1
|
Bus P, Pierneef L, Bor R, Wolterbeek R, van Es LA, Rensen PC, de Heer E, Havekes LM, Bruijn JA, Berbée JF, Baelde HJ. Apolipoprotein C-I plays a role in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis. J Pathol 2017; 241:589-599. [PMID: 27976371 DOI: 10.1002/path.4859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Diabetic patients have increased plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein C-I (apoCI), and meta-analyses found that a polymorphism in APOC1 is associated with an increased risk of developing nephropathy. To investigate whether overexpressing apoCI contributes to the development of kidney damage, we studied renal tissue and peritoneal macrophages from APOC1 transgenic (APOC1-tg) mice and wild-type littermates. In addition, we examined renal material from autopsied diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy and from autopsied control subjects. We found that APOC1-tg mice, but not wild-type mice, develop albuminuria, renal dysfunction, and glomerulosclerosis with increased numbers of glomerular M1 macrophages. Moreover, compared to wild-type macrophages, stimulated macrophages isolated from APOC1-tg mice have increased cytokine expression, including TNF-alpha and TGF-beta, both of which are known to increase the production of extracellular matrix proteins in mesangial cells. These results suggest that APOC1 expression induces glomerulosclerosis, potentially by increasing the cytokine response in macrophages. Furthermore, we detected apoCI in the kidneys of diabetic patients, but not in control kidneys. Moreover, patients with diabetic nephropathy have significantly more apoCI present in glomeruli compared to diabetic patients without nephropathy, suggesting that apoCI could be involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy. ApoCI co-localized with macrophages. Therefore, apoCI is a promising new therapeutic target for patients at risk of developing nephropathy. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bus
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Pierneef
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Bor
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Wolterbeek
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert A van Es
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Cn Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emile de Heer
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence demonstrates a close interplay between lipoprotein metabolism and sepsis. Sepsis results in an increase of plasma triglycerides within VLDL as a consequence of an enhanced hepatic VLDL production and/or inhibited peripheral and hepatic VLDL clearance. In contrast, sepsis decreases plasma cholesterol within LDL and mainly HDL. The decrease in HDL is accompanied by a loss of mainly apoAI-containing particles, an almost total loss of apoCI, and an increase in apoE-containing HDL, as related to the effect of LPS on a wide range of apolipoproteins, plasma enzymes, lipid transfer factors, and receptors that are involved in HDL metabolism. Reciprocally, all lipoprotein classes have been shown to bind LPS and to attenuate the biological response to LPS in vitro and in rodents. Moreover, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins protect rodents against death from LPS and bacterial sepsis. Accumulating evidence indicates that apolipoproteins such as apoE and apoAI, and not the lipid moieties of the particles, may be responsible for these protective effects of lipoproteins. Therefore, to increase our understanding of the complex interaction between lipoprotein metabolism and sepsis, further studies that address the specific roles of apolipoproteins in sepsis are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy F.P. Berbee
- TNO-Quality of Life, Department of Biomedical Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands, Department of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M. Havekes
- TNO-Quality of Life, Department of Biomedical Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- TNO-Quality of Life, Department of Biomedical Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands, Department of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bakker LEH, Boon MR, Annema W, Dikkers A, van Eyk HJ, Verhoeven A, Mayboroda OA, Jukema JW, Havekes LM, Meinders AE, Willems van Dijk K, Jazet IM, Tietge UJF, Rensen PCN. HDL functionality in South Asians as compared to white Caucasians. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:697-705. [PMID: 27052926 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS South Asians have an exceptionally high risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to white Caucasians. A contributing factor might be dysfunction of high density lipoprotein (HDL). We aimed to compare HDL function in different age groups of both ethnicities. METHODS AND RESULTS HDL functionality with respect to cholesterol efflux, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation was determined using fasting, apoB-depleted, plasma samples from South Asian and white Caucasian neonates (n = 14 each), adolescent healthy men (n = 12 each, 18-25 y), and adult overweight men (n = 12 each, 40-50 y). Adolescents were subjected to a 5-day high fat high calorie diet (HCD) and adults to an 8-day very low calorie diet (LCD). Additionally, HDL composition was measured in adolescents and adults using (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. Anti-oxidative capacity was lower in South Asian adults before LCD (19.4 ± 2.1 vs. 25.8 ± 1.2%, p = 0.045, 95%-CI = [0.1; 12.7]) and after LCD (16.4 ± 2.4 vs. 27.6 ± 2.7%, p = 0.001, 95%-CI = [4.9; 17.5]). Anti-inflammatory capacity was reduced in South Asian neonates (23.8 ± 1.2 vs. 34.9 ± 1.3%, p = 0.000001, 95%-CI = [-14.6; -7.5]), and was negatively affected by an 8-day LCD only in South Asian adults (-12.2 ± 4.3%, p = 0.005, 95%-CI = [-5.9; -1.2]). Cholesterol efflux capacity was increased in response to HCD in adolescents (South Asians: +6.3 ± 2.9%, p = 0.073, 95%-CI = [-0.02; 0.46], Caucasians: +11.8 ± 3.4%, p = 0.002, 95%-CI = [0.17;0.65]) and decreased after LCD in adults (South Asians: -10.3 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001, 95%-CI = [-0.57; -0.20], Caucasians: -13.7 ± 1.9%, p < 0.00001, 95%-CI = [-0.67; -0.33]). Although subclass analyses of HDL showed no differences between ethnicities, cholesterol efflux correlated best with cholesterol and phospholipid within small HDL compared to other HDL subclasses and constituents. CONCLUSION Impaired HDL functionality in South Asians may be a contributing factor to their high CVD risk. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NTR 2473 (URL: http://www.trialregister.nl/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L E H Bakker
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M R Boon
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - W Annema
- Dept. Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Dikkers
- Dept. Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H J van Eyk
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Verhoeven
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - O A Mayboroda
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Dept. Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L M Havekes
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Dept. Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A E Meinders
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K Willems van Dijk
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Dept. Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I M Jazet
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - U J F Tietge
- Dept. Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P C N Rensen
- Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, van der Tuin S, Tjeerdema N, van Dam AD, Rensen SS, Hendrikx T, Berbée JFP, Atanasovska B, Fu J, Hoekstra M, Bekkering S, Riksen NP, Buurman WA, Greve JW, Hofker MH, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Meijer OC, Smit JWA, Havekes LM, van Dijk KW, Rensen PCN. Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein is predominantly derived from Kupffer cells. Hepatology 2015; 62:1710-22. [PMID: 26174697 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of Kupffer cells (KCs) in the pathophysiology of the liver has been firmly established. Nevertheless, KCs have been underexplored as a target for diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases owing to the lack of noninvasive diagnostic tests. We addressed the hypothesis that cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is mainly derived from KCs and may predict KC content. Microarray analysis of liver and adipose tissue biopsies, obtained from 93 obese subjects who underwent elective bariatric surgery, showed that expression of CETP is markedly higher in liver than adipose tissue. Hepatic expression of CETP correlated strongly with that of KC markers, and CETP messenger RNA and protein colocalized specifically with KCs in human liver sections. Hepatic KC content as well as hepatic CETP expression correlated strongly with plasma CETP concentration. Mechanistic and intervention studies on the role of KCs in determining the plasma CETP concentration were performed in a transgenic (Tg) mouse model expressing human CETP. Selective elimination of KCs from the liver in CETP Tg mice virtually abolished hepatic CETP expression and largely reduced plasma CETP concentration, consequently improving the lipoprotein profile. Conversely, augmentation of KCs after Bacille-Calemette-Guérin vaccination largely increased hepatic CETP expression and plasma CETP. Also, lipid-lowering drugs fenofibrate and niacin reduced liver KC content, accompanied by reduced plasma CETP concentration. CONCLUSIONS Plasma CETP is predominantly derived from KCs, and plasma CETP level predicts hepatic KC content in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sam van der Tuin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathanja Tjeerdema
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Biljana Atanasovska
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Siroon Bekkering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The, Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The, Netherlands
| | - Wim A Buurman
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Greve
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The, Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang W, Verschuren L, Mulder P, van der Hoorn JWA, Verheij J, van Dam AD, Boon MR, Princen HMG, Havekes LM, Kleemann R, van den Hoek AM. Salsalate attenuates diet induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by decreasing lipogenic and inflammatory processes. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5293-305. [PMID: 26292849 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Salsalate (salicylsalicylic acid) is an anti-inflammatory drug that was recently found to exert beneficial metabolic effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Although its utility in the prevention and management of a wide range of vascular disorders, including type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome has been suggested before, the potential of salsalate to protect against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was therefore to ascertain the effects of salsalate on the development of NASH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Transgenic APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet with or without salsalate for 12 and 20 weeks. The effects on body weight, plasma biochemical variables, liver histology and hepatic gene expression were assessed. KEY RESULTS Salsalate prevented weight gain, improved dyslipidemia and insulin resistance and ameliorated diet-induced NASH, as shown by decreased hepatic microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis, reduced hepatic inflammation and reduced development of fibrosis. Salsalate affected lipid metabolism by increasing β-oxidation and decreasing lipogenesis, as shown by the activation of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ co-activator 1β, RXR-α and inhibition of genes controlled by the transcription factor MLXIPL/ChREBP. Inflammation was reduced by down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway, and fibrosis development was prevented by down-regulation of TGF-β signalling. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Salsalate exerted a preventive effect on the development of NASH and progression to fibrosis. These data suggest a clinical application of salsalate in preventing NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liang
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Mulder
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariette R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van der Tuin SJL, Kühnast S, Berbée JFP, Verschuren L, Pieterman EJ, Havekes LM, van der Hoorn JWA, Rensen PCN, Jukema JW, Princen HMG, Willems van Dijk K, Wang Y. Anacetrapib reduces (V)LDL cholesterol by inhibition of CETP activity and reduction of plasma PCSK9. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2085-93. [PMID: 26342106 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed in APOE*3-Leiden cholesteryl ester transfer protein (E3L.CETP) mice that anacetrapib attenuated atherosclerosis development by reducing (V)LDL cholesterol [(V)LDL-C] rather than by raising HDL cholesterol. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which anacetrapib reduces (V)LDL-C and whether this effect was dependent on the inhibition of CETP. E3L.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet alone or supplemented with anacetrapib (30 mg/kg body weight per day). Microarray analyses of livers revealed downregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway (P < 0.001) and predicted downregulation of pathways controlled by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2 (z-scores -2.56 and -2.90, respectively; both P < 0.001). These data suggest increased supply of cholesterol to the liver. We found that hepatic proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (Pcsk9) expression was decreased (-28%, P < 0.01), accompanied by decreased plasma PCSK9 levels (-47%, P < 0.001) and increased hepatic LDL receptor (LDLr) content (+64%, P < 0.01). Consistent with this, anacetrapib increased the clearance and hepatic uptake (+25%, P < 0.001) of [(14)C]cholesteryl oleate-labeled VLDL-mimicking particles. In E3L mice that do not express CETP, anacetrapib still decreased (V)LDL-C and plasma PCSK9 levels, indicating that these effects were independent of CETP inhibition. We conclude that anacetrapib reduces (V)LDL-C by two mechanisms: 1) inhibition of CETP activity, resulting in remodeled VLDL particles that are more susceptible to hepatic uptake; and 2) a CETP-independent reduction of plasma PCSK9 levels that has the potential to increase LDLr-mediated hepatic remnant clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam J L van der Tuin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Kühnast
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- TNO, Microbiology and Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Berbée JFP, Boon MR, Khedoe PPSJ, Bartelt A, Schlein C, Worthmann A, Kooijman S, Hoeke G, Mol IM, John C, Jung C, Vazirpanah N, Brouwers LPJ, Gordts PLSM, Esko JD, Hiemstra PS, Havekes LM, Scheja L, Heeren J, Rensen PCN. Brown fat activation reduces hypercholesterolaemia and protects from atherosclerosis development. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6356. [PMID: 25754609 PMCID: PMC4366535 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) combusts high amounts of fatty acids, thereby lowering plasma triglyceride levels and reducing obesity. However, the precise role of BAT in plasma cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis development remains unclear. Here we show that BAT activation by β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation protects from atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism that unlike hyperlipidemic Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− mice expresses functional apoE and LDLR. BAT activation increases energy expenditure and decreases plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that BAT activation enhances the selective uptake of fatty acids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into BAT, subsequently accelerating the hepatic clearance of the cholesterol-enriched remnants. These effects depend on a functional hepatic apoE-LDLR clearance pathway as BAT activation in Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− mice does not attenuate hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis. We conclude that activation of BAT is a powerful therapeutic avenue to ameliorate hyperlipidaemia and protect from atherosclerosis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) produces heat by burning lipid triglycerides. Here, Berbée et al. show that pharmacological BAT activation protects hyperlipidemic mice from atherosclerosis, provided mice retain the metabolic capacity to clear cholesterol-enriched lipoprotein remnants by the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy F P Berbée
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - P Padmini S J Khedoe
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [3] Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany [2] Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sander Kooijman
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Mol
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Clara John
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Caroline Jung
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Nadia Vazirpanah
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Linda P J Brouwers
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [3] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [4] Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Zernikedreef 9, Leiden 2333 CK, The Netherlands
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands [2] Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kooijman S, Meurs I, van der Stoep M, Habets KL, Lammers B, Berbée JFP, Havekes LM, van Eck M, Romijn JA, Korporaal SJA, Rensen PCN. Hematopoietic α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor deficiency increases inflammation and platelet activation status, but does not aggravate atherosclerosis. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:126-35. [PMID: 25345495 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autonomic nervous system attenuates inflammation through activation of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), a pathway termed the cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex. Interestingly, α7nAChR is expressed on immune cells and platelets, both of which play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of hematopoietic α7nAChR in inflammation and platelet function in atherosclerotic ldlr(-/-) mice and to identify its consequences for atherosclerotic lesion development. METHODS Bone marrow from α7nAChR(-/-) mice or wild-type littermates was transplanted into irradiated ldlr(-/-) mice. After a recovery period of 8 weeks, the mice were fed an atherogenic Western-type diet for 7 weeks. RESULTS Hematopoietic α7nAChR deficiency clearly increased the number of leukocytes in the peritoneum (2.6-fold, P < 0.001), blood (2.9-fold; P < 0.01), mesenteric lymph nodes (2.0-fold; P < 0.001) and spleen (2.2-fold; P < 0.01), indicative of an increased inflammatory status. Additionally, expression of inflammatory mediators was increased in peritoneal leukocytes (TNFα, 1.6-fold, P < 0.01; CRP, 1.8-fold, P < 0.01) as well as in the spleen (TNFα, 1.6-fold, P < 0.01). The lack of α7nAChR on platelets from these mice increased the expression of active integrin αIIb β3 upon stimulation by ADP (1.9-fold, P < 0.01), indicating increased activation status, while incubation of human platelets with an α7nAChR agonist decreased aggregation (-35%, P < 0.05). Despite the large effects of hematopoietic α7nAChR deficiency on inflammatory status and platelet function, it did not affect atherosclerosis development or composition of lesions. CONCLUSIONS Hematopoietic α7nAChR is important for attenuation of inflammatory responses and maintaining normal platelet reactivity, but loss of hematopoietic α7nAChR does not aggravate development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kooijman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liang W, Menke AL, Driessen A, Koek GH, Lindeman JH, Stoop R, Havekes LM, Kleemann R, van den Hoek AM. Establishment of a general NAFLD scoring system for rodent models and comparison to human liver pathology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115922. [PMID: 25535951 PMCID: PMC4275274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The recently developed histological scoring system for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by the NASH Clinical Research Network (NASH-CRN) has been widely used in clinical settings, but is increasingly employed in preclinical research as well. However, it has not been systematically analyzed whether the human scoring system can directly be converted to preclinical rodent models. To analyze this, we systematically compared human NAFLD liver pathology, using human liver biopsies, with liver pathology of several NAFLD mouse models. Based upon the features pertaining to mouse NAFLD, we aimed at establishing a modified generic scoring system that is applicable to broad spectrum of rodent models. Methods The histopathology of NAFLD was analyzed in several different mouse models of NAFLD to define generic criteria for histological assessment (preclinical scoring system). For validation of this scoring system, 36 slides of mouse livers, covering the whole spectrum of NAFLD, were blindly analyzed by ten observers. Additionally, the livers were blindly scored by one observer during two separate assessments longer than 3 months apart. Results The criteria macrovesicular steatosis, microvesicular steatosis, hepatocellular hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis were generally applicable to rodent NAFLD. The inter-observer reproducibility (evaluated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) between the ten observers was high for the analysis of macrovesicular steatosis and microvesicular steatosis (ICC = 0.784 and 0.776, all p<0.001, respectively) and moderate for the analysis of hypertrophy and inflammation (ICC = 0.685 and 0.650, all p<0.001, respectively). The intra-observer reproducibility between the different observations of one observer was high for the analysis of macrovesicular steatosis, microvesicular steatosis and hypertrophy (ICC = 0.871, 0.871 and 0.896, all p<0.001, respectively) and very high for the analysis of inflammation (ICC = 0.931, p<0.001). Conclusions We established a simple NAFLD scoring system with high reproducibility that is applicable for different rodent models and for all stages of NAFLD etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liang
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ann Driessen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ger H. Koek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout Stoop
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M. Havekes
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M. van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khedoe PPSJ, Hoeke G, Kooijman S, Dijk W, Buijs JT, Kersten S, Havekes LM, Hiemstra PS, Berbée JFP, Boon MR, Rensen PCN. Brown adipose tissue takes up plasma triglycerides mostly after lipolysis. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:51-9. [PMID: 25351615 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m052746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) produces heat by burning TGs that are stored within intracellular lipid droplets and need to be replenished by the uptake of TG-derived FA from plasma. It is currently unclear whether BAT takes up FA via uptake of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), after lipolysis-mediated liberation of FA, or via a combination of both. Therefore, we generated glycerol tri[(3)H]oleate and [(14)C]cholesteryl oleate double-labeled TRL-mimicking particles with an average diameter of 45, 80, and 150 nm (representing small VLDL to chylomicrons) and injected these intravenously into male C57Bl/6J mice. At room temperature (21°C), the uptake of (3)H-activity by BAT, expressed per gram of tissue, was much higher than the uptake of (14)C-activity, irrespective of particle size, indicating lipolysis-mediated uptake of TG-derived FA rather than whole particle uptake. Cold exposure (7°C) increased the uptake of FA derived from the differently sized particles by BAT, while retaining the selectivity for uptake of FA over cholesteryl ester (CE). At thermoneutrality (28°C), total FA uptake by BAT was attenuated, but the specificity of uptake of FA over CE was again largely retained. Altogether, we conclude that, in our model, BAT takes up plasma TG preferentially by means of lipolysis-mediated uptake of FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wieneke Dijk
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen T Buijs
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Parlevliet ET, Geerling JJ, van der Tuin SJL, Zhang H, Bieghs V, Jawad AHM, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Bot I, de Jager SCA, Havekes LM, Romijn JA, Willems van Dijk K, Rensen PCN. Exendin-4 decreases liver inflammation and atherosclerosis development simultaneously by reducing macrophage infiltration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:723-34. [PMID: 24490861 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aetiology of inflammation in the liver and vessel wall, leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and atherosclerosis, respectively, shares common mechanisms including macrophage infiltration. To treat both disorders simultaneously, it is highly important to tackle the inflammatory status. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, reduces hepatic steatosis and has been suggested to reduce atherosclerosis; however, its effects on liver inflammation are underexplored. Here, we tested the hypothesis that exendin-4 reduces inflammation in both the liver and vessel wall, and investigated the common underlying mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a model with human-like lipoprotein metabolism, were fed a cholesterol-containing Western-type diet for 5 weeks to induce atherosclerosis and subsequently treated for 4 weeks with exendin-4. KEY RESULTS Exendin-4 modestly improved dyslipidaemia, but markedly decreased atherosclerotic lesion severity and area (-33%), accompanied by a reduction in monocyte adhesion to the vessel wall (-42%) and macrophage content in the plaque (-44%). Furthermore, exendin-4 reduced hepatic lipid content and inflammation as well as hepatic CD68⁺ (-18%) and F4/80⁺ (-25%) macrophage content. This was accompanied by less monocyte recruitment from the circulation as the Mac-1⁺ macrophage content was decreased (-36%). Finally, exendin-4 reduced hepatic chemokine expression in vivo and suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein accumulation in peritoneal macrophages in vitro, effects dependent on the GLP-1 receptor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Exendin-4 reduces inflammation in both the liver and vessel wall by reducing macrophage recruitment and activation. These data suggest that exendin-4 could be a valuable strategy to treat NASH and atherosclerosis simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boon MR, Kooijman S, van Dam AD, Pelgrom LR, Berbée JFP, Visseren CAR, van Aggele RC, van den Hoek AM, Sips HCM, Lombès M, Havekes LM, Tamsma JT, Guigas B, Meijer OC, Jukema JW, Rensen PCN. Peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor blockade activates brown adipose tissue and diminishes dyslipidemia and obesity. FASEB J 2014; 28:5361-75. [PMID: 25154875 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is an important player in energy metabolism by regulating appetite, lipolysis, and energy expenditure. Chronic blockade of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) leads to long-term maintenance of weight loss and reduction of dyslipidemia in experimental and human obesity. The molecular mechanism by which CB1R blockade reverses dyslipidemia in obesity has not yet been clarified. In this study, we showed that CB1R blockade with the systemic CB1R blocker rimonabant enhanced whole-body energy expenditure and activated brown adipose tissue (BAT), indicated by increased expression of genes involved in BAT thermogenesis and decreased lipid droplet size in BAT. This was accompanied by selectively increased triglyceride (TG) uptake by BAT and lower plasma TG levels. Interestingly, the effects on BAT activation were still present at thermoneutrality and could be recapitulated by using the strictly peripheral CB1R antagonist AM6545, indicating direct peripheral activation of BAT. Indeed, CB1R blockade directly activated T37i brown adipocytes, resulting in enhanced uncoupled respiration, most likely via enhancing cAMP/PKA signaling via the adrenergic receptor pathway. Our data indicate that selective targeting of the peripheral CB1R in BAT has therapeutic potential in attenuating dyslipidemia and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard R Pelgrom
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cheryl A R Visseren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin C van Aggele
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hetty C M Sips
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Lombès
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands; TNO Biosciences, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, and Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kühnast S, van der Tuin SJL, van der Hoorn JWA, van Klinken JB, Simic B, Pieterman E, Havekes LM, Landmesser U, Lüscher TF, Willems van Dijk K, Rensen PCN, Jukema JW, Princen HMG. Anacetrapib reduces progression of atherosclerosis, mainly by reducing non-HDL-cholesterol, improves lesion stability and adds to the beneficial effects of atorvastatin. Eur Heart J 2014; 36:39-48. [PMID: 25142968 PMCID: PMC4286319 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The residual risk that remains after statin treatment supports the addition of other LDL-C-lowering agents and has stimulated the search for secondary treatment targets. Epidemiological studies propose HDL-C as a possible candidate. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) transfers cholesteryl esters from atheroprotective HDL to atherogenic (V)LDL. The CETP inhibitor anacetrapib decreases (V)LDL-C by ∼15-40% and increases HDL-C by ∼40-140% in clinical trials. We evaluated the effects of a broad dose range of anacetrapib on atherosclerosis and HDL function, and examined possible additive/synergistic effects of anacetrapib on top of atorvastatin in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed a diet without or with ascending dosages of anacetrapib (0.03; 0.3; 3; 30 mg/kg/day), atorvastatin (2.4 mg/kg/day) alone or in combination with anacetrapib (0.3 mg/kg/day) for 21 weeks. Anacetrapib dose-dependently reduced CETP activity (-59 to -100%, P < 0.001), thereby decreasing non-HDL-C (-24 to -45%, P < 0.001) and increasing HDL-C (+30 to +86%, P < 0.001). Anacetrapib dose-dependently reduced the atherosclerotic lesion area (-41 to -92%, P < 0.01) and severity, increased plaque stability index and added to the effects of atorvastatin by further decreasing lesion size (-95%, P < 0.001) and severity. Analysis of covariance showed that both anacetrapib (P < 0.05) and non-HDL-C (P < 0.001), but not HDL-C (P = 0.76), independently determined lesion size. CONCLUSION Anacetrapib dose-dependently reduces atherosclerosis, and adds to the anti-atherogenic effects of atorvastatin, which is mainly ascribed to a reduction in non-HDL-C. In addition, anacetrapib improves lesion stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kühnast
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sam J L van der Tuin
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José W A van der Hoorn
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Branko Simic
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, Campus Schlieren, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elsbet Pieterman
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans M G Princen
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO, Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Coomans CP, Geerling JJ, van den Berg SAA, van Diepen HC, Garcia-Tardón N, Thomas A, Schröder-van der Elst JP, Ouwens DM, Pijl H, Rensen PCN, Havekes LM, Guigas B, Romijn JA. The insulin sensitizing effect of topiramate involves KATP channel activation in the central nervous system. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:908-18. [PMID: 23957854 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Topiramate improves insulin sensitivity, in addition to its antiepileptic action. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Therefore, the present study was aimed at investigating the mechanism of the insulin-sensitizing effect of topiramate both in vivo and in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed a run-in high-fat diet for 6 weeks, before receiving topiramate or vehicle mixed in high-fat diet for an additional 6 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. The extent to which the insulin sensitizing effects of topiramate were mediated through the CNS were determined by concomitant i.c.v. infusion of vehicle or tolbutamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in neurons. The direct effects of topiramate on insulin signalling and glucose uptake were assessed in vivo and in cultured muscle cells. KEY RESULTS In hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp conditions, therapeutic plasma concentrations of topiramate (∼4 μg·mL(-1) ) improved insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate + 58%). Using 2-deoxy-D-[(3) H]glucose, we established that topiramate improved the insulin-mediated glucose uptake by heart (+92%), muscle (+116%) and adipose tissue (+586%). Upon i.c.v. tolbutamide, the insulin-sensitizing effect of topiramate was completely abrogated. Topiramate did not directly affect glucose uptake or insulin signalling neither in vivo nor in cultured muscle cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In conclusion, topiramate stimulates insulin-mediated glucose uptake in vivo through the CNS. These observations illustrate the possibility of pharmacological modulation of peripheral insulin resistance through a target in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Coomans
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guigas B, de Leeuw van Weenen JE, van Leeuwen N, Simonis-Bik AM, van Haeften TW, Nijpels G, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Beekman M, Deelen J, Havekes LM, Penninx BWJH, Vogelzangs N, van 't Riet E, Dehghan A, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Uitterlinden AG, Grarup N, Jørgensen T, Witte DR, Lauritzen T, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Hottenga J, Romijn JA, Diamant M, Kramer MHH, Heine RJ, Willemsen G, Dekker JM, Eekhoff EM, Pijl H, de Geus EJ, Slagboom PE, 't Hart LM. Sex-specific effects of naturally occurring variants in the dopamine receptor D2 locus on insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Diabet Med 2014; 31:1001-8. [PMID: 24724616 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Modulation of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) activity affects insulin secretion in both rodents and isolated pancreatic β-cells. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DRD2/ANKK1 locus may affect susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in humans. METHODS Four potentially functional variants in the coding region of the DRD2/ANKK1 locus (rs1079597, rs6275, rs6277, rs1800497) were genotyped and analysed for type 2 diabetes susceptibility in up to 25 000 people (8148 with type 2 diabetes and 17687 control subjects) from two large independent Dutch cohorts and one Danish cohort. In addition, 340 Dutch subjects underwent a 2-h hyperglycaemic clamp to investigate insulin secretion. Since sexual dimorphic associations related to DRD2 polymorphisms have been previously reported, we also performed a gender-stratified analysis. RESULTS rs1800497 at the DRD2/ANKK1 locus was associated with a significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes in women (odds ratio 1.14 (1.06-1.23); P = 4.1*10⁴) but not in men (odds ratio 1.00 (95% CI 0.93-1.07); P = 0.92) or the combined group. Although rs1800497 was not associated with insulin secretion, we did find another single nucleotide polymorphism in this locus, rs6275, to be associated with increased first-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in women (P = 5.5*10⁴) but again not in men (P = 0.34). CONCLUSION The present data identify DRD2/ANKK1 as a potential sex-specific type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Guigas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kooijman S, Boon MR, Parlevliet ET, Geerling JJ, van de Pol V, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, Meurs I, Rensen PCN. Inhibition of the central melanocortin system decreases brown adipose tissue activity. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2022-32. [PMID: 25016380 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m045989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system is an important regulator of energy balance, and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency is the most common monogenic cause of obesity. We investigated whether the relationship between melanocortin system activity and energy expenditure (EE) is mediated by brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. Therefore, female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP transgenic mice were fed a Western-type diet for 4 weeks and infused intracerebroventricularly with the melanocortin 3/4 receptor (MC3/4R) antagonist SHU9119 or vehicle for 2 weeks. SHU9119 increased food intake (+30%) and body fat (+50%) and decreased EE by reduction in fat oxidation (-42%). In addition, SHU9119 impaired the uptake of VLDL-TG by BAT. In line with this, SHU9119 decreased uncoupling protein-1 levels in BAT (-60%) and induced large intracellular lipid droplets, indicative of severely disturbed BAT activity. Finally, SHU9119-treated mice pair-fed to the vehicle-treated group still exhibited these effects, indicating that MC4R inhibition impairs BAT activity independent of food intake. These effects were not specific to the APOE*3-Leiden.CETP background as SHU9119 also inhibited BAT activity in wild-type mice. We conclude that inhibition of central MC3/4R signaling impairs BAT function, which is accompanied by reduced EE, thereby promoting adiposity. We anticipate that activation of MC4R is a promising strategy to combat obesity by increasing BAT activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kooijman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin T Parlevliet
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine J Geerling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vera van de Pol
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Illiana Meurs
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van den Hoek AM, van der Hoorn JWA, Maas AC, van den Hoogen RM, van Nieuwkoop A, Droog S, Offerman EH, Pieterman EJ, Havekes LM, Princen HMG. APOE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice as model for pharmaceutical treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:537-44. [PMID: 24373179 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate systematically (i) the appropriate dietary conditions to induce the features of the MetS in APOE*3Leiden.humanCholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (E3L.CETP) mice and (ii) whether the response of this model to different antidiabetic and hypolipidemic drugs is similar as in humans. METHODS Male obese, IR and dyslipidemic E3L.CETP mice were treated with antidiabetic drugs rosiglitazone, liraglutide or an experimental 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-1 (HSD-1) inhibitor, or with hypolipidemic drugs atorvastatin, fenofibrate or niacin for 4-6 weeks. The effects on bw, IR and plasma and liver lipids were assessed. RESULTS Rosiglitazone, liraglutide and HSD-1 inhibitor significantly decreased glucose and insulin levels or IR. Liraglutide and HSD-1 inhibitor also decreased bw. Atorvastatin, fenofibrate and niacin improved the dyslipidemia and fenofibrate and niacin increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In addition, hepatic triglycerides were significantly decreased by treatment with rosiglitazone and liraglutide, while hepatic cholesterol esters were significantly decreased by rosiglitazone and atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the E3L.CETP mouse is a promising novel translational model to investigate the effects of new drugs, alone or in combination, that affect IR, diabetic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Collapse
|
18
|
Liang W, Lindeman JH, Menke AL, Koonen DP, Morrison M, Havekes LM, van den Hoek AM, Kleemann R. Metabolically induced liver inflammation leads to NASH and differs from LPS- or IL-1β-induced chronic inflammation. J Transl Med 2014; 94:491-502. [PMID: 24566933 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the chronic inflammatory component that drives the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is unclear and possible inflammatory triggers have not been investigated systematically. We examined the effect of non-metabolic triggers (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), administered by slow-release minipumps) and metabolic dietary triggers (carbohydrate, cholesterol) of inflammation on the progression of bland liver steatosis (BS) to NASH. Transgenic APOE3*Leiden.huCETP (APOE3L.CETP) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) developed BS after 10 weeks. Then, inflammatory triggers were superimposed or not (control) for six more weeks. Mouse livers were analyzed with particular emphasis on hallmarks of inflammation which were defined in human liver biopsies with and without NASH. Livers of HFD-treated control mice remained steatotic and did not progress to NASH. All four inflammatory triggers activated hepatic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) significantly and comparably (≥5-fold). However, HFD+LPS or HFD+IL-1β did not induce a NASH-like phenotype and caused intrahepatic accumulation of almost exclusively mononuclear cells. By contrast, mice treated with metabolic triggers developed NASH, characterized by enhanced steatosis, hepatocellular hypertrophy, and formation of mixed-type inflammatory foci containing myeloperoxidase-positive granulocytes (neutrophils) as well as mononuclear cells, essentially as observed in human NASH. Specific for the metabolic inducers was an activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), neutrophil infiltration, and induction of risk factors associated with human NASH, that is, dyslipidemia (by cholesterol) and insulin resistance (by carbohydrate). In conclusion, HFD feeding followed by NF-κB activation per se (LPS, IL-1β) does not promote the transition from BS to NASH. HFD feeding followed by metabolically evoked inflammation induces additional inflammatory components (neutrophils, AP-1 pathway) and causes NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liang
- 1] The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Departments of Endocrinology and Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Debby P Koonen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Morrison
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- 1] The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Departments of Endocrinology and Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- 1] The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Berbée J, Boon MR, Khedoe PP, Bartelt A, Kooijman S, Vazirpanah N, Brouwers LP, Gordts PL, Esko JD, Hiemstra PS, Havekes LM, Heeren J, Rensen PC. Abstract 68: Activation of Brown Adipose Tissue Reduces Development of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) recently emerged as a novel player in lipoprotein metabolism. BAT combusts high amounts fatty acids into heat resulting in reduced plasma triglyceride (TG) levels as well as obesity. However, the precise role of BAT in cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis development remains unclear. We aimed to assess the effect of stimulating BAT activity by ß3-adrenergic receptor (ß3-AR) agonism on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis development in
APOE*3-Leiden.CETP
mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism.
Methods and results:
Mice were fed a Western-type diet to induce dyslipidemia and were treated subcutaneously with the selective ß3-AR agonist CL316243 (3x20 μg/week) or vehicle for 10 weeks. ß3-AR agonism reduced total fat mass (-59%) and white adipose tissue (WAT) pad size (-40%). ß3-AR agonism decreased the size of intracellular lipid vacuoles in BAT, and increased UCP-1 expression in WAT, indicating activation of brown adipocytes (
i.e.
BAT) as well as their precursors (
i.e.
WAT). These effects were accompanied by increased uptake of glycerol tri[
3
H]oleate from VLDL-like particles by BAT (+125%) and by WAT (+120%) as well as fatty acid oxidation (+25%) as determined by indirect calorimetry. In line with these data, activation of BAT decreased plasma levels of TG (-46%) and (V)LDL-cholesterol (-24%) and increased HDL-cholesterol (+23%), accompanied by increased reverse cholesterol transport (+2.5-fold). As a consequence of improving lipoprotein metabolism, BAT activation reduced atherosclerosis development (-43%) as well as lesion severity, indicated by more mild type I-III lesions (+64%) and reduced severe type IV-V lesions (-66%), in the aortic root. These effects were dependent on a functional hepatic apoE-LDLr clearance pathway, as BAT activation in
apoe
-/-
and
ldlr
-/-
mice lowered plasma TG levels but did not attenuate hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis
Conclusion:
We demonstrate that activation of BAT via the ß3-AR is a powerful tool to reduce dyslipidemia and protect against atherosclerosis. These findings indicate that activation of BAT is a promising novel strategy to combat dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Berbée
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Padmini P Khedoe
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nadia Vazirpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Linda P Brouwers
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Philip L Gordts
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Univ of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Louis M Havekes
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick C Rensen
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
van der Tuin SJ, Kuhnast S, Van der Hoorn JW, van Klinken JB, Simic B, Pieterman EJ, Havekes LM, Landmesser U, Luscher TF, Willems-van Dijk K, Rensen PC, Jukema JW, Princen HM. Abstract 246: Anacetrapib Adds to the Antiatherogenic Effect of Atorvastatin, Mainly by Increasing the Clearance of Non-HDL Cholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
The residual risk that remains after statin treatment has stimulated the search for secondary treatment targets. Epidemiological studies propose HDL-C as a possible candidate. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) transfers cholesteryl esters from atheroprotective HDL to atherogenic (V)LDL. The CETP inhibitor anacetrapib decreases (V)LDL-C by ~15-40% and increases HDL-C by ~40-140% in clinical trials.
We evaluated the effects of anacetrapib on lipid metabolism, HDL function and atherosclerosis, and examined possible additive/synergistic effects of anacetrapib on top of atorvastatin in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice.
Methods and results:
Mice were fed a diet without or with ascending dosages of anacetrapib (0.03; 0.3; 3; 30 mg/kg/d), atorvastatin (2.4 mg/kg/d) alone or in combination with anacetrapib (0.3 mg/kg/d) for 21 weeks.
Anacetrapib dose-dependently reduced CETP activity (-59% to -100%, P<0.01), thereby decreasing nonHDL-C (-24% to -45%, P<0.001) and increasing HDL-C (+30% to +86%, P<0.001). Anacetrapib did not affect HDL function. Additionally, we showed that anacetrapib reduced nonHDL-C mainly by increasing the clearance by the liver.
Anacetrapib dose-dependently reduced atherosclerotic lesion area (-41% to -92%, P<0.01) and severity, increased the plaque stability index and added to the effects of atorvastatin by further decreasing lesion size (-95%, P<0.001) and severity. Analysis of covariance showed that both anacetrapib (P<0.05) and nonHDL-C (P<0.001), but not HDL-C (P=0.76), independently decreased lesion size.
Conclusions:
Anacetrapib reduces atherosclerosis, and adds to the anti-atherogenic effect of atorvastatin. The anti-atherogenic effect is mainly ascribed to a reduction in nonHDL-C, as a consequence of an increased clearance. In addition, anacetrapib improves lesion stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Branko Simic
- Cntr for Molecular Cardiology, Univ of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J W Jukema
- Cardiology, Leiden Univ Med Cntr, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Berbée JF, Kooijman S, Boon MR, Parlevliet ET, Geerling JJ, Havekes LM, Meurs I, Rensen PC. Abstract 202: Inhibition of Central Melanocortin 4 Receptor Signaling Severely Impairs Brown Adipose Tissue Activity and VLDL Metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
SNPs near the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene are associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and deficiency of MC4R is the most common monogenic cause of obesity, a major risk factor for the development of CVD. MC4R-deficient individuals not only show increased food intake but also lower basal energy expenditure. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of the central MC4R signaling by SHU9119 in mice increases weight gain independent of food intake. Since brown adipose tissue (BAT) importantly contributes to energy expenditure by combusting high amounts of triglycerides (TG) into heat, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of inhibiting MCR4 on VLDL-metabolism and BAT activity in mice.
Methods and results:
Female
APOE*3-Leiden.CETP
transgenic mice were fed a cholesterol-enriched Western-type diet for 4 weeks, matched on body weight and plasma lipids, and infused with either SHU9119 or vehicle for 2 weeks via an osmotic mini-pump into the lateral ventricle while being fed the same diet. SHU9119 increased body fat (+50%) and decreased fat oxidation (-42%). Shu9119 increased plasma VLDL-TG levels (+30%). Whereas hepatic VLDL-TG production rate was not affected, Shu9119 severely impaired clearance of VLDL-TG, explained by reduced uptake of [
3
H]TG by BAT (-25%). In BAT, SHU9119 decreased UCP-1 protein (-60%) and induced large intracellular lipid droplets, indicative of severely disturbed BAT activity. Since SHU9119 increased food intake (+30%), SHU9119 was also administered in mice that were pair-fed with the vehicle-treated group. Under these conditions, SHU9119 still exhibited these effects, indicating MC4R inhibition impairs BAT activity independent of food intake.
Conclusion:
Inhibition of central MC4R signaling by SHU9119 increases VLDL-TG levels and decreases energy expenditure specifically by impairing BAT function. We anticipate that MC4R regulates adiposity and VLDL metabolism not only by regulating food intake, but also by modulating BAT activity, and that activation of MC4R is a promising strategy to combat obesity and CVD by increasing BAT activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy F Berbée
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Edwin T Parlevliet
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Janine J Geerling
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Illiana Meurs
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick C Rensen
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heemskerk MM, van den Berg SAA, Pronk ACM, van Klinken JB, Boon MR, Havekes LM, Rensen PCN, van Dijk KW, van Harmelen V. Long-term niacin treatment induces insulin resistance and adrenergic responsiveness in adipocytes by adaptive downregulation of phosphodiesterase 3B. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E808-13. [PMID: 24473440 PMCID: PMC3962609 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00641.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The lipid-lowering effect of niacin has been attributed to the inhibition of cAMP production in adipocytes, thereby inhibiting intracellular lipolysis and release of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) to the circulation. However, long-term niacin treatment leads to a normalization of plasma NEFA levels and induces insulin resistance, for which the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The current study addressed the effects of long-term niacin treatment on insulin-mediated inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis and focused on the regulation of cAMP levels. APOE*3-Leiden.CETP transgenic mice treated with niacin for 15 wk were subjected to an insulin tolerance test and showed whole body insulin resistance. Similarly, adipocytes isolated from niacin-treated mice were insulin resistant and, interestingly, exhibited an increased response to cAMP stimulation by 8Br-cAMP, β1- and β2-adrenergic stimulation. Gene expression analysis of the insulin and β-adrenergic pathways in adipose tissue indicated that all genes were downregulated, including the gene encoding the cAMP-degrading enzyme phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B). In line with this, we showed that insulin induced a lower PDE3B response in adipocytes isolated from niacin-treated mice. Inhibiting PDE3B with cilostazol increased lipolytic responsiveness to cAMP stimulation in adipocytes. These data show that long-term niacin treatment leads to a downregulation of PDE3B in adipocytes, which could explain part of the observed insulin resistance and the increased responsiveness to cAMP stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattijs M. Heemskerk
- 1Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 2Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sjoerd A. A. van den Berg
- 1Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 2Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Amanda C. M. Pronk
- 1Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 2Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan-Bert van Klinken
- 1Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 2Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Mariëtte R. Boon
- 2Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 3Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Louis M. Havekes
- 2Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 3Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
- 4TNO Quality of Life, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- 2Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 3Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- 1Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 2Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 3Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- 1Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
- 2Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bakker LEH, Boon MR, van der Linden RAD, Arias-Bouda LP, van Klinken JB, Smit F, Verberne HJ, Jukema JW, Tamsma JT, Havekes LM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Jazet IM, Rensen PCN. Brown adipose tissue volume in healthy lean south Asian adults compared with white Caucasians: a prospective, case-controlled observational study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:210-7. [PMID: 24622751 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals of south Asian origin have a very high risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with white Caucasians. We aimed to assess volume and activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is thought to have a role in energy metabolism by combusting fatty acids and glucose to produce heat and might contribute to the difference in incidence of type 2 diabetes between ethnic groups. METHODS We enrolled Dutch nationals with south Asian ancestry and matched Caucasian participants at The Rijnland Hospital (Leiderdorp, Netherlands). Eligible participants were healthy lean men aged 18-28 years, and we matched groups for BMI. We measured BAT volume and activity with cold-induced (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) PET CT scans, and assessed resting energy expenditure, non-shivering thermogenesis, and serum parameters. This study is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register, number 2473. FINDINGS Between March 1, 2013, and June 1, 2013, we enrolled 12 participants in each group; one Caucasian participant developed hyperventilation after (18)F-FDG administration, and was excluded from all cold-induced and BAT measurements. Compared with Caucasian participants, south Asian participants did not differ in age (mean 23.6 years [SD 2.8] for south Asians vs 24.6 years [2.8] for Caucasians) or BMI (21.5 kg/m(2) [2.0] vs 22.0 kg/m(2) [1.6]), but were shorter (1.74 m [0.06] vs 1.85 m [0.04]) and lighter (65.0 kg [8.5] vs 75.1 kg [7.2]). Thermoneutral resting energy expenditure was 1297 kcal per day (SD 123) in south Asian participants compared with 1689 kcal per day (193) in white Caucasian participants (difference -32%, p=0.0008). On cold exposure, shiver temperature of south Asians was 2.0°C higher than Caucasians (p=0.0067) and non-shivering thermogenesis was increased by 20% in white Caucasians (p<0.0001) but was not increased in south Asians. Although the maximum and mean standardised uptake values of (18)F-FDG in BAT did not differ between groups, total BAT volume was lower in south Asians (188 mL [SD 81]) than it was in Caucasians (287 mL [169]; difference -34%, p=0.04). Overall, BAT volume correlated positively with basal resting energy expenditure in all assessable individuals (β=0.44, p=0.04). INTERPRETATION Lower resting energy expenditure, non-shivering thermogenesis, and BAT volumes in south Asian populations might underlie their high susceptibility to metabolic disturbances, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Development of strategies to increase BAT volume and activity might help prevent and treat such disorders, particularly in south Asian individuals. FUNDING Dutch Heart Foundation (2009T038) and Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation (2012.11.1500).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leontine E H Bakker
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Rianne A D van der Linden
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan B van Klinken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frits Smit
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rijnland Hospital, Leiderdorp, Netherlands
| | - Hein J Verberne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jouke T Tamsma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; TNO-Biosciences, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Geerling JJ, Boon MR, van der Zon GC, van den Berg SAA, van den Hoek AM, Lombès M, Princen HMG, Havekes LM, Rensen PCN, Guigas B. Metformin lowers plasma triglycerides by promoting VLDL-triglyceride clearance by brown adipose tissue in mice. Diabetes 2014; 63:880-91. [PMID: 24270984 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Besides its well-characterized antihyperglycemic properties, metformin also lowers plasma VLDL triglyceride (TG). In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism. We found that metformin markedly lowered plasma total cholesterol and TG levels, an effect mostly due to a decrease in VLDL-TG, whereas HDL was slightly increased. Strikingly, metformin did not affect hepatic VLDL-TG production, VLDL particle composition, and hepatic lipid composition but selectively enhanced clearance of glycerol tri[(3)H]oleate-labeled VLDL-like emulsion particles into brown adipose tissue (BAT). BAT mass and lipid droplet content were reduced in metformin-treated mice, pointing to increased BAT activation. In addition, both AMP-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1) expression and activity and HSL and mitochondrial content were increased in BAT. Furthermore, therapeutic concentrations of metformin increased AMPK and HSL activities and promoted lipolysis in T37i differentiated brown adipocytes. Collectively, our results identify BAT as an important player in the TG-lowering effect of metformin by enhancing VLDL-TG uptake, intracellular TG lipolysis, and subsequent mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Targeting BAT might therefore be considered as a future therapeutic strategy for the treatment of dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine J Geerling
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Geerling JJ, Boon MR, Kooijman S, Parlevliet ET, Havekes LM, Romijn JA, Meurs IM, Rensen PCN. Sympathetic nervous system control of triglyceride metabolism: novel concepts derived from recent studies. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:180-9. [PMID: 24285857 PMCID: PMC3886657 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r045013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Important players in triglyceride (TG) metabolism include the liver (production), white adipose tissue (WAT) (storage), heart and skeletal muscle (combustion to generate ATP), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) (combustion toward heat), the collective action of which determine plasma TG levels. Interestingly, recent evidence points to a prominent role of the hypothalamus in TG metabolism through innervating the liver, WAT, and BAT mainly via sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Here, we review the recent findings in the area of sympathetic control of TG metabolism. Various neuronal populations, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing neurons and melanocortin-expressing neurons, as well as peripherally produced hormones (i.e., GLP-1, leptin, and insulin), modulate sympathetic outflow from the hypothalamus toward target organs and thereby influence peripheral TG metabolism. We conclude that sympathetic stimulation in general increases lipolysis in WAT, enhances VLDL-TG production by the liver, and increases the activity of BAT with respect to lipolysis of TG, followed by combustion of fatty acids toward heat. Moreover, the increased knowledge about the involvement of the neuroendocrine system in TG metabolism presented in this review offers new therapeutic options to fight hypertriglyceridemia by specifically modulating sympathetic nervous system outflow toward liver, BAT, or WAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine J. Geerling
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R. Boon
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin T. Parlevliet
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M. Havekes
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Gaubius Laboratory, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research - Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A. Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Illiana M. Meurs
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Khedoe PPSJ, Wong MC, Wagenaar GTM, Plomp JJ, van Eck M, Havekes LM, Rensen PCN, Hiemstra PS, Berbée JFP. The effect of PPE-induced emphysema and chronic LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation on atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-LEIDEN mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80196. [PMID: 24303000 PMCID: PMC3841138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by pulmonary inflammation, airways obstruction and emphysema, and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the contribution of these individual COPD components to this increased risk is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of emphysema in the presence or absence of pulmonary inflammation to the increased risk of CVD, using a mouse model for atherosclerosis. Because smoke is a known risk factor for both COPD and CVD, emphysema was induced by intratracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). METHODS Hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden mice were intratracheally instilled with vehicle, 15 or 30 µg PPE and after 4 weeks, mice received a Western-type diet (WTD). To study the effect of emphysema combined with pulmonary inflammation on atherosclerosis, mice received 30 µg PPE and during WTD feeding, mice were intranasally instilled with vehicle or low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 µg/mouse, twice weekly). After 20 weeks WTD, mice were sacrificed and emphysema, pulmonary inflammation and atherosclerosis were analysed. RESULTS Intratracheal PPE administration resulted in a dose-dependent increase in emphysema, whereas atherosclerotic lesion area was not affected by PPE treatment. Additional low-dose intranasal LPS administration induced a low-grade systemic IL-6 response, as compared to vehicle. Combining intratracheal PPE with intranasal LPS instillation significantly increased the number of pulmonary macrophages and neutrophils. Plasma lipids during the study were not different. LPS instillation caused a limited, but significant increase in the atherosclerotic lesion area. This increase was not further enhanced by PPE. CONCLUSION This study shows for the first time that PPE-induced emphysema both in the presence and absence of pulmonary inflammation does not affect atherosclerotic lesion development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Padmini S. J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Man C. Wong
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry T. M. Wagenaar
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J. Plomp
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M. Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F. P. Berbée
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Auvinen HE, Coomans CP, Boon MR, Romijn JA, Biermasz NR, Meijer OC, Havekes LM, Smit JWA, Rensen PCN, Pereira AM. Glucocorticoid excess induces long-lasting changes in body composition in male C57Bl/6J mice only with high-fat diet. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00103. [PMID: 24303175 PMCID: PMC3841039 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) overexposure period as observed in Cushing's syndrome (CS) is associated with the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, which persist after long-term correction of GC excess. We performed a mouse study to identify factors that modulate metabolic recovery from a GC overexposure period. Male C57Bl/6J mice, fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD), received corticosterone (CORT) (50 μg/mL) or vehicle in the drinking water for 4 weeks, followed by an 8-week washout period. Plasma circadian CORT, lipids, insulin, and glucose levels were assessed regularly. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and body composition were analyzed at week 12 under anesthesia. CORT treatment increased plasma CORT levels, food intake, and plasma insulin and lipid levels on both diets. CORT treatment abrogation normalized CORT levels, food intake, and body weight, whereas plasma insulin levels remained significantly higher in CORT-treated mice on both diets. Only on a HFD, CORT-treated mice had decreased lean body mass and higher fat mass. In conclusion, CORT excess period induces long-lasting metabolic changes and some are present only on a HFD. These observations indicate that diet-dependent CORT effects might contribute to the adverse cardiovascular risk profile observed in CS patients, and possibly also in subjects exposed to chronic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Auvinen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vroegrijk IOCM, van Klinken JB, van Diepen JA, van den Berg SAA, Febbraio M, Steinbusch LKM, Glatz JFC, Havekes LM, Voshol PJ, Rensen PCN, van Dijk KW, van Harmelen V. CD36 is important for adipocyte recruitment and affects lipolysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2037-45. [PMID: 23512311 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The scavenger receptor CD36 facilitates the cellular uptake of long-chain fatty acids. As CD36-deficiency attenuates the development of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, the role of CD36-deficiency in preadipocyte recruitment and adipocyte function was set out to characterize. DESIGN AND METHODS Fat cell size and number were determined in gonadal, visceral, and subcutaneous adipose tissue of CD36(-/-) and WT mice after 6 weeks on HFD. Basal lipolysis and insulin-inhibited lipolysis were investigated in gonadal adipose tissue. RESULTS CD36(-/-) mice showed a reduction in adipocyte size in all fat pads. Gonadal adipose tissue also showed a lower total number of adipocytes because of a lower number of very small adipocytes (diameter <50 μm). This was accompanied by an increased pool of preadipocytes, which suggests that CD36-deficiency reduces the capacity of preadipocytes to become adipocytes. Regarding lipolysis, in adipose tissue from CD36(-/-) mice, cAMP levels were increased and both basal and 8-bromo-cAMP stimulated lipolysis were higher. However, insulin-mediated inhibition of lipolysis was more potent in CD36(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that during fat depot expansion, CD36-deficiency negatively affects preadipocyte recruitment and that in mature adipocytes, CD36-deficiency is associated with increased basal lipolysis and insulin responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene O C M Vroegrijk
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Boon MR, van den Berg SAA, Wang Y, van den Bossche J, Karkampouna S, Bauwens M, De Saint-Hubert M, van der Horst G, Vukicevic S, de Winther MPJ, Havekes LM, Jukema JW, Tamsma JT, van der Pluijm G, van Dijk KW, Rensen PCN. BMP7 activates brown adipose tissue and reduces diet-induced obesity only at subthermoneutrality. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74083. [PMID: 24066098 PMCID: PMC3774620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy stored in triglycerides as heat via the uncoupling protein UCP-1 and is a promising target to combat hyperlipidemia and obesity. BAT is densely innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, which increases BAT differentiation and activity upon cold exposure. Recently, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) was identified as an inducer of BAT differentiation. We aimed to elucidate the role of sympathetic activation in the effect of BMP7 on BAT by treating mice with BMP7 at varying ambient temperature, and assessed the therapeutic potential of BMP7 in combating obesity. Methods and Results High-fat diet fed lean C57Bl6/J mice were treated with BMP7 via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks at 21°C or 28°C, the latter being a thermoneutral temperature in which sympathetic activation of BAT is largely diminished. At 21°C, BMP7 increased BAT weight, increased the expression of Ucp1, Cd36 and hormone-sensitive lipase in BAT, and increased total energy expenditure. BMP7 treatment markedly increased food intake without affecting physical activity. Despite that, BMP7 diminished white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, accompanied by increased expression of genes related to intracellular lipolysis in WAT. All these effects were blunted at 28°C. Additionally, BMP7 resulted in extensive ‘browning’ of WAT, as evidenced by increased expression of BAT markers and the appearance of whole clusters of brown adipocytes via immunohistochemistry, independent of environmental temperature. Treatment of diet-induced obese C57Bl6/J mice with BMP7 led to an improved metabolic phenotype, consisting of a decreased fat mass and liver lipids as well as attenuated dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. Conclusion Together, these data show that BMP7-mediated recruitment and activation of BAT only occurs at subthermoneutral temperature, and is thus likely dependent on sympathetic activation of BAT, and that BMP7 may be a promising tool to combat obesity and associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands ; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
van Diepen JA, Berbée JF, Havekes LM, Rensen PC. Interactions between inflammation and lipid metabolism: Relevance for efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:306-15. [PMID: 23518178 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
31
|
Auvinen HE, Wang Y, Princen H, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, Smit JWA, Meijer OC, Biermasz NR, Rensen PCN, Pereira AM. Both transient and continuous corticosterone excess inhibit atherosclerotic plaque formation in APOE*3-leiden.CETP mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63882. [PMID: 23717502 PMCID: PMC3661690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of glucocorticoids in atherosclerosis development is not clearly established. Human studies show a clear association between glucocorticoid excess and cardiovascular disease, whereas most animal models indicate an inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on atherosclerosis development. These animal models, however, neither reflect long-term glucocorticoid overexposure nor display human-like lipoprotein metabolism. Aim To investigate the effects of transient and continuous glucocorticoid excess on atherosclerosis development in a mouse model with human-like lipoprotein metabolism upon feeding a Western-type diet. Methods Pair-housed female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP (E3L.CETP) mice fed a Western-type containing 0.1% cholesterol for 20 weeks were given corticosterone (50 µg/ml) for either 5 (transient group) or 17 weeks (continuous group), or vehicle (control group) in the drinking water. At the end of the study, atherosclerosis severity, lesion area in the aortic root, the number of monocytes adhering to the endothelial wall and macrophage content of the plaque were measured. Results Corticosterone treatment increased body weight and food intake for the duration of the treatment and increased gonadal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue weight in transient group by +35% and +31%, and in the continuous group by +140% and 110%. Strikingly, both transient and continuous corticosterone treatment decreased total atherosclerotic lesion area by −39% without lowering plasma cholesterol levels. In addition, there was a decrease of −56% in macrophage content of the plaque with continuous corticosterone treatment, and a similar trend was present with the transient treatment. Conclusion Increased corticosterone exposure in mice with human-like lipoprotein metabolism has beneficial, long-lasting effects on atherosclerosis, but negatively affects body fat distribution by promoting fat accumulation in the long-term. This indicates that the increased atherosclerosis observed in humans in states of glucocorticoid excess may not be related to cortisol per se, but might be the result of complex indirect effects of cortisol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Auvinen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
van den Berg SAA, Heemskerk MM, Geerling JJ, van Klinken JB, Schaap FG, Bijland S, Berbée JFP, van Harmelen VJA, Pronk ACM, Schreurs M, Havekes LM, Rensen PCN, van Dijk KW. Apolipoprotein A5 deficiency aggravates high-fat diet-induced obesity due to impaired central regulation of food intake. FASEB J 2013; 27:3354-62. [PMID: 23650188 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) have been associated with hypertriglyceridemia in humans and mice. This has been attributed to a stimulating role for APOA5 in lipoprotein lipase-mediated triglyceride hydrolysis and hepatic clearance of lipoprotein remnant particles. However, because of the low APOA5 plasma abundance, we investigated an additional signaling role for APOA5 in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Wild-type (WT) and Apoa5(-/-) mice fed a chow diet showed no difference in body weight or 24-h food intake (Apoa5(-/-), 4.5±0.6 g; WT, 4.2±0.5 g), while Apoa5(-/-) mice fed an HFD ate more in 24 h (Apoa5(-/-), 2.8±0.4 g; WT, 2.5±0.3 g, P<0.05) and became more obese than WT mice. Also, intravenous injection of APOA5-loaded VLDL-like particles lowered food intake (VLDL control, 0.26±0.04 g; VLDL+APOA5, 0.11±0.07 g, P<0.01). In addition, the HFD-induced hyperphagia of Apoa5(-/-) mice was prevented by adenovirus-mediated hepatic overexpression of APOA5. Finally, intracerebroventricular injection of APOA5 reduced food intake compared to injection of the same mouse with artificial cerebral spinal fluid (0.40±0.11 g; APOA5, 0.23±0.08 g, P<0.01). These data indicate that the increased HFD-induced obesity of Apoa5(-/-) mice as compared to WT mice is at least partly explained by hyperphagia and that APOA5 plays a role in the central regulation of food intake.
Collapse
|
33
|
Kühnast S, van der Tuin SJ, Havekes LM, Willems van Dijk K, Rensen PC, van der Hoorn JW, Jukema JW, Princen HM. Abstract 69: Anacetrapib Dose-dependently Decreases Atherosclerosis Development and Adds to the Beneficial Effects of Atorvastatin in APOE*3Leiden.CETP Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction
The residual risk of cardiovascular disease that remains after statin treatment has triggered the search for a secondary treatment target. Epidemiological studies propose HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) as a possible candidate. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) transfers cholesteryl esters from atheroprotective HDL to atherogenic (V)LDL. In human intervention trials, the CETP inhibitor anacetrapib decreases (V)LDL-C by 30-40% and increases HDL-C by 40-140%.
Hypothesis
Complete inhibition of CETP activity may result in adverse effects as compared to partial inhibition due to the appearance of a dysfunctional HDL. We, therefore, evaluated the effect of a broad treatment window of anacetrapib-induced CETP inhibition with partial to full inhibition, as well as the combination of atorvastatin and anacetrapib on atherosclerosis development in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice.
Methods
Female mice were fed a Western-type diet containing 0.1% cholesterol without or with incremental dosages of anacetrapib (0.03; 0.3; 3; 30 mg/kg/d), atorvastatin (2.4 mg/kg/d) or a combination of anacetrapib (0.3 mg/kg/d) and atorvastatin (2.4 mg/kg/d) for 20 weeks. Effects on plasma lipids, CETP activity and levels, as well as atherosclerotic lesion size and severity were assessed.
Results
Anacetrapib dose-dependently reduced CETP activity (-60% to -100%, P<0.001) and increased CETP levels (+13% to +31%, P<0.05), thereby decreasing nonHDL-C (-23% to -44%, P<0.001) and increasing HDL-C (+32% to +88%, P<0.001). Atorvastatin decreased CETP activity (-29%, P<0.001) and nonHDL-C (-36%, P<0.001). Anacetrapib dose-dependently decreased atherosclerotic lesion size (-36%, P<0.05 to -92%, P<0.001) and the percentage severe lesions. Anacetrapib added to the effects of atorvastatin by further reducing nonHDL-C (-36%, P<0.001), increasing HDL-C (+72%, P<0.001) and decreasing lesion size (-86%, P<0.001) and severity. Results on lesion composition are pending.
Conclusions
Anacetrapib dose-dependently decreases atherosclerosis development and adds to the beneficial effects of atorvastatin in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice. Total blockage of CETP activity does not reveal adverse effects as compared to partial blockage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kühnast
- Metabolic Health Rsch/ Cardiology, TNO/ Leiden Univ Med Cntr (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sam J van der Tuin
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases/ Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Metabolic Health Rsch/ Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, TNO/ LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases/ Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gautier T, de Haan W, Grober J, Ye D, Bahr MJ, Claudel T, Nijstad N, Van Berkel TJC, Havekes LM, Manns MP, Willems SM, Hogendoorn PCW, Lagrost L, Kuipers F, Van Eck M, Rensen PCN, Tietge UJF. Farnesoid X receptor activation increases cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression in humans and transgenic mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2195-2205. [PMID: 23620138 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m038141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity results in a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile. In cholestatic conditions, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling by bile acids (BA) is activated and plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are low. This study tested the hypothesis that FXR-mediated induction of CETP contributes to this phenotype. Patients with cholestasis and high plasma BA had lower HDL-C levels and higher plasma CETP activity and mass compared with matched controls with low plasma BA (each P < 0.01). BA feeding in APOE3*Leiden transgenic mice expressing the human CETP transgene controlled by its endogenous promoter increased cholesterol within apoB-containing lipoproteins and decreased HDL-C (each P < 0.01), while hepatic CETP mRNA expression and plasma CETP activity and mass increased (each P < 0.01). In vitro studies confirmed that FXR agonists substantially augmented CETP mRNA expression in hepatocytes and macrophages dependent on functional FXR expression (each P < 0.001). These transcriptional effects are likely mediated by an ER8 FXR response element (FXRE) in the first intron. In conclusion, using a translational approach, this study identifies CETP as novel FXR target gene. By increasing CETP expression, FXR activation leads to a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile. These results have clinical relevance, especially when considering FXR agonists as emerging treatment strategy for metabolic disease and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer - Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne - INSERM UMR866, Dijon, France
| | - Willeke de Haan
- Department of Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Grober
- Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer - Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne - INSERM UMR866, Dijon, France
| | - Dan Ye
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias J Bahr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Niels Nijstad
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J C Van Berkel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laurent Lagrost
- Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer - Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne - INSERM UMR866, Dijon, France
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sugimoto-Kawabata K, Shimada H, Sakai K, Suzuki K, Kelder T, Pieterman EJ, Cohen LH, Havekes LM, Princen HM, van den Hoek AM. Colestilan decreases weight gain by enhanced NEFA incorporation in biliary lipids and fecal lipid excretion. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1255-64. [PMID: 23434610 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m032839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acid sequestrants (BASs) are cholesterol-lowering drugs that also affect hyperglycemia. The mechanism by which BASs exert these and other metabolic effects beyond cholesterol lowering remains poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a BAS, colestilan, on body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose and lipid metabolism and its mechanisms of action in high-fat-fed hyperlipidemic APOE*3 Leiden (E3L) transgenic mice. Mildly insulin-resistant E3L mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without 1.5% colestilan for 8 weeks. Colestilan treatment decreased body weight, visceral and subcutaneous fat, and plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels but increased food intake. Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were decreased, and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp analysis demonstrated improved insulin sensitivity, particularly in peripheral tissues. In addition, colestilan decreased energy expenditure and physical activity, whereas it increased the respiratory exchange ratio, indicating that colestilan induced carbohydrate catabolism. Moreover, kinetic analysis revealed that colestilan increased [(3)H]NEFA incorporation in biliary cholesterol and phospholipids and increased fecal lipid excretion. Gene expression analysis in liver, fat, and muscle supported the above findings. In summary, colestilan decreases weight gain and improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in high-fat-fed E3L mice by enhanced NEFA incorporation in biliary lipids and increased fecal lipid excretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Sugimoto-Kawabata
- Metabolic Diseases, Department I, Pharmacology Research Laboratories 2, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Coomans CP, van den Berg SAA, Houben T, van Klinken JB, van den Berg R, Pronk ACM, Havekes LM, Romijn JA, van Dijk KW, Biermasz NR, Meijer JH. Detrimental effects of constant light exposure and high-fat diet on circadian energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. FASEB J 2013; 27:1721-32. [PMID: 23303208 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-210898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbances are observed in, e.g., aging and neurodegenerative diseases and are associated with an increased incidence of obesity and diabetes. We subjected male C57Bl/6J mice to constant light [12-h light-light (LL) cycle] to examine the effects of a disturbed circadian rhythm on energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the central pacemaker of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) revealed an immediate reduction in rhythm amplitude, stabilizing at 44% of normal amplitude values after 4 d LL. Food intake was increased (+26%) and energy expenditure decreased (-13%), and we observed immediate body weight gain (d 4: +2.4%, d 14: +5.0%). Mixed model analysis revealed that weight gain developed more rapidly in response to LL as compared to high fat. After 4 wk in LL, the circadian pattern in feeding and energy expenditure was completely lost, despite continuing low-amplitude rhythms in the SCN and in behavior, whereas weight gain had stabilized. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp analysis revealed complete abolishment of normal circadian variation in insulin sensitivity in LL. In conclusion, a reduction in amplitude of the SCN, to values previously observed in aged mice, is sufficient to induce a complete loss of circadian rhythms in energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Coomans
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Bldg. 2, Room T5-32, Einthovenweg 20, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vroegrijk IOCM, van Diepen JA, van den Berg SAA, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, van Dijk KW, Darland G, Konda V, Tripp ML, Bland JS, Voshol PJ. META060 protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in a high-fat-diet fed mouse. Nutrition 2013; 29:276-83. [PMID: 22985971 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether a reduced iso-α acid derived from an extract of Humulus lupulus L., META060, had an effect on weight gain, body composition, and metabolism in a high-fat-diet (HFD) fed mouse model. METHODS Weight gain was monitored for up to 20 wk in mice receiving a low-fat diet, an HFD, or an HFD supplemented with META060 or rosiglitazone. Body composition was determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric analysis. Indirect calorimetric measurements were performed to investigate the energy balance in the mice, and oral glucose tolerance tests were administered to examine the effect of META060 on the glycemic response. RESULTS The HFD-fed mice administered META060 for 14 wk had a significantly lower mean weight than HFD-fed mice (30.58 ± 0.5 versus 37.88 ± 0.7 g, P < 0.05). Indirect calorimetric measurements showed an increased metabolic flexibility in mice supplemented with META060. In addition, glucose tolerance was improved, comparable to the effects of rosiglitazone treatment. CONCLUSIONS META060 has potential therapeutic value for managing obesity and insulin resistance, and further research into the mechanism of action is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene O C M Vroegrijk
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
van Diepen JA, Stienstra R, Vroegrijk IOCM, van den Berg SAA, Salvatori D, Hooiveld GJ, Kersten S, Tack CJ, Netea MG, Smit JWA, Joosten LAB, Havekes LM, van Dijk KW, Rensen PCN. Caspase-1 deficiency in mice reduces intestinal triglyceride absorption and hepatic triglyceride secretion. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:448-56. [PMID: 23160218 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 is known to activate the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Additionally, it can cleave other substrates, including proteins involved in metabolism. Recently, we showed that caspase-1 deficiency in mice strongly reduces high-fat diet-induced weight gain, at least partly caused by an increased energy production. Increased feces secretion by caspase-1-deficient mice suggests that lipid malabsorption possibly further reduces adipose tissue mass. In this study we investigated whether caspase-1 plays a role in triglyceride-(TG)-rich lipoprotein metabolism using caspase-1-deficient and wild-type mice. Caspase-1 deficiency reduced the postprandial TG response to an oral lipid load, whereas TG-derived fatty acid (FA) uptake by peripheral tissues was not affected, demonstrated by unaltered kinetics of [(3)H]TG-labeled very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-like emulsion particles. An oral gavage of [(3)H]TG-containing olive oil revealed that caspase-1 deficiency reduced TG absorption and subsequent uptake of TG-derived FA in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Similarly, despite an elevated hepatic TG content, caspase-1 deficiency reduced hepatic VLDL-TG production. Intestinal and hepatic gene expression analysis revealed that caspase-1 deficiency did not affect FA oxidation or FA uptake but rather reduced intracellular FA transport, thereby limiting lipid availability for the assembly and secretion of TG-rich lipoproteins. The current study reveals a novel function for caspase-1, or caspase-1-cleaved substrates, in controlling intestinal TG absorption and hepatic TG secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna A van Diepen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Auvinen HE, Romijn JA, Biermasz NR, Pijl H, Havekes LM, Smit JWA, Rensen PCN, Pereira AM. The effects of high fat diet on the basal activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. J Endocrinol 2012; 214:191-7. [PMID: 22619233 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity have been linked to the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Common features of the MetS, like insulin resistance and obesity, are reproducibly induced by high fat diet (HFD) in animal models of diet-induced obesity. These models, hampered by methodological differences, reveal conflicting results with respect to HPA axis activation. This study was aimed to evaluate in detail nonstressed diurnal HPA axis activity in mice during obesity development. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed high or low fat diet for 12 weeks. HPA axis activity was evaluated by plasma corticosterone concentrations (at 0700, 1200, and 1800 h), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression in the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 and -2 (11β-HSD-1 and -2) expression in adipose tissue and liver. Within 1 week, the HFD induced obesity and decreased corticosterone levels at 1200 and 1800 h, which persisted throughout the experiment. Twelve weeks of HFD decreased CRH mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and amygdala and GR mRNA in the PVN at 0900 h. At 1800 h, CRH mRNA expression increased in the PVN and amygdala, and GR mRNA increased in the CA1 region. 11β-HSD-1 expressions decreased in gonadal, visceral, and subcutaneous adipose tissues at 0900 and 1800 h, whereas hepatic 11β-HSD-1 expression increased at 1800 h, whereas 11β-HSD-2 expression was unaffected. The HFD induces complex changes in the diurnal regulation of the different components of the HPA axis. These changes are not unequivocally characterized by increased, but rather by decreased HPA axis activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Auvinen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vrins CLJ, Ottenhoff R, van den Oever K, de Waart DR, Kruyt JK, Zhao Y, van Berkel TJC, Havekes LM, Aerts JM, van Eck M, Rensen PCN, Groen AK. Trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux is not mediated through high density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2017-2023. [PMID: 22802462 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m022194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) provides an attractive target to increase body cholesterol excretion. At present, the cholesterol donor responsible for direct delivery of plasma cholesterol to the intestine is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of HDL in TICE. ATP-binding cassette protein A1 deficient (Abca1(-/-)) mice that lack HDL and wild-type (WT) mice were intravenously injected with chylomicron-like emulsion particles that contained radiolabeled cholesterol that is liberated in the liver and partly reenters the circulation. Both groups secreted radiolabeled cholesterol from plasma into intestinal lumen and TICE was unaltered between the two mouse models. To further investigate the role of HDL, we injected HDL with radiolabeled cholesterol in WT mice and Abca1(-/-)×Sr-b1(-/-) mice that lack HDL and are also unable to clear HDL via the liver. The intestines of both mice were unable to take up and secrete radiolabeled cholesterol from HDL via TICE. Although a generally accepted major player in the hepatobiliary route-based cholesterol excretion, HDL plays no significant role in TICE in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L J Vrins
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; AMC Tytgat Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dirk R de Waart
- AMC Tytgat Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Kar Kruyt
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhao
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J C van Berkel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Miranda van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics/Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Van Klinken JB, van den Berg SAA, Havekes LM, Willems Van Dijk K. Estimation of activity related energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate in freely moving mice from indirect calorimetry data. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36162. [PMID: 22574139 PMCID: PMC3344840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is a main determinant of total energy expenditure (TEE) and has been suggested to play a key role in body weight regulation. However, thus far it has been challenging to determine what part of the expended energy is due to activity in freely moving subjects. We developed a computational method to estimate activity related energy expenditure (AEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in mice from activity and indirect calorimetry data. The method is based on penalised spline regression and takes the time dependency of the RMR into account. In addition, estimates of AEE and RMR are corrected for the regression dilution bias that results from inaccurate PA measurements. We evaluated the performance of our method based on 500 simulated metabolic chamber datasets and compared it to that of conventional methods. It was found that for a sample time of 10 minutes the penalised spline model estimated the time-dependent RMR with 1.7 times higher accuracy than the Kalman filter and with 2.7 times higher accuracy than linear regression. We assessed the applicability of our method on experimental data in a case study involving high fat diet fed male and female C57Bl/6J mice. We found that TEE in male mice was higher due to a difference in RMR while AEE levels were similar in both groups, even though female mice were more active. Interestingly, the higher activity did not result in a difference in AEE because female mice had a lower caloric cost of activity, which was likely due to their lower body weight. In conclusion, TEE decomposition by means of penalised spline regression provides robust estimates of the time-dependent AEE and RMR and can be applied to data generated with generic metabolic chamber and indirect calorimetry set-ups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bert Van Klinken
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Auvinen HE, Romijn JA, Biermasz NR, Havekes LM, Smit JWA, Rensen PCN, Pereira AM. Effects of high fat diet on the Basal activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice: a systematic review. Horm Metab Res 2011; 43:899-906. [PMID: 22068812 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1291305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity is suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome. In diet-induced obesity mouse models, features of the metabolic syndrome are induced by feeding high fat diet. However, the models reveal conflicting results with respect to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis activation. The aim of this review was to assess the effects of high fat feeding on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis in mice. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane database, and Science Direct were electronically searched and reviewed by 2 individual researchers. We included only original mouse studies reporting parameters of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis after high fat feeding, and at least 1 basal corticosterone level with a proper control group. Studies with adrenalectomized mice, transgenic animals only, high fat diet for less than 2 weeks, or other interventions besides high fat diet, were excluded. 20 studies were included. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis evaluation was the primary research question in only 5 studies. Plasma corticosterone levels were unchanged in 40%, elevated in 30%, and decreased in 20% of the studies. The effects in the peripheral tissues and the central nervous system were also inconsistent. However, major differences were found between mouse strains, experimental conditions, and the content and duration of the diets. This systematic review demonstrates that the effects of high fat feeding on the basal activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis in mice are limited and inconclusive. Differences in experimental conditions hamper comparisons and accentuate the need for standardized evaluations to discern the effects of diet-induced obesity on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H E Auvinen
- Leiden University MedicalCenterDepartment of Endocrinologyand Metabolic Diseases, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
van Diepen JA, Vroegrijk IOCM, Berbée JFP, Shoelson SE, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, Rensen PCN, Voshol PJ. Aspirin reduces hypertriglyceridemia by lowering VLDL-triglyceride production in mice fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E1099-107. [PMID: 21862721 PMCID: PMC4116353 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00185.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is strongly involved in the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic risk factors that includes hypertriglyceridemia. Aspirin treatment lowers inflammation via inhibition of NF-κB activity but also reduces hypertriglyceridemia in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which aspirin improves hypertriglyceridemia. Human apolipoprotein CI (apoCI)-expressing mice (APOC1 mice), an animal model with elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, as well as normolipidemic wild-type (WT) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and treated with aspirin. Aspirin treatment reduced hepatic NF-κB activity in HFD-fed APOC1 and WT mice, and in addition, aspirin decreased plasma TG levels (-32%, P < 0.05) in hypertriglyceridemic APOC1 mice. This TG-lowering effect could not be explained by enhanced VLDL-TG clearance, but aspirin selectively reduced hepatic production of VLDL-TG in both APOC1 (-28%, P < 0.05) and WT mice (-33%, P < 0.05) without affecting VLDL-apoB production. Aspirin did not alter hepatic expression of genes involved in FA oxidation, lipogenesis, and VLDL production but decreased the incorporation of plasma-derived FA by the liver into VLDL-TG (-24%, P < 0.05), which was independent of hepatic expression of genes involved in FA uptake and transport. We conclude that aspirin improves hypertriglyceridemia by decreasing VLDL-TG production without affecting VLDL particle production. Therefore, the inhibition of inflammatory pathways by aspirin could be an interesting target for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna A van Diepen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Coomans CP, Biermasz NR, Geerling JJ, Guigas B, Rensen PCN, Havekes LM, Romijn JA. Stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose uptake by muscle involves the central nervous system in insulin-sensitive mice. Diabetes 2011; 60:3132-40. [PMID: 22028182 PMCID: PMC3219951 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin inhibits endogenous glucose production (EGP) and stimulates glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Hypothalamic insulin signaling is required for the inhibitory effects of insulin on EGP. We examined the contribution of central insulin signaling on circulating insulin-stimulated tissue-specific glucose uptake. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Tolbutamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP) channels), or vehicle was infused into the lateral ventricle in the basal state and during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic conditions in postabsorptive, chow-fed C57Bl/6J mice and in postabsorptive C57Bl/6J mice with diet-induced obesity. Whole-body glucose uptake was measured by d-[(14)C]glucose kinetics and tissue-specific glucose uptake by 2-deoxy-d-[(3)H]glucose uptake. RESULTS During clamp conditions, intracerebroventricular administration of tolbutamide impaired the ability of insulin to inhibit EGP by ∼20%. In addition, intracerebroventricular tolbutamide diminished insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle (by ∼59%) but not in heart or adipose tissue. In contrast, in insulin-resistant mice with diet-induced obesity, intracerebroventricular tolbutamide did not alter the effects of insulin during clamp conditions on EGP or glucose uptake by muscle. CONCLUSIONS Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in muscle in part through effects via K(ATP) channels in the central nervous system, in analogy with the inhibitory effects of insulin on EGP. High-fat diet-induced obesity abolished the central effects of insulin on liver and muscle. These observations stress the role of central insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of diet-induced insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Coomans
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wong MC, van Diepen JA, Hu L, Guigas B, de Boer HC, van Puijvelde GH, Kuiper J, van Zonneveld AJ, Shoelson SE, Voshol PJ, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, Tamsma JT, Rensen PCN, Hiemstra PS, Berbée JFP. Hepatocyte-specific IKKβ expression aggravates atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-Leiden mice. Atherosclerosis 2011; 220:362-8. [PMID: 21798539 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver is the key organ involved in systemic inflammation, but the relation between hepatic inflammation and atherogenesis is poorly understood. Since nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a central regulator of inflammatory processes, we hypothesized that chronically enhanced hepatic NF-κB activation, through hepatocyte-specific expression of IκB kinase-β (IKKβ) (LIKK), will aggravate atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-Leiden (E3L) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS E3L.LIKK and E3L control littermates were fed a Western-type diet for 24 weeks. E3L.LIKK mice showed a 2.3-fold increased atherosclerotic lesion area and more advanced atherosclerosis in the aortic root with less segments without atherosclerotic lesions (11% vs. 42%), and more segments with mild (63% vs. 44%) and severe (26% vs. 14%) lesions. Expression of LIKK did not affect basal levels of inflammatory parameters, but plasma cytokine levels tended to be higher in E3L.LIKK mice after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. E3L.LIKK mice showed transiently increased plasma cholesterol levels, confined to (V)LDL. This transient character resulted in a mild (+17%) increased cumulative plasma cholesterol exposure. CONCLUSION We conclude that selective activation of NF-κB in hepatocytes considerably promotes atherosclerosis development which is (at least partly) explained by an increased sensitivity to proinflammatory triggers and transiently increased plasma cholesterol levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man C Wong
- The Dept. of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bijland S, Rensen PCN, Pieterman EJ, Maas ACE, van der Hoorn JW, van Erk MJ, Havekes LM, Willems van Dijk K, Chang SC, Ehresman DJ, Butenhoff JL, Princen HMG. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates cause alkyl chain length-dependent hepatic steatosis and hypolipidemia mainly by impairing lipoprotein production in APOE*3-Leiden CETP mice. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:290-303. [PMID: 21705711 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are stable perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (PFAS) surfactants, and PFHxS and PFOS are frequently detected in human biomonitoring studies. Some epidemiological studies have shown modest positive correlations of serum PFOS with non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (C). This study investigated the mechanism underlying the effect of PFAS surfactants on lipoprotein metabolism. APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet with PFBS, PFHxS, or PFOS (30, 6, and 3 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 4-6 weeks. Whereas PFBS modestly reduced only plasma triglycerides (TG), PFHxS and PFOS markedly reduced TG, non-HDL-C, and HDL-C. The decrease in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was caused by enhanced lipoprotein lipase-mediated VLDL-TG clearance and by decreased production of VLDL-TG and VLDL-apolipoprotein B. Reduced HDL production, related to decreased apolipoprotein AI synthesis, resulted in decreased HDL. PFHxS and PFOS increased liver weight and hepatic TG content. Hepatic gene expression profiling data indicated that these effects were the combined result of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and pregnane X receptor activation. In conclusion, the potency of PFAS to affect lipoprotein metabolism increased with increasing alkyl chain length. PFHxS and PFOS reduce plasma TG and total cholesterol mainly by impairing lipoprotein production, implying that the reported positive correlations of serum PFOS and non-HDL-C are associative rather than causal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bijland
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Coomans CP, Geerling JJ, Guigas B, van den Hoek AM, Parlevliet ET, Ouwens DM, Pijl H, Voshol PJ, Rensen PCN, Havekes LM, Romijn JA. Circulating insulin stimulates fatty acid retention in white adipose tissue via KATP channel activation in the central nervous system only in insulin-sensitive mice. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1712-22. [PMID: 21700834 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m015396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) is required for the inhibitory effect of insulin on glucose production. Our aim was to determine whether the CNS is also involved in the stimulatory effect of circulating insulin on the tissue-specific retention of fatty acid (FA) from plasma. In wild-type mice, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp conditions stimulated the retention of both plasma triglyceride-derived FA and plasma albumin-bound FA in the various white adipose tissues (WAT) but not in other tissues, including brown adipose tissue (BAT). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of insulin induced a similar pattern of tissue-specific FA partitioning. This effect of ICV insulin administration was not associated with activation of the insulin signaling pathway in adipose tissue. ICV administration of tolbutamide, a K(ATP) channel blocker, considerably reduced (during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp conditions) and even completely blocked (during ICV administration of insulin) WAT-specific retention of FA from plasma. This central effect of insulin was absent in CD36-deficient mice, indicating that CD36 is the predominant FA transporter in insulin-stimulated FA retention by WAT. In diet-induced insulin-resistant mice, these stimulating effects of insulin (circulating or ICV administered) on FA retention in WAT were lost. In conclusion, in insulin-sensitive mice, circulating insulin stimulates tissue-specific partitioning of plasma-derived FA in WAT in part through activation of K(ATP) channels in the CNS. Apparently, circulating insulin stimulates fatty acid uptake in WAT but not in BAT, directly and indirectly through the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Coomans
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang Y, Berbée JFP, Stroes ES, Smit JWA, Havekes LM, Romijn JA, Rensen PCN. CETP expression reverses the reconstituted HDL-induced increase in VLDL. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1533-41. [PMID: 21606464 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m016659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human data suggest that reconstituted HDL (rHDL) infusion can induce atherosclerosis regression. Studies in mice indicated that rHDL infusion adversely affects VLDL levels, but this effect is less apparent in humans. This discrepancy may be explained by the fact that humans, in contrast to mice, express cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CETP in the effects of rHDL on VLDL metabolism by using APOE*3-Leiden (E3L) mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism. At 1 h after injection, rHDL increased plasma VLDL-C and TG in E3L mice, but not in E3L mice cross-bred onto a human CETP background (E3L.CETP mice). This initial raise in VLDL, caused by competition between rHDL and VLDL for LPL-mediated TG hydrolysis, was thus prevented by CETP. At 24 h after injection, rHDL caused a second increase in VLDL-C and TG in E3L mice, whereas rHDL had even decreased VLDL in E3L.CETP mice. This secondary raise in VLDL was due to increased hepatic VLDL-TG production. Collectively, we conclude that CETP protects against the rHDL-induced increase in VLDL. We anticipate that studies evaluating the anti-atherosclerotic efficacy of rHDL in mice that are naturally deficient for CETP should be interpreted with caution, and that treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia by rHDL should not be combined with agents that aggressively reduce CETP activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hu C, Wei H, van den Hoek AM, Wang M, van der Heijden R, Spijksma G, Reijmers TH, Bouwman J, Wopereis S, Havekes LM, Verheij E, Hankemeier T, Xu G, van der Greef J. Plasma and liver lipidomics response to an intervention of rimonabant in ApoE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19423. [PMID: 21611179 PMCID: PMC3096625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids are known to play crucial roles in the development of life-style related risk factors such as obesity, dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension and diabetes. The first selective cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant, an anorectic anti-obesity drug, was frequently used in conjunction with diet and exercise for patients with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2 with associated risk factors such as type II diabetes and dyslipidaemia in the past. Less is known about the impact of this drug on the regulation of lipid metabolism in plasma and liver in the early stage of obesity. Methodology/Principal Findings We designed a four-week parallel controlled intervention on apolipoprotein E3 Leiden cholesteryl ester transfer protein (ApoE*3Leiden.CETP) transgenic mice with mild overweight and hypercholesterolemia. A liquid chromatography–linear ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometric approach was employed to investigate plasma and liver lipid responses to the rimonabant intervention. Rimonabant was found to induce a significant body weight loss (9.4%, p<0.05) and a significant plasma total cholesterol reduction (24%, p<0.05). Six plasma and three liver lipids in ApoE*3Leiden.CETP transgenic mice were detected to most significantly respond to rimonabant treatment. Distinct lipid patterns between the mice were observed for both plasma and liver samples in rimonabant treatment vs. non-treated controls. This study successfully applied, for the first time, systems biology based lipidomics approaches to evaluate treatment effects of rimonabant in the early stage of obesity. Conclusion The effects of rimonabant on lipid metabolism and body weight reduction in the early stage obesity were shown to be moderate in ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice on high-fat diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Heng Wei
- Sino-Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mei Wang
- Sino-Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- SU BioMedicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Heijden
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Spijksma
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H. Reijmers
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elwin Verheij
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Sino-Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (JvdG); (GX)
| | - Jan van der Greef
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Sino-Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- SU BioMedicine, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (JvdG); (GX)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
van Diepen JA, Wong MC, Guigas B, Bos J, Stienstra R, Hodson L, Shoelson SE, Berbée JFP, Rensen PCN, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, Voshol PJ. Hepatocyte-specific IKK-β activation enhances VLDL-triglyceride production in APOE*3-Leiden mice. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:942-50. [PMID: 21357939 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation in different tissues, including activation of the nuclear factor κB pathway in liver, is involved in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this study, we investigated the relation between chronic hepatocyte-specific overexpression of IkB kinase (IKK)-β and hypertriglyceridemia, an important risk factor for CVD, by evaluating whether activation of IKK-β only in the hepatocyte affects VLDL-triglyceride (TG) metabolism directly. Transgenic overexpression of constitutively active human IKK-β specifically in hepatocytes of hyperlipidemic APOE*3-Leiden mice clearly induced hypertriglyceridemia. Mechanistic in vivo studies revealed that the hypertriglyceridemia was caused by increased hepatic VLDL-TG production rather than a change in plasma VLDL-TG clearance. Studies in primary hepatocytes showed that IKK-β overexpression also enhances TG secretion in vitro, indicating a direct relation between IKK-β activation and TG production within the hepatocyte. Hepatic lipid analysis and hepatic gene expression analysis of pathways involved in lipid metabolism suggested that hepatocyte-specific IKK-β overexpression increases VLDL production not by increased steatosis or decreased FA oxidation, but most likely by carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein-mediated upregulation of Fas expression. These findings implicate that specific activation of inflammatory pathways exclusively within hepatocytes induces hypertriglyceridemia. Furthermore, we identify the hepatocytic IKK-β pathway as a possible target to treat hypertriglyceridemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna A van Diepen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|