1
|
Webster KA. Translational Relevance of Advanced Age and Atherosclerosis in Preclinical Trials of Biotherapies for Peripheral Artery Disease. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:135. [PMID: 38275616 PMCID: PMC10815340 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 6% of adults worldwide suffer from peripheral artery disease (PAD), primarily caused by atherosclerosis of lower limb arteries. Despite optimal medical care and revascularization, many PAD patients remain symptomatic and progress to critical limb ischemia (CLI) and risk major amputation. Delivery of pro-angiogenic factors as proteins or DNA, stem, or progenitor cells confers vascular regeneration and functional recovery in animal models of CLI, but the effects are not well replicated in patients and no pro-angiogenic biopharmacological procedures are approved in the US, EU, or China. The reasons are unclear, but animal models that do not represent clinical PAD/CLI are implicated. Consequently, it is unclear whether the obstacles to clinical success lie in the toxic biochemical milieu of human CLI, or in procedures that were optimized on inappropriate models. The question is significant because the former case requires abandonment of current strategies, while the latter encourages continued optimization. These issues are discussed in the context of relevant preclinical and clinical data, and it is concluded that preclinical mouse models that include age and atherosclerosis as the only comorbidities that are consistently present and active in clinical trial patients are necessary to predict clinical success. Of the reviewed materials, no biopharmacological procedure that failed in clinical trials had been tested in animal models that included advanced age and atherosclerosis relevant to PAD/CLI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Webster
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Querques F, D'Agostino A, Cozzolino C, Cozzuto L, Lombardo B, Leggiero E, Ruosi C, Pastore L. Identification of a Novel Transcription Factor Required for Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:370-383. [PMID: 30654721 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic differentiation is a complex and still poorly understood biological process regulated by intrinsic cellular signals and extrinsic microenvironmental cues. Following appropriate stimuli, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into osteoblasts through a tightly regulated multistep process driven by several transcription factors and characterized by the expression of a number of bone-specific proteins. In this study, we describe a novel transcription factor that we named osteoblast inducer (ObI)-1, involved in MSC differentiation toward the osteogenic lineage. ObI-1 encodes for a nuclear protein subjected to proteasomal degradation and expressed during osteoblast differentiation both in a murine multipotent mesenchymal cell line (W20-17) and in primary murine MSCs. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of ObI-1 expression significantly impairs osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization with reduced expression of the osteogenic markers, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteopontin. Conversely, ObI-1 overexpression enhances osteogenic differentiation and bone-specific markers expression. ObI-1 stimulates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 expression and the consequent activation of the Smad pathway; treatment with a BMP receptor type I antagonist completely abolishes ObI-1-mediated stimulation of osteogenic differentiation. Collectively, our findings suggest that ObI-1 modulates osteogenic differentiation, at least in part, through the BMP signaling pathway, increasing Runx2 activation and leading to osteoblast commitment and maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Querques
- 1 CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,2 Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Anna D'Agostino
- 1 CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,3 SEMM-European School for Molecular Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Cozzolino
- 1 CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,2 Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- 4 CRG-Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Lombardo
- 1 CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,2 Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Ruosi
- 5 Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Pastore
- 1 CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,2 Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohamed Omer S, Krishna SM, Li J, Moxon JV, Nsengiyumva V, Golledge J. The efficacy of extraembryonic stem cells in improving blood flow within animal models of lower limb ischaemia. Heart 2015; 102:69-74. [PMID: 26573094 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell (SC) administration is a potential therapeutic strategy to improve blood supply in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of extraembryonic tissue-derived SC (ETSC) in improving blood flow within animal models of hindlimb ischaemia (HLI). METHODS PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science were searched to identify studies which investigated ETSCs within animal HLI models. A meta-analysis was performed focusing on the effect of ETSCs on limb blood flow assessed by laser Doppler imaging using a random effects model. Methodological quality was assessed using a newly devised quality assessment tool. RESULTS Five studies investigating umbilical cord-derived SCs (three studies), placental SCs (one study), amnion and chorionic SCs (one study) were included. A meta-analysis suggested that administration of ETSCs improved the restoration of blood flow within the HLI models used. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed as poor. Problems identified included lack of randomised design and blinding of outcome assessors; that the animal models did not incorporate recognised risk factors for human PAD or atherosclerosis; the models used did not have established chronic ischaemia as is the cases in most patients presenting with PAD; and the studies lacked a clear rationale for the dosage and frequency of SCs administered. CONCLUSIONS The identified studies suggest that ETSCs improve recovery of limb blood supply within current animal HLI models. Improved study quality is, however, needed to provide support for the likelihood of translating these findings to patients with PAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safraz Mohamed Omer
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Diseases, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Smriti Murali Krishna
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Diseases, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiaze Li
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Diseases, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph Vaughan Moxon
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Diseases, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vianne Nsengiyumva
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Diseases, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Diseases, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heinonen SE, Genové G, Bengtsson E, Hübschle T, Åkesson L, Hiss K, Benardeau A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Jönsson-Rylander AC, Gomez MF. Animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications: key players in the development of new therapeutic approaches. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:404085. [PMID: 25785279 PMCID: PMC4345079 DOI: 10.1155/2015/404085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong, incapacitating metabolic disease associated with chronic macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease) and microvascular disorders leading to damage of the kidneys (nephropathy) and eyes (retinopathy). Based on the current trends, the rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide will lead to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, novel means to prevent and treat these complications are needed. Under the auspices of the IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative), the SUMMIT (SUrrogate markers for Micro- and Macrovascular hard end points for Innovative diabetes Tools) consortium is working on the development of novel animal models that better replicate vascular complications of diabetes and on the characterization of the available models. In the past years, with the high level of genomic information available and more advanced molecular tools, a very large number of models has been created. Selecting the right model for a specific study is not a trivial task and will have an impact on the study results and their interpretation. This review gathers information on the available experimental animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications and evaluates their pros and cons for research purposes as well as for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi E. Heinonen
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
- *Suvi E. Heinonen:
| | - Guillem Genové
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hübschle
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lina Åkesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katrin Hiss
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Agnes Benardeau
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Pharmaceutical Division, pRED, CV and Metabolic Disease, Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Cathrine Jönsson-Rylander
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria F. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grimaldi V, Schiano C, Casamassimi A, Zullo A, Soricelli A, Mancini FP, Napoli C. Imaging techniques to evaluate cell therapy in peripheral artery disease: state of the art and clinical trials. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 36:165-78. [PMID: 25385089 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies, as potential approach to cure peripheral artery disease (PAD), have been clinically investigated after promising results in preclinical models. The so far published studies are very heterogeneous, as different cell sources, cell types, amounts of administered cells and delivering strategies have been used. Overall, cell therapies for PAD bring about a general improvement of patient's clinical condition, even though conclusions cannot be established due to the small size and non-randomized design of these trials. In this context, non-invasive imaging techniques, aimed to monitor angiogenesis and neovascularization after cell therapy, will help the follow-up of clinical studies. However, still much work is needed to establish advanced imaging procedure to overcome the limitation of the current techniques and to accumulate more data in large populations of patients. Here, we report the main imaging techniques employed to evaluate the outcome of the different cell-based therapies in PAD. Moreover, we focus on both published and ongoing clinical trials utilizing cell therapy in PAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Grimaldi
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), Second University of Naples (SUN), Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Schiano
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN) IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN) IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Napoli
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), Second University of Naples (SUN), Naples, Italy.,Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN) IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakayoshi T, Sasaki KI, Kajimoto H, Koiwaya H, Ohtsuka M, Ueno T, Chibana H, Itaya N, Sasaki M, Yokoyama S, Fukumoto Y, Imaizumi T. FOXO4-knockdown suppresses oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of early pro-angiogenic cells and augments their neovascularization capacities in ischemic limbs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92626. [PMID: 24663349 PMCID: PMC3963928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of therapeutic angiogenesis by intramuscular injection of early pro-angiogenic cells (EPCs) to ischemic limbs are unsatisfactory. Oxidative stress in the ischemic limbs may accelerate apoptosis of injected EPCs, leading to less neovascularization. Forkhead transcription factor 4 (FOXO4) was reported to play a pivotal role in apoptosis signaling of EPCs in response to oxidative stress. Accordingly, we assessed whether FOXO4-knockdown EPCs (FOXO4KD-EPCs) could suppress the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and augment the neovascularization capacity in ischemic limbs. We transfected small interfering RNA targeted against FOXO4 of human EPCs to generate FOXO4KD-EPCs and confirmed a successful knockdown. FOXO4KD-EPCs gained resistance to apoptosis in response to hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Oxidative stress stained by dihydroethidium was stronger for the immunodeficient rat ischemic limb tissue than for the rat non-ischemic one. Although the number of apoptotic EPCs injected into the rat ischemic limb was greater than that of apoptotic EPCs injected into the rat non-ischemic limb, FOXO4KD-EPCs injected into the rat ischemic limb brought less apoptosis and more neovascularization than EPCs. Taken together, the use of FOXO4KD-EPCs with resistance to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis may be a new strategy to augment the effects of therapeutic angiogenesis by intramuscular injection of EPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Nakayoshi
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Sasaki
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hidemi Kajimoto
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koiwaya
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Ohtsuka
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueno
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Chibana
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Itaya
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sasaki
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yokoyama
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wittig C, Laschke MW, Scheuer C, Menger MD. Incorporation of bone marrow cells in pancreatic pseudoislets improves posttransplant vascularization and endocrine function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69975. [PMID: 23875013 PMCID: PMC3715469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of revascularization is known to be the major reason for the poor outcome of pancreatic islet transplantation. In this study, we analyzed whether pseudoislets composed of islet cells and bone marrow cells can improve vascularization and function of islet transplants. Pancreatic islets isolated from Syrian golden hamsters were dispersed into single cells for the generation of pseudoislets containing 4×103 cells. To create bone marrow cell-enriched pseudoislets 2×103 islet cells were co-cultured with 2×103 bone marrow cells. Pseudoislets and bone marrow cell-enriched pseudoislets were transplanted syngeneically into skinfold chambers to study graft vascularization by intravital fluorescence microscopy. Native islet transplants served as controls. Bone marrow cell-enriched pseudoislets showed a significantly improved vascularization compared to native islets and pseudoislets. Moreover, bone marrow cell-enriched pseudoislets but not pseudoislets normalized blood glucose levels after transplantation of 1000 islet equivalents under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals, although the bone marrow cell-enriched pseudoislets contained only 50% of islet cells compared to pseudoislets and native islets. Fluorescence microscopy of bone marrow cell-enriched pseudoislets composed of bone marrow cells from GFP-expressing mice showed a distinct fraction of cells expressing both GFP and insulin, indicating a differentiation of bone marrow-derived cells to an insulin-producing cell-type. Thus, enrichment of pseudoislets by bone marrow cells enhances vascularization after transplantation and increases the amount of insulin-producing tissue. Accordingly, bone marrow cell-enriched pseudoislets may represent a novel approach to increase the success rate of islet transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wittig
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Napoli C, Paolisso G, Casamassimi A, Al-Omran M, Barbieri M, Sommese L, Infante T, Ignarro LJ. Effects of nitric oxide on cell proliferation: novel insights. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:89-95. [PMID: 23665095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested to be a pathophysiological modulator of cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. In this context, NO can exert opposite effects under diverse conditions. Indeed, several studies have indicated that low relative concentrations of NO seem to favor cell proliferation and antiapoptotic responses and higher levels of NO favor pathways inducing cell cycle arrest, mitochondria respiration, senescence, or apoptosis. Here we report the effects of NO on both promotion and inhibition of cell proliferation, in particular in regard to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and stem cells. Moreover, we focus on molecular mechanisms of action involved in the control of cell cycle progression, which include both cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent and -independent pathways. This growing field may lead to broad and novel targeted therapies against cardiovascular diseases, especially concomitant type 2 diabetes, as well as novel bioimaging NO-based diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Napoli
- Department of General Pathology, Excellence Research Centre on Cardiovascular Diseases, U.O.C. Immunohematology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Fondazione SDN, IRCCS, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Division of Geriatrics, 1st School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of General Pathology, Excellence Research Centre on Cardiovascular Diseases, U.O.C. Immunohematology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mohammed Al-Omran
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michelangela Barbieri
- Division of Geriatrics, 1st School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Sommese
- Department of General Pathology, Excellence Research Centre on Cardiovascular Diseases, U.O.C. Immunohematology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Louis J Ignarro
- Department of Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Potential benefits of cell therapy in coronary heart disease. J Cardiol 2013; 62:267-76. [PMID: 23834957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest both in basic and clinical research regarding the field of cell therapy for coronary heart disease (CHD). Several preclinical models of CHD have suggested that regenerative properties of stem and progenitor cells might help restoring myocardial functions in the event of cardiac diseases. Here, we summarize different types of stem/progenitor cells that have been tested in experimental and clinical settings of cardiac regeneration, from embryonic stem cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. Then, we provide a comprehensive description of the most common cell delivery strategies with their major pros and cons and underline the potential of tissue engineering and injectable matrices to address the crucial issue of restoring the three-dimensional structure of the injured myocardial region. Due to the encouraging results from preclinical models, the number of clinical trials with cell therapy is continuously increasing and includes patients with CHD and congestive heart failure. Most of the already published trials have demonstrated safety and feasibility of cell therapies in these clinical conditions. Several studies have also suggested that cell therapy results in improved clinical outcomes. Numerous ongoing clinical trials utilizing this therapy for CHD will address fundamental issues concerning cell source and population utilized, as well as the use of imaging techniques to assess cell homing and survival, all factors that affect the efficacy of different cell therapy strategies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lotfi S, Patel AS, Mattock K, Egginton S, Smith A, Modarai B. Towards a more relevant hind limb model of muscle ischaemia. Atherosclerosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
11
|
Yan J, Tie G, Messina LM. Tetrahydrobiopterin, L-arginine and vitamin C act synergistically to decrease oxidant stress and increase nitric oxide that increases blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia in the rat. Mol Med 2012; 18:1221-30. [PMID: 23212846 PMCID: PMC3510301 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00103.revised] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) derived from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a potent vasodilator and signaling molecule that plays essential roles in neovascularization. During limb ischemia, decreased NO bioavailability occurs secondary to increased oxidant stress, decreased L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin. This study tested the hypothesis that dietary cosupplementation with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), L-arginine and vitamin C acts synergistically to decrease oxidant stress, increase NO and thereby increase blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia. Rats were fed normal chow, chow supplemented with BH4 or L-arginine (alone or in combination) or chow supplemented with BH4 + L-arginine + vitamin C for 1 wk before induction of hindlimb ischemia. In the is-chemic hindlimb, cosupplementation with BH4 + L-arginine resulted in greater eNOS and phospho-eNOS (P-eNOS) expression, Ca(2+)-dependent NOS activity and NO concentration in the ischemic calf region (gastrocnemius), as well as greater NO concentration in the region of collateral arteries (gracilis). Rats receiving cosupplementation of BH4 + L-arginine led to greater recovery of foot perfusion and greater collateral enlargement than did rats receiving either agent separately. The addition of vitamin C to the BH4 + L-arginine regimen further increased these dependent variables. In addition, rats given all three supplements showed significantly less Ca(2+)-independent activity, less nitrotyrosine accumulation, greater glutathione (GSH)-to-glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio and less gastrocnemius muscle necrosis, on both macroscopic and microscopic levels. In conclusion, co-supplementation with BH4 + L-arginine + vitamin C significantly increased blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia by reducing oxidant stress, increasing NO bioavailability, enlarging collateral arteries and reducing muscle necrosis. Oral cosupplementation of BH4, L-arginine and vitamin C holds promise as a biological therapy to induce collateral artery enlargement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglian Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guodong Tie
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louis M Messina
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mahmood A, Napoli C, Aldahmash A. In vitro differentiation and maturation of human embryonic stem cell into multipotent cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:735420. [PMID: 21845195 PMCID: PMC3154539 DOI: 10.4061/2011/735420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which have the potential to generate virtually any differentiated progeny, are an attractive cell source for transplantation therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. To realize this potential, it is essential to be able to control ESC differentiation and to direct the development of these cells along specific pathways. Basic science in the field of embryonic development, stem cell differentiation, and tissue engineering has offered important insights into key pathways and scaffolds that regulate hESC differentiation, which have produced advances in modeling gastrulation in culture and in the efficient induction of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm, and many of their downstream derivatives. These findings have lead to identification of several pathways controlling the differentiation of hESCs into mesodermal derivatives such as myoblasts, mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, as well as hemangioblastic derivatives. The next challenge will be to demonstrate the functional utility of these cells, both in vitro and in preclinical models of bone and vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amer Mahmood
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu Q, Wang J, He J, Zhou M, Adi J, Webster KA, Yu H. Impaired CXCR4 expression and cell engraftment of bone marrow-derived cells from aged atherogenic mice. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:92-9. [PMID: 21855069 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reduced numbers and activity of circulating progenitor cells are associated with aging and have been linked with coronary artery disease. To determine the impact of aging and atherosclerotic disease on the chemotaxic activity of bone marrow derived cells (BMCs), we examined CXCR4 surface expression on BMCs from aged and atherosclerotic mice. METHODS CXCR4 expression and cellular mobility were compared between BMCs of young (6-week old) ApoE null mice (ApoE(-/-)) and aged ApoE(-/-) mice that had been fed with a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 6-months. RESULTS Age and atherosclerosis correlated with significantly lower surface expression of CXCR4 that was less inducible by calcium. The impaired calcium response was associated with defective calcium influx and was partially recovered by treatment with the calcium ionophore ionomycin. ApoE(-/-) mice fed high fat diet for 6-months had defective CXCR4 expression and SDF-1 regulation that is equivalent to that of 24-month old wild type mice. BMCs from aged, atherogenic ApoE(-/-) mice also displayed defective homing to SDF-1, and the animals had lower serum and bone marrow levels of SDF-1. CONCLUSION Evolution of atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice is paralleled by progressive loss of mobility of BMCs with reductions of CXCR4 expression, and reduced levels of SDF-1 in both serum and bone marrow. These changes mute the homing capability of BMCs and may contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cao N, Yao ZX. The hemangioblast: from concept to authentication. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:580-8. [PMID: 21370498 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hemangioblast hypothesis has been hotly debated for over a century. Hemangioblasts are defined as multipotent cells that can give rise to both hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. The existence of hemangioblasts has now been confirmed and many important molecules and several signaling pathways are involved in their generation and differentiation. Fibroblast growth factor, renin-angiotensin system and runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) direct the formation of hemangioblasts through highly selective gene expression patterns. On the other hand, the hemogenic endothelium theory and a newly discovered pattern of hematopoietic/endothelial differentiation make the genesis of hemangioblasts more complicated. But how hemangioblasts are formed and how hematopoietic cells or endothelial cells are derived from remains largely unknown. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the signaling pathways and molecules involved in hemangioblast development and suggest some future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nian Cao
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Napoli C, Hayashi T, Cacciatore F, Casamassimi A, Casini C, Al-Omran M, Ignarro LJ. Endothelial progenitor cells as therapeutic agents in the microcirculation: an update. Atherosclerosis 2010; 215:9-22. [PMID: 21126740 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates novel beneficial effects of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as shown by several preclinical studies and clinical trials carried out to test the safety and feasibility of using EPCs. There are 31 registered clinical trials (and many others still ongoing) and 19 published studies. EPCs originate in the bone marrow and migrate into the bloodstream where they undergo a differentiation program leading to major changes in their antigenic characteristics. EPCs lose typical progenitor markers and acquire endothelial markers, and two important receptors, (VEGFR and CXCR-4), which recruit circulating EPCs to damaged or ischemic microcirculatory (homing to damaged tissues) beds. Overall, therapeutic angiogenesis will likely change the face of regenerative medicine in the next decade with many patients worldwide predicted to benefit from these treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Napoli
- Department of General Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology and Excellence Research Center on Cardiovascular Diseases, 1st School of Medicine, II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|