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Gu L, Pillay RP, Aronson R, Kaur M. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein knock-down in conjunction with a cholesterol-depleting agent decreases tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:712-730. [PMID: 38733508 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The cholesterogenic phenotype, encompassing de novo biosynthesis and accumulation of cholesterol, aids cancer cell proliferation and survival. Previously, the role of cholesteryl ester (CE) transfer protein (CETP) has been implicated in breast cancer aggressiveness, but the molecular basis of this observation is not clearly understood, which this study aims to elucidate. CETP knock-down resulted in a >50% decrease in cell proliferation in both 'estrogen receptor-positive' (ER+; Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF7) breast cancer cells) and 'triple-negative' breast cancer (TNBC; MDA-MB-231) cell lines. Intriguingly, the abrogation of CETP together with the combination treatment of tamoxifen (5 μM) and acetyl plumbagin (a cholesterol-depleting agent) (5 μM) resulted in twofold to threefold increase in apoptosis in both cell lines. CETP knockdown also showed decreased intracellular CE levels, lipid raft and lipid droplets in both cell lines. In addition, RT2 Profiler PCR array (Qiagen, Germany)-based gene expression analysis revealed an overall downregulation of genes associated in cholesterol biosynthesis, lipid signalling and drug resistance in MCF7 cells post-CETP knock-down. On the contrary, resistance in MDA-MB-231 cells was reduced through increased expression in cholesterol efflux genes and the expression of targetable surface receptors by endocrine therapy. The pilot xenograft mice study substantiated CETP's role as a cancer survival gene as knock-down of CETP stunted the growth of TNBC tumour by 86%. The principal findings of this study potentiate CETP as a driver in breast cancer growth and aggressiveness and thus targeting CETP could limit drug resistance via the reduction in cholesterol accumulation in breast cancer cells, thereby reducing cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gu
- Department of School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruvesh Pascal Pillay
- Department of School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruth Aronson
- Department of School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Qin Y, Wu Y, Zang H, Cong X, Shen Q, Chen L, Chen X. Lipid Metabolism in Pregnancy Women with Hypothyroidism and Potential Influence on Pregnancy Outcome. J Lipids 2024; 2024:5589492. [PMID: 39015803 PMCID: PMC11251789 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5589492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for maintaining normal physiological processes during pregnancy, including the metabolism of energy materials in both the mother and fetus and the growth and development of fetal bone and nervous system. TH can act on the liver, fat, and other tissues and organs to participate in lipid synthesis and breakdown through multiple pathways. Consequently, abnormal thyroid function is often accompanied by lipid metabolism disorders. Both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism, as well as dyslipidemia during pregnancy, have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recently, there has been an increased interest in studying the alteration of lipidomic and hypothyroidism (both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism) during pregnancy. Studies have suggested that altered lipid molecules might be used as potential biomarker and associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcome. Thus, we summarized the associations between lipid metabolism and clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy in this review. Then, we discussed the underlying mechanisms of thyroid dysfunction and lipid metabolism. In addition, we reviewed the possible effect of dyslipidemia on pregnancy and neonatal outcome. However, the relationship between hypothyroidism during pregnancy and changes in the lipid profile and how to intervene in the occurrence and development of adverse pregnancy outcomes require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qin
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Huanhuan Zang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xiangguo Cong
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Qiong Shen
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
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Chen H, Tang X, Su W, Li S, Yang R, Cheng H, Zhang G, Zhou X. Causal effects of lipid-lowering therapies on aging-related outcomes and risk of cancers: a drug-target Mendelian randomization study. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:15228-15242. [PMID: 38127052 PMCID: PMC10781452 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of statins, newer lipid-lowering drugs have been emerging. It remains unclear how the long-term use of novel lipid-lowering drugs affects the occurrence of cancers and age-related diseases. METHODS A drug-target Mendelian randomization study was performed. Genetic variants of nine lipid-lowering drug-target genes (HMGCR, PCKS9, NPC1L1, LDLR, APOB, CETP, LPL, APOC3, and ANGPTL3) were extracted as exposures from the summary data of Global Lipids Genetics Consortium Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). GWAS summary data of cancers and noncancerous diseases were used as outcomes. The inverse-variance weighted method was applied as the main statistical approach. Sensitivity tests were conducted to evaluate the robustness, pleiotropy, and heterogeneity of the results. RESULTS In addition to marked effects on decreased risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, genetically proxied lipid-lowering variants of PCKS9, CETP, LPL, LDLR, and APOC3 were associated with longer human lifespans (q<0.05). Lipid-lowering variants of ANGPTL3 and LDLR were associated with reduced risks of colorectal cancer, and ANGPTL3 was also associated with lower risks of gastric cancer (q<0.05). Lipid-lowering LPL variants were associated with decreased risks of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and bladder cancer (q<0.05). Lipid-lowering variants of PCKS9 and HMGCR were associated with decreased risks of osteoporosis (q<0.05). Lipid-lowering APOB variants were associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer (q<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides genetic evidence that newer nonstatin lipid-lowering agents have causal effects on decreased risks of several common cancers and cardiometabolic diseases. These data provide genetic insights into the potential benefits of newer nonstatin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruoyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Yao J, Zhao J, Liu J, Jiang S, Guo S, Xu L, Zhang X, Sheng Q, Wang K, Liao L, Dong J. The relationships between thyroid functions of short-term rapid hypothyroidism and blood lipid levels in post-thyroidectomy patients of differentiated thyroid cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1114344. [PMID: 37181036 PMCID: PMC10173361 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between short-term rapid hypothyroidism and blood lipid levels in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Methods Seventy-five DTC patients scheduled to receive radioactive iodine ablation were enrolled. Levels of thyroid hormone and serum lipids were tested at two time points: the euthyroid before thyroidectomy, and the hypothyroid (off thyroxine). Then the collected data were analyzed. Results Totally 75 DTC patients enrolled, among them, 5o were female (66.67%) and 25 were male (33. 33%), with an average age of 52.24 ± 1.24 years old. The short-term rapid severe hypothyroidism induced by thyroid hormone withdrawal significantly aggravated dyslipidemia, particularly in patients with dyslipidemia before thyroidectomy (All P < 0.01). However, there was no significant differences between blood lipid levels with different thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. And our study showed significant negative correlations between free triiodothyronine levels and the changes from euthyjroidism to hypothyroidism in total cholesterol (r=-0.31, P=0.03), triglycerides (r=-0.39, P=0.006), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (r=-0.29, P=0.042), and significant positive correlations between free thyroxine and the changes of HDL-C (r=-0.32, P=0.027) were identified in females, however, which were not observed in males. Conclusion Short-term rapids severe hypothyroidism caused by thyroid hormone withdrawal can lead to rapid significant changes in blood lipid levels. It is necessary to pay attention to dyslipidemia and its long-term effects after thyroid hormone withdrawal, especially in patients with dyslipidemia before thyroidectomy. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03006289?term=NCT03006289&draw=2&rank=1, identifier NCT03006289.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Yao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Ji-nan, China
| | - Junyu Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Ji-nan, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shaoguan First Peoples Hospital, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, China
| | - Lusi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, China
| | - Qiqi Sheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Ji-nan, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Liao, ; Jianjun Dong,
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Liao, ; Jianjun Dong,
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Su X, Chen X, Wang B. Relationship between the development of hyperlipidemia in hypothyroidism patients. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11025-11035. [PMID: 36097119 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As shown in the previous studies, hypothyroidism (HT) is identified to be closely associated with the elevated plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and with the decreased plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). On the other hand, the thyroid hormone (TH), which has been considered as a vital hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, are well-established to regulate the metabolism of plasma TC; whereas other evidence proposed that the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also regulated the plasma cholesterol metabolism independently of the TH, which further promotes the progression of hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, the potential mechanism is still not illustrated. It is worth noting that several studies has found that the progression of HT-induced hyperlipidemia might be associated with the down-regulated plasma levels of TH and the up-regulated plasma levels of TSH, revealing that HT could promote hyperlipidemia and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. Otherwise, multiple novel identified plasma proteins, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTLs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), have also been demonstrated to embrace a vital function in modulating the progression of hyperlipidemia induced by HT. In the present comprehensive review, the recent findings which elucidated the association of HT and the progression of hyperlipidemia were summarized. Furthermore, other results which illustrated the underlying mechanisms by which HT facilitates the progression of hyperlipidemia and its cardio-metabolic disorders are also listed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Cholesterol-lowering activity of 10-gingerol in HepG2 cells is associated with enhancing LDL cholesterol uptake, cholesterol efflux and bile acid excretion. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Marouf BH, Iqbal Z, Mohamad JB, Bashir B, Schofield J, Syed A, Kilpatrick ES, Stefanutti C, Soran H. Efficacy and Safety of PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients With Diabetes. Clin Ther 2022; 44:331-348. [PMID: 35246337 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are novel drugs that have proven efficacy in improving cardiovascular outcomes. Roles for the PCSK9 molecule in metabolic pathways beyond LDL receptor processing and cholesterol homeostasis are well established. PCSK9 genetic variants associated with lower LDL-C levels correlate with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), calling into question the appropriateness of these drugs in patients with T2DM and those at high risk of developing diabetes, and whether cardiovascular benefit seen with PCSK9 inhibitors might be offset by resultant dysglycemia. The purpose of this review was to examine the role of PCSK9 protein in glucose homeostasis, the impact of PCSK9 inhibition in relation to glucose homeostasis, and whether some of the cardiovascular benefit seen with PCSK9 inhibitors and statins might be offset by resultant dysglycemia. METHODS Comprehensive literature searches of electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and OVID were conducted by using the search terms hyperlipidaemia, PCSK9, diabetes, and glucose as well as other relevant papers of interest collected by the authors. The retrieved papers were reviewed and shortlisted most relevant ones. FINDINGS Genetically determined lower circulating LDL-C and PCSK9 concentrations may have an incremental effect in increasing T2DM incidence, but any perceived harm is outweighed by the reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease achieved through lower lifetime exposure to LDL-C. PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies are effective and safe in patients with T2DM and those at high risk of developing it. The number-needed-to-treat to prevent one atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease event in the FOURIER (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk) study in the subgroup with diabetes is significantly lower than for those without. Therefore, T2DM or being at high risk to develop it should not be a reason to avoid these agents. The safety of PCSK9 inhibition in relation to glucose homeostasis may depend on the method of inhibition and whether it occurs in circulation or the cells. Data from experimental studies and randomized controlled trials suggest no detrimental effect of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies on glucose homeostasis. More data and large randomized controlled studies are needed to assess the impact of other methods of PCSK9 inhibition on glucose homeostasis. IMPLICATIONS PCSK9monoclonal antibodies markedly reduce LDL-C and consistently reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with and without diabetes. Current evidence does not suggest an adverse effect of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies on glycemic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Hassan Marouf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Federal Region of Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Zohaib Iqbal
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jamal Basheer Mohamad
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Federal Region of Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Bilal Bashir
- Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Schofield
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Akheel Syed
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation and University Teaching Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric S Kilpatrick
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, and Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Stefanutti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Liu H, Peng D. Update on dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism: the mechanism of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210002. [PMID: 35015703 PMCID: PMC8859969 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is often associated with elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides. Thyroid hormone (TH) affects the production, clearance and transformation of cholesterol, but current research shows that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also participates in lipid metabolism independently of TH. Therefore, the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia is associated with the decrease of TH and the increase of TSH levels. Some newly identified regulatory factors, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, angiogenin-like proteins and fibroblast growth factors are the underlying causes of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. HDL serum concentration changes were not consistent, and its function was reportedly impaired. The current review focuses on the updated understanding of the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Peng:
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Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 527:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gormley M, Yarmolinsky J, Dudding T, Burrows K, Martin RM, Thomas S, Tyrrell J, Brennan P, Pring M, Boccia S, Olshan AF, Diergaarde B, Hung RJ, Liu G, Legge D, Tajara EH, Severino P, Lacko M, Ness AR, Davey Smith G, Vincent EE, Richmond RC. Using genetic variants to evaluate the causal effect of cholesterol lowering on head and neck cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009525. [PMID: 33886544 PMCID: PMC8096036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which includes cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx, is a cause of substantial global morbidity and mortality. Strategies to reduce disease burden include discovery of novel therapies and repurposing of existing drugs. Statins are commonly prescribed for lowering circulating cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Results from some observational studies suggest that statin use may reduce HNSCC risk. We appraised the relationship of genetically-proxied cholesterol-lowering drug targets and other circulating lipid traits with oral (OC) and oropharyngeal (OPC) cancer risk using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). For the primary analysis, germline genetic variants in HMGCR, NPC1L1, CETP, PCSK9 and LDLR were used to proxy the effect of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering therapies. In secondary analyses, variants were used to proxy circulating levels of other lipid traits in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of 188,578 individuals. Both primary and secondary analyses aimed to estimate the downstream causal effect of cholesterol lowering therapies on OC and OPC risk. The second sample for MR was taken from a GWAS of 6,034 OC and OPC cases and 6,585 controls (GAME-ON). Analyses were replicated in UK Biobank, using 839 OC and OPC cases and 372,016 controls and the results of the GAME-ON and UK Biobank analyses combined in a fixed-effects meta-analysis. We found limited evidence of a causal effect of genetically-proxied LDL-C lowering using HMGCR, NPC1L1, CETP or other circulating lipid traits on either OC or OPC risk. Genetically-proxied PCSK9 inhibition equivalent to a 1 mmol/L (38.7 mg/dL) reduction in LDL-C was associated with an increased risk of OC and OPC combined (OR 1.8 95%CI 1.2, 2.8, p = 9.31 x10-05), with good concordance between GAME-ON and UK Biobank (I2 = 22%). Effects for PCSK9 appeared stronger in relation to OPC (OR 2.6 95%CI 1.4, 4.9) than OC (OR 1.4 95%CI 0.8, 2.4). LDLR variants, resulting in genetically-proxied reduction in LDL-C equivalent to a 1 mmol/L (38.7 mg/dL), reduced the risk of OC and OPC combined (OR 0.7, 95%CI 0.5, 1.0, p = 0.006). A series of pleiotropy-robust and outlier detection methods showed that pleiotropy did not bias our findings. We found limited evidence for a role of cholesterol-lowering in OC and OPC risk, suggesting previous observational results may have been confounded. There was some evidence that genetically-proxied inhibition of PCSK9 increased risk, while lipid-lowering variants in LDLR, reduced risk of combined OC and OPC. This result suggests that the mechanisms of action of PCSK9 on OC and OPC risk may be independent of its cholesterol lowering effects; however, this was not supported uniformly across all sensitivity analyses and further replication of this finding is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gormley
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Dental Hospital and School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James Yarmolinsky
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Dudding
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Dental Hospital and School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Burrows
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Thomas
- Bristol Dental Hospital and School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Miranda Pring
- Bristol Dental Hospital and School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Boccia
- Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Public Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrew F. Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brenda Diergaarde
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Danny Legge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patricia Severino
- Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Lacko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute GROW, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R. Ness
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E. Vincent
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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11
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Malvandi AM, Canclini L, Alliaj A, Magni P, Zambon A, Catapano AL. Progress and prospects of biological approaches targeting PCSK9 for cholesterol-lowering, from molecular mechanism to clinical efficacy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1477-1489. [PMID: 32715821 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1801628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disorders are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recent advances showed a promising role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as a critical player in regulating plasma LDL levels and lipid metabolism. AREAS COVERED This review addresses the molecular functions of PCSK9 with a vision on the clinical progress of utilizing monoclonal antibodies and other biological approaches to block PCSK9 activity. The successful clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies are reviewed. Recent advances in (pre)clinical trials of other biological approaches, such as small interfering RNAs, are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Discovery of PCSK9 and clinical use of its inhibitors to manage lipid metabolism is a step forward in hypolipidaemic therapy. A better understanding of the molecular activity of PCSK9 can help to identify new approaches in the inhibition of PCSK9 expression/activity. Whether if PCSK9 plays a role in other cardiometabolic conditions may provide grounds for further development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Canclini
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Magni
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zambon
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
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12
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A small-molecule inhibitor of PCSK9 transcription ameliorates atherosclerosis through the modulation of FoxO1/3 and HNF1α. EBioMedicine 2020; 52:102650. [PMID: 32058941 PMCID: PMC7026728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein that down-regulates hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) by binding and shuttling LDLR to lysosomes for degradation. The development of therapy that inhibits PCSK9 has attracted considerable attention for the management of cardiovascular disease risk. However, only monoclonal antibodies of PCSK9 have reached the clinic use. Oral administration of small-molecule transcriptional inhibitors has the potential to become a therapeutic option. Methods Here, we developed a cell-based small molecule screening platform to identify transcriptional inhibitors of PCSK9. Through high-throughput screening and a series of evaluation, we found several active compounds. After detailed investigation on the pharmacological effect and molecular mechanistic characterization, 7030B-C5 was identified as a potential small-molecule PCSK9 inhibitor. Findings Our data showed that 7030B-C5 down-regulated PCSK9 expression and increased the total cellular LDLR protein and its mediated LDL-C uptake by HepG2 cells. In both C57BL/6 J and ApoE KO mice, oral administration of 7030B-C5 reduced hepatic and plasma PCSK9 level and increased hepatic LDLR expression. Most importantly, 7030B-C5 inhibited lesions in en face aortas and aortic root in ApoE KO mice with a slight amelioration of lipid profiles. We further provide evidences suggesting that transcriptional regulation of PCSK9 by 7030B-C5 mostly depend on the transcriptional factor HNF1α and FoxO3. Furthermore, FoxO1 was found to play an important role in 7030B-C5 mediated integration of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Interpretation 7030B-C5 with potential suppressive effect of PCSK9 expression may serve as a promising lead compound for drug development of cholesterol/glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular disease therapy. Fund This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473214, 81402929, and 81621064), the Drug Innovation Major Project of China (2018ZX09711001-003-006, 2018ZX09711001-007 and 2018ZX09735001-002), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2016-I2M-2-002, 2016-I2M-1-011 and 2017-I2M-1-008), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7162129).
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13
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Pawlik J, Wrześniok D. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: the physiological and molecular characteristics in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is involved in reverse cholesterol transport, mediates the exchange of cholesteryl esters for triglycerides between high-density lipoproteinsand low-density lipoproteins/very low-density lipoproteins. Lipid transfer mechanism by CETP is unknown. Two main models have been proposed for the mechanism of action of CETP: shuttle and tunnel mechanisms. The variants of CETP gene affect activity and level of protein, thus they are associated with lipid profile and risk of many diseases. Some clinical studies reported that polymorphisms of CETP, including TaqIB and I405V, are associated with risk of atherosclerosis and/or Alzheimer’s disease. CETP plays important role an in the metabolism of cholesterol, thus is correlated with pathomechanism of coronary artery disease. Inhibition of CETP can be an effective strategy to improve the lipid profile and reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies to reduce activity of CETP or decrease its level are developed. Effectiveness of following pharmacological methods of modulation of CETP activity was studied: anti-CETP vaccines, antisense oligonucleotide and small molecule inhibitors of CETP. This article presents an overview of the literature on the correlation between cardiovascular diseases and CETP protein/CETP gene. Furthermore, it discusses the impact of CETP on pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Pawlik
- Katedra i Zakład Chemii i Analizy Leków, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Medycyny Laboratoryjnej w Sosnowcu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Katowice, Polska
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Katedra i Zakład Chemii i Analizy Leków, Wydział Farmaceutyczny z Oddziałem Medycyny Laboratoryjnej w Sosnowcu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Katowice, Polska
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14
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New Insight on a Combination of Policosanol and 10-Dehydrogingerdione Phytochemicals as Inhibitors for Platelet Activation Biomarkers and Atherogenicity Risk in Dyslipidemic Rabbits: Role of CETP and PCSK9 Inhibition. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:805-815. [PMID: 29740798 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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15
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Chae HS, You BH, Kim DY, Lee H, Ko HW, Ko HJ, Choi YH, Choi SS, Chin YW. Sauchinone controls hepatic cholesterol homeostasis by the negative regulation of PCSK9 transcriptional network. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6737. [PMID: 29712938 PMCID: PMC5928089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-transcriptome analysis and western blotting of sauchinone-treated HepG2 cells demonstrated that sauchinone regulated genes relevant to cholesterol metabolism and synthesis. In particular, it was found that the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) was downregulated, and the expression of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was upregulated in sauchinone-treated HepG2 cells. Consequently, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) uptake was increased. As a transcriptional regulator of PCSK9 expression, sterol regulatory elements binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) was proposed by transcriptome analysis and western blotting. Oral administration of sauchinone increased hepatic LDLR through PCSK9 inhibition in obese mice and showed the reduced serum LDL-C levels and downstream targets of SREBP-2. Thus, it is evident that sauchinone reduces hepatic steatosis by downregulating the expression of hepatic PCSK9 via SREBP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Hoon You
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Kim
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, and Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hankyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Wan Ko
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shim Choi
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, and Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Yang SH, Xu RX, Cui CJ, Wang Y, Du Y, Chen ZG, Yao YH, Ma CY, Zhu CG, Guo YL, Wu NQ, Sun J, Chen BX, Li JJ. Liraglutide downregulates hepatic LDL receptor and PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells and db/db mice through a HNF-1a dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:48. [PMID: 29618348 PMCID: PMC5885408 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a major regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, is associated with glucose metabolism. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, can increase insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and lower blood glucose. We aimed to investigate the relationship between liraglutide and PCSK9. Methods At the cellular level, the expressions of PCSK9 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1α) protein in HepG2 cells stimulated by liraglutide was examined using Western blot. Seven-week old db/db mice and wild type (WT) mice were administered either liraglutide (200 μg/kg) or equivoluminal saline subcutaneously, twice daily for 7 weeks. Fasting glucose level, food intake and body weight were measured every week. After the 7-week treatment, the blood was collected for lipid and PCSK9 levels detection and the liver was removed from the mice for oil red O staining, immunohistochemical analysis, immunofluorescence test and Western bolt. Results Firstly, liraglutide suppressed both PCSK9 and HNF1α expression in HepG2 cells in a time and concentration dependent manner. Secondly, liraglutide induced weight loss in WT and db/db mice, decreased serum PCSK9, glucose and lipid levels and improved hepatic accumulation in db/db but not WT mice. Thirdly, liraglutide reduced both hepatic PCSK9 and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression with a decrease in HNF1α in db/db mice but not in WT mice. Conclusions Liraglutide suppressed PCSK9 expression through HNF1α-dependent mechanism in HepG2 cells and db/db mice, and decreased LDLR possibly via PCSK9-independent pathways in db/db mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-018-0689-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Yang
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China.,Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Rui-Xia Xu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chuan-Jue Cui
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ying Du
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Chen
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yu-Hong Yao
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chun-Yan Ma
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zhu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Guo
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Na-Qiong Wu
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Bu-Xing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Division of Dyslipidemia, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, BeiLiShi Road 167, Beijing, 100037, China.
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17
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Su X, Peng DQ. New insights into ANGPLT3 in controlling lipoprotein metabolism and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:12. [PMID: 29334984 PMCID: PMC5769531 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevation of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and reduction of plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), has been verified as a causal risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), leading to a high mortality rate in general population. It is important to understand the molecular metabolism underlying dyslipidemia in order to reduce the risk and to develop effective therapeutic approaches against CVD. ANGPTL3 (human) or Angptl3 (mouse), one member of the angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) family, has been identified as an important regulator of lipid metabolism by inhibiting LPL and EL activity. Results have demonstrated that inactivation of Angptl3 in mice could obviously reduce the level of TG, LDL-C and the atherosclerotic lesion size, leading to a lower risk for dyslipidemia and CVD. Additionally, in humans, carriers with homozygous LOF mutations in ANGPTL3 have lower plasma LDL-C, TG levels and lower risk of atherosclerosis compared to the non-carriers. Here, we collect the latest data and results, giving a new insight into the important role of ANGPTL3 in controlling lipoprotein metabolism. Finally, we introduce two update reports on the antisense oligonucleotide and monoclonal antibody-based inactivation of ANGPTL3 in human clinical trials, to identify that ANGPTL3 could be a novel and effective target for the treatment of dyslipidemia and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Dao-Quan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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18
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Present therapeutic role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:29-41. [PMID: 29287689 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions aimed at increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in order to reduce the residual cardiovascular (CV) risk of optimally drug treated patients have not provided convincing results, so far. Transfer of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver appears to be the major atheroprotective function of HDL, and an elevation of HDL levels could represent an effective strategy. Inhibition of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), raising HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) levels, reduces low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and apoB levels, thus offering a promising approach. Despite the beneficial influence on cholesterol metabolism, off-target effects and lack of reduction in CV events and mortality (with torcetrapib, dalcetrapib and evacetrapib) highlighted the complex mechanism of CETP inhibition. After the failure of the above mentioned inhibitors in phase III clinical development, possibly due to the short duration of the trials masking benefit, the secondary prevention REVEAL trial has recently shown that the inhibitor anacetrapib significantly raised HDL-C (+104%), reduced LDL-C (-18%), with a protective effect on major coronary events (RR, 0.91; 95%CI, 0.85-0.97; p = 0.004). Whether LDL-C lowering fully accounts for the CV benefit or if HDL-C-rise is a crucial factor still needs to be determined, although the reduction of non-HDL (-18%) and Lp(a) (-25%), should be also taken into account. In spite of the positive results of the REVEAL Study, Merck decided not to proceed in asking regulatory approval for anacetrapib. Dalcetrapib (Dal-GenE study) and CKD-519 remain the two molecules within this area still in clinical development.
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19
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Arsenault BJ, Petrides F, Tabet F, Bao W, Hovingh GK, Boekholdt SM, Ramin-Mangata S, Meilhac O, DeMicco D, Rye KA, Waters DD, Kastelein JJP, Barter P, Lambert G. Effect of atorvastatin, cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibition, and diabetes mellitus on circulating proprotein subtilisin kexin type 9 and lipoprotein(a) levels in patients at high cardiovascular risk. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 12:130-136. [PMID: 29103916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proprotein subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels are causative risk factors for coronary heart disease. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to determine the impact of lipid-lowering treatments on circulating PCSK9 and Lp(a). METHODS We measured PCSK9 and Lp(a) levels in plasma samples from Investigation of Lipid Level Management to Understand its Impact in Atherosclerotic Events trial patients with coronary heart disease and/or type II diabetes (T2D) mellitus. Patients received atorvastatin, which was titrated (10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/d) to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels <100 mg/dL (baseline) and were subsequently randomized either to atorvastatin + torcetrapib, a cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitor, or to atorvastatin + placebo. RESULTS At baseline, both plasma PCSK9 and Lp(a) were dose-dependently increased with increasing atorvastatin doses. Compared with patients without T2D, those with T2D had higher PCSK9 (357 ± 123 vs 338 ± 115 ng/mL, P = .0012) and lower Lp(a) levels (28 ± 32 vs 32 ± 33 mg/dL, P = .0005). Plasma PCSK9 levels significantly increased in patients treated with torcetrapib (+13.1 ± 125.3 ng/mL [+3.7%], P = .005), but not in patients treated with placebo (+2.6 ± 127.9 ng/mL [+0.7%], P = .39). Plasma Lp(a) levels significantly decreased in patients treated with torcetrapib (-3.4 ± 10.7 mg/dL [-11.1%], P < .0001), but not in patients treated with placebo (+0.3 ± 9.4 mg/dL [+0.1%], P = .92). CONCLUSION In patients at high cardiovascular disease risk, PCSK9 and Lp(a) are positively and dose-dependently correlated with atorvastatin dosage, whereas the presence of T2D is associated with higher PCSK9 but lower Lp(a) levels. Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibition with torcetrapib slightly increases PCSK9 levels and decreases Lp(a) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Francine Petrides
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fatiha Tabet
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Olivier Meilhac
- Inserm, UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | | | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David D Waters
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Barter
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Inserm, UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, France.
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20
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Gu L, Wang Y, Xu Y, Tian Q, Lei G, Zhao C, Gao Z, Pan Q, Zhao W, Nong L, Tan S. Lunasin functionally enhances LDL uptake via inhibiting PCSK9 and enhancing LDLR expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80826-80840. [PMID: 29113347 PMCID: PMC5655242 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease which regulates serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by promoting the degradation of the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and has become an attractive therapeutic target for cholesterol lowering intervention. Lunasin, a 43-amino acid polypeptide initially isolated from soybean, has been previously proven to possess cholesterol lowering activity. Here we identified the down-regulation of PCSK9 expression by lunasin as one new mechanism that increased cell-surface LDLR level and enhanced LDL uptake in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of HepG2 cells with lunasin inhibited the expression of PCSK9 at mRNA and protein levels in a dose-and-time dependent manner via down-regulating hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α), thereby contributing to increasing LDLR level and functionally enhancing LDL uptake. ApoE-/- mice receiving lunasin administration by intraperitoneal injection at doses of 0.125∼0.5 μmol/kg·day for 4 weeks had significantly lower PCSK9 and higher LDLR levels in hepatic tissue, as well as remarkably reduced total-cholesterol (T-CHO) and LDL-C in blood as compared to mice in vehicle control group. Furthermore, we identified that LDLR expression was up-regulated by lunasin via PI3K/Akt-mediated activation of SREBP-2 in HepG2 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that lunasin inhibits PCSK9 expression by down-regulating HNF-1α and enhances LDLR expression via PI3K/Akt-mediated activation of SREBP-2 pathway, thereby functionally enhances LDL uptake in HepG2 cells and in ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yaqiong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qinghua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Gaoxin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Liu Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shuhua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
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21
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Ibrahim M, Ahmed IA, Mikail MA, Ishola AA, Draman S, Isa MLM, Yusof AM. Baccaurea angulata fruit juice reduces atherosclerotic lesions in diet-induced Hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:134. [PMID: 28687076 PMCID: PMC5501101 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is the most common disease of large and medium-sized arteries linked to oxidative stress, dyslipidemia as well as chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential health benefits of Baccaurea angulata (BA) fruit juice on the aorta of diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits, to detect an accumulation of fatty streak and evaluate the percentage of atherosclerotic lesion accrued. Methods Thirty-five healthy male adults New Zealand White rabbits were assigned to seven different groups. Four groups were fed 1% cholesterol diet and 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mL of BA fruit juice per kg of rabbit daily (atherogenic groups), while the other three groups were fed commercial rabbit pellet and 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mL of juice per kg of rabbit daily (normocholesterolemic groups) for 90 days. The thoracic and abdominal aorta between the heart origin and bifurcation into iliac arteries of all the rabbits were carefully removed and analyzed accordingly. Results The supplementation of the high-cholesterol diet of hypercholesterolemic rabbits with only 0.5 mL BA/kg rabbit per day significantly (p < 0.001) improved aortic lipid profile, attenuated aortic fatty streak development and reduced intima thickening. Higher BA doses used (1.0 and 1.5 mL/kg rabbit per day) also significantly (p < 0.001) decreased further the development of aortic fatty streaks, reduced the thickening of the tunica intima layer and preserved endothelial healing following arterial injury. Conclusion Therefore, BA fruit is a potential novel functional food with effective anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and hypocholesterolemic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Idris Adewale Ahmed
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. .,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Lincoln University College, Kelana Jaya, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Maryam Abimbola Mikail
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Lincoln University College, Kelana Jaya, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afeez Adekunle Ishola
- Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
| | - Samsul Draman
- Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Lokman Md Isa
- Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
| | - Afzan Mat Yusof
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
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22
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Zhang R, Dong S, Ma WW, Cai XP, Le ZY, Xiao R, Zhou Q, Yu HL. Modulation of cholesterol transport by maternal hypercholesterolemia in human full-term placenta. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171934. [PMID: 28199412 PMCID: PMC5310867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of maternal cholesterol transporting to the fetus under normal as well as pathological circumstances is less understood. The objective of this study was to observe the effects of maternal hypercholesterolemia on placental cholesterol transportation. Human full-time placenta, maternal and venous cord blood were sampled at delivery from the pregnant women with serum total cholesterol (TC) concentrations at third trimester higher than 7.25 mM (n = 19) and the pregnant women with normal TC concentrations (n = 19). Serum lipids and expression of genes related to cholesterol transportation were measured by western blot or real-time PCR. The results indicated that serum TC, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly increased, in pregnancies, but decreased in cord blood in hypercholesterolemic group compared to the matched control group. All the subjects were no-drinking, non-smoker, and gestational disease free. The mRNA expression of lipoprotein receptors, including LDLR and VLDLR were significantly increased, while the protein expression of PCSK9 was significantly increased in hypercholesterolemic placenta. In conclusion, maternal hypercholesterolemia might decrease the transportation of cholesterol from mother to fetus because of the high levels of PCSK9 protein expression.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/metabolism
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Female
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Hypercholesterolemia/pathology
- Liver X Receptors/genetics
- Liver X Receptors/metabolism
- Placenta/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Trimester, Third
- Proprotein Convertase 9/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Dong
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-wei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-ping Cai
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-yin Le
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RX); (QZ)
| | - Qi Zhou
- Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RX); (QZ)
| | - Huan-ling Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RX); (QZ)
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23
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Dong B, Young M, Liu X, Singh AB, Liu J. Regulation of lipid metabolism by obeticholic acid in hyperlipidemic hamsters. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:350-363. [PMID: 27940481 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays critical roles in plasma cholesterol metabolism, in particular HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) homeostasis. Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a FXR agonist being developed for treating various chronic liver diseases. Previous studies reported inconsistent effects of OCA on regulating plasma cholesterol levels in different animal models and in different patient populations. The mechanisms underlying its divergent effects have not yet been thoroughly investigated. The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a FXR-modulated gene and the major receptor for HDL-C. We investigated the effects of OCA on hepatic SR-BI expression and correlated such effects with plasma HDL-C levels and hepatic cholesterol efflux in hyperlipidemic hamsters. We demonstrated that OCA induced a time-dependent reduction in serum HDL-C levels after 14 days of treatment, which was accompanied by a significant reduction of liver cholesterol content and increases in fecal cholesterol in OCA-treated hamsters. Importantly, hepatic SR-BI mRNA and protein levels in hamsters were increased to 1.9- and 1.8-fold of control by OCA treatment. Further investigations in normolipidemic hamsters did not reveal OCA-induced changes in serum HDL-C levels or hepatic SR-BI expression. We conclude that OCA reduces plasma HDL-C levels and promotes transhepatic cholesterol efflux in hyperlipidemic hamsters via a mechanism involving upregulation of hepatic SR-BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Mark Young
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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24
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Singh AB, Liu J. Identification of Hepatic Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase 3 as a Novel Target Gene Regulated by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor δ. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:884-897. [PMID: 27913621 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) regulates many genes involved in lipid metabolism. Hepatic lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3) has critical functions in triglycerides transport and endoplasmic reticulum stress response due to its unique ability to catalyze the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids. Previous studies identified liver X receptor as the transcription factor controlling LPCAT3 expression in mouse liver tissue. Here we show that the hepatic LPCAT3 gene is transcriptionally regulated by PPARδ. Adenovirus-mediated knockdown of PPARδ in cultured hepatic cells and liver tissue reduced LPCAT3 mRNA levels, and exogenous overexpression of PPARδ increased LPCAT3 mRNA expression. Activation of PPARδ in HepG2, Huh7, and Hepa 1-6 cells with its specific agonists increased LPCAT3 mRNA levels in all three hepatic cell lines. Through conducting sequence analysis, LPCAT3 promoter assays, and direct DNA binding assays, we have mapped the functional PPAR-responsive element to a proximal region from -135 to -123 of the LPCAT3 promoter that plays an essential role in mediating PPARδ-induced transactivation of the LPCAT3 gene. Finally, we have provided in vivo evidence showing that activation of PPARδ by agonist L165041 in mice increased hepatic LPCAT3 mRNA abundance and LPCAT enzymatic activity, which is associated with increased incorporations of arachidonate into liver phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Furthermore, transient liver-specific knockdown of LPCAT3 in mice affected PPARδ-mediated activation of several hepatic genes involving in FA metabolism. Altogether, our new findings identify LPCAT3 as a direct PPARδ target gene and suggest a novel function of PPARδ in regulation of phospholipid metabolism through LPCAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Bahadur Singh
- From the Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Jingwen Liu
- From the Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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25
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Zhu J, Xu K, Zhang X, Cao J, Jia Z, Yang R, Ma C, Chen C, Zhang T, Yan Z. Studies on the regulation of lipid metabolism and its mechanism of the iridoids rich fraction in Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1891-1898. [PMID: 27832992 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Valeriana jatamansi Jones, a plant with heart-shaped leaves in the Valeriana genus of Valerianaceae, is widely used in Chinese folk medicine. Iridoid is an important constituent of V. jatamansi that contributes to the pharmacological efficacy of the herb. This study aims to investigate the regulation of lipid metabolism and its mechanism of the iridoids rich fraction in V. jatamansi (IRFV). A high fat diet was used to establish the hyperlipidemia rat model, with 2mg/kg/d of simvastatin as a positive control, fed with 7.5, 15, and 30mg/kg/d of IRFV for 20days to investigate the lipid regulation activity and mechanism of IRFV. Body weight, liver index, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in both serum and liver, as well as total bile acid (TBA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum were measured. The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) activities and the apoprotein A5 (ApoA5), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP-1c), and liver X receptor α (LXR-α) protein expressions were observed. Liver pathology was described through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Compared with the model group, three different IRFV dosages can slow down the weight gain of rats, reduce the contents of TG, and increase the contents of HDL-C in serum. Low IRFV dosage can significantly reduce the AST and ALT contents in serum, liver index, and the TG contents in liver, enhance LPL activity. Medium IRFV dosage can significantly decrease the TG and LDL-C contents in liver. High IRFV dosage can significantly reduce LDL-C, TBA, AST, and ALT contents in serum, and enhance HL activity. Three different IRFV dosages can significantly increase the ApoA5 and PPAR-α protein expression and decrease the SREBP-1c protein expression. Furthermore, the LXR-α protein expression decreased in low- and high-dose groups. Liver tissue pathological observation showed that IRFV can improve cell degeneration to a certain extent. These results strongly suggest that IRFV play significant roles in regulating lipid metabolism, the mechanism may be related to the increased ApoA5 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Keke Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Jiahong Cao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Zhanrong Jia
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Ruocong Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Chaoying Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Tiane Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China.
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26
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Soltanmohammadi E, Piran S, Mohammadi A, Hosseni B, Naseri F, Shabani M, Najafi M. Serum sdLDL-C and Cellular SREBP2-dependent Cholesterol Levels; is there a Challenge on Targeting PCSK9? J Med Biochem 2016; 35:410-415. [PMID: 28670193 PMCID: PMC5471636 DOI: 10.1515/jomb-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum small dense LDL-cholesterol (sdLDL-C) value is suggested to bean important risk factor for atherosclerosis. Since sdLDL-C changes may be related to PCSK9 and SREBP-2 functions, the aim of this study was to investigate correlations between sdLDL-C, circulating PCSK9, SREBP-2 expression and some lipid parameters in serum and butty coat fraction of healthy subjects. METHODS One hundred and twenty-four subjects were randomly included in the study. The lipid profile was measured using routine laboratory methods. The serum sdLDL-C level was calculated by a heparin-related precipitation technique. The cellular LDL-C/protein and cholesterol/protein values were measured after lysing of cells with methanol/chloroform binary solvent. The circulating PCSK9 level was measured using ELISA technique. The SREBP-2 expression level was estimated using theRT-qPCR technique. RESULTS Data showed significant correlations between LDL-C, TG and sdLDL-C levels (r=0.34, p=0.001; r=0.2, p=0.04). The circulating PCSK9 level was correlated to LDL-C (r=0.29, p=0.04), but not to sdLDL-C (r=-0.08, p=0.57). Also, cellular LDL-C value was not related to serum LDL-C level (r=-0.12, p=0.39). Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation between cellular LDL-C/protein value and estimated de novo cholesterol/protein value (r= -0.5, p=0.001). Similar results were observed for cellular LDL-C/protein value and SREBP-2 expression level (r= -0.52, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the serum sdLDL-C value is not related to circulating PCSK9. Furthermore, SREBP-2 regulatory system was able to elevate the cellular cholesterol level after reducing LDL influx. We suggest to investigate the cellular sdLDL fate and lipid synthesis pathways in PCSK9-targeting studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Soltanmohammadi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine - International Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Piran
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Mohammadi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Hosseni
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Naseri
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Tehran, Iran.,Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Biochemistry Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Girona J, Ibarretxe D, Plana N, Guaita-Esteruelas S, Amigo N, Heras M, Masana L. Circulating PCSK9 levels and CETP plasma activity are independently associated in patients with metabolic diseases. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:107. [PMID: 27488210 PMCID: PMC4973048 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCSK9 inhibition is a new powerful cholesterol-lowering strategy. Recently, it was reported that CETP inhibitors influence PCSK9 levels as an off-target effect. We explored the relationship between circulating PCSK9 levels and CETP activity in patients with metabolic disease who were not on lipid-lowering therapy. METHODS Plasma CETP activity and PCSK9 levels were measured in 450 participants (median age, 58 years; 49 % women) who attended the metabolism unit because of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (78 %), atherogenic dyslipidemia (32 %), obesity (50 %), type 2 diabetes mellitus (72 %), and other risk factors (13 %). A 6 week lipid-lowering drug wash-out period was established in treated patients. RESULTS Both PCSK9 levels and CETP activity were higher in patients with an increasing number of MetS components. PCSK9 levels were positively correlated with CETP activity in the entire cohort (r = 0.256, P < 0.0001) independent of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides and glucose. Individuals with the loss-of-function PCSK9 genetic variant rs11591147 (R46L) had lower levels of PCSK9 (36.5 %, P < 0.0001) and LDL-C (17.8 %, P = 0.010) as well as lower CETP activity (10.31 %, P = 0.009). This association remained significant in the multiple regression analysis even after adjusting for gender, age, BMI, LDL-C, triglycerides, glucose, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, SBP and MetS (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a metabolic association between PCSK9 and CETP independent of lipid-lowering treatment. The clinical implications of this metabolic relationship could be relevant for explaining the effect of PCSK9 and CETP inhibition on overall lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Girona
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, C Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and AssociatedMetabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daiana Ibarretxe
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, C Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and AssociatedMetabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Plana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, C Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and AssociatedMetabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Guaita-Esteruelas
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, C Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and AssociatedMetabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Amigo
- Biosfer Teslab, Reus and Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and AssociatedMetabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Heras
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, C Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and AssociatedMetabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Masana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, C Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain. .,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and AssociatedMetabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Ferri N, Corsini A, Macchi C, Magni P, Ruscica M. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 and high-density lipoprotein metabolism: experimental animal models and clinical evidence. Transl Res 2016; 173:19-29. [PMID: 26548330 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) belongs to the proprotein convertase family. Several studies have demonstrated its involvement in the regulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by inducing the degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR). However, experimental, epidemiologic, and pharmacologic data provide important evidence on the role of PCSK9 also on high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In mice, PCSK9 regulates the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels by the degradation of hepatic LDLR, thus inhibiting the uptake of apolipoprotein (Apo)E-containing HDLs. Several epidemiologic and genetic studies reported positive relationship between PCSK9 and HDL-C levels, likely by reducing the uptake of the ApoE-containing HDL particles. PCSK9 enhances also the degradation of LDLR's closest family members, ApoE receptor 2, very low-density lipoprotein receptor, and LDLR-related protein 1. This feature provides a molecular mechanism by which PCSK9 may affect HDL metabolism. Experimental studies demonstrated that PCSK9 directly interacts with HDL by modulating PCSK9 self-assembly and its binding to the LDLR. Finally, the inhibition of PCSK9 by means of monoclonal antibodies directed to PCSK9 (ie, evolocumab and alirocumab) determines an increase of HDL-C fraction by 7% and 4.2%, respectively. Thus, the understanding of the role of PCSK9 on HDL metabolism needs to be elucidated with a particular focus on the effect of PCSK9 on HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Dismetaboliche e delle Iperlipemie-Enrica Grossi Paoletti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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29
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Filippatos TD, Klouras E, Barkas F, Elisaf M. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors: challenges and perspectives. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 14:953-62. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2016.1189327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Pinolenic Acid Downregulates Lipid Anabolic Pathway in HepG2 Cells. Lipids 2016; 51:847-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Liu Q, Guo Y, Gui YJ, Liao CX, Xu DY. Is sEHi lowering LDL-C by reducing expression of PCSK9 through SREBP2 pathway? Int J Cardiol 2016; 207:361-2. [PMID: 26820367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China
| | - Ya-jun Gui
- Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China
| | - Cai-xiu Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China
| | - Dan-yan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China.
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32
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Wang Y, Ye J, Li J, Chen C, Huang J, Liu P, Huang H. Polydatin ameliorates lipid and glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus by downregulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:19. [PMID: 26833058 PMCID: PMC4736185 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in lipid and glucose metabolism are constantly observed in type 2 diabetes. However, these abnormalities can be ameliorated by polydatin. Considering the important role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in metabolic diseases, we explore the possible mechanism of polydatin on lipid and glucose metabolism through its effects on PCSK9. METHODS An insulin-resistant HepG2 cell model induced by palmitic acid (PA) and a db/db mice model were used to clarify the role of polydatin on lipid and glucose metabolism. RESULTS In insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, polydatin upregulated the protein levels of LDLR and GCK but repressed PCSK9 protein expression, besides, polydatin also inhibited the combination between PCSK9 and LDLR. Knockdown and overexpression experiments indicated that polydatin regulated LDLR and GCK expressions through PCSK9. In the db/db mice model, we found that polydatin markedly enhanced GCK and LDLR protein levels, and inhibited PCSK9 expression in the liver. Molecular docking assay was further performed to analyze the possible binding mode between polydatin and the PCSK9 crystal structure (PDB code: 2p4e), which indicated that steady hydrogen bonds formed between polydatin and PCSK9. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that polydatin ameliorates lipid and glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus by downregulating PCSK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jiantao Ye
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Junying Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 WaiHuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Laboratory Animal Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Page MM, Hooper AJ, Burnett JR. Anacetrapib for the treatment of dyslipidaemia: the last bastion of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 17:275-81. [PMID: 26642232 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1129402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has emerged as a potential way to decrease cardiovascular risk by raising high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. However, high profile withdrawals of several CETP inhibitors have cast doubt over this hypothesis. Despite this concern, anacetrapib appears to be safe, well-tolerated and delivers a substantial increases in HDL cholesterol and reductions in LDL cholesterol as monotherapy and when combined with a statin. AREAS COVERED We discuss the role of CETP and HDL cholesterol as therapeutic targets, describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anacetrapib, as well as report on the recent clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION The focus of CETP inhibition has shifted from HDL cholesterol-raising to LDL cholesterol-lowering. Although anacetrapib appears to be safe and is effective in altering lipid-related biochemical parameters of interest, its effect on cardiovascular outcomes remains unknown. Extrapolation of LDL cholesterol lowering to improved cardiovascular outcomes is not possible, because LDL and HDL functionality in the setting of anacetrapib treatment is unclear. The results of the phase III REVEAL randomised controlled trial will be critical for anacetrapib to establish a place in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Page
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA , Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital Network , Perth , Australia
| | - Amanda J Hooper
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA , Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital Network , Perth , Australia.,b School of Medicine & Pharmacology , University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia.,c School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine , University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - John R Burnett
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA , Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital Network , Perth , Australia.,b School of Medicine & Pharmacology , University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
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van der Tuin SJL, Kühnast S, Berbée JFP, Verschuren L, Pieterman EJ, Havekes LM, van der Hoorn JWA, Rensen PCN, Jukema JW, Princen HMG, Willems van Dijk K, Wang Y. Anacetrapib reduces (V)LDL cholesterol by inhibition of CETP activity and reduction of plasma PCSK9. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2085-93. [PMID: 26342106 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed in APOE*3-Leiden cholesteryl ester transfer protein (E3L.CETP) mice that anacetrapib attenuated atherosclerosis development by reducing (V)LDL cholesterol [(V)LDL-C] rather than by raising HDL cholesterol. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which anacetrapib reduces (V)LDL-C and whether this effect was dependent on the inhibition of CETP. E3L.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet alone or supplemented with anacetrapib (30 mg/kg body weight per day). Microarray analyses of livers revealed downregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway (P < 0.001) and predicted downregulation of pathways controlled by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2 (z-scores -2.56 and -2.90, respectively; both P < 0.001). These data suggest increased supply of cholesterol to the liver. We found that hepatic proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (Pcsk9) expression was decreased (-28%, P < 0.01), accompanied by decreased plasma PCSK9 levels (-47%, P < 0.001) and increased hepatic LDL receptor (LDLr) content (+64%, P < 0.01). Consistent with this, anacetrapib increased the clearance and hepatic uptake (+25%, P < 0.001) of [(14)C]cholesteryl oleate-labeled VLDL-mimicking particles. In E3L mice that do not express CETP, anacetrapib still decreased (V)LDL-C and plasma PCSK9 levels, indicating that these effects were independent of CETP inhibition. We conclude that anacetrapib reduces (V)LDL-C by two mechanisms: 1) inhibition of CETP activity, resulting in remodeled VLDL particles that are more susceptible to hepatic uptake; and 2) a CETP-independent reduction of plasma PCSK9 levels that has the potential to increase LDLr-mediated hepatic remnant clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J L van der Tuin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Kühnast
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- TNO, Microbiology and Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Miyosawa K, Watanabe Y, Murakami K, Murakami T, Shibata H, Iwashita M, Yamazaki H, Yamazaki K, Ohgiya T, Shibuya K, Mizuno K, Tanabe S, Singh SA, Aikawa M. New CETP inhibitor K-312 reduces PCSK9 expression: a potential effect on LDL cholesterol metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E177-90. [PMID: 26015437 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00528.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant reduction of cardiovascular events by statin treatment, substantial residual risk persists, driving emerging needs for the development of new therapies. We identified a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, K-312, that raises HDL and lowers LDL cholesterol levels in animals. K-312 also suppresses hepatocyte expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9), a molecule that increases LDL cholesterol. We explored the underlying mechanism for the reduction of PCSK9 expression by K-312. K-312 inhibited in vitro human plasma CETP activity (IC50; 0.06 μM). Administration of K-312 to cholesterol-fed New Zealand White rabbits for 18 wk raised HDL cholesterol, decreased LDL cholesterol, and attenuated aortic atherosclerosis. Our search for additional beneficial characteristics of this compound revealed that K-312 decreases PCSK9 expression in human primary hepatocytes and in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. siRNA silencing of CETP in HepG2 did not compromise the suppression of PCSK9 by K-312, suggesting a mechanism independent of CETP. In HepG2 cells, K-312 treatment decreased the active forms of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP-1 and -2) that regulate promoter activity of PCSK9. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that K-312 decreased the occupancy of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 on the sterol regulatory element of the PCSK9 promoter. PCSK9 protein levels decreased by K-312 treatment in the circulating blood of cholesterol-fed rabbits, as determined by two independent mass spectrometry approaches, including the recently developed, highly sensitive parallel reaction monitoring method. New CETP inhibitor K-312 decreases LDL cholesterol and PCSK9 levels, serving as a new therapy for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Miyosawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Murakami
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murakami
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Shibata
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Iwashita
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamazaki
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamazaki
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Ohgiya
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiyuki Shibuya
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Mizuno
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohei Tanabe
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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Millar JS, Reyes-Soffer G, Jumes P, Dunbar RL, deGoma EM, Baer AL, Karmally W, Donovan DS, Rafeek H, Pollan L, Tohyama J, Johnson-Levonas AO, Wagner JA, Holleran S, Obunike J, Liu Y, Ramakrishnan R, Lassman ME, Gutstein DE, Ginsberg HN, Rader DJ. Anacetrapib lowers LDL by increasing ApoB clearance in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2510-22. [PMID: 25961461 DOI: 10.1172/jci80025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals treated with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor anacetrapib exhibit a reduction in both LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in response to monotherapy or combination therapy with a statin. It is not clear how anacetrapib exerts these effects; therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the kinetic mechanism responsible for the reduction in LDL and ApoB in response to anacetrapib. METHODS We performed a trial of the effects of anacetrapib on ApoB kinetics. Mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects were randomized to background treatment of either placebo (n = 10) or 20 mg atorvastatin (ATV) (n = 29) for 4 weeks. All subjects then added 100 mg anacetrapib to background treatment for 8 weeks. Following each study period, subjects underwent a metabolic study to determine the LDL-ApoB-100 and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) production rate (PR) and fractional catabolic rate (FCR). RESULTS Anacetrapib markedly reduced the LDL-ApoB-100 pool size (PS) in both the placebo and ATV groups. These changes in PS resulted from substantial increases in LDL-ApoB-100 FCRs in both groups. Anacetrapib had no effect on LDL-ApoB-100 PRs in either treatment group. Moreover, there were no changes in the PCSK9 PS, FCR, or PR in either group. Anacetrapib treatment was associated with considerable increases in the LDL triglyceride/cholesterol ratio and LDL size by NMR. CONCLUSION These data indicate that anacetrapib, given alone or in combination with a statin, reduces LDL-ApoB-100 levels by increasing the rate of ApoB-100 fractional clearance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00990808. FUNDING Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA. Additional support for instrumentation was obtained from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR000003 and UL1TR000040).
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Recent advances in the understanding and care of familial hypercholesterolaemia: significance of the biology and therapeutic regulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:63-79. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20140755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an autosomal co-dominant disorder that markedly raises plasma low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration, causing premature atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). FH has recently come under intense focus and, although there is general consensus in recent international guidelines regarding diagnosis and treatment, there is debate about the value of genetic studies. Genetic testing can be cost-effective as part of cascade screening in dedicated centres, but the full mutation spectrum responsible for FH has not been established in many populations, and its use in primary care is not at present logistically feasible. Whether using genetic testing or not, cholesterol screening of family members of index patients with an abnormally raised LDL-C must be used to determine the need for early treatment to prevent the development of CAD. The metabolic defects in FH extend beyond LDL, and may affect triacylglycerol-rich and high-density lipoproteins, lipoprotein(a) and oxidative stress. Achievement of the recommended targets for LDL-C with current treatments is difficult, but this may be resolved by new drug therapies. Lipoprotein apheresis remains an effective treatment for severe FH and, although expensive, it costs less than the two recently introduced orphan drugs (lomitapide and mipomersen) for homozygous FH. Recent advances in understanding of the biology of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) have further elucidated the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism and led to new drugs for effectively treating hypercholesterolaemia in FH and related conditions, as well as for treating many patients with statin intolerance. The mechanisms of action of PCSK9 inhibitors on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, as well as their impact on cardiovascular outcomes and cost-effectiveness, remain to be established.
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Page MM, Watts GF. Emerging PCSK9 inhibitors for treating dyslipidaemia: buttressing the gaps in coronary prevention. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2015; 20:299-312. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2015.1035709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dong B, Singh AB, Azhar S, Seidah NG, Liu J. High-fructose feeding promotes accelerated degradation of hepatic LDL receptor and hypercholesterolemia in hamsters via elevated circulating PCSK9 levels. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:364-74. [PMID: 25682035 PMCID: PMC4523098 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High fructose diet (HFD) induces dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in experimental animals and humans with incomplete mechanistic understanding. By utilizing mice and hamsters as in vivo models, we investigated whether high fructose consumption affects serum PCSK9 and liver LDL receptor (LDLR) protein levels. RESULTS Feeding mice with an HFD increased serum cholesterol and reduced serum PCSK9 levels as compared with the mice fed a normal chow diet (NCD). In contrast to the inverse relationship in mice, serum PCSK9 and cholesterol levels were co-elevated in HFD-fed hamsters. Liver tissue analysis revealed that PCSK9 mRNA and protein levels were both reduced in mice and hamsters by HFD feeding, however, liver LDLR protein levels were markedly reduced by HFD in hamsters but not in mice. We further showed that circulating PCSK9 clearance rates were significantly lower in hamsters fed an HFD as compared with the hamsters fed NCD, providing additional evidence for the reduced hepatic LDLR function by HFD consumption. The majority of PCSK9 in hamster serum was detected as a 53 kDa N-terminus cleaved protein. By conducting in vitro studies, we demonstrate that this 53 kDa truncated hamster PCSK9 is functionally active in promoting hepatic LDLR degradation. CONCLUSION Our studies for the first time demonstrate that high fructose consumption increases serum PCSK9 concentrations and reduces liver LDLR protein levels in hyperlipidemic hamsters. The positive correlation between circulating cholesterol and PCSK9 and the reduction of liver LDLR protein in HFD-fed hamsters suggest that hamster is a better animal model than mouse to study the modulation of PCSK9/LDLR pathway by atherogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Amar Bahadur Singh
- Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Niesor EJ. Will Lipidation of ApoA1 through Interaction with ABCA1 at the Intestinal Level Affect the Protective Functions of HDL? BIOLOGY 2015; 4:17-38. [PMID: 25569858 PMCID: PMC4381214 DOI: 10.3390/biology4010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular (CV) risk is well recognized; however, in recent years, large-scale phase III studies with HDL-C-raising or -mimicking agents have failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit on CV outcomes associated with raising HDL-C, casting doubt on the "HDL hypothesis." This article reviews potential reasons for the observed negative findings with these pharmaceutical compounds, focusing on the paucity of translational models and relevant biomarkers related to HDL metabolism that may have confounded understanding of in vivo mechanisms. A unique function of HDL is its ability to interact with the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 via apolipoprotein (Apo) A1. Only recently, studies have shown that this process may be involved in the intestinal uptake of dietary sterols and antioxidants (vitamin E, lutein and zeaxanthin) at the basolateral surface of enterocytes. This parameter should be assessed for HDL-raising drugs in addition to the more documented reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from peripheral tissues to the liver. Indeed, a single mechanism involving the same interaction between ApoA1 and ABCA1 may encompass two HDL functions previously considered as separate: antioxidant through the intestinal uptake of antioxidants and RCT through cholesterol efflux from loaded cells such as macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Niesor
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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Dong B, Li H, Singh AB, Cao A, Liu J. Inhibition of PCSK9 transcription by berberine involves down-regulation of hepatic HNF1α protein expression through the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4047-58. [PMID: 25540198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.597229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous in vitro studies have identified hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) as an obligated trans-activator for PCSK9 gene expression and demonstrated its functional involvement in the suppression of PCSK9 expression by berberine (BBR), a natural cholesterol-lowering compound. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of BBR on HNF1α-mediated PCSK9 transcription. Administration of BBR to hyperlipidemic mice and hamsters lowered circulating PCSK9 concentrations and hepatic PCSK9 mRNA levels without affecting the gene expression of HNF1α. However, hepatic HNF1α protein levels were markedly reduced in BBR-treated animals as compared with the control. Using HepG2 cells as a model system, we obtained evidence that BBR treatment let to accelerated degradation of HNF1α protein. By applying inhibitors to selectively block the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosomal pathway, we show that HNF1α protein content in HepG2 cells was not affected by bafilomycin A1 treatment, but it was dose-dependently increased by UPS inhibitors bortezomib and MG132. Bortezomib treatment elevated HNF1α and PCSK9 cellular levels with concomitant reductions of LDL receptor protein. Moreover, HNF1α protein displayed a multiubiquitination ladder pattern in cells treated with BBR or overexpressing ubiquitin. By expressing GFP-HNF1α fusion protein in cells, we observed that blocking UPS resulted in accumulation of GFP-HNF1α in cytoplasm. Importantly, we show that the BBR reducing effects on HNF1α protein and PCSK9 gene transcription can be eradicated by proteasome inhibitors. Altogether, our studies using BBR as a probe uncovered a new aspect of PCSK9 regulation by ubiquitin-induced proteasomal degradation of HNF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- From the Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Hai Li
- From the Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Amar Bahadur Singh
- From the Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Aiqin Cao
- From the Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Jingwen Liu
- From the Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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