with CAD and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Paulsson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Malyszko JS, Pawlak K, Dobrzycki S. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of renal function in hypertensive and normotensive patients with coronary artery disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008; 13:153-6. [PMID: 18275504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hypertension is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The kidneys could be a victim and/or culprit of hypertension. Recently, the value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) was highlighted as a novel marker for early detection of acute renal damage. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess whether hypertension could affect NGAL and cystatin C levels in patients with normal serum creatinine (lower than 1.5 mg/dL in males and 1.2 mg/dL in females) and stable coronary artery disease. METHODS Serum, urinary NGAL, cystatin C and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study (MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault formulas) were evaluated in hypertensive, normotensive patients with stable coronary heart disease and healthy volunteers. RESULTS Normotensives had significantly lower NGAL than hypertensives. Serum cystatin C was significantly lower in normotensives than in hypertensives. Urinary NGAL did not differ significantly between these groups. Despite similar serum creatinine levels, eGFR (MDRD and Cockcroft-Gault formulas) was significantly higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. Serum NGAL was related, in univariate analysis, to serum creatinine, urea, urinary NGAL, haemoglobin, haematocrit, duration of hypertension, age, eGFR by MDRD and Cockcroft-Gault, and cystatin C. CONCLUSION Hypertension is associated with kidney injury as reflected by elevated serum NGAL and cystatin C. It is noteworthy that despite normal serum creatinine, eGFR is relatively low suggesting impaired renal function. Therefore, NGAL needs to be investigated as a potential early marker for impaired kidney function/kidney injury, especially in patients with another risk factor for kidney damage, namely coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland.
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Landrø L, Damås JK, Flo TH, Heggelund L, Ueland T, Tjønnfjord GE, Espevik T, Aukrust P, Frøland SS. Decreased serum lipocalin-2 levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: increase during highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:57-63. [PMID: 18241231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) may play a pivotal role in the innate immune response, there are currently no data on NGAL levels in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. In this study we aimed to examine the regulation of NGAL in HIV infection. The regulation of NGAL in HIV infection was examined by different experimental approaches, including studies in peripheral blood and mononuclear cells (MNC) from bone marrow aspirates before and during highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). We found that: before initiating HAART, HIV-infected patients (n = 37) had significantly decreased serum NGAL levels compared with healthy controls (n = 26); (ii) during HAART, there was a gradual and significant increase in NGAL concentrations reaching levels comparable to those in healthy controls after 12 months; (iii) this increase was seen primarily in virological responders to HAART (HIV RNA level <200 copies/ml after 24 months); (iv) phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated NGAL release in MNC cells from bone marrow aspirates was decreased in untreated HIV-infected patients compared with healthy controls, but increased after 26 weeks on HAART; and (v) there was a significant positive correlation between neutrophil counts and NGAL levels at all time-points during HAART. We have shown decreased NGAL levels in HIV-infected patients, potentially reflecting decreased number and function of neutrophils as well as impaired bone marrow myelopoiesis. These abnormalities were reversed by successful HAART. Our findings underscore further the involvement of neutrophils and innate immunity in HIV-related immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Landrø
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Unviersity of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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