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Huang H, Zhao H, Wenqing L, Xu F, Wang X, Yao Y, Huang Y. Prospect of research on anti-atherosclerosis effect of main components of traditional Chinese medicine Yiqi Huoxue Huatan recipe through gut microbiota: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37104. [PMID: 38306512 PMCID: PMC10843552 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases are on the rise globally, posing a severe threat to human health. Atherosclerosis (AS) is considered a multi-factorial inflammatory disease and the main pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as the leading cause of death. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota can induce and exacerbate inflammatory reactions, accelerate metabolic disorders and immune function decline, and affect the progression and prognosis of AS-related diseases. The Chinese herbal medicine clinicians frequently utilize Yiqi Huoxue Huatan recipe, an effective therapeutic approach for the management of AS. This article reviews the correlation between the main components of Yiqi Huoxue Huatan recipe and the gut microbiota and AS to provide new directions and a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Wenqing
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiyue Xu
- Shanghai Pudong New District Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yili Yao
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Zhang W, Dong XY, Huang R. Gut Microbiota in Ischemic Stroke: Role of Gut Bacteria-Derived Metabolites. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:811-828. [PMID: 36279071 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) remains a leading cause of death and long-term disability globally. Several mechanisms including glutamate excitotoxicity, calcium overload, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of IS, but the underlying pathophysiology mechanisms of IS are not fully clarified. During the past decade, gut microbiota were recognized as a key regulator to affect the health of the host either directly or via their metabolites. Recent studies indicate that gut bacterial dysbiosis is closely related to hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, which are the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that IS can lead to perturbation in gut microbiota and increased permeability of the gut mucosa, known as "leaky gut," resulting in endotoxemia and bacterial translocation. In turn, gut dysbiosis and impaired intestinal permeability can alter gut bacterial metabolite signaling profile from the gut to the brain. Microbiota-derived products and metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) can exert beneficial or detrimental effects on various extraintestinal organs, including the brain, liver, and heart. These metabolites have been increasingly acknowledged as biomarkers and mediators of IS. However, the specific role of the gut bacterial metabolites in the context of stroke remains incompletely understood. In-depth studies on these products and metabolites may provide new insight for the development of novel therapeutics for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Yu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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3
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Fan Y, Ying J, Ma H, Cui H. Microbiota-related metabolites fueling the understanding of ischemic heart disease. IMETA 2023; 2:e94. [PMID: 38868424 PMCID: PMC10989774 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Up-to-date knowledge of gut microbial taxa associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Microbial metabolites for mechanistic dissection of IHD pathology. Microbiome-based therapies in IHD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceNingboChina
| | - Jiajun Ying
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceNingboChina
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First HospitalNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Hongchuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceNingboChina
| | - Hanbin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang ProvinceNingboChina
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First HospitalNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseNingboChina
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4
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Al Samarraie A, Pichette M, Rousseau G. Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Development of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065420. [PMID: 36982492 PMCID: PMC10051145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the primary cause of death globally, with nine million deaths directly attributable to ischemic heart diseases in 2020. Since the last few decades, great effort has been put toward primary and secondary prevention strategies through identification and treatment of major cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle. Once labelled “the forgotten organ”, the gut microbiota has recently been rediscovered and has been found to play key functions in the incidence of ASCVD both directly by contributing to the development of atherosclerosis and indirectly by playing a part in the occurrence of fundamental cardiovascular risk factors. Essential gut metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), secondary bile acids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have been associated with the extent of ischemic heart diseases. This paper reviews the latest data on the impact of the gut microbiome in the incidence of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al Samarraie
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Maxime Pichette
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Guy Rousseau
- Centre de Biomédecine, CIUSSS-NÎM/Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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5
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Wang J, Lu P, Xie W. Atypical functions of xenobiotic receptors in lipid and glucose metabolism. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2022; 2:611-624. [PMID: 36785576 PMCID: PMC9912049 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic receptors are traditionally defined as xenobiotic chemical-sensing receptors, the activation of which transcriptionally regulates the expression of enzymes and transporters involved in the metabolism and disposition of xenobiotics. Emerging evidence suggests that "xenobiotic receptors" also have diverse endobiotic functions, including their effects on lipid metabolism and energy metabolism. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, stroke, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Understanding the molecular mechanism by which transcriptional factors, including the xenobiotic receptors, regulate lipid homeostasis will help to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches. This review describes recent advances in our understanding the atypical roles of three xenobiotic receptors: aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), in metabolic disorders, with a particular focus on their effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. Collectively, the literatures suggest the potential values of AhR, PXR and CAR as therapeutic targets for the treatment of NAFLD, NASH, obesity and diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peipei Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Polyphenols–Gut–Heart: An Impactful Relationship to Improve Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091700. [PMID: 36139775 PMCID: PMC9495581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy gut provides the perfect habitat for trillions of bacteria, called the intestinal microbiota, which is greatly responsive to the long-term diet; it exists in a symbiotic relationship with the host and provides circulating metabolites, hormones, and cytokines necessary for human metabolism. The gut–heart axis is a novel emerging concept based on the accumulating evidence that a perturbed gut microbiota, called dysbiosis, plays a role as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Consequently, recovery of the gut microbiota composition and function could represent a potential new avenue for improving patient outcomes. Despite their low absorption, preclinical evidence indicates that polyphenols and their metabolites are transformed by intestinal bacteria and halt detrimental microbes’ colonization in the host. Moreover, their metabolites are potentially effective in human health due to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the causal role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure; to discuss the beneficial effects of polyphenols on the intestinal microbiota, and to hypothesize polyphenols or their derivatives as an opportunity to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases by shaping gut eubiosis.
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Lei Z, Rong H, Yang Y, Yu S, Zhang T, Chen L, Nie Y, Song Q, Hu Q, Guo J. Loperamide Induces Excessive Accumulation of Bile Acids in the Liver of Mice with Different Diets. Toxicology 2022; 477:153278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Karpale M, Hukkanen J, Hakkola J. Nuclear Receptor PXR in Drug-Induced Hypercholesterolemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030313. [PMID: 35159123 PMCID: PMC8833906 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major global health concern. The central modifiable risk factors and causative agents of the disease are high total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. To reduce morbidity and mortality, a thorough understanding of the factors that influence an individual’s cholesterol status during the decades when the arteria-narrowing arteriosclerotic plaques are forming is critical. Several drugs are known to increase cholesterol levels; however, the mechanisms are poorly understood. Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR), the major regulator of drug metabolism and molecular mediator of clinically significant drug–drug interactions, has been shown to induce hypercholesterolemia. As a major sensor of the chemical environment, PXR may in part mediate hypercholesterolemic effects of drug treatment. This review compiles the current knowledge of PXR in cholesterol homeostasis and discusses the role of PXR in drug-induced hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Karpale
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Janne Hukkanen
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Ye S, Yousuf A, McVey D. Relationship between red meat metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular disease. HEART AND MIND 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/hm.hm_8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Mehmood K, Moin A, Hussain T, Rizvi SMD, Gowda DV, Shakil S, Kamal MA. Can manipulation of gut microbiota really be transformed into an intervention strategy for cardiovascular disease management? Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:897-916. [PMID: 34699042 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancement in manipulation techniques of gut microbiota either ex vivo or in situ has broadened its plausible applicability for treating various diseases including cardiovascular disease. Several reports suggested that altering gut microbiota composition is an effective way to deal with issues associated with managing cardiovascular diseases. However, actual translation of gut microbiota manipulation-based techniques into cardiovascular-therapeutic approach is still questionable. This review summarized the evidence on challenges, opportunities, recent development, and future prospects of gut microbiota manipulation for targeting cardiovascular diseases. Initially, issues associated with current cardiovascular diseases treatment strategy, association of gut microbiota with cardiovascular disease, and its influence on cardiovascular drugs were discussed, followed by applicability of gut microbiota manipulation as a cardiovascular disease intervention strategy along with its challenges and future prospects. Despite the fact that the gut microbiota is rugged, interventions like probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, fecal virome transplantation, antibiotics, diet changes, and exercises could manipulate it. Advanced techniques like administration of engineered bacteriophages and bacteria could also be employed. Intensive exploration revealed that if sufficiently controlled approach and proper monitoring were applied, gut microbiota could provide a compelling answer for cardiovascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Pakistan
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
| | - D V Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Shazi Shakil
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics 7 Peterlee Place, NSW, 2770, Hebersham, Australia.,Novel Global Community, Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
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11
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Sezer E, Can Demirdöğen B, Demirkaya Ş, Bulut G, Akkulak M, Evin E, Adalı O. Association of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) promoter polymorphism (rs3808607) and cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) intron 2 polymorphism (rs754203) with serum lipids, vitamin D levels, and multiple sclerosis risk in the Turkish population. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:2611-2620. [PMID: 34546511 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have significantly lower vitamin D levels. Cholesterol is known to be the precursor for vitamin D synthesis, and cholesterol removal is regulated by cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in the liver and cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) in the brain. In this study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the genes CYP7A1 (rs3808607) and CYP46A1 (rs754203) were investigated for their effects on serum lipid profiles, vitamin D levels, and the risk of developing MS. METHODS Patients with MS (n = 191) and controls (n = 100) were tested using the PCR-RFLP method to determine their genotypes for rs3808607 and rs754203 SNPs. RESULTS The minor (C) allele frequency for CYP7A1 rs3808607 variation was 0.380 in patients with MS and 0.305 in control subjects (P = .074). For CYP46A1 rs754203, the frequencies of the minor (C) allele were 0.272 and 0.250 in patients and control subjects, respectively (P = .563). Serum vitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentrations were significantly lower in patients than in control subjects (P = .002). The CYP46A1 rs754203 SNP was associated with total cholesterol levels in patients, whereas the CYP7A1 rs3808607 variant was not associated with serum lipid parameters or vitamin D levels in patients or control subjects. CONCLUSION CYP7A1 rs3808607 and CYP46A1 rs754203 variations are not likely to confer an independent risk for MS development in the Turkish population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the association between CYP46A1 rs754203 and MS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Sezer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birsen Can Demirdöğen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Şeref Demirkaya
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Health Sciences Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giray Bulut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Akkulak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Evin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Adalı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Zheng Y, He JQ. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Trimethylamine N-Oxide-induced Atherosclerosis and Cardiomyopathy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 20:29-36. [PMID: 34387163 DOI: 10.2174/1570161119666210812152802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota metabolite derived from trimethylamine-containing nutrient precursors such as choline, L-carnitine, and betaine, which are rich in many vegetables, fruits, nuts, dairy products, and meats. An increasing number of clinical studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between elevated plasma TMAO levels and adverse cardiovascular events. It is commonly agreed that TMAO acts as both an independent risk factor and a prognostic index for patients with cardiovascular disease. Although most animal (mainly rodent) data support the clinical findings, the mechanisms by which TMAO modulates the cardiovascular system are still not well understood. In this context, we provide an overview of the potential mechanisms underlying TMAO-induced cardiovascular disease at the cellular and molecular levels, with a focus on atherosclerosis. We also address the direct effects of TMAO on cardiomyocytes (a new and under-researched area) and finally propose TMAO as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target for diagnosis and treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjing Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. United States
| | - Jia-Qiang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. United States
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13
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Karpale M, Käräjämäki AJ, Kummu O, Gylling H, Hyötyläinen T, Orešič M, Tolonen A, Hautajärvi H, Savolainen MJ, Ala-Korpela M, Hukkanen J, Hakkola J. Activation of pregnane X receptor induces atherogenic lipids and PCSK9 by a SREBP2-mediated mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2461-2481. [PMID: 33687065 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many drugs and environmental contaminants induce hypercholesterolemia and promote the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We tested the hypothesis that pregnane X receptor (PXR), a xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor, regulates the level of circulating atherogenic lipids in humans and utilized mouse experiments to identify the mechanisms involved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We performed serum NMR metabolomics in healthy volunteers administered rifampicin, a prototypical human PXR ligand or placebo in a crossover setting. We used high-fat diet fed wild-type and PXR knockout mice to investigate the mechanisms mediating the PXR-induced alterations in cholesterol homeostasis. KEY RESULTS Activation of PXR induced cholesterogenesis both in pre-clinical and clinical settings. In human volunteers, rifampicin increased intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol and lathosterol-cholesterol ratio, a marker of cholesterol synthesis, suggesting increased cholesterol synthesis. Experiments in mice indicated that PXR activation causes widespread induction of the cholesterol synthesis genes including the rate-limiting Hmgcr and upregulates the intermediates in the Kandutsch-Russell cholesterol synthesis pathway in the liver. Additionally, PXR activation induced plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a negative regulator of hepatic LDL uptake, in both mice and humans. We propose that these effects were mediated through increased proteolytic activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) in response to PXR activation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS PXR activation induces cholesterol synthesis, elevating LDL and total cholesterol in humans. The PXR-SREBP2 pathway is a novel regulator of the cholesterol and PCSK9 synthesis and a molecular mechanism for drug- and chemical-induced hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Karpale
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aki Juhani Käräjämäki
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of gastroenterology, Clinics of Internal Medicine, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Kummu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helena Gylling
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Matej Orešič
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Markku J Savolainen
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne Hukkanen
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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14
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Liang C, Zhou XH, Gong PM, Niu HY, Lyu LZ, Wu YF, Han X, Zhang LW. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H-87 prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by regulating bile acid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:4315-4324. [PMID: 34031676 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-producing bacteria are negatively related to the body weight gain and energy storage of the host. We aimed to obtain a novel BSH-producing strain with excellent anti-obesity effect and explained its mechanism. Here, we selected a strain named Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H-87 (H-87) with excellent ability to hydrolyze glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in vitro from 12 lactobacilli, and evaluated its anti-obesity effect in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice. The results suggested that H-87 could inhibit HFD-induced body weight gain, fat accumulation, liver lipogenesis and injury, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. In addition, H-87 could colonize in the ileum and hydrolyze GCDCA and TUDCA, reflected as changes in the concentrations of GCDCA, TUDCA, CDCA and UDCA in the ileum or liver. Furthermore, the study identified that H-87 reduced TUDCA and GCDCA levels in the ileum, which decreased the GLP-1 secretion by L cells to alleviate insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, H-87 increased the CDCA level in the ileum and liver to activate FXR signaling pathways to inhibit liver lipogenesis in HFD-fed mice. In addition, the decrease of intestinal conjugated bile acids (TUDCA and GCDCA) also increased fecal lipid content and decreased intestinal lipid digestibility. In conclusion, H-87 could inhibit liver fat deposition, insulin resistance and lipid digestion by changing bile acid enterohepatic circulation, and eventually alleviate HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150010, China.
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15
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Gui DD, Luo W, Yan BJ, Ren Z, Tang ZH, Liu LS, Zhang JF, Jiang ZS. Effects of gut microbiota on atherosclerosis through hydrogen sulfide. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173916. [PMID: 33529724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Microenvironmental disorders of the human gut flora are associated with a variety of health problems, not only gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, but also extralintestinal organs. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the third gas signaling molecule other than nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. In the cardiovascular system, H2S plays important roles in the regulation of blood pressure, angiogenesis, smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis, anti-oxidative stress, cardiac functions. This review is aiming to explore the potential role of gut microbiota in the development of atherosclerosis through hydrogen sulfide production as a novel therapeutic direction for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Gui
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Bin-Jie Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Lu-Shan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ji-Feng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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Cigarette smoking exposure breaks the homeostasis of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and induces gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice with different diets. Toxicology 2021; 450:152678. [PMID: 33440193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to second-hand smoking (SHS) increases glucose and lipid metabolic disorders. The link of hepatic metabolic dysfunction to environmental cigarette smoking has been noticed, but the related mechanism is still unclear. C57BL/6 mice with normal food diet (NFD) or high fat diet (HFD) were exposed to 15 min cigarette smoking twice a day in a 0.038 m3 box for 4 weeks, and the concentration of nicotine in the air of the box was 21.05 mg/m3 during the smoke exposure. Liver tissues and serum were collected for gene expression and biochemistry test. The fecal microbiota was also checked through 16S rDNA sequences. Cigarette smoking exposure increased the accumulation of total cholesterol (TC) in liver, and the expression of cholesterol synthesis-related genes was upregulated. The expression of CYP8B1 protein was significantly down-regulated, and the ratio of cholic acid (CA) to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was significantly reduced in the liver of mice exposed to cigarette smoking especially for HFD group. Cigarette smoking exposure caused insulin resistance in the liver of mice with HFD. The composition of the gut microbiota was altered with the exposure of cigarette smoking, and the change of the distribution of primary bile acids might be one of the reasons. It was concluded that cigarette smoking would break the homeostasis of cholesterol and bile acids metabolism and changed the composition of gut microbiota. Our discoveries confirmed that smoking bans are important for the public health.
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Hakkola S, Nylund L, Rosa-Sibakov N, Yang B, Nordlund E, Pahikkala T, Kalliomäki M, Aura AM, Linderborg KM. Effect of oat β-glucan of different molecular weights on fecal bile acids, urine metabolites and pressure in the digestive tract - A human cross over trial. Food Chem 2020; 342:128219. [PMID: 33077284 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the development of oat products often requires altered molecular weight (MW) of β-glucan, the resulting health implications are currently unclear. This 3-leg crossover trial (n = 14) investigated the effects of the consumption of oat bran with High, Medium and Low MW β-glucan (average > 1000, 524 and 82 kDa respectively) with 3 consequent meals on oat-derived phenolic compounds in urine (UHPLC-MS/MS), bile acids in feces (UHPLC-QTOF), gastrointestinal conditions (ingestible capsule), and perceived gut well-being. Urine excretion of ferulic acid was higher (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and the fecal excretion of deoxycholic (p < 0.03, p < 0.02) and chenodeoxycholic (p < 0.06, p < 0.02) acids lower after consumption of Low MW β-glucan compared with both Medium and High MW β-glucan. Duodenal pressure was higher after consumption of High MW β-glucan compared to Medium (p < 0.041) and Low (p < 0.022) MW β-glucan. The MW of β-glucan did not affect gut well-being, but the perceptions between females and males differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Hakkola
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lotta Nylund
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Emilia Nordlund
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tapio Pahikkala
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Kalliomäki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna-Marja Aura
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa M Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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18
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Jin M, Qian Z, Yin J, Xu W, Zhou X. The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular disease. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2343-2350. [PMID: 30712327 PMCID: PMC6433673 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that intestinal microbiota is involved in the development of various human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In the recent years, both human and animal experiments have revealed that alterations in the composition and function of intestinal flora, recognized as gut microflora dysbiosis, can accelerate the progression of CVDs. Moreover, intestinal flora metabolizes the diet ingested by the host into a series of metabolites, including trimethylamine N-oxide, short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acid and indoxyl sulfate, which affects the host physiological processes by activation of numerous signalling pathways. The aim of this review was to summarize the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of CVDs, including coronary artery disease, hypertension and heart failure, which may provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for CVD that involve interfering with the composition, function and metabolites of the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weiting Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Severino P, da Silva CF, Andrade LN, de Lima Oliveira D, Campos J, Souto EB. Alginate Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Targeting. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1312-1334. [PMID: 31465282 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190425163424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology refers to the control, manipulation, study and manufacture of structures and devices at the nanometer size range. The small size, customized surface, improved solubility and multi-functionality of nanoparticles will continue to create new biomedical applications, as nanoparticles allow to dominate stability, solubility and bioavailability, as well controlled release of drugs. The type of a nanoparticle, and its related chemical, physical and morphological properties influence its interaction with living cells, as well as determine the route of clearance and possible toxic effects. This field requires cross-disciplinary research and gives opportunities to design and develop multifunctional devices, which allow the diagnosis and treatment of devastating diseases. Over the past few decades, biodegradable polymers have been studied for the fabrication of drug delivery systems. There was extensive development of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery and tissue engineering, in view of their applications in controlling the release of drugs, stabilizing labile molecules from degradation and site-specific drug targeting. The primary aim is to reduce dosing frequency and prolong the therapeutic outcomes. For this purpose, inert excipients should be selected, being biopolymers, e.g. sodium alginate, commonly used in controlled drug delivery. Nanoparticles composed of alginate (known as anionic polysaccharide widely distributed in the cell walls of brown algae which, when in contact with water, forms a viscous gum) have emerged as one of the most extensively characterized biomaterials used for drug delivery and targeting a set of administration routes. Their advantages include not only the versatile physicochemical properties, which allow chemical modifications for site-specific targeting but also their biocompatibility and biodegradation profiles, as well as mucoadhesiveness. Furthermore, mechanical strength, gelation, and cell affinity can be modulated by combining alginate nanoparticles with other polymers, surface tailoring using specific targeting moieties and by chemical or physical cross-linking. However, for every physicochemical modification in the macromolecule/ nanoparticles, a new toxicological profile may be obtained. In this paper, the different aspects related to the use of alginate nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting have been revised, as well as how their toxicological profile will determine the therapeutic outcome of the drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Severino
- Universidade Tiradentes (Unit), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolandia, Aracaju-SE, CEP 49.032-490, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Nanomedicina (LNMed) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju - SE, CEP 49.032-490, Brazil
| | - Classius F da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Quimicas e Farmaceuticas, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica, Rua Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema - SP, CEP 09.913-030, Brazil
| | - Luciana N Andrade
- Universidade Tiradentes (Unit), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolandia, Aracaju-SE, CEP 49.032-490, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Nanomedicina (LNMed) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju - SE, CEP 49.032-490, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Lima Oliveira
- Universidade Tiradentes (Unit), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolandia, Aracaju-SE, CEP 49.032-490, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Nanomedicina (LNMed) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju - SE, CEP 49.032-490, Brazil
| | - Joana Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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20
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Implication of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in Disease: Potential Biomarker or New Therapeutic Target. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101398. [PMID: 30275434 PMCID: PMC6213249 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a molecule generated from choline, betaine, and carnitine via gut microbial metabolism. The plasma level of TMAO is determined by several factors including diet, gut microbial flora, drug administration and liver flavin monooxygenase activity. In humans, recent clinical studies evidence a positive correlation between elevated plasma levels of TMAO and an increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events. A direct correlation between increased TMAO levels and neurological disorders has been also hypothesized. Several therapeutic strategies are being explored to reduce TMAO levels, including use of oral broad spectrum antibiotics, promoting the growth of bacteria that use TMAO as substrate and the development of target-specific molecules. Despite the accumulating evidence, it is questioned whether TMAO is the mediator of a bystander in the disease process. Thus, it is important to undertake studies to establish the role of TMAO in human health and disease. In this article, we reviewed dietary sources and metabolic pathways of TMAO, as well as screened the studies suggesting possible involvement of TMAO in the etiology of cardiovascular and neurological disorders, underlying the importance of TMAO mediating inflammatory processes. Finally, the potential utility of TMAO as therapeutic target is also analyzed.
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21
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Helsley RN, Zhou C. Epigenetic impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis: a pregnane X receptor-centric view. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2017; 3:dvx017. [PMID: 29119010 PMCID: PMC5672952 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the major advances in developing diagnostic techniques and effective treatments, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. While considerable progress has been achieved to identify gene variations and environmental factors that contribute to CVD, much less is known about the role of "gene-environment interactions" in predisposing individuals to CVD. Our chemical environment has significantly changed in the last few decades, and there are more than 100,000 synthetic chemicals in the market. Recent large-scale human population studies have associated exposure to certain chemicals including many endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with increased CVD risk, and animal studies have also confirmed that some EDCs can cause aberrant lipid homeostasis and increase atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of how exposure to those EDCs influences CVD risk remain elusive. Numerous EDCs can activate the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) that functions as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate host xenobiotic metabolism. Recent studies have demonstrated the novel functions of PXR in lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis. In addition to directly regulating transcription, PXR has been implicated in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. Exposure to many EDCs can also induce epigenetic modifications, but little is known about how the changes relate to the onset or progression of CVD. In this review, we will discuss recent research on PXR and EDCs in the context of CVD and propose that PXR may play a previously unrealized role in EDC-mediated epigenetic modifications that affect lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Helsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Metabolic Disease Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Metabolic Disease Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Bronzato S, Durante A. A Contemporary Review of the Relationship between Red Meat Consumption and Cardiovascular Risk. Int J Prev Med 2017; 8:40. [PMID: 28656096 PMCID: PMC5474906 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_206_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases burden is increasing due to aging populations and represents one of the major health issues worldwide. Dietary habits have been extensively studied in the cardiovascular field despite the difficulty in the quantification of the assumption of each single food and the observation that several foods affect cardiovascular risk with opposite effects. Moreover, some older findings have been reverted by more recent studies. Red meat has been widely studied in this context, and it has been suggested to increase cardiovascular risk primarily by causing dyslipidemia. Our aim is to review the relationship between red meat assumption and cardiovascular risk and to present novel findings regarding their link.
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Lam SM, Wang Y, Li B, Du J, Shui G. Metabolomics through the lens of precision cardiovascular medicine. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:127-138. [PMID: 28325553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, which targets at the extensive characterization and quantitation of global metabolites from both endogenous and exogenous sources, has emerged as a novel technological avenue to advance the field of precision medicine principally driven by genomics-oriented approaches. In particular, metabolomics has revealed the cardinal roles that the environment exerts in driving the progression of major diseases threatening public health. Herein, the existent and potential applications of metabolomics in two key areas of precision cardiovascular medicine will be critically discussed: 1) the use of metabolomics in unveiling novel disease biomarkers and pathological pathways; 2) the contribution of metabolomics in cardiovascular drug development. Major issues concerning the statistical handling of big data generated by metabolomics, as well as its interpretation, will be briefly addressed. Finally, the need for integration of various omics branches and adopting a multi-omics approach to precision medicine will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Lipidall Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Morgan A, Mooney K, Wilkinson S, Pickles N, Mc Auley M. Cholesterol metabolism: A review of how ageing disrupts the biological mechanisms responsible for its regulation. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 27:108-124. [PMID: 27045039 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays a vital role in the human body as a precursor of steroid hormones and bile acids, in addition to providing structure to cell membranes. Whole body cholesterol metabolism is maintained by a highly coordinated balancing act between cholesterol ingestion, synthesis, absorption, and excretion. The aim of this review is to discuss how ageing interacts with these processes. Firstly, we will present an overview of cholesterol metabolism. Following this, we discuss how the biological mechanisms which underpin cholesterol metabolism are effected by ageing. Included in this discussion are lipoprotein dynamics, cholesterol absorption/synthesis and the enterohepatic circulation/synthesis of bile acids. Moreover, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in the pathological progression of atherosclerosis and also discuss how cholesterol biosynthesis is effected by both the mammalian target of rapamycin and sirtuin pathways. Next, we examine how diet and alterations to the gut microbiome can be used to mitigate the impact ageing has on cholesterol metabolism. We conclude by discussing how mathematical models of cholesterol metabolism can be used to identify therapeutic interventions.
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Wilson A, McLean C, Kim RB. Trimethylamine-N-oxide: a link between the gut microbiome, bile acid metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:148-54. [PMID: 26959704 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article evaluates the link between trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and bile acids and the consequent impact on the development of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Elevation in plasma TMAO concentrations is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in many different patient cohorts. In addition to the recently identified direct effects of TMAO on the development of atherosclerosis, other components involved in TMAO metabolism may also have an impact. Furthermore, the relationship between TMAO and bile acid regulation is emerging as a possible mediator of atherosclerosis. SUMMARY Studies that are emerging highlight the mechanistic relationship of TMAO to the development atherosclerosis in addition to its role as disease biomarker. The interplay between TMAO and bile acid metabolism mediated through multiple factors, such as the gut microbiome, farnesoid X receptor signaling, and flavin monooxygenase 3 activity may help identify another pathway by which atherosclerosis occurs. In this review, we discuss the most recent data regarding atherosclerosis, TMAO, and bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aze Wilson
- aDivisions of Clinical Pharmacology bGastroenterology, Department of Medicine cDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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26
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Wang Y, Harding SV, Eck P, Thandapilly SJ, Gamel TH, Abdel-Aal ESM, Crow GH, Tosh SM, Jones PJ, Ames NP. High-Molecular-Weight β-Glucan Decreases Serum Cholesterol Differentially Based on the CYP7A1 rs3808607 Polymorphism in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:720-7. [PMID: 26936139 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Glucan, a soluble fiber with viscous property, has a documented cholesterol-lowering effect. The molecular weight (MW) of β-glucan, which contributes to viscosity, and an individual's genotype might influence the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of β-glucan. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine whether the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of barley β-glucan varied as a function of MW and the daily dose consumed. Our second aim was to determine whether any gene-diet interactions are associated with the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of β-glucan. METHODS In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 30 mildly hypercholesterolemic adults [12 men and 18 women, aged 27-78 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 20-40; total cholesterol (TC): 5.0-8.0 mmol/L; LDL cholesterol: 2.7-5.0 mmol/L] were randomly assigned to receive a breakfast that contained either barley β-glucan at 3 g high MW (HMW)/d, 5 g low MW (LMW)/d, or 3 g LMW/d or a control diet, each for 5 wk. The washout period between the phases was 4 wk. Fasting blood samples were collected at the start and end of each phase for blood lipid analysis and genotyping. RESULTS Consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan/d lowered TC by -0.12 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.24, -0.006 mmol/L) compared with the control diet (P= 0.0046), but the LMW β-glucan, at either 3 g/d or 5 g/d, did not change serum cholesterol concentrations. This effect of HMW β-glucan was associated with gene-diet interaction, whereby individuals with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3808607-G allele (GG or GT) of the cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 gene (CYP7A1) had greater responses to 3 g HMW β-glucan/d in lowering TC than TT carriers (P= 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS The HMW β-glucan rather than LMW β-glucan reduced circulating TC effectively in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. The cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan may also be determined by the genetic characteristics of an individual. These data show that individuals carrying theCYP7A1SNP rs3808607-G allele are more responsive to the cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan with HMW than TT carriers. This trial was registered atclinicaltrials.govasNCT01408719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Scott V Harding
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Eck
- Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and
| | - Sijo J Thandapilly
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tamer H Gamel
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada; and
| | - El-Sayed M Abdel-Aal
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada; and
| | - Gary H Crow
- Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Susan M Tosh
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada; and
| | - Peter Jh Jones
- Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nancy P Ames
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Departments of Human Nutritional Sciences and Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, Canada
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Zhou C. Novel functions of PXR in cardiometabolic disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1112-1120. [PMID: 26924429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease emerges as a worldwide epidemic and there is urgent need to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this chronic disease. The chemical environment to which we are exposed has significantly changed in the past few decades and recent research has implicated its contribution to the development of many chronic human diseases. However, the mechanisms of how exposure to chemicals contributes to the development of cardiometabolic disease are poorly understood. Numerous chemicals have been identified as ligands for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor functioning as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate xenobiotic metabolism via transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes and transporters. In the past decade, the function of PXR in the regulation of xenobiotic metabolism has been extensively studied by many laboratories and the role of PXR as a xenobiotic sensor has been well-established. The identification of PXR as a xenobiotic sensor has provided an important tool for the study of new mechanisms through which xenobiotic exposure impacts human chronic diseases. Recent studies have revealed novel and unexpected roles of PXR in modulating obesity, insulin sensitivity, lipid homeostasis, atherogenesis, and vascular functions. These studies suggest that PXR signaling may contribute significantly to the pathophysiological effects of many known xenobiotics on cardiometabolic disease in humans. The discovery of novel functions of PXR in cardiometabolic disease not only contributes to our understanding of "gene-environment interactions" in predisposing individuals to chronic diseases but also provides strong evidence to inform future risk assessment for relevant chemicals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Sui Y, Helsley RN, Park SH, Song X, Liu Z, Zhou C. Intestinal pregnane X receptor links xenobiotic exposure and hypercholesterolemia. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:765-76. [PMID: 25811240 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have associated endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in humans, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for these associations remain elusive. Many EDCs have been implicated in activation of the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR), which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism in the liver and intestine. Here we report an important role of intestinal PXR in linking xenobiotic exposure and hyperlipidemia. We identified tributyl citrate (TBC), one of a large group of Food and Drug Administration-approved plasticizers for pharmaceutical or food applications, as a potent and selective PXR agonist. TBC efficiently activated PXR and induced PXR target gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, TBC activated intestinal PXR but did not affect hepatic PXR activity. Exposure to TBC increased plasma total cholesterol and atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in wild-type mice, but not in PXR-deficient mice. TBC-mediated PXR activation stimulated the expression of an essential cholesterol transporter, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), in the intestine. Promoter analysis revealed a DR-4 type of PXR response element in the human NPC1L1 promoter, and TBC promoted PXR recruitment onto the NPC1L1 promoter. Consistently, TBC treatment significantly increased lipid uptake by human and murine intestinal cells and deficiency of PXR inhibited TBC-elicited lipid uptake. These findings provide critical mechanistic insight for understanding the impact of EDC-mediated PXR activation on lipid homeostasis and demonstrate a potential role of PXR in mediating the adverse effects of EDCs on cardiovascular disease risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (Y.S., R.N.H., S.-H.P., X.S., Z.L., C.Z.) and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.Z.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
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Borel T, Sabliov C. Nanodelivery of Bioactive Components for Food Applications: Types of Delivery Systems, Properties, and Their Effect on ADME Profiles and Toxicity of Nanoparticles. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2014; 5:197-213. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Borel
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, LSU Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803;
| | - C.M. Sabliov
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, LSU Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803;
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Inamine T, Higa S, Noguchi F, Kondo S, Omagari K, Yatsuhashi H, Tsukamoto K, Nakamura M. Association of genes involved in bile acid synthesis with the progression of primary biliary cirrhosis in Japanese patients. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:1160-70. [PMID: 23354620 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) exhibit a variety of clinical manifestations and patterns of disease progression. The aim of this study was to identify genetic determinants of PBC progression. METHODS A total of 52 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 11 candidate genes involved in regulating bile acid synthesis were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism, -high resolution melting curve analysis, or -direct DNA sequencing in 315 Japanese patients with PBC. RESULTS In this study, four tag SNPs of CYP7A1 (rs1457043, rs8192870, rs3808607, and rs3824260), two tag SNPs of HNF4A (rs6017340 and 6031587), and one SNP of PPARGC1A (rs8192678) showed a significant association with PBC progression. In addition, a dual luciferase assay revealed that the polymorphism of rs3808607 in CYP7A1 altered the expression of CYP7A1 in HepG2. Specifically, the CYP7A1 promoter carrying the risk G allele for PBC progression induced higher expression of CYP7A1 under both the normal and cholestatic conditions in vitro as compared to another promoter carrying the non-risk T allele. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the genetic variants of CYP7A1 and its transcriptional activators (HNF4A and PPARGC1A) may activate bile acid synthesis, resulting in the accumulation of bile acids in hepatocytes and eventually leading to the predisposition to PBC progression. Thus, the regulation of CYP7A1 expression may represent an attractive therapeutic target for cholestatic liver diseases including PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Inamine
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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Helsley RN, Sui Y, Ai N, Park SH, Welsh WJ, Zhou C. Pregnane X receptor mediates dyslipidemia induced by the HIV protease inhibitor amprenavir in mice. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1190-9. [PMID: 23519392 PMCID: PMC3657097 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.085753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) have been used successfully in extending the life span of people infected with HIV. The use of PIs has also been associated with dyslipidemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Several PIs have been implicated in activating the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR), which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism in the liver and intestine. Recent studies indicate that PXR may also play an important role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. In the present study, we identified amprenavir, a widely used HIV PI, as a potent PXR-selective agonist. Computational docking studies combined with site-direct mutagenesis identified several key residues within the ligand-binding pocket of PXR that constitute points of interaction with amprenavir. Amprenavir efficiently activated PXR and induced PXR target gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Short-term exposure to amprenavir significantly increased plasma total cholesterol and atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in wild-type mice, but not in PXR-deficient mice. Amprenavir-mediated PXR activation stimulated the expression of several key intestinal genes involved in lipid homeostasis. These findings provide critical mechanistic insight for understanding the impact of PIs on cardiovascular disease and demonstrate a potential role of PXR in mediating the adverse effects of HIV PIs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Helsley
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT, Britt EB, Fu X, Wu Y, Li L, Smith JD, DiDonato JA, Chen J, Li H, Wu GD, Lewis JD, Warrier M, Brown JM, Krauss RM, Tang WHW, Bushman FD, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2013; 19:576-85. [PMID: 23563705 PMCID: PMC3650111 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2878] [Impact Index Per Article: 261.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of choline and phosphatidylcholine produces trimethylamine (TMA), which is further metabolized to a proatherogenic species, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We demonstrate here that metabolism by intestinal microbiota of dietary L-carnitine, a trimethylamine abundant in red meat, also produces TMAO and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. Omnivorous human subjects produced more TMAO than did vegans or vegetarians following ingestion of L-carnitine through a microbiota-dependent mechanism. The presence of specific bacterial taxa in human feces was associated with both plasma TMAO concentration and dietary status. Plasma L-carnitine levels in subjects undergoing cardiac evaluation (n = 2,595) predicted increased risks for both prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and incident major adverse cardiac events (myocardial infarction, stroke or death), but only among subjects with concurrently high TMAO levels. Chronic dietary L-carnitine supplementation in mice altered cecal microbial composition, markedly enhanced synthesis of TMA and TMAO, and increased atherosclerosis, but this did not occur if intestinal microbiota was concurrently suppressed. In mice with an intact intestinal microbiota, dietary supplementation with TMAO or either carnitine or choline reduced in vivo reverse cholesterol transport. Intestinal microbiota may thus contribute to the well-established link between high levels of red meat consumption and CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Koeth
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Bruce S. Levison
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Buffa
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Elin Org
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Brendan T. Sheehy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Earl B. Britt
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Smith
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Joseph A. DiDonato
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary D. Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James D. Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manya Warrier
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Müllenbach R, Weber SN, Krawczyk M, Zimmer V, Sarrazin C, Lammert F, Grünhage F. A frequent variant in the human bile salt export pump gene ABCB11 is associated with hepatitis C virus infection, but not liver stiffness in a German population. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:63. [PMID: 22681771 PMCID: PMC3457846 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 11 (ABCB11) gene encodes the bile salt export pump, which is exclusively expressed at the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. A frequent variant in the coding region, c.1331 T > C, leading to the amino acid exchange p.V444A, has been associated with altered serum bile salt levels in healthy individuals and predisposes homozygous carriers of the [C] allele for obstetric cholestasis. Recently, elevated bile salt levels were shown to be significantly associated with rates and risk of cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treated with pegylated interferon-α2 and ribavirin, suggesting a potential role for bile salt levels in HCV treatment outcomes and in the fibrogenic evolution of HCV-related liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association of ABCB11 c.1331 T > C with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and fibrosis stages as assessed by non-invasive transient elastography in a German cohort of patients. Methods ABCB11 c.1331 T > C genotype was determined by allelic discrimination assay in 649 HCV infected cases and 413 controls. Overall, 444 cases were staged for fibrotic progression by measurement of liver stiffness. Results Homo- or heterozygous presence of the frequent [C] allele was associated with HCV positivity (OR = 1.41, CI = 1.02 - 1.95, p = 0.037). No association was detectable between the ABCB11 c.1331 T > C genotype and increased liver stiffness. Conclusions Our data confirm that homozygous presence of the major [C] allele of ABCB11 c.1331 T > C is a genetic susceptibility factor for HCV infection, but not for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Müllenbach
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
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Wertheim BC, Smith JW, Fang C, Alberts DS, Lance P, Thompson PA. Risk modification of colorectal adenoma by CYP7A1 polymorphisms and the role of bile acid metabolism in carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:197-204. [PMID: 22058145 PMCID: PMC3400261 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, is a postulated gene modifier of colorectal cancer risk and target for the therapeutic bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). We investigated associations between CYP7A1 polymorphisms and fecal bile acids, colorectal adenoma (CRA), and UDCA efficacy for CRA prevention. Seven tagging, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in CYP7A1 were measured in 703 (355 UDCA, 348 placebo) participants of a phase III chemoprevention trial, of which 495 had known baseline fecal bile acid concentrations. In the placebo arm, participants with two minor G(rs8192871) alleles (tag for a low activity promoter polymorphism at -204) had lower odds of high secondary bile acids (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.10-0.69), and CRA at 3 years' follow-up (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.19-0.89), than AA carriers. Haplotype construction from the six polymorphic SNPs showed participants with the third most common haplotype (C(rs10957057)C(rs8192879)G(rs8192877)T(rs11786580)A(rs8192871)G(rs13251096)) had higher odds of high primary bile acids (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.12-4.89) and CRA (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00-3.57) than those with the most common CTACAG haplotype. Furthermore, three SNPs (rs8192877, rs8192871, and rs13251096) each modified UDCA efficacy for CRA prevention, and CCGTAG-haplotype carriers experienced 71% lower odds of CRA recurrence with UDCA treatment, an effect not present for other haplotypes (test for UDCA-haplotype interaction, P = 0.020). Our findings support CYP7A1 polymorphisms as determinants of fecal bile acids and risk factors for CRA. Furthermore, UDCA efficacy for CRA prevention may be modified by genetic variation in CYP7A1, limiting treatment benefit to a subgroup of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changming Fang
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - David S. Alberts
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Peter Lance
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Patricia A. Thompson
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Sui Y, Xu J, Rios-Pilier J, Zhou C. Deficiency of PXR decreases atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1652-9. [PMID: 21685500 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m017376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, also known as SXR) is a nuclear hormone receptor activated by xenobiotics as well as diverse sterols and their metabolites. PXR functions as a xenobiotic sensor to coordinately regulate xenobiotic metabolism via transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes and transporters. Recent evidence indicates that PXR may also play an important role in lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis. To define the role of PXR in atherosclerosis, we generated PXR and apoE double knockout (PXR(-/-)apoE(-/-)) mice. Here we show that deficiency of PXR did not alter plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels in apoE(-/-) mice. However, PXR(-/-)apoE(-/-) mice had significantly decreased atherosclerotic cross-sectional lesion area in both the aortic root and brachiocephalic artery by 40% (P < 0.01) and 60% (P < 0.001), respectively. Interestingly, deficiency of PXR reduced the expression levels of CD36, lipid accumulation, and CD36-mediated oxidized LDL uptake in peritoneal macrophages of PXR(-/-)apoE(-/-) mice. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining showed that PXR and CD36 were expressed in the atherosclerotic lesions of apoE(-/-) mice, and the expression levels of PXR and CD36 were diminished in the lesions of PXR(-/-)apoE(-/-) mice. Our findings indicate that deficiency of PXR attenuates atherosclerosis development, which may result from decreased CD36 expression and reduced lipid uptake in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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