Aortic Calcification Increases the Risk of Anastomotic Leakage After Ivor-Lewis Esophagectomy

Major coronary artery calcifications as predictors of postoperative complications in Ivor Lewis esophagectomies: a five-year retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine the relationship between preoperative arterial calcifications and postoperative outcomes after Ivor Lewis esophagectomies.

METHODS

This was a single-center retrospective review of Ivor Lewis esophagectomies from 2013 to 2018. Preoperative CT imaging was reviewed, and arterial calcifications were graded (absent, minor, or major) in various locations. The primary outcome included major complications (defined by the Clavien-Dindo classification III-V) and the secondary outcomes were 90-day reoperations, readmissions, and mortality. Significant associations (p < 0.05) between calcifications and outcomes on univariable analysis were evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression model (odds ratios, OR; 95% confidence intervals, CI).

RESULTS

One hundred patients underwent esophagectomies from 2013 to 2018 (79% male, 90% White, median age 68 years), and 85% were classified as ASA III. Ninety-four patients had accessible preoperative imaging. Arterial calcifications in specific areas were observed: 82 in coronary arteries (major in 33 patients), 54 in the aortic valve, 78 in supra-aortic arteries, 79 in the thoracic aorta, 82 in the abdominal aorta, and 71 in common iliac. Furthermore, 60 patients exhibited celiac axis calcifications, with 40 patients classified as major. Twenty-five patients experienced major complications. Anastomotic leak occurred in two patients, and graft necrosis occurred in one patient. Ninety-day readmission was 10%, reoperation was 12%, and mortality was 4%. On univariable analysis, major coronary artery calcifications were significantly associated with major complications (OR 4.04; 95% CI 1.34-12.16; p = 0.02) and 90-day readmissions (OR 8.20; 95% CI 1.01-68.47; p = 0.04). However, no significant associations were identified between 90-day reoperations or mortality and arterial calcifications.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that preoperative coronary calcifications increase the risk of postoperative complications, as this may be a surrogate of overall health. Nonetheless, the correlation between splanchnic calcifications and postoperative outcomes needs further exploration.

Sex differences in survival following surgery for esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The impact of sex on the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer remains unclear. Evidence supports that sex- based disparities in esophageal cancer survival could be attributed to sex- specific risk exposures, such as age at diagnosis, race, socioeconomic status, smoking, drinking, and histological type. The aim of our study is to investigate the role of sex disparities in survival of patients who underwent surgery for esophageal cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature in PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL from December 1966 to February 2023, was held. Studies that reported sex-related differences in survival outcomes of patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer were identified. A total of 314 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Statistically significant results derived from 1-year and 2-year overall survival pooled analysis with Relative Risk (RR) 0.93 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.90-0.97, I2 = 52.00) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85-0.95, I2 = 0.00), respectively (RR < 1 = favorable for men). In the postoperative complications analysis, statistically significant results concerned anastomotic leak and heart complications, RR: 1.08 (95% CI: 1.01-1.16) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.52-0.75), respectively. Subgroup analysis was performed among studies with <200 and > 200 patients, histology types, study continent and publication year. Overall, sex tends to be an independent prognostic factor for esophageal carcinoma. However, unanimous results seem rather obscure when multivariable analysis and subgroup analysis occurred. More prospective studies and gender-specific protocols should be conducted to better understand the modifying role of sex in esophageal cancer prognosis.

Does aortic calcification really affect anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery?

The purpose of the current study was to analyze whether aortic calcification had impact on the anastomotic leakage (AL) after rectal cancer (RC) surgery. We collected patients' information from January 2011 to January 2020 in a single teaching hospital. Preoperative computed tomography images were obtained. Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), superior mesenteric aortic calcification, and inferior mesenteric aortic calcification were recorded. The difference of AL and grade C AL was calculated. A total of 2412 RC patients were included in this study. Ninety-seven (4.0%) RC patients experienced AL and 47 (1.9%) RC patients experienced grade C AL. The amount of AAC, superior mesenteric aortic calcification, and inferior mesenteric aortic calcification was 1546 (64.1%), 128 (5.3%), and 31 (1.3%). The AL group had higher portion of AAC (P = .019) than the no AL group, and the grade C AL group had higher portion of AAC (P = .016) than the no grade C AL group. In univariate logistic regression analysis, AAC was a significant potential factor for AL (P = .021, OR = 1.739, 95% CI = 1.088-2.779) and grade C AL (P = .019, OR = 2.339, 95% CI = 1.115-4.986). However, in multivariate logistic regression, AAC was not an independent predictive factor for AL (P = .157, OR = 1.443, 95% CI = 0.871-2.358) or grade C AL (P = .064, OR = 2.055, 95% CI = 0.960-4.399). AAC was associated with higher amount of AL and grade C AL, however, AAC was not an independent predictive factor for AL or grade C AL.

Predictors of anastomotic leak and conduit necrosis after oesophagectomy: Results from the oesophago-gastric anastomosis audit (OGAA)

BACKGROUND

Both anastomotic leak (AL) and conduit necrosis (CN) after oesophagectomy are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the identification of preoperative, modifiable risk factors is desirable. The aim of this study was to generate a risk scoring model for AL and CN after oesophagectomy.

METHODS

Patients undergoing curative resection for oesophageal cancer were identified from the international Oesophagogastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA) from April 2018-December 2018. Definitions for AL and CN were those set out by the Oesophageal Complications Consensus Group. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for both AL and CN. A risk score was then produced for both AL and CN using the derivation set, then internally validated using the validation set.

RESULTS

This study included 2247 oesophagectomies across 137 hospitals in 41 countries. The AL rate was 14.2% and CN rate was 2.7%. Preoperative factors that were independent predictors of AL were cardiovascular comorbidity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The risk scoring model showed insufficient predictive ability in internal validation (area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve [AUROC] = 0.618). Preoperative factors that were independent predictors of CN were: body mass index, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, previous myocardial infarction and smoking history. These were converted into a risk-scoring model and internally validated using the validation set with an AUROC of 0.775.

CONCLUSION

Despite a large dataset, AL proves difficult to predict using preoperative factors. The risk-scoring model for CN provides an internally validated tool to estimate a patient's risk preoperatively.

Calcifications in the descending thoracic aorta predict postoperative anastomotic leakages after esophagectomy for cancer

BACKGROUND

Anastomotic leak is one of the most feared complications of esophagectomy. Previous studies have suggested a potential link between aortic calcifications detected on routine preoperative CT scans and increased risk of anastomotic leak after esophagectomy. This study aims to investigate whether clinicians' assessment of aortic calcifications can predict the occurrence of anastomotic leaks in patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer.

METHODS

A long-term follow-up was conducted on consecutive patients with esophageal cancer who underwent elective open esophagectomy at a Finnish tertiary hospital. Aortic calcifications were evaluated based on CT scans and categorized on a 0-3 scale reflecting the number of calcifications in the affected segment of the aorta. Reviewers assessing the calcifications were blinded to clinical details and postoperative outcomes.

RESULTS

The study included 97 patients (median age: 64 years and range: 43-78; 20% female), with a median follow-up time of 1307 (2-1540) days. Among them, 22 patients (23%) had postoperative anastomotic leak. We observed a significant association between calcifications in the descending aorta and a higher risk of anastomotic leak (p = 0.007), as well as an earlier occurrence of leak postoperatively (p = 0.013). However, there was no association between aortic calcifications and increased mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Presence of calcifications in the descending aorta is independently associated with an increased risk of anastomotic leaks following esophagectomy for cancer. Identifying patients at higher risk for this complication could facilitate appropriate pre- and postoperative interventions, as well as enable earlier diagnosis and treatment to mitigate the severity of the complication.

Quantifying the calcification of abdominal aorta and major side branches with deep learning

AIM

To explore the possibility of a neural network-based method for quantifying calcifications of the abdominal aorta and its branches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In total, 58 computed tomography (CT) angiography volumes were selected from a dataset of 609 to represent different stages of sclerosis. The ground truth segmentations of the abdominal aorta, coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, common iliac arteries, and their calcifications were delineated manually. Two V-Net ensemble models were trained, one for segmenting arteries of interest and another for calcifications. The branches of interest were shortened algorithmically. The volumes of calcification were then evaluated from the arteries of interest.

RESULTS

The results indicate that automatic detection is possible with a high correlation to the ground truth. The scores for the ensemble calcification model were dice score of 0.69 and volumetric similarity (VS) of 0.80 and for the arteries of interest segmentations: aorta: dice 0.96, VS 0.98; aortic branches: dice 0.74, VS 0.87; and common iliac arteries: dice 0.72, VS 0.91.

CONCLUSIONS

The presented neural network model is the first to be capable of automatically segmenting, in addition to calcification, both the aorta and its branches from contrast-enhanced CT angiography. This technology shows promise in addressing limitations inherent in earlier methods that relied solely on plain CT.

Intraoperative Laparoscopic Hyperspectral Imaging during Esophagectomy-A Pilot Study Evaluating Esophagogastric Perfusion at the Anastomotic Sites

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a non-invasive and contactless technique that enables the real-time acquisition of comprehensive information on tissue within the surgical field. In this pilot study, we investigated whether a new HSI system for minimally-invasive surgery, TIVITA® Mini (HSI-MIS), provides reliable insights into tissue perfusion of the proximal and distal esophagogastric anastomotic sites during 21 laparoscopic/thoracoscopic or robotic Ivor Lewis esophagectomies of patients with cancer to minimize the risk of dreaded anastomotic insufficiency. In this pioneering investigation, physiological tissue parameters were derived from HSI measurements of the proximal site of the anastomosis (esophageal stump) and the distal site of the anastomosis (tip of the gastric conduit) during the thoracic phase of the procedure. Tissue oxygenation (StO2), Near Infrared Perfusion Index (NIR-PI), and Tissue Water Index (TWI) showed similar median values at both anastomotic sites. Significant differences were observed only for NIR-PI (median: 76.5 vs. 63.9; p = 0.012) at the distal site (gastric conduit) compared to our previous study using an HSI system for open surgery. For all 21 patients, reliable and informative measurements were attainable, confirming the feasibility of HSI-MIS to assess anastomotic viability. Further studies on the added benefit of this new technique aiming to reduce anastomotic insufficiency are warranted.

The aortic calcification is a risk factor for colorectal anastomotic leakage

PURPOSE

The current pooling up analysis aimed to evaluate whether aortic calcification (AC) was a potential risk factor for anastomotic leakage (AL) after colorectal surgery.

METHODS

In this study, we searched studies in three databases including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library on April 20, 2022. In order to investigate the association between AC and AL, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of AC were pooled up. Our study was performed with RevMan 5.3 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.

RESULTS

We finally enrolled eight studies involving 1955 patients for statistical analysis. As for all patients, we found that AC could significantly increase the risk of AL after surgery (HR = 2.31, I2 = 0%, 95%CI = 1.58 to 3.38, P < 0.01). In five studies including patients undergoing colorectal surgery (benign diseases and cancers), AC was also a risk factor for AL (HR = 3.30, I2 = 2%; 95%CI = 1.83 to 5.95, P < 0.01). In terms of the other three studies that only included CRC patients, there was still a correction between AC and AL (HR = 1.80, I2 = 0%, 95%CI = 1.10 to 2.96, P = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

Patients with AC were more likely to develop AL after colorectal surgery. Moreover, subgroup analysis suggested that AC was a predictor for AL after CRC surgery.

Pattern of Aorto-coeliac Calcification Correlating Cervical Esophago-gastric Anastomotic Leak After Esophagectomy for Cancer: a Retrospective Study

PURPOSE

Cervical esophagogastric anastomotic leak (CEGAL) is a troublesome complication after esophagectomy and gastric pull-up. The aim of the study was to identify the preoperative clinical and radiological factors associated with increased risk of CEGAL.

METHODS

Consecutive patients whose clinical and imaging data were available and who underwent cervical esophago-gastric anastomosis following esophagectomy and gastric pull-up for esophageal cancer, between January 2013 and January 2021, were included. The patient details were collected from a prospectively maintained database. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data including preoperative hemoglobin and serum albumin levels were recorded. Preoperative computed tomographic (CT) images were reviewed by two independent radiologists to assign vascular calcification scores for proximal aorta, distal aorta, aortic bifurcation, celiac trunk, and celiac artery branches. The primary outcome evaluated was clinically evident neck leak. Univariate and multivariate analysis of the clinical and radiological factors was performed to identify significant predictors.

RESULTS

A total of 100 patients (mean age: 54.7 years; 60 males, 40 females) were included in the study and of them, 27 developed CEGAL. Compared to the group without CEGAL, the patient group with CEGAL had significantly higher mean age (60.3 vs. 52.7 years, p < 0.01), and higher incidences of diabetes mellitus (25.9% vs 10.9%, p = 0.03), major proximal aortic calcification (29.6% vs. 6.3%, p < 0.01), and major celiac trunk calcification (22.2% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.02). Multivariate regression analysis identified age and presence of major proximal aortic calcification as independent risk factors for the development of CEGAL.

CONCLUSION

Major calcification of the proximal aorta and advanced age are independent risk factors for CEGAL after esophagectomy.

Preoperative assessment of blood supply and its role in predicting anastomotic leak

BACKGROUND

Anastomosis leak is one of the significant postoperative complications after colorectal surgery. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the evidence relative to the preoperative assessment of the colon and rectum blood supply and to investigate its role in predicting anastomosis leak.

METHOD

This systematic review was conducted according to the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook for Reviews of Interventions and reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify eligible studies. The main outcome variable was the preoperative assessment of patterns of blood supply to the colon and the impact of these patterns on anastomosis leak. The quality of bias control in the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the included studies, no meta-analysis was conducted.

RESULTS

Fourteen studies were included. The study covered a period from 1978 to 2021. A significant degree of variation in the arterial and/or venous supply of the colon and rectum might influence anastomosis leak rates. Calcification in great blood vessels can be assessed with a preoperative computed tomography scan, which may predict anastomosis leak rates. This is supported by many experimental studies that showed increased rates of anastomosis leak after preoperative ischemia, but the extent of this impact is not well established.

CONCLUSION

Preoperative assessment of blood supply to the colon and rectum might help in planning the surgical intervention to reduce anastomosis leak rates. Calcium scoring of major arteries might predict anastomosis leak and thus play a crucial role in intraoperative decision-making.

Development of nomograms predictive of anastomotic leakage in patients before minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy

Purpose

The present study aims to identify factors related to anastomotic leakage before esophagectomy and to construct a prediction model.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 285 patients who underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE). An absolute shrinkage and selection operator was applied to screen the variables, and predictive models were developed using binary logistic regression.

Results

A total of 28 variables were collected in this study. LASSO regression analysis, combined with previous literature and clinical experience, finally screened out four variables, including aortic calcification, heart disease, BMI, and FEV1. A binary logistic regression was conducted on the four predictors, and a prediction model was established. The prediction model showed good discrimination and calibration, with a C-statistic of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.593-0.743), a calibration curve fitting a 45° slope, and a Brier score of 0.179. The DCA demonstrated that the prediction nomogram was clinically useful. In the internal validation, the C-statistic still reaches 0.66, and the calibration curve has a good effect.

Conclusions

When patients have aortic calcification, heart disease, obesity, and a low FEV1, the risk of anastomotic leakage is higher, and relevant surgical techniques can be used to prevent it. Therefore, the clinical prediction model is a practical tool to guide surgeons in the primary prevention of anastomotic leakage.

Risk Factors and Effect of Intrathoracic Anastomotic Leakage after Esophagectomy for Underlying Malignancy-A Ten-Year Analysis at a Tertiary University Centre

Aim: Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for curable esophageal cancer patients. Anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy with an intrathoracic anastomosis is the most feared complication, and is the main cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with anastomotic leakage and its effect on the postoperative outcome. Methods: Between 2012 and 2022, all patients who underwent Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for underlying malignancy were included in this study. We performed a retrospective analysis of 174 patients. The dataset was analyzed to identify risk factors for the occurrence of anastomotic leakage. Results: A total of 174 patients were evaluated. The overall anastomotic leakage rate was 18.96%. The 30-day mortality rate was 8.62%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified diabetes (p = 0.0020) and obesity (p = 0.027) as independent risk factors associated with anastomotic leakage. AL had a drastic effect on the combined ICU/IMC and overall hospital stay (p < 0.001. Conclusion: Anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy with intrathoracic anastomosis is the most feared complication and major cause of morbidity and mortality. Identifying risk factors preoperatively can contribute to better patient management.

Transthoracic Esophagectomy: Hand-sewn Versus Side-to-side Linear-stapled Versus Circular-stapled Anastomosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Three anastomotic techniques are mostly used to create an esophagogastric anastomosis in a transthoracic esophagectomy: hand-sewn (HS), side-to-side linear-stapled (SSLS), and circular-stapled (CS). The aim of this study was to compare surgical outcomes after HS, SSLS, and CS intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic review using the MEDLINE database was performed to identify original articles analyzing outcomes after HS, SSLS, and CS esophagogastric anastomosis. The main outcome was an anastomotic leakage rate. Secondary outcomes included overall morbidity, major morbidity, and mortality. A meta-analysis of proportions and linear regression models were used to assess the effect of each anastomotic technique on the different outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 101 studies comprising 12,595 patients were included; 8835 (70.1%) with CS, 2532 (20.1%) with HS, and 1228 (9.8%) with SSLS anastomosis. Anastomotic leak occurred in 10% [95% confidence interval (CI), 6%-15%], 9% (95% CI, 6%-13%), and 6% (95% CI, 5%-7%) of patients after HS, SSLS, and CS anastomosis, respectively. Risk of anastomotic leakage was significantly higher with HS anastomosis (odds ratio=1.73, 95% CI: 1.47-2.03, P<0.0001) and SSLS (odds ratio=1.68, 95% CI: 1.36-2.08, P<0.0001), as compared with CS. Overall morbidity (HS: 52% vs. SLSS: 39% vs. CS: 35%) and major morbidity (HS: 33% vs. CS: 19%) rates were significantly lower with CS anastomosis. Mortality rate was 4% (95% CI, 3%-6%), 2% (95% CI, 2%-3%), and 3% (95% CI, 3%-4%) after HS, SSLS, and CS anastomosis, respectively.

CONCLUSION

HS and SSLS intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomoses are associated with significantly higher rates of an anastomotic leak than CS anastomosis.

Association between Vascular Calcification and Esophagojejunal Anastomotic Complications after Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: A Propensity-Matched Study

Esophagojejunal anastomosis (EJA) complications after total gastrectomy are related to significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between arterial calcifications and EJA complications such as leak and stricture for gastric cancer. Between January 2014 and October 2019, 30 patients with EJA complications after total gastrectomy were enrolled and matched to 30 patients without complications through retrospective data review. Arterial calcification grade on preoperative computed tomography (CT) was reported in the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) as “absent”, “minor”, or “major”, and in the jejunal vascular arcade (JVA) and left inferior phrenic artery (LIPA) as “absent” or “present”. A Chi-square test was used to compare the variables between the two groups. p-Value < 0.050 was considered statistically significant. Among 30 patients, the numbers of patients with leak and stricture were 23 and seven, respectively. Aortic calcifications were not associated with EJA complications regardless of their grade (p = 0.440). Only major SMA calcifications were associated with EJA complications, as they were present in five patients (16.7%) in the complication group and absent in the non-complication group (p = 0.020). Major SMA calcifications were more related to anastomotic stricture than leak. Three (13.0%) out of 23 patients with leak and two (28.6%) out of seven with stricture had major SMA calcifications (p = 0.028). No calcifications were detected in the JVA or LIPA in any of the 60 patients. Major SMA calcifications were found to be associated with EJA complications, especially in stricture.

Role of Radiology in the Preoperative Detection of Arterial Calcification and Celiac Trunk Stenosis and Its Association with Anastomotic Leakage Post Esophagectomy, an Up-to-Date Review of the Literature

Simple Summary

Esophageal cancer is the sixth deadliest among all cancers worldwide. Multimodal treatment, including surgical resection of the esophagus, offers the potential for cure even in advanced cases, but esophagectomy is still associated with serious complications. Among these, anastomotic leakage has the most significant clinical impact, both in terms of prognosis and health-related quality of life. Identifying patients at a high risk for leakage is of great importance in order to modify their treatment and, if possible, avoid this complication. This review aims to study the current literature regarding the role of radiology in detecting potential risk factors associated with anastomotic leakage. The measurement of calcium plaques on the aorta, as well as the detection of narrowing of the celiac trunk and its branches, can be easily assessed by preoperative computed tomography, and can be used to individualize perioperative patient management to effectively reduce the rate of leakage.

Abstract

Surgical resection of the esophagus remains a critical component of the multimodal treatment of esophageal cancer. Anastomotic leakage (AL) is the most significant complication following esophagectomy, in terms of clinical implications. Identifying risk factors for AL is important for modifying patient management and improving surgical outcomes. This review aims to examine the role of radiological risk factors for AL after esophagectomy, and in particular, arterial calcification and celiac trunk stenosis. Eligible publications prior to 25 August 2021 were retrieved from Medline and Google Scholar using a predefined search algorithm. A total of 68 publications were identified, of which 9 original studies remained for in-depth analysis. The majority of these studies found correlations between calcifications in the aorta, celiac trunk, and right post-celiac arteries and AL following esophagectomy. Some studies suggest celiac trunk stenosis as a more appropriate surrogate. Our up-to-date review highlights the need for automated quantification of aortic calcifications, as well as the degree of celiac trunk stenosis in preoperative computed tomography in patients undergoing esophagectomy, to obtain robust and reproducible measurements that can be used for a definite correlation.

The ISCON-trial protocol: laparoscopic ischemic conditioning prior to esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer and arterial calcifications

Background

Anastomotic leakage is the most important surgical complication following esophagectomy. A major cause of leakage is ischemia of the gastric tube that is used for reconstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Generalized cardiovascular disease, expressed by calcifications of the aorta and celiac axis stenosis on a pre-operative CT scan, is associated with an increased risk of anastomotic leakage. Laparoscopic ischemic conditioning (ISCON) aims to redistribute blood flow and increase perfusion at the anastomotic site by occluding the left gastric, left gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries prior to esophagectomy. This study aims to assess the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic ISCON in selected patients with esophageal cancer and concomitant arterial calcifications.

Methods

In this prospective single-arm safety and feasibility trial based upon the IDEAL recommendations for surgical innovation, a total of 20 patients will be included recruited in 2 European high-volume centers for esophageal cancer surgery. Patients with resectable esophageal carcinoma (cT1-4a, N0–3, M0) with “major calcifications” of the thoracic aorta accordingly to the Uniform Calcification Score (UCS) or a stenosis of the celiac axis accordingly to the modified North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) score on preoperative CT scan, who are planned to undergo esophagectomy are eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome variables are complications grade 2 and higher (Clavien-Dindo classification) occurring during or after laparoscopic ISCON and before esophagectomy. Secondary outcomes include intra- and postoperative complications of esophagectomy and the induction of angiogenesis by biomarkers of microcirculation and redistribution of blood flow by measurement of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography.

Discussion

We hypothesize that in selected patients with impaired vascularization of the gastric tube, laparoscopic ISCON is feasible and can be safely performed 12–18 days prior to esophagectomy. Depending on the results, a randomized controlled trial will be needed to investigate whether ISCON leads to a lower percentage and less severe course of anastomotic leakage in selected patients.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03896399. Registered 4 January 2019.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09231-x.

Surgical outcomes after totally minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

A transthoracic esophagectomy is associated with high rates of morbidity. Minimally invasive esophagectomy has emerged to decrease such morbidity. The aim of this study was to accurately determine surgical outcomes after totally minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis Esophagectomy (TMIE).

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed to identify original articles analyzing patients who underwent TMIE. Main outcomes included overall morbidity, major morbidity, pneumonia, arrhythmia, anastomotic leak, chyle leak, and mortality. A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the overall weighted proportion and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for each analyzed outcome.

RESULTS

A total of 5619 patients were included for analysis; 4781 (85.1%) underwent a laparoscopic/thoracoscopic esophagectomy and 838 (14.9%) a robotic-assisted esophagectomy. Mean age of patients was 63.5 (55-67) years and 75.8% were male. Overall morbidity and major morbidity rates were 39% (95% CI, 33%-45%) and 20% (95% CI, 13%-28%), respectively. Postoperative pneumonia and arrhythmia rates were 10% (95% CI, 8%-13%) and 12% (95% CI, 8%-17%), respectively. Anastomotic leak rate across studies was 8% (95% CI, 6%-10%). Chyle leak rate was 3% (95% CI, 2%-5%). Mortality rate was 2% (95% CI, 2%-2%). Median ICU stay and length of hospital stay were 2 (1-4) and 11.2 (7-20) days, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Totally minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy is a challenging procedure with high morbidity rates. Strategies to enhance postoperative outcomes after this operation are still needed.

Arterial calcification on preoperative computed tomography imaging as a risk factor for pharyngocutaneous fistula formation after total laryngectomy

BACKGROUND

Research in esophageal surgery showed that computed tomography (CT) assessed arterial calcification (AC) is associated with postoperative complications. We investigated the association between AC and pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) formation after laryngectomy.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing laryngectomy. AC was scored at 10 different anatomical locations on CT imaging, blinded for PCF occurrence. Association with PCF was investigated using logistic regression.

RESULTS

The 224 patients were included; 62 (27.7%) developed a PCF. Moderate to severe AC was widespread in patients undergoing TL; 7.1% of patients had at most mild AC, of whom 1 experienced a PCF (p = 0.05). A higher cumulative calcification score was associated with PCF in univariable (OR 1.11, p = 0.04) and multivariable analysis (OR 1.14, p = 0.05).

CONCLUSION

AC is widespread in patients undergoing laryngectomy and its burden is associated with PCF. Extensive AC on preoperative imaging may be considered a risk factor for PCF.

Imaging of postoperative complications following Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy

Postoperative imaging plays a key role in the identification of complications after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (ILE). Careful analysis of imaging examinations can help identify the cause of the presenting symptoms and the mechanism of the complication. The complex surgical procedure used in ILE results in anatomical changes that make imaging interpretation challenging for many radiologists. The purpose of this review was to make radiologists more familiar with the imaging findings of normal anatomical changes and those of complications following ILE to enable accurate evaluation of patients with an altered postoperative course. Anastomotic leak, gastric conduit necrosis and pleuropulmonary complications are the most serious complications after ILE. Computed tomography used in conjunction with oral administration of contrast material is the preferred diagnostic tool, although it conveys limited sensitivity for the diagnosis of anastomotic fistula. In combination with early endoscopic assessment, it can also help early recognition of complications and appropriate therapeutic management.

Patient-Related Prognostic Factors for Anastomotic Leakage, Major Complications, and Short-Term Mortality Following Esophagectomy for Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to identify preoperative patient-related prognostic factors for anastomotic leakage, mortality, and major complications in patients undergoing oncological esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND

Esophagectomy is a high-risk procedure with an incidence of major complications around 25% and short-term mortality around 4%.

METHODS

We systematically searched the Medline and Embase databases for studies investigating the associations between patient-related prognostic factors and anastomotic leakage, major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ IIIa), and/or 30-day/in-hospital mortality after esophagectomy for cancer.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine eligible studies identifying 37 prognostic factors were included. Cardiac comorbidity was associated with anastomotic leakage, major complications, and mortality. Male sex and diabetes were prognostic factors for anastomotic leakage and major complications. Additionally, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score > III and renal disease were associated with anastomotic leakage and mortality. Pulmonary comorbidity, vascular comorbidity, hypertension, and adenocarcinoma tumor histology were identified as prognostic factors for anastomotic leakage. Age > 70 years, habitual alcohol usage, and body mass index (BMI) 18.5-25 kg/m² were associated with increased risk for mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Various patient-related prognostic factors are associated with anastomotic leakage, major postoperative complications, and postoperative mortality following oncological esophagectomy. This knowledge may define case-mix adjustment models used in benchmarking or auditing and may assist in selection of patients eligible for surgery or tailored perioperative care.

Minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy: Robot-assisted versus laparoscopic-thoracoscopic technique. Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Evidence comparing conventional minimally invasive esophagectomy (CMIE) via laparoscopy and thoracoscopy with robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) is scarce. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare surgical outcomes after CMIE and RAMIE with an intrathoracic anastomosis.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed to identify original articles analyzing outcomes after CMIE and RAMIE. Main surgical outcomes included operative time, intraoperative blood loss, anastomotic leak rates, pneumonia, overall morbidity, length of stay (LOS), and 30-day mortality. Oncologic outcomes included lymph node yield and R0 resections rates. A meta-analysis of proportions and linear regression models were used to assess the effect of each procedure on the different outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 6,249 patients were included for analysis; 5,275 (84%) underwent CMIE and 974 (16%) RAMIE. Robotic esophagectomy had longer operative time and less intraoperative blood loss. Anastomotic leakage rates were similar with both approaches. Patients undergoing RAMIE had significantly lower rates of postoperative pneumonia (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.35-0.61, P < .0001) and overall morbidity (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.58-0.79, P < .0001). Median LOS was similar in both procedures (RAMIE: 12.1 versus CMIE: 11.9 days, P = .64). Similar mortality rates were found after RAMIE and CMIE (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.34-1.38, P = .29). Lymph node yield was similar in both procedures, but RAMIE was associated with higher rates of R0 resection (OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.53-5.26, P < .001).

CONCLUSION

Patients undergoing robotic esophagectomy have less intraoperative blood loss, lower rates of postoperative pneumonia, reduced overall morbidity, and higher rates of R0 resections, as compared with those undergoing a laparoscopic-thoracoscopic esophageal resection.

[Fast-track Rehabilitation after Oesophagectomy]

The multimodal and interprofessional concept of fast-track rehabilitation ("enhanced recovery after surgery", ERAS) is generally applicable to transthoracic oesophagectomy, but is associated with two special features as compared to other oncological procedures. Due to the high comorbidity of oesophageal cancer patients, fast-track pathways have to be considered as one component of perioperative management and cannot be separated from prehabilitation with preoperative conditioning of single organ dysfunctions. Since gastric reconstruction causes a high prevalence of delayed gastric conduit emptying (DGCE), early and sufficient postoperative oral feeding is not easily feasible. There is currently no generally accepted algorithm for the postoperative nutritional management as well as for the prophylaxis/treatment of DGCE. Fast-track prehabilitation does not influence the mortality rate in specialised centres. At present, it is not clear whether a fast-track pathway helps to reduce postoperative morbidity. After modified fast-track rehabilitation, hospital discharge is possible from the 8th postoperative day.

Risk Factors of Cervical Anastomotic Leakage after McKeown Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy: Focus on Preoperative and Intraoperative Lung Function

Background: Cervical anastomotic leakage (CAL) is one of the most common complications that occur minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE). It is associated with high postoperative mortality. Some risk factors still remained controversial and so accurate prediction of risk groups for CAL remained very difficult. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of CAL after McKeown MIE to predict the accuracy of the technique as early as possible.

Material and Methods: A total of 129 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent McKeown MIE at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, between January 2018 and June 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for CAL and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to predict the accuracy for each quantitative data variable and determine the cutoff value.

Results: There were statistically significant differences between Group CAL and Group NCAL in FEV₁ (p = 0.031), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.001), intraoperative minimum PaCO₂ (p = 0.002), and hospital stays (p <0.001). In multivariate logistic regression, FEV₁ (OR = 0.440, p = 0.047), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (OR = 4.425, p = 0.003), and intraoperative minimum PaCO₂ (OR = 1.14, p <0.001) were identified to be three risk factors of CAL. The ROC curve analysis showed that FEV₁ <2.18L (p = 0.029) and intraoperative minimum PaCO₂ >45.5 mmHg (p = 0.002) demonstrated good accuracy.

Conclusion: FEV₁, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and intraoperative minimum PaCO₂ in arterial blood gas (ABG) were considered as risk factors of CAL after McKeown MIE for esophageal cancer. Preoperative FEV₁ <2.18L and intraoperative minimum PaCO₂ >45.5 mmHg in ABG showed good accuracy in predicting risk factors for CAL.

Anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: definitions, diagnostics, and treatment

Anastomotic leakage is one of the most severe complications after esophagectomy and is associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Several projects ranging from small retrospective studies to large collaborations have aimed to identify potential pre- and perioperative risk factors and to improve the diagnostic processes and management. Despite the increase in available literature, many aspects of anastomotic leakage are still debated, without the existence of widely accepted guidelines. The purpose of this review is to provide a cutting edge overview of the recent literature regarding the definition and classification of anastomotic leakage, risk factors, novel diagnostic modalities, and emerging therapeutic options for treatment and prevention of anastomotic leakage following esophagectomy.

Preoperative risk factors for postoperative intra-abdominal infectious complication after gastrectomy for gastric cancer using a Japanese web-based nationwide database

BACKGROUND

Postoperative intra-abdominal infectious complication (PIIC) after gastrectomy for gastric cancer worsens in-hospital death or long-term survival. However, the methodology for PIIC preoperative risk assessment remains unestablished. We aimed to develop a preoperative risk model for postgastrectomy PIIC.

METHODS

We collected 183,936 patients' data on distal or total gastrectomy performed in 2013-2016 for gastric cancer from the Japanese National Clinical Database and divided into development (2013-2015; n = 140,558) and validation (2016; n = 43,378) cohort. The primary outcome was the incidence of PIIC. The risk model for PIIC was developed using 18 preoperative factors: age, sex, body mass index, activities of daily living, 12 comorbidity types, gastric cancer stage, and surgical procedure in the development cohort. Secondarily, we developed another model based on the new scoring system for clinical use using selected factors.

RESULTS

The overall incidence of PIIC was 4.7%, including 2.6%, 1.7%, and 1.3% in anastomotic leakage, pancreatic fistula, and intra-abdominal abscess, respectively. Among the 18 preoperative factors, male [odds ratio, (OR) 1.92], obesity (OR, 1.52-1.96), peripheral vascular disease (OR, 1.55), steroid use (OR, 1.83), and total gastrectomy (OR, 1.89) strongly correlated with PIIC incidence. The entire model using the 18 factors had good discrimination and calibration in the validation cohort. We selected eight relevant factors to create a simple scoring system, using which we categorized the patients into three risk groups, which showed good calibration.

CONCLUSION

Using nationwide clinical practice data, we created a preoperative risk model for postgastrectomy PIIC for gastric cancer.

Aortic calcification is associated with non-infective rather than infective postoperative complications following colorectal cancer resection: an observational cohort study

OBJECTIVES

Complications following colorectal cancer resection are common. The degree of aortic calcification (AC) on CT has been proposed as a predictor of complications, particularly anastomotic leak. This study assessed the relationship between AC and complications in patients undergoing colorectal cancer resection.

METHODS

Patients from 2008 to 2016 were retrospectively identified from a prospectively maintained database. Complications were classified using the Clavien-Dindo (CD) scale. Calcification was quantified on preoperative CT by visual assessment of the number of calcified quadrants in the proximal and distal aorta. Scores were grouped into categories: none, minor (< median AC score) and major (> median AC score). The relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and complications was assessed using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of 657 patients, 52% had proximal AC (> median score (1)) and 75% had distal AC (> median score (4)). AC was more common in older patients and smokers. Higher burden of AC was associated with non-infective complications (proximal AC 28% vs 16%, p = 0.004, distal AC 26% vs 14% p = 0.001) but not infective complications (proximal AC 28% vs 29%, p = 0.821, distal AC 29% vs 23%, p = 0.240) or anastomotic leak (proximal AC 6% vs 4%, p = 0.334, distal AC 7% vs 3%, p = 0.077). Independent predictors of complications included open surgery (OR 1.99, 95%CI 1.43-2.79, p = 0.001), rectal resection (OR 1.51, 95%CI 1.07-2.12, p = 0.018) and smoking (OR 2.56, 95%CI 1.42-4.64, p = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that high levels of AC are associated with non-infective complications after colorectal cancer surgery and not anastomotic leak.

KEY POINTS

• Aortic calcification measured by visual quantification of the number of calcified quadrants at two aortic levels on preoperative CT is associated with clinical outcome following colorectal cancer surgery. • An increased burden of aortic calcification was associated with non-infective complications but not anastomotic leak. • Assessment of the degree of aortic calcification may help identify patients at risk of cardiorespiratory complications, improve preoperative risk stratification and assign preoperative strategies to improve fitness for surgery.

Gastric ischemic preconditioning may reduce the incidence and severity of anastomotic leakage after οesophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy is a severe and life-threatening complication. Gastric ischemic preconditioning is a strategy for the improvement of anastomotic healing. Aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the impact of gastric ischemic preconditioning on postoperative morbidity. A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies comparing patients undergoing gastric ischemic preconditioning before esophagectomy with nonpreconditioned patients. Meta-analysis was conducted for the overall incidence of anastomotic leakage, severe anastomotic leakage, anastomotic stricture, postoperative morbidity, and mortality. Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed concerning preconditioning technique, the interval between preconditioning and surgery and the extent of preconditioning. Fifteen cohort studies were identified. Gastric preconditioning was associated with reduced overall incidence of anastomotic leakage (OR 0.73; 95% CI, 0.53-1.0; P = 0.050) and severe anastomotic leakage (OR 0.27; 95% CI, 0.14-0.50; P < 0.010), but not with anastomotic stricture (OR 1.18; 95% CI 0.38 to 3.66; P = 0.780), major postoperative morbidity (OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.45 to 2.36; P = 0.940) or mortality (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.39 to 1,23; P = 0.210). Subgroup analyses did not identify any differences between embolization and ligation while increasing the interval between preconditioning and esophagectomy as well as the extent of preconditioning might be beneficial. Gastric ischemic preconditioning may be associated with a reduced incidence of overall and severe anastomotic leakage. Randomized studies are necessary to further evaluate its impact on leakage, refine the technique and define patient populations that will benefit the most.

Arterial calcification is a risk factor for anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Leakage of the esophago-gastrostomy after esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction is a serious complication. Anastomotic leakage occurs in up to 20% of patients and a compromised perfusion of the gastric tube is thought to play an important role. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether arterial calcification is a risk factor for anastomotic leakage in esophageal surgery.

METHOD

Embase, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane databases and Google scholar databases were systematically searched for studies that assessed arterial calcification of the thoracic aorta, celiac axis including its branches, or the superior mesenteric artery in patients that underwent esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction. The degree of calcification was classified as absent, minor or major. A "random-effects model" was used to calculate pooled Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q-test and I²-test.

RESULTS

From the 456 articles retrieved, seven studies were selected including 1.860 patients. The median (range) of anastomotic leakage was 17.2% (12.7-24.8). Meta-analysis showed a statistically significant association between increased calcium score and anastomotic leakage for the thoracic aorta (OR 2.18(CI 1.42-3.34)), celiac axis (OR 1.62(CI 1.15-2.29)) and right post-celiac axis (common hepatic, gastroduodenal and right gastroepiploic arteries) (OR 2.69(CI 1.27-5.72)). Heterogeneity was observed for analysis on calcification of the thoracic aorta and celiac axis (I² = 71% and 59%, respectively) but not for the right branches of the celiac axis (I² = 0%).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis, including good quality studies, showed a statistically significant association between arterial calcification and anastomotic leakage in patients who underwent esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction.

Strategies to prevent anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy and gastric conduit reconstruction

Background

Surgery remains the cornerstone of esophageal cancer treatment but is burdened with high procedure-related morbidity. Anastomotic leakage as the most important surgical complication after esophagectomy is a key indicator for quality in surgical outcome research.

Purpose

The aim of this narrative review is to assess and summarize the current knowledge on prevention of anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy and to provide orientation for the reader in this challenging field of surgery.

Conclusions

There are various strategies to reduce postoperative morbidity and to prevent anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy, including adequate patient selection and preparation, and many technical-surgical and anesthesiological details. The scientific evidence regarding those strategies is highly heterogeneous, ranging from expert’s recommendations to randomized controlled trials. This review is intended to serve as an empirical guideline to improve the clinical management of patients undergoing esophagectomy with a special focus on anastomotic leakage prevention.

A new aortoiliac calcification scoring system to predict grade C anastomotic leak following rectal cancer surgery

BACKGROUND

Aortoiliac calcification may be a surrogate marker of decreased visceral perfusion causing anastomotic leak (AL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive role of aortoiliac calcification for AL after rectal cancer surgery.

METHODS

We enrolled patients with primary rectal cancer who had restorative resection at our institution between January 2013 and December 2015. An aortoiliac calcification score was calculated as the sum of calcification scores at the infrarenal aorta (0: no, 1: ≤ 3 cm, 2: > 3 cm) and the common iliac arteries (0: no, 1: unilateral, 2: bilateral). AL was classified into three grades: grade A, requiring no intervention; grade B, requiring therapeutic intervention without re-laparotomy; and grade C, requiring re-laparotomy. Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed to identify risk factors for AL.

RESULTS

There were 583 patients. Three-hundred forty-five (59.2%) had an aortoiliac calcification score ≥ 3, and 37 (6.3%) patients experienced AL, in 30 cases (5.1%) grade C AL. Patients with an aortoiliac calcification score ≥ 3 had a higher incidence of grade C AL (6.7% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.045). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that an aortoiliac calcification score ≥ 3 was an independent risk factor for grade C AL (odds ratio = 2.669, 95% confidence interval 1.066-6.686, p = 0.036).

CONCLUSIONS

Aortoiliac calcification may be considered a risk factor for grade C AL after rectal cancer surgery.

Correlation between indocyanine green visualization time in the gastric tube and postoperative endoscopic assessment of the anastomosis after esophageal surgery

PURPOSE

To evaluate the correlation between blood supply speed in the gastric tube (GT), assessed by the intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence method, and postoperative endoscopic assessment (PEA) of the anastomosis or anastomotic leakage (AL).

METHODS

The subjects of this retrospective analysis were 66 consecutive patients who underwent GT reconstruction using ICG fluorescence during esophageal surgery. We measured the ICG visualization time, from ICG injection to visualization at the top of the GT. We performed PEA on 54 patients and classified ulcer formation as involving less than or more than half of the circumference.

RESULTS

PEA revealed that nine patients (16.7%) had an anastomotic ulcer involving more than half of the circumference and ten (15.4%) had AL. The ICG visualization time in these patients was significantly delayed compared with that in those with less than half of the circumference involved by ulcer formation (37 s vs. 27 s; P = 0.015) and without AL (36 s vs. 28 s; P = 0.045). Multivariate analysis revealed that delay in the ICG visualization time (> 36 s) of the pulled-up GT (odds ratio, 6.098; 95% confidence interval, 1.125-33.024; P = 0.036) was an independent risk factor associated with AL.

CONCLUSION

Delay in the ICG visualization time of pulled-up GT was associated with ulcer formation on the anastomosis and AL after esophageal surgery.

Is abdominal vascular calcification score valuable in predicting the occurrence of colorectal anastomotic leakage? A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a catastrophic surgical complication affecting the prognosis of patients after colorectal surgery. We aimed to determine the value of the arterial calcification (AC) score in predicting AL.

METHODS

Medline and Embase were searched through November 2019. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the association between AC and AL after colorectal surgery. The fixed-effects model or random-effects model was adopted for data pooling. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the effect of different aortoiliac trajectories.

RESULTS

Four studies involving 496 patients were included. The calcium volume and calcium score measurements of different trajectories revealed a significant difference with regard to the left and right common iliac arteries, the superior mesenteric artery, and the left common iliac artery. Calcification of the internal iliac artery significantly increased the risk of AL compared with no AL (OR = 1.005; 95% CI 1.002-1.009; P = 0.005), as did calcification of the left internal iliac artery (OR = 1.009; 95% CI 1.002-1.016; P = 0.011), but not of the common iliac artery (OR = 1.001; 95% CI 1.000-1.001; P = 0.317) or common and internal iliac artery (OR = 1.000; 95% CI 1.000-1.000; P = 1.000).

CONCLUSIONS

AC is associated with increased risk of AL following colorectal surgery.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

CRD42019141236.

Risk factors and outcomes associated with anastomotic leaks following esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Anastomotic leaks (AL) are a major complication after esophagectomy. This meta-analysis aimed to determine identify risks factors for AL (preoperative, intra-operative, and post-operative factors) and assess the consequences to outcome on patients who developed an AL. This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines, and eligible studies were identified through a search of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases up to 31 December 2018. A meta-analysis was conducted with the use of random-effects modeling and prospectively registered with the PROSPERO database (Registration CRD42018130732). This review identified 174 studies reporting outcomes of 74,226 patients undergoing esophagectomy. The overall pooled AL rates were 11%, ranging from 0 to 49% in individual studies. Majority of studies were from Asia (n = 79). In pooled analyses, 23 factors were associated with AL (17 preoperative and six intraoperative). AL were associated with adverse outcomes including pulmonary (OR: 4.54, CI95%: 2.99-6.89, P < 0.001) and cardiac complications (OR: 2.44, CI95%: 1.77-3.37, P < 0.001), prolonged hospital stay (mean difference: 15 days, CI95%: 10-21 days, P < 0.001), and in-hospital mortality (OR: 5.91, CI95%: 1.41-24.79, P = 0.015). AL are a major complication following esophagectomy accounting for major morbidity and mortality. This meta-analysis identified modifiable risk factors for AL, which can be a target for interventions to reduce AL rates. Furthermore, identification of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors will facilitate risk stratification and prediction of AL enabling better perioperative planning, patient counseling, and informed consent.

Two-stage hybrid Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy as surgical strategy to reduce postoperative morbidity for high-risk patients

BACKGROUND

Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (ILE) is the standard surgical care for esophageal cancer patients but postoperative morbidity impairs quality of life and reduces long-term oncological outcome. Two-stage ILE separating the abdominal and thoracic phase into two distinct surgical procedures has proven to enhance microcirculation of the gastric conduit and therefore most likely reduces complications. However, two-stage ILE has not been evaluated systematically in selected groups of patients scheduled for this procedure. This investigation aims to demonstrate the feasibility of two-stage ILE in high-risk patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this retrospective analysis of data obtained from a prospective database, a consecutive series of 275 hybrid ILE (hILE) were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on one- or two-stage hILE. Postoperative complications were assessed according to ECCG (Esophageal Complication Consensus Group) criteria and compared using the Clavien-Dindo score. Indication for two-stage esophagectomy was classified as pre- or intraoperative decision.

RESULTS

34 out of 275 patients (12.7%) underwent two-stage hILE. Patients of the two-stage group were significantly older. In 21 of 34 patients (61.8%) the decision for a two-stage procedure was made prior to esophagectomy, in 13 (38.2%) patients intraoperatively after completion of the laparoscopic gastric mobilization. The most frequent preoperative reason to select the two-stage procedure was a stenosis of the coeliac trunc and superior mesenteric artery (n = 10). The predominant cause for an intraoperative change of strategy was a laparoscopically diagnosed hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis (n = 5).Overall morbidity and major' complications (CD > IIIa) were comparable for both groups (11.7% in both groups). The overall anastomotic leak rate was 12.4% and was non-significant lower for the two-stage procedure.

CONCLUSION

Two-stage hILE is a feasible concept to individualize the surgical treatment of patients with well-defined clinical risk factors for postoperative morbidity. It can also be applied after completion of the abdominal phase of IL esophagectomy without compromising the patient safety.

Identification of the clinically most relevant postoperative complications after gastrectomy: a population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

Postoperative complications frequently occur after gastrectomy for gastric cancer and are associated with poor clinical outcomes, such as mortality and reoperations. The aim of study was to identify the clinically most relevant complications after gastrectomy, using the population-attributable fraction (PAF).

METHODS

Between 2011 and 2017, all patients who underwent potentially curative gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma were included from the Dutch Upper GI Cancer Audit. Postoperative outcomes (morbidity, mortality, recovery and hospitalization) were evaluated. The prevalence of postoperative complications (e.g., anastomotic leakage and pneumonia) and of the study outcomes were calculated. The adjusted relative risk and Confidence Interval (CI) for each complication-outcome pair were calculated. Subsequently, the PAF was calculated, which represents the percentage of a given outcome occurring in the population, caused by individual complications, taking both the relative risk and the frequency in which a complication occurs into account.

RESULTS

In total, 2176 patients were analyzed. Anastomotic leakage and pulmonary complications had the greatest overall impact on postoperative mortality (PAF 29.2% [95% CI 19.3-39.1] and 21.6% [95% CI 10.5-32.7], respectively) and prolonged hospitalization (PAF 12.9% [95% CI 9.7-16.0] and 14.7% [95% CI 11.0-18.8], respectively). Anastomotic leakage had the greatest overall impact on re-interventions (PAF 25.1% [95% CI 20.5-29.7]) and reoperations (PAF 30.3% [95% CI 24.3-36.3]). Intra-abdominal abscesses had the largest impact on readmissions (PAF 7.0% [95% CI 3.2-10.9]). Other complications only had a small effect on these outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Surgical improvement programs should focus on preventing or managing anastomotic leakage and pulmonary complications, since these complications have the greatest overall impact on clinical outcomes after gastrectomy.

The Aortic Calcification Index is a risk factor associated with anastomotic leakage after anterior resection of rectal cancer

AIM

Anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the most feared postoperative complications after anterior resection (AR) of rectal cancer. An adequate blood supply at the anastomotic site is regarded as a prerequisite for healing. We hypothesize that the Aortic Calcification Index (ACI) might reflect the severity of atherosclerosis in patients, and thereby be a risk factor for AL.

METHOD

AL was investigated retrospectively according to the definition of the International Study Group of Rectal Cancer in 423 rectal cancer patients who underwent anterior rectal resection. The ACI was measured by preoperative abdominal CT scan. The cross-section of the aorta was evenly divided into 12 sectors, the number of calcified sectors was counted as the calcification score of each slice. Lasso logistic regression and multivariate regression analysis were used to identify risk factors for AL.

RESULTS

The percentage of AL after AR was 7.8% (33/423); the mortality of patients who sustained a leak was 3.0% (1/33). Patients with a high ACI had a significantly higher percentage of AL than patients with low ACI (11.2% vs 5.6%, P = 0.04). Among patients with AL, a higher ACI was associated with greater severity of AL (the ACI of patients with grade A leakage, grade B leakage and grade C leakage was 0.5% ± 0.2%, 11.5% ± 9.2% and 24.2% ± 21.7%, respectively; P = 0.008). After risk adjustment, multivariate regression analysis showed that a higher ACI was an independent risk factor for AL (OR 2.391, P = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

A high ACI might be an important prognostic factor for AL after AR for rectal cancer. Confirmatory studies are required.

The relationship between aortic calcification and anastomotic leak following gastrointestinal resection: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Anastomotic leak (AL) is a significant complication of gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. Impaired perfusion of the anastomosis is thought to play an important role. The degree of aortic calcification (AC) visible on preoperative CT imaging may be associated with an increased risk of AL following GI resection. This review assessed the relationship between AC and AL in patients undergoing GI resection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane library were systematically searched between 1946 and 2019. Relevant keywords were grouped to form a sensitive search strategy: surgical procedure (e.g. digestive system surgical procedure), calcification (e.g. vascular calcification, calcium score) and outcome (e.g. anastomotic leak). Studies assessing the degree of AC on preoperative imaging in relation to AL in adult patients requiring resection and anastomosis were included. The quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Bias was assessed using the RevMan risk of bias tool.

RESULTS

Nine observational studies were included: four in patients undergoing oesophageal resection (n = 1446) and five in patients undergoing colorectal resection (n = 556). AL occurred in 20% of patients following oesophagectomy and 14% of patients following colorectal resection. Adjustment for relevant confounders was limited in most studies. Two studies reported a relationship between the degree of AC and AL in patients undergoing oesophagectomy, independent of age and comorbidity. One study reported an association between AC and AL following colorectal resection, while three studies reported higher calcium scores in the iliac arteries of patients who developed colorectal AL. Overall study quality was moderate to good using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Detection and reporting bias was evident in the studies examining AL following colorectal resection.

CONCLUSION

The current evidence suggests that the degree of AC may be associated with the development of AL, in particular in patients undergoing oesophagectomy. Further prospective data with adequate adjustment for confounders are required.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42018081128.

Vascular calcification does not predict anastomotic leak or conduit necrosis following oesophagectomy

BACKGROUND

Anastomotic leaks (AL) and gastric conduit necrosis (CN) are serious complications following oesophagectomy. Some studies have suggested that vascular calcification may be associated with an increased AL rate, but this has not been validated in a United Kingdom population.

AIM

To investigate whether vascular calcification identified on the pre-operative computed tomography (CT) scan is predictive of AL or CN.

METHODS

Routine pre-operative CT scans of 414 patients who underwent oesophagectomy for malignancy with oesophagogastric anastomosis at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham between 2006 and 2018 were retrospectively analysed. Calcification of the proximal aorta, distal aorta, coeliac trunk and branches of the coeliac trunk was scored by two reviewers. The relationship between these calcification scores and occurrence of AL and CN was then analysed. The Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group definition of AL and CN was used.

RESULTS

Complication data were available in n = 411 patients, of whom 16.7% developed either AL (15.8%) or CN (3.4%). Rates of AL were significantly higher in female patients, at 23.0%, compared to 13.9% in males (P = 0.047). CN was significantly more common in females, (8.0% vs 2.2%, P = 0.014), patients with diabetes (10.6% vs 2.5%, P = 0.014), a history of smoking (10.3% vs 2.3%, P = 0.008), and a higher American Society of Anaesthesiologists grade (P = 0.024). Out of the 14 conduit necroses, only 4 occurred without a concomitant AL. No statistically significant association was found between calcification of any of the vessels studied and either of these outcomes. Multivariable analyses were then performed to identify whether a combination of the calcification scores could be identified that would be significantly predictive of any of the outcomes. However, the stepwise approach did not select any factors for inclusion in the final models. The analysis was repeated for composite outcomes of those patients with either AL or CN (n = 69, 16.7%) and for those with both AL and CN (n = 10, 2.4%) and again, no significant associations were detected. In the subset of patients that developed these outcomes, no significant associations were detected between calcification and the severity of the complication.

CONCLUSION

Calcification scoring was not significantly associated with Anastomotic Leak or CN in our study, therefore should not be used to identify patients who are high risk for these complications.

Stenosis of the celiac trunk is associated with anastomotic leak after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy

Transthoracic esophagectomy with gastric tube formation is the surgical treatment of choice for esophageal cancer. The surgical reconstruction induces changes of gastric microcirculation, which are recognized as potential risk factors of anastomotic leak. This prospective observational study investigates the association of celiac trunk (TC) stenosis with postoperative anastomotic leak. One hundred fifty-four consecutive patients with esophageal cancer scheduled for Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy were included. Preoperative staging computed tomography (CT) was used to identify TC stenosis. Any narrowing of the lumen due to atherosclerotic changes was classified as stenosis. Percentage of stenotic changes was calculated using the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial formula. Multivariable analysis was used to identify possible risk factors for leak. The overall incidence of TC stenosis was 40.9%. Anastomotic leak was identified in 15 patients (9.7%). Incidence of anastomotic leak in patients with stenosis was 19.4% compared to 2.3% in patients without stenosis. Incidence of stenosis in patients with leak was 86.7% (13 of 15 patients) and significantly higher than 38.8% (54 of 139 patients) in patients without leak (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in median degree of TC stenosis (50.0% vs 39.4%; P = 0.032) in patients with and without leak. In the multivariable model, TC stenosis was an independent risk factor for anastomotic leak (odds ratio: 5.98, 95% CI: 1.58-22.61). TC stenosis is associated with postoperative anastomotic leak after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. Routine assessment of TC for possible stenosis is recommended to identify patients at risk.

Association of level of anastomosis and anastomotic leak after esophagectomy in anterior mediastinal reconstruction

AIM

The purpose of this study was to investigate modifiable predisposing factors associated with anastomotic leak in the anterior mediastinal (AM) reconstruction route.

METHODS

We reviewed the data on 154 patients who underwent esophagectomy and gastric tube reconstruction using the AM route between 2008 and 2016. The data included computed tomography (CT) scans with sagittal reconstruction of the thoracic section. The level of the esophagogastric anastomosis (LEA) and pretracheal distance (PTD) was measured from sagittal reconstructed CT images. Vascularization of the gastric tube was evaluated by postoperative endoscopy. Variables associated with anastomotic leak were determined using univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

Anastomotic leak developed in 13 patients (8%). The cut-off level at which the anastomosis was less likely to develop a leak, as determined by Chi-square tests, was 1.5 cm for LEA and 1.3 cm for PTD. On univariate analysis, the factors that were significantly associated with the risk of anastomotic leak included diabetes, hand-sewn anastomosis, the LEA ≥ 1.5 cm, and severe mucosal degeneration. On multivariate analysis, diabetes (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.29-17.2), LEA ≥ 1.5 cm (OR 20.1, 95% CI 3.15-128), and severe mucosal degeneration (OR 7.2, 95% CI 1.42-36.8) were found to be statistically significant independent risk factors.

CONCLUSION

Use of the AM route to place the cervical anastomosis within 1.5 cm above the suprasternal notch might avoid excessive pressure on the gastric tube from the surrounding structures, resulting in a reduction in the risk of an anastomotic leak.

Calcification score versus arterial stenosis grading: comparison of two CT-based methods for risk assessment of anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy and gastric pull-up

Purpose

Anastomotic leakage is a major surgical complication following esophagectomy and gastric pull-up. Specific risk factors such as celiac trunk (TC) stenosis and high calcification score of the aorta have been identified, but no data are available on their relative prognostic values. This retrospective study aimed to compare and evaluate calcification score versus stenosis quantification with regards to prognostic impact on anastomotic leakage.

Patients and methods

Preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans of 164 consecutive patients with primary esophageal cancer were evaluated by two radiologists to apply a calcification score (0–3 scale) assessing the aorta, the celiac axis and the right and left postceliac arteries. Concurrently, the presence and degree of stenosis of TC and superior mesenteric artery were recorded for stenosis quantification.

Results

Anastomotic leakage was noted in 14/164 patients and 12/14 showed stenosis of TC (n=11). The presence of TC stenosis was found to have a significant impact on anastomotic healing (p=0.004). The odds ratio for the prediction of anastomotic leakage by the degree of stenosis was 1.04 (95% CI, 1.02–1.07). Ten of 14 patients had aortic calcification scores of 1 or 2, but calcification scores of the aorta, the celiac axis and the right and left postceliac arteries did not correlate with the corresponding TC stenosis values and showed no influence on patient outcome as defined by the occurrence of anastomotic insufficiency (p=0.565, 0.855, 0.518 and 1.000, respectively). Inter-reader reliability of computed tomography analysis and absolute agreement on calcium scoring was mostly over 90%. No significant differences in preoperative comorbidities and patient characteristics were found between those with and without anastomotic leakage.

Conclusion

Measurement of TC stenosis in preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans proved to be more reliable than calcification scores in predicting anastomotic leakage and should, therefore, be used in the risk assessment of patients undergoing esophagectomy and gastric pull-up.

Quality of life in elderly patients with an ostomy - a study from the population-based PROFILES registry

AIM

Ostomies are being placed frequently in surgically treated elderly patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). An insight into the (potential) impact of ostomies on quality of life (QoL) could be useful in patient counselling as well as in the challenging shared treatment decision-making.

METHOD

Patients with CRC diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 and registered in the population-based Eindhoven Cancer Registry received a QoL questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) in 2010. In addition, QoL was compared with an age- and sex-matched normative population.

RESULTS

The study included 2299 CRC patients, of whom 494 had an ostomy. No differences were found in reported ostomy-related problems between patients aged ≤65, 66-75 and ≥76 years. Ostomy patients aged 66-75 and ≥76 years reported significantly lower physical functioning compared with those without an ostomy. In the elderly (those aged ≥76 years) ostomates reported a worse physical and social functioning compared with the normative population. All these differences were of small clinical relevance. The impact of an ostomy seems to be more prominent in younger (≤75 years old) ostomates, as they experience more functional limitations and a decrease in global health status compared with younger nonostomy patients and the normative population.

CONCLUSION

Although elderly (≥76 years old) patients with an ostomy report significantly more limitations in functioning compared with a normative population and elderly CRC patients without an ostomy, the clinical relevance of this finding is limited. In contrast, the impact of an ostomy is more prominent in younger patients. Thus, age itself is not a reason for withholding an ostomy.

Intrathoracic versus cervical anastomosis and predictors of anastomotic leakage after oesophagectomy for cancer

Background

Studies comparing the anastomotic leak rate in patients with an intrathoracic versus a cervical anastomosis after oesophagectomy are equivocal. The aim of this study was to compare clinical outcome after oesophagectomy in patients with an intrathoracic or cervical anastomosis, and to identify predictors of anastomotic leakage in a nationwide audit.

Methods

Between January 2011 and December 2015, all consecutive patients who underwent oesophagectomy for cancer were identified from the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit. For the comparison between an intrathoracic and cervical anastomosis, propensity score matching was used to adjust for potential confounders. Multivariable logistic regression modelling with backward stepwise selection was used to determine independent predictors of anastomotic leakage.

Results

Some 3348 patients were included. After propensity score matching, 654 patients were included in both the cervical and intrathoracic anastomosis groups. An intrathoracic anastomosis was associated with a lower leak rate than a cervical anastomosis (17·0 versus 21·9 per cent; P = 0·025). The percentage of patients with recurrent nerve paresis was also lower (0·6 versus 7·0 per cent; P < 0·001) and an intrathoracic anastomosis was associated with a shorter median hospital stay (12 versus 14 days; P = 0·001). Multivariable analysis revealed that ASA fitness grade III or higher, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes mellitus and proximal oesophageal tumours were independent predictors of anastomotic leakage.

Conclusion

An intrathoracic oesophagogastric anastomosis was associated with a lower anastomotic leak rate, lower rate of recurrent nerve paresis and a shorter hospital stay. Risk factors for anastomotic leak were co‐morbidities and proximal tumours.

Lower leak rates after intrathoracic anastomosis

Generalized cardiovascular disease on a preoperative CT scan is predictive for anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy

BACKGROUND

Recent studies demonstrated that calcification of arteries supplying the gastric tube is associated with anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy. However, it remains unclear whether this association only derives from local flow limitations, or generalized vascular disease as well. The purpose of this study was to determine whether calcification throughout the entire cardiovascular system is associated with anastomotic leakage.

METHODS

Consecutive patients who underwent an esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction and cervical anastomosis for esophageal cancer were analyzed. Diagnostic CT images were scored for the presence of arterial calcification on 10 locations based on a visual grading system. The association with anastomotic leakage was studied using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 406 patients were included for analysis of whom 104 developed anastomotic leakage (25.6%). Presence of calcification in the coronary arteries (minor calcification: 36.5% leakage; no calcification: 18.1%, p = .001), supra-aortic arteries (minor calcification: 30.9% leakage; major calcification: 35.3%; no calcification: 16.1%, p = .007 and p < .001, respectively) and thoracic aorta (major calcification: 33.3% leakage; no calcification: 19.4%, p = .011) was associated with leakage. In multivariable analysis, minor calcification of the coronary arteries (OR 2.29, 95% CI: 1.28-4.12, p = .005) and calcification of the supra-aortic arteries (OR 2.48, 95% CI: 1.30-4.74, p = .006 for minor calcification and OR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.49-4.99, p = .001 for major calcification) remained independently associated with leakage.

CONCLUSIONS

Calcification of the coronary and supra-aortic arteries on routine CT are predictive of cervical anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy. These results suggest that generalized cardiovascular disease is a strong indicator for the risk of leakage.

Calcification of the iliac arteries: a marker for leakage risk in rectal anastomosis-a blinded clinical trial

PURPOSE

Anastomotic leakage (AL) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery. Calcification of the arteries has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular events and can be reliably measured on computed tomography using software assistance. The aim of this prospective study was to prove the value of calcium scoring of the iliac arteries as a predictor of AL after rectal anastomosis.

METHODS

Consecutive patients who underwent colorectal resection with rectal anastomosis were analyzed. Diagnostic computed tomography images were used to detect calcification of the arteries supplying the rectal anastomosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between vascular calcification and AL.

RESULTS

Of 139 included and analyzed patients, AL occurred in 15 (11%). The volume and calcium scores were significantly higher in the infrarenal aorta, the left and right common iliac artery, and the left internal iliac artery. In univariate analysis, calcification of the left internal iliac artery and both internal iliac arteries combined correlated with the occurrence of the primary endpoint. A receiver operating curve analysis led to the cut-off values of 30 and 6 for the volume score and calcium score, respectively. They provide a negative predictive value of 0.97 and a positive predictive value of 0.19.

CONCLUSIONS

Calcification in the iliac arteries appears to be a good marker for the risk of leakage after rectal anastomosis. The calcification scoring system is easy to calculate after computed tomography and may aid in patient selection to create a protective ileostomy.

Risk-Assessment of Esophageal Surgery: Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Trunk Stenosis

Anastomotic leakage of the gastric conduit following surgical treatment of esophageal cancer is a life-threatening complication. An important risk factor associated with anastomotic leakage is calcification of the supplying arteries of the gastric conduit. The patency of calcified splanchnic arteries cannot be assessed on routine computed tomography (CT) scans for esophageal cancer and, as such, in selected patients with known or assumed mesenteric artery disease, additional CT angiography of the abdominal arteries with 1 mm slices is strongly encouraged. If the mesenteric perfusion is compromised in patients with resectable esophageal cancer, angioplasty procedures with stenting of the mesenteric arteries could be performed to prevent possible ischemia of the gastric conduit.

Assessment of the blood supply using the indocyanine green fluorescence method and postoperative endoscopic evaluation of anastomosis of the gastric tube during esophagectomy

BACKGROUND

Postoperative anastomotic leakage is a severe complication after gastric tube reconstruction during esophagectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of postoperative endoscopic assessment of anastomosis and its correlation with intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence assessment of the gastric tube.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 72 consecutive patients who underwent gastric tube reconstruction using the ICG fluorescence method during esophagectomy. Forty-six patients underwent the ICG line-marking method (LMM group; ICG before gastric tube creation). The other 26 underwent the conventional procedure and comprised the control group (ICG after gastric tube creation). Postoperative endoscopic assessment (PEA) of anastomosis was performed 7 days after surgery and results were classified as follows: grade 1 (normal or partial white coat), grade 2 (ulcer comprising less than half the circumference), and grade 3 (ulcer comprising more than half the circumference).

RESULTS

Anastomotic leakage occurred in 7 of 72 patients (9.7%). The incidence of anastomotic leakage in the LMM group was tended to be lower than those in the control group (6.5% vs. 15.4%; P = 0.244). Of the 40 patients who underwent PEA, 3 (7.5%) had leakage. PEA grading was significantly associated with anastomotic leakage (P < 0.001). Better intraoperative ICG assessment was significantly associated with better endoscopic assessment grade (P = 0.041).

CONCLUSION

Intraoperative ICG assessment of the gastric tube was associated with PEA grading on anastomosis during esophagectomy.