1
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Wang W, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Xu B, Yang W, Wang X, Geng C, Bai Z. Quantification for photochemical loss of volatile organic compounds upon ozone formation chemistry at an industrial city (Zibo) in North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 256:119088. [PMID: 38768881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are consumed by photochemical reactions during transport, leading to inaccuracies in estimating the local ozone (O3) formation mechanism and its subsequent strategy for O3 attainment. To comprehensively quantify the deviations in O3 formation mechanism by consumed VOCs (C-VOCs), a 5-month field campaign was conducted in a typical industrial city in Northern China over incorporating a 0-D box model (implemented with MCMv3.3.1). The averaged C-VOCs concentration was 6.8 ppbv during entire period, and Alkenes accounted for 62% dominantly. Without considering C-VOCs, the relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of anthropogenic VOCs (AVOC, overestimated by 68%-75%) and NOx (underestimated by 137%-527%) demonstrated deviations at multiple scenarios, and the RIR deviations for precursors in High-O3-periods (HOP) were lower than Low-O3-periods (LOP). The RIR deviations from individual species involved C-VOCs calculation did not impact the identification for the high-ranking-RIR AVOC species but non-negligible. Monthly comparisons showed that higher C-VOCs concentrations would lead to higher RIR deviations. The daily maximum of net Ox production rate (P(Ox)) and the regional transport Ox (Trans(Ox)) without C-VOCs were underestimated by 56%-194% and 81%-243%, respectively. After considering C-VOCs, the contribution of HO2+NO for Ox gross production (G(Ox)) decreased by 7% (LOP) and 7% (HOP), but OH + NO2 for Ox destruction (D(Ox)) decreased by 16% (LOP) and 23% (HOP), and alkenes + O3 increased for D(Ox) by 12% (LOP) and 22% (HOP). This implies that VOCs-NOx-O3 sensitivity was deviated between with/without C-VOCs, and severe O3 pollution rendered deviations in O3 formation, especially via NOx-driving chemistry. Based on RIR(NOx)/RIR(AVOC) with/without C-VOCs, the sensitivity regime shifted from VOCs-limited (-0.93) to transition (1.38) at LOP, and from VOCs-limited (0.19) to NOx-limited (3.79) at HOP. Our results reflected that the NOx limitation degree was underestimated without constraint C-VOCs, especially HOP, and provided implication to more precise O3 pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental Science & Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zhensen Zheng
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Zibo Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Environmental Science & Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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2
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Carter TJ, Shaw DR, Carslaw DC, Carslaw N. Indoor cooking and cleaning as a source of outdoor air pollution in urban environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:975-990. [PMID: 38525871 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00512g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Indoor sources of air pollution, such as from cooking and cleaning, play a key role in indoor gas-phase chemistry. The focus of the impact of these activities on air quality tends to be indoors, with less attention given to the impact on air quality outside buildings. This study uses the INdoor CHEmical Model in Python (INCHEM-Py) and the Advanced Dispersion Modelling System (ADMS) to quantify the impact cooking and cleaning have on indoor and outdoor air quality for an idealised street of houses. INCHEM-Py has been developed to determine the concentrations of 106 indoor volatile organic compounds at the point they leave a building (defined as near-field concentrations). For a simulated 140 m long street with 10 equi-distant houses undertaking cooking and cleaning activities, the maximum downwind concentration of acetaldehyde increases from a background value of 0.1 ppb to 0.9 ppb post-cooking, whilst the maximum downwind chloroform concentrations increase from 1.2 to 6.2 ppt after cleaning. Although emissions to outdoors are higher when cooking and cleaning happen indoors, the contribution of these activities to total UK emissions of volatile organic compounds is low (less than 1%), and comprise about a quarter of those emitted from traffic across the UK. It is important to quantify these emissions, particularly as continued vehicle technology improvements lead to lower direct emissions outdoors, making indoor emissions relatively more important. Understanding how indoor pollution can affect outdoor environments, will allow better mitigation measures to be designed in the future that can take into account all sources of pollution that contribute to human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Carter
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - David R Shaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - David C Carslaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
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3
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Pasik D, Frandsen BN, Meder M, Iyer S, Kurtén T, Myllys N. Gas-Phase Oxidation of Atmospherically Relevant Unsaturated Hydrocarbons by Acyl Peroxy Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13427-13437. [PMID: 38712858 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the atmospheric impact of reactions between unsaturated hydrocarbons such as isoprene and monoterpenes and peroxy radicals containing various functional groups. We find that reactions between alkenes and acyl peroxy radicals have reaction rates high enough to be feasible in the atmosphere and lead to high molar mass accretion products. Moreover, the reaction between unsaturated hydrocarbons and acyl peroxy radicals leads to an alkyl radical, to which molecular oxygen rapidly adds. This finding is confirmed by both theoretical calculations and experiments. The formed perester peroxy radical may either undergo further H-shift reactions or react bimolecularly. The multifunctional oxygenated compounds formed through acyl peroxy radical + alkene reactions are potentially important contributors to particle formation and growth. Thus, acyl peroxy radical-initiated oxidation chemistry may need to be included in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Pasik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Benjamin N Frandsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Melissa Meder
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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4
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Molinier B, Arata C, Katz EF, Lunderberg DM, Ofodile J, Singer BC, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Bedroom Concentrations and Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds during Sleep. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7958-7967. [PMID: 38656997 PMCID: PMC11080066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Because humans spend about one-third of their time asleep in their bedrooms and are themselves emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it is important to specifically characterize the composition of the bedroom air that they experience during sleep. This work uses real-time indoor and outdoor measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to examine concentration enhancements in bedroom air during sleep and to calculate VOC emission rates associated with sleeping occupants. Gaseous VOCs were measured with proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry during a multiweek residential monitoring campaign under normal occupancy conditions. Results indicate high emissions of nearly 100 VOCs and other species in the bedroom during sleeping periods as compared to the levels in other rooms of the same residence. Air change rates for the bedroom and, correspondingly, emission rates of sleeping-associated VOCs were determined for two bounding conditions: (1) air exchange between the bedroom and outdoors only and (2) air exchange between the bedroom and other indoor spaces only (as represented by measurements in the kitchen). VOCs from skin oil oxidation and personal care products were present, revealing that many emission pathways can be important occupant-associated emission factors affecting bedroom air composition in addition to direct emissions from building materials and furnishings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Molinier
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin F. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M. Lunderberg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer Ofodile
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett C. Singer
- Indoor
Environment Group and Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Kumar A, Kumar P. Can Ozone Dissociate at the Surface of Water (Water Droplet and Ice) without Light? J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10016-10025. [PMID: 37965752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a major source of OH radicals in the troposphere. It is well-known that photodissociation of ozone is key for the conversion of ozone into OH radicals. In the present study, using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulation, we have shown that on the surface of the droplet and ice, ozone can dissociate without light. In addition, the dissociation time of ozone is found to be much less on the ice surface than the same time on the water droplet. As the dissociation of ozone on the water surface can happen during the day as well as in the night time, we believe this route of forming OH radicals can be even more important than the photodissociation. The present study suggests that the cloud and ice surface can enhance the oxidizing power of the troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017,India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017,India
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6
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Barber VP, Goss MB, Franco Deloya LJ, LeMar LN, Li Y, Helstrom E, Canagaratna M, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH. Indoor Air Quality Implications of Germicidal 222 nm Light. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15990-15998. [PMID: 37827494 PMCID: PMC10607233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
One strategy for mitigating the indoor transmission of airborne pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is irradiation by germicidal UV light (GUV). A particularly promising approach is 222 nm light from KrCl excimer lamps (GUV222); this inactivates airborne pathogens and is thought to be relatively safe for human skin and eye exposure. However, the impact of GUV222 on the composition of indoor air has received little experimental study. Here, we conduct laboratory experiments in a 150 L Teflon chamber to examine the formation of secondary species by GUV222. We show that GUV222 generates ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), both of which can react with volatile organic compounds to form oxidized volatile organic compounds and secondary organic aerosol particles. Results are consistent with a box model based on the known photochemistry. We use this model to simulate GUV222 irradiation under more realistic indoor air scenarios and demonstrate that under some conditions, GUV222 irradiation can lead to levels of O3, OH, and secondary organic products that are substantially elevated relative to normal indoor conditions. The results suggest that GUV222 should be used at low intensities and in concert with ventilation, decreasing levels of airborne pathogens while mitigating the formation of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P. Barber
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew B. Goss
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lesly J. Franco Deloya
- Department
of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lexy N. LeMar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yaowei Li
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Erik Helstrom
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manjula Canagaratna
- Center
for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne
Research Incorporated, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Chen ZW, Ting YC, Huang CH, Ciou ZJ. Sources-oriented contributions to ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential based on initial VOCs in an urban area of Eastern Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164392. [PMID: 37244610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the pollution of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere has become a major concern worldwide due to their adverse effects on human health, air quality and climate. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial precursors of O3 and SOA, but identifying the primary sources of VOCs that contribute to the formation of O3 and SOA has been challenging due to the rapid consumption of VOCs by oxidants in the air. To address this issue, a study was conducted in a Taipei urban area in Taiwan, where the hourly data of 54 VOC species were collected from March 2020 to February 2021 detected by Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS). The initial mixing ratios of VOCs (VOCsini) were determined by combining the observed VOCs (VOCsobs) and the consumed VOCs resulting from photochemical reactions. Additionally, the ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) were estimated based on VOCsini. The OFP derived from VOCsini (OFPini) was found to exhibit a strong correlation with O3 mixing ratios (R2 = 0.82), whereas the OFP obtained from VOCsobs did not show such a correlation. Isoprene, toluene and m,p-xylene were the top three species contributing to OFPini, while toluene and m,p-xylene were the top two contributors to SOAFPini. Positive matrix factorization analysis revealed that biogenic, consumer/household products, and industrial solvents were the major contributors to OFPini in four seasons, and SOAFPini mostly came from consumer/household products and industrial solvents. This study highlights the importance of considering photochemical loss caused by different VOCs reactivity in the atmosphere when evaluating OFP and SOAFP. Moreover, it emphasizes the need to prioritize controlling the sources emitting the dominant VOC precursors of O3 and SOA to effectively alleviate the scenarios of elevated O3 and particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Wun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Hsiu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jhe Ciou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Kakaei K, Padervand M, Akinay Y, Dawi E, Ashames A, Saleem L, Wang C. A critical mini-review on challenge of gaseous O 3 toward removal of viral bioaerosols from indoor air based on collision theory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:84918-84932. [PMID: 37380862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome diseases, led to significant social, economic, psychological, and public health impacts. It was not only uncontrolled but caused serious problems at the outbreak time. Physical contact and airborne transmission are the main routes of transmission for bioaerosols such as SARS-CoV-2. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO), surfaces should be disinfected with chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, and quaternary compounds, while wearing masks, maintaining social distance, and ventilating are strongly recommended to protect against viral aerosols. Ozone generators have gained much attention for purifying public places and workplaces' atmosphere, from airborne bioaerosols, with specific reference to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Despite the scientific concern, some bioaerosols, such as SARS-CoV-2, are not inactivated by ozone under its standard tolerable concentrations for human. Previous reports did not consider the ratio of surface area to volume, relative humidity, temperature, product of time in concentration, and half-life time simultaneously. Furthermore, the use of high doses of exposure can seriously threaten human health and safety since ozone is shown to have a high half-life at ambient conditions (several hours at 55% of relative humidity). Herein, making use of the reports on ozone physicochemical behavior in multiphase environments alongside the collision theory principles, we demonstrate that ozone is ineffective against a typical bioaerosol, SARS-CoV-2, at nonharmful concentrations for human beings in air. Ozone half-life and its durability in indoor air, as major concerns, are also highlighted in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Kakaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohsen Padervand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Yuksel Akinay
- Department of Mining, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Elmuez Dawi
- Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Akram Ashames
- Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research Centre, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lama Saleem
- Biomolecular Science, Earth and Life Science, Amsterdam University, De Boelelaan 1105/1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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9
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Zuazua-Ros A, de Brito Andrade L, Dorregaray-Oyaregui S, Martín-Gómez C, Ramos González JC, Manzueta R, Sánchez Saiz-Ezquerra B, Ariño AH. Crosscutting of the pollutants and building ventilation systems: a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66538-66558. [PMID: 37121949 PMCID: PMC10149636 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Considering the time spent in enclosed environments, it is essential to study the relationship between pollutants and building ventilation systems to find whether the types and levels of pollutants and greenhouse gasses, which are expected to be exhaled through ventilation systems into the atmosphere, have been adequately evaluated. We propose the hypothesis that the exhaled air from residential buildings contains pollutants that may become another source of contamination affecting urban air quality and potentially contributing to climate drivers. Thus, the main goal of this article is to present a cross-review of the identification of pollutants expected to be exhaled through ventilation systems in residential buildings. This approach has created the concept of "exhalation of buildings" a new concept enclosed within the research project in which this article is included. We analyze the studies related to the most significant pollutants found in buildings and the studies about the relation of buildings' ventilation systems with such pollutants. Our results show that, on the one hand, the increase in the use of mechanical ventilation systems in residential buildings has been demonstrated to enhance the ventilation rate and generally improve the indoor air quality conditions. But no knowledge could be extracted about the corresponding environmental cost of this improvement, as no systematic data were found about the total mass of contaminants exhaled by those ventilation systems. At the same time, no projects were found that showed a quantitative study on exhalation from buildings, contrary to the existence of studies on pollutants in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Zuazua-Ros
- Department of Construction, Building Services and Structures, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31009, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leonardo de Brito Andrade
- Department of Rural Engineering, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-000, Brazil.
| | - Sara Dorregaray-Oyaregui
- Department of Construction, Building Services and Structures, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31009, Pamplona, Spain
| | - César Martín-Gómez
- Department of Construction, Building Services and Structures, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31009, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos González
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, Thermal and Fluids Engineering Division, Universidad de Navarra, Paseo de Manuel Lardizábal 13, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Robiel Manzueta
- Department of Construction, Building Services and Structures, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31009, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Sánchez Saiz-Ezquerra
- Department of Construction, Building Services and Structures, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31009, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arturo H Ariño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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10
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You B, Zhou W, Li J, Li Z, Sun Y. A review of indoor Gaseous organic compounds and human chemical Exposure: Insights from Real-time measurements. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107611. [PMID: 36335895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous organic compounds, mainly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have become a wide concern in various indoor environments where we spend the majority of our daily time. The sources, compositions, variations, and sinks of indoor VOCs are extremely complex, and their potential impacts on human health are less understood. Owing to the deployment of the state-of-the-art real-time mass spectrometry during the last two decades, our understanding of the sources, dynamic changes and chemical transformations of VOCs indoors has been significantly improved. This review aims to summarize the key findings from mass spectrometry measurements in recent indoor studies including residence, classroom, office, sports center, etc. The sources and sinks, compositions and distributions of indoor VOCs, and the factors (e.g., human activities, air exchange rate, temperature and humidity) driving the changes in indoor VOCs are discussed. The physical and chemical processes of gas-particle partitioning and secondary oxidation processes of VOCs, and their impacts on human health are summarized. Finally, the recommendations for future research directions on indoor VOCs measurements and indoor chemistry are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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11
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Moravek A, VandenBoer TC, Finewax Z, Pagonis D, Nault BA, Brown WL, Day DA, Handschy AV, Stark H, Ziemann P, Jimenez JL, de Gouw JA, Young CJ. Reactive Chlorine Emissions from Cleaning and Reactive Nitrogen Chemistry in an Indoor Athletic Facility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15408-15416. [PMID: 36326040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor gas-phase radical sources are poorly understood but expected to be much different from outdoors. Several potential radical sources were measured in a windowless, light-emitting diode (LED)-lit room in a college athletic facility over a 2 week period. Alternating measurements between the room air and the supply air of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system allowed an assessment of sources. Use of a chlorine-based cleaner was a source of several photolabile reactive chlorine compounds, including ClNO2 and Cl2. During cleaning events, photolysis rates for these two compounds were up to 0.0023 pptv min-1, acting as a source of chlorine atoms even in this low-light indoor environment. Unrelated to cleaning events, elevated ClNO2 was often observed during daytime and lost to ventilation. The nitrate radical (NO3), which is rapidly photolyzed outdoors during daytime, may persist in low-light indoor environments. With negligible photolysis, loss rates of NO3 indoors were dominated by bimolecular reactions. At times with high NO2 and O3 ventilated from outdoors, N2O5 was observed. Elevated ClNO2 measured concurrently suggests the formation through heterogeneous reactions, acting as an additional source of reactive chlorine within the athletic facility and outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Moravek
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Zachary Finewax
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Benjamin A Nault
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Wyatt L Brown
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Anne V Handschy
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Harald Stark
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts01821, United States
| | - Paul Ziemann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, OntarioM3J 1P3, Canada
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12
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Pytel K, Marcinkowska R, Rutkowska M, Zabiegała B. Recent advances on SOA formation in indoor air, fate and strategies for SOA characterization in indoor air - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156948. [PMID: 35753459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies proves that indoor air chemistry differs in many aspects from atmospheric one. People send up to 90 % of their life indoors being exposed to pollutants present in gas, particle and solid phase. Particle phase indoor is composed of particles emitted from various sources, among which there is an indoor source - secondary chemical reactions leading to formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Lately, researchers' attentions turned towards the ultrafine particles, for there are still a lot of gaps in knowledge concerning this field of study, while there is evidence of negative influence of ultrafine particles on human health. Presented review sums up current knowledge about secondary particle formation in indoor environment and development of analytical techniques applied to study those processes. The biggest concern today is studying ROS, for their lifetime in indoor air is very short due to reactions at the very beginning of terpene oxidation process. Another interesting aspect that is recently discovered is monoterpene autooxidation process that leads to HOMs formation that in turn can influence SOA formation yield. A complex studies covering gas phase and particle phase characterization, but also toxicological studies are crucial to fully understand indoor air chemistry leading to ultrafine particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Pytel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Renata Marcinkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland.
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13
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Yang B, Wang S, Wang L. Rapid Gas-Phase Autoxidation of Nicotine in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6495-6501. [PMID: 36069732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is the most abundant alkaloid chemical in smoke emission. In this work, we investigated the gas-phase oxidation mechanism of nicotine initiated by its reactions with the OH radical and ozone. Both initiation reactions start dominantly by hydrogen atom abstractions from the C1, C3, and -CH3 groups of the methylpyrrolidinyl group and form radicals nicotinyl-1, nicotinyl-3, and nicotinyl-6, respectively. The nicotinyl radicals would recombine rapidly with O2, forming RO2 with rapid intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfers (HATs) with rate coefficients from 4 s-1 to greater than 104 s-1. The rapid HATs in peroxy radicals suggest rapid autoxidation of nicotine in the gas phase. Formation of HCNO and HC(O)NH2, being observed in previous studies, arises likely from secondary reactions or photolysis of intermediate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiran Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sainan Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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14
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Fernández de Mera IG, Granda C, Villanueva F, Sánchez‐Sánchez M, Moraga‐Fernández A, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J. HEPA filters of portable air cleaners as a tool for the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13109. [PMID: 36168219 PMCID: PMC9538271 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies about the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor aerosols have been conducted in hospital patient rooms and to a lesser extent in nonhealthcare environments. In these studies, people were already infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, in the present study, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in HEPA filters housed in portable air cleaners (PACs) located in places with apparently healthy people to prevent possible outbreaks. A method for detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in HEPA filters was developed and validated. The study was conducted for 13 weeks in three indoor environments: school, nursery, and a household of a social health center, all in Ciudad Real, Spain. The environmental monitoring of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 was conducted in HEPA filters and other surfaces of these indoor spaces for a selective screening in asymptomatic population groups. The objective was to limit outbreaks at an early stage. One HEPA filter tested positive in the social health center. After analysis by RT-PCR of SARS-CoV-2 in residents and healthcare workers, one worker tested positive. Therefore, this study provides direct evidence of virus-containing aerosols trapped in HEPA filters and the possibility of using these PACs for environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 while they remove airborne aerosols and trap the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel G. Fernández de Mera
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
| | - Carmen Granda
- Residencias CADIG Guadiana I y IICentro de Salud Ciudad Real ISpain
| | - Florentina Villanueva
- Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación AtmosféricaUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
- Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla‐La ManchaPaseo de la Innovación 1AlbaceteSpain
| | - Marta Sánchez‐Sánchez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
| | - Alberto Moraga‐Fernández
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health SciencesOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
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15
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Sbai SE, Bentayeb F, Yin H. Atmospheric pollutants response to the emission reduction and meteorology during the COVID-19 lockdown in the north of Africa (Morocco). STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT : RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022; 36:3769-3784. [PMID: 35498271 PMCID: PMC9033931 DOI: 10.1007/s00477-022-02224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Climate and air quality change due to COVID-19 lockdown (LCD) are extremely concerned subjects of several research recently. The contribution of meteorological factors and emission reduction to air pollution change over the north of Morocco has been investigated in this study using the framework generalized additive models, that have been proved to be a robust technique for the environmental data sets, focusing on main atmospheric pollutants in the region including ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), nom-methane volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide (CO) from the regional air pollution dataset of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. Our results, indicate that secondary air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10 and O3) are more influenced by metrological factors and the other air pollutants reported by this study (NO2 and SO2). We show a negative effect for PBHL, total precipitation and NW10M on PM (PM2.5 and PM10 ), this meteorological parameters contribute to decrease in PM2.5 by 9, 2 and 9% respectively, before LCD and 8, 1 and 5% respectively during LCD. However, a positive marginal effect was found for SAT, Irradiance and RH that contribute to increase PM2.5 by 9, 12 and 18% respectively, before LCD and 17, 54 and 34% respectively during LCD. We found also that meteorological factors contribute to O3, PM2.5, PM10 and SIA average mass concentration by 22, 5, 3 and 34% before LCD and by 28, 19, 5 and 42% during LCD respectively. The increase in meteorological factors marginal effect during LCD shows the contribution of photochemical oxidation to air pollution due to increase in atmospheric oxidant (O3 and OH radical) during LCD, which can explain the response of PM to emission reduction. This study indicates that PM (PM2.5, PM10) has more controlled by SO2 due to the formation of sulfate particles especially under high oxidants level. The positive correlation between westward wind at 10 m (WW10M), Northward Wind at 10 m (NW10M) and PM indicates the implication of sea salt particles transported from Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. The Ozone mass concentration shows a positive trend with Irradiance, Total and SAT during LCD; because temperature and irradiance enhance tropospheric ozone formation via photochemical reaction.This study shows the contribution of atmospheric oxidation capacity to air pollution change. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00477-022-02224-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Eddine Sbai
- Department of Physics, Laboratoires de Physique des Hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Farida Bentayeb
- Department of Physics, Laboratoires de Physique des Hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
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16
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Using Real Time Measurements to Derive the Indoor and Outdoor Contributions of Submicron Particulate Species and Trace Gases. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040161. [PMID: 35448422 PMCID: PMC9024529 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The indoor environment is usually more polluted than outdoors due to emissions of gas and particle-phase pollutants from multiple sources, leading to their accumulation on top of the infiltration of outdoor pollution. While it is widely recognized that negative health effects arise from the exposure to outdoor air pollution, exposure to indoor pollutants also needs to be well assessed since we spend most of our time (~90%) breathing indoors. Indoor concentrations of pollutants are driven by physicochemical processes and chemical transformations taking place indoors, acting as sources and/or sinks. While these basic concepts are understood, assessing the contribution of each process is still challenging. In this study, we deployed online instrumentation in an unoccupied room to test a methodology for the apportionment of indoor and outdoor pollutant sources. This method was successfully applied to the apportionment of PM1 and VOCs, however, there are limitations for reactive gases such as O3. The results showed that this unoccupied indoor environment acts as a source of VOCs and contributes 87% on OVOCs and 6% on CxHy, while it acts as a sink for particles, likely due to losses through volatilization up to 60%.
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17
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Stinson B, Laguerre A, Gall ET. Per-Person and Whole-Building VOC Emission Factors in an Occupied School with Gas-Phase Air Cleaning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3354-3364. [PMID: 35130699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using real-time measurements of CO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air handler of an occupied middle school, we quantified source strengths for 249 VOCs and apportioned the source to the building, occupants and their activities, outdoor air, or recirculation air. For VOCs quantified in this study, there is a source to the outdoors of 8.6 ± 1.8 g/h in building exhaust air, of which 5.9 ± 1.7 g/h can be attributed to indoor sources (the building and occupants and their activities). The corresponding whole-building area emission factor from indoor sources is 1020 ± 300 μg/(m2 h), including reactive VOCs like isoprene and monoterpenes (33 ± 5.1 and 29 ± 5.7 μg/(m2 h), respectively). Per-person emission factors are calculated for compounds associated with occupants and their activities, e.g., monoterpenes are emitted at a rate of 280 ± 80 μg/(person h). The air handler included carbon scrubbing, reducing supply air concentrations of 125 compounds by 38 ± 19% (mean ± std. dev.) with a net removal of 2.4 ± 0.4 g/h of organic compounds from the building. This carbon scrubber reduces steady-state indoor concentrations of organics by 65 μg/m3 and the contribution of indoor sources of VOCs to the outdoor environment by ∼40%. These data inform the design and operation of buildings to reduce human exposure to VOCs inside buildings. These data indicate the potential for gas-phase air cleaning to improve both indoor air quality and reduce VOC emissions from buildings to the outdoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Stinson
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 Southwest 4th Avenue, Suite 400, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Aurélie Laguerre
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 Southwest 4th Avenue, Suite 400, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Elliott T Gall
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 Southwest 4th Avenue, Suite 400, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
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18
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Rosales CMF, Jiang J, Lahib A, Bottorff BP, Reidy EK, Kumar V, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Dusanter S, Tomas A, Boor BE, Stevens PS. Chemistry and human exposure implications of secondary organic aerosol production from indoor terpene ozonolysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj9156. [PMID: 35213219 PMCID: PMC8880786 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface cleaning using commercial disinfectants, which has recently increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, can generate secondary indoor pollutants both in gas and aerosol phases. It can also affect indoor air quality and health, especially for workers repeatedly exposed to disinfectants. Here, we cleaned the floor of a mechanically ventilated office room using a commercial cleaner while concurrently measuring gas-phase precursors, oxidants, radicals, secondary oxidation products, and aerosols in real-time; these were detected within minutes after cleaner application. During cleaning, indoor monoterpene concentrations exceeded outdoor concentrations by two orders of magnitude, increasing the rate of ozonolysis under low (<10 ppb) ozone levels. High number concentrations of freshly nucleated sub-10-nm particles (≥105 cm-3) resulted in respiratory tract deposited dose rates comparable to or exceeding that of inhalation of vehicle-associated aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ahmad Lahib
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Emily K. Reidy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Heinz Huber
- RJ Lee Group Inc., Monroeville, PA 15146, USA
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions LLC, Novelty, OH 44072, USA
| | - Sebastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Brandon E. Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Corresponding author. (B.E.B.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Philip S. Stevens
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Corresponding author. (B.E.B.); (P.S.S.)
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19
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A review on the current methods of methamphetamine remediation, their limitations, and chemical degradation techniques which have been investigated. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Schwartz-Narbonne H, Du B, Siegel JA. Volatile organic compound and particulate matter emissions from an ultrasonic essential oil diffuser. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1982-1992. [PMID: 33905580 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic essential oil diffusers (EODs) are a popular type of indoor scenting source. We performed a chamber study in which we measured the emissions from EODs used with lemon, lavender, eucalyptus, and grapeseed oils. Over the course of 15 min, the most abundant VOCs released from lemon, lavender, eucalyptus, and grapeseed oils were 2.6 ± 0.7 mg of d-limonene, 3.5 ± 0.4 mg of eucalyptol, 1.0 ± 0.1 mg of linalyl acetate, and 0.2 ± 0.02 mg of linalyl acetate, respectively. Each oil had a unique particulate matter (PM) emission profile in terms of size, number density, and rate. The dominant size ranges of the PM were 10-100 nm for lemon oil, 50-100 nm for lavender oil, 10-50 nm for lemon oil, and above 200 nm for grapeseed oil. PM1 emission rates of approximately 2 mg/h, 0.1 mg/h, and 3 mg/h, were observed for lemon, lavender/eucalyptus, and grapeseed oils, respectively. A fivefold increase in PM1 emission was measured when the EOD with eucalyptus oil was filled with tap water as opposed to deionized water. Modeling suggests that reasonable use cases of EODs can contribute substantially to primary and secondary PM in indoor environments, but this potential varies depending on the oil and water types used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bowen Du
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Huang L, Frank ES, Shrestha M, Riahi S, Tobias DJ, Grassian VH. Heterogeneous Interactions of Prevalent Indoor Oxygenated Organic Compounds on Hydroxylated SiO 2 Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6623-6630. [PMID: 33945687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated organic compounds (OOCs) are widely found in indoor environments and come from either the direct emissions from indoor activities or the subsequent oxidation of nonoxygenated OCs. Adsorption and partitioning of OCs on surfaces are significant processes in indoor chemistry, yet these interactions specifically involving OOCs are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the interactions of three prevalent indoor OOCs (dihydromyrcenol, α-terpineol, and linalool) on an indoor surface proxy (hydroxylated SiO2) by combining vibrational spectroscopy with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The adsorption of these compounds on the SiO2 surface is driven by π hydrogen bonding and O-H hydrogen bonding interactions, with O-H hydrogen bonding interactions being stronger. The results of kinetic measurements suggest that indoor surfaces play a significant role in the removal of these OOCs, especially under moderate and low air exchange. Additionally, indoor surfaces can also serve as a reservoir of OOCs due to their much slower desorption kinetics when compared to other indoor relevant organic compounds such as limonene. Overall, the results gleaned by experiment and theoretical simulations provide a molecular representation of the interaction of OOCs on indoor relevant surfaces as well as implications of these interactions for indoor air chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubin Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elianna S Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mona Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Saleh Riahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Douglas J Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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22
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Depoorter A, Kalalian C, Emmelin C, Lorentz C, George C. Indoor heterogeneous photochemistry of furfural drives emissions of nitrous acid. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:682-692. [PMID: 33020975 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
People spend approximately 80% of their time indoor, making the understanding of the indoor chemistry an important task for safety. The high surface-area-to-volume ratio characteristic of indoor environments leads the semi-volatile organic compounds (sVOCs) to deposit on the surfaces. Using a long path absorption photometer (LOPAP), this work investigates the formation of nitrous acid (HONO) through the photochemistry of adsorbed nitrate anions and its enhancement by the presence of furfural. Using a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS), this work also investigates the surface emissions of VOCs from irradiated films of furfural and a mix of furfural and nitrate anions. Among the emitted VOCs, 2(5H)-furanone/2-Butenedial was observed at high concentrations, leading to maleic anhydride formation after UV irradiation. Moreover, the addition of potassium nitrate to the film formed NOx and HONO concentrations up to 10 ppb, which scales to ca. 4 ppb for realistic indoor conditions. This work helps to understand the high levels of HONO and NOx measured indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Kalalian
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corinne Emmelin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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23
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Mayer A, Rindelaub J, Miskelly GM. Nitrosamine formation from the reaction of methamphetamine with gaseous nitrous acid. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:474-480. [PMID: 33864657 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine is the most commonly seized amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) worldwide. Chemical residues associated with the use or manufacture of methamphetamine can persist in the air and surfaces in a property for over 5 years and potentially pose risks to the health and safety of the public. When a house is tested for contamination, the test focuses on the presence of surface methamphetamine residue; however, other hazardous chemicals may also be present, including methamphetamine precursors and reaction products. As little has been reported about the ageing of the methamphetamine inside dwellings, there is currently large uncertainty regarding its fate and/or degradation products in such environments. If the indoor reactivity of methamphetamine is similar to that of nicotine-derived third-hand smoke, the production of a carcinogenic nitrosamine is an expected result. Thus, this proof-of-concept study investigated the reaction of methamphetamine with the common gaseous indoor oxidant nitrous acid (HONO) and monitored the fate of the resulting reaction products in simulated laboratory experiments to further understand the potential health risks associated with contaminated properties. Surface methamphetamine residue was observed to decrease with an exponential decay with an upper limit of 2.38 ± 0.5 × 10-3 min-1 upon exposure to HONO gas (5.7 ppmv, 0.25 L min-1 ). N-nitrosomethamphetamine (NMA), a suspected human mutagen and carcinogen, was detected to have a steady-state formation over the sampling time frame, with a surface area concentration of 0.87 μg/100 cm2 , suggesting that the risks to public health for properties contaminated with methamphetamine may be currently underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mayer
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joel Rindelaub
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gordon M Miskelly
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Huang L, Frank ES, Riahi S, Tobias DJ, Grassian VH. Adsorption of constitutional isomers of cyclic monoterpenes on hydroxylated silica surfaces. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:124703. [PMID: 33810688 DOI: 10.1063/5.0042467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a study of four monoterpene isomers (limonene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, and α-pinene) that are prevalent in indoor environments and their interaction with the hydroxylated SiO2 surface, a model for the glass surface, by combining infrared spectroscopy and computational simulations. These isomers are molecularly adsorbed onto SiO2 through π-hydrogen bonds with surface hydroxyl groups. However, experimental results suggest that the strength of interaction of these compounds with the SiO2 surface varies for each isomer, with α-pinene showing the weakest interaction. This observation is supported by molecular dynamics simulations that α-pinene adsorbed on the SiO2 surface has lower free energy of desorption and a lower mass accommodation coefficient compared to other isomers. Additionally, our ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show lower π-hydrogen bonding probabilities for α-pinene compared to the other three constitutional isomers. Importantly, these interactions are most likely present for a range of other systems involving organic compounds and solid surfaces and, thus, provide a thorough framework for comparing the interactions of organic molecules on indoor relevant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubin Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Elianna S Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Saleh Riahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Douglas J Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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25
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Hernández-Díaz D, Martos-Ferreira D, Hernández-Abad V, Villar-Ribera R, Tarrés Q, Rojas-Sola JI. Indoor PM2.5 removal efficiency of two different non-thermal plasma systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111515. [PMID: 33113396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) generators in air processing systems and their duct networks to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) has grown considerably in recent years. This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of NTP generators for IAQ improvement in biological, chemical and particulate pollutant terms. Also, it assesses and compares the ability of a multipin corona discharge (MPCD) and a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) generator to reduce the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in recycled, unfiltered air in a refrigeration chamber. The MPCD generator was found to have a higher PM2.5 removal efficiency; also, it was faster in removing pollutants, used less energy, and produced much less ozone. The fact that the MPCD generator performed better was seemingly the result of its increased ion production mainly. NTP generators, however, cannot match air filtration media purifiers in this respect as the latter are much more effective in removing particles. Besides, NTP-based air purifying technology continues to be subject to a major drawback, namely: the formation of ozone as a by-product. In any case, the ozone generation was uncorrelated to ion emission when using different technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hernández-Díaz
- Serra Húnter Programme, Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, TR5 Campus Terrassa, 08222, Terrassa, Spain.
| | - D Martos-Ferreira
- Department of Electronics, The Salesian University School of Sarrià, Passeig Sant Joan Bosco 74, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V Hernández-Abad
- Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, TR5 Campus Terrassa, 08222, Terrassa, Spain.
| | - R Villar-Ribera
- Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Campus Manresa, 08242, Manresa, Spain.
| | - Q Tarrés
- LEPAMAP Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - J I Rojas-Sola
- Department of Engineering Graphics, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
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26
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Goldstein AH, Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ, Williams J. How Do Indoor Environments Affect Air Pollution Exposure? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:100-108. [PMID: 33284612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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27
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Sbai SE, Li C, Boreave A, Charbonnel N, Perrier S, Vernoux P, Bentayeb F, George C, Gil S. Atmospheric photochemistry and secondary aerosol formation of urban air in Lyon, France. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:311-323. [PMID: 33183710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). To evaluate the formation potential of SOA at an urban site in Lyon (France), an outdoor experiment using a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was conducted throughout entire days during January-February 2017. Diurnal variation of SOA formations and their correlation with OH radical exposure (OHexp), ambient pollutants (VOCs and particulate matters, PM), Relative Humidity (RH), and temperature were explored in this study. Ambient urban air was exposed to high concentration of OH radicals with OHexp in range of (0.2-1.2)×1012 molecule/(cm3•sec), corresponding to several days to weeks of equivalent atmospheric photochemical aging. The results informed that urban air at Lyon has high potency to contribute to SOA, and these SOA productions were favored from OH radical photochemical oxidation rather than via ozonolysis. Maximum SOA formation (36 µg/m3) was obtained at OHexp of about 7.4 × 1011molecule/(cm3•sec), equivalent to approximately 5 days of atmospheric oxidation. The correlation between SOA formation and ambient environment conditions (RH & temperature, VOCs and PM) was observed. It was the first time to estimate SOA formation potential from ambient air over a long period in urban environment of Lyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Eddine Sbai
- Department of physics, Laboratoires de physique des hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Chunlin Li
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antoinette Boreave
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Charbonnel
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Vernoux
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Farida Bentayeb
- Department of physics, Laboratoires de physique des hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Sonia Gil
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France.
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Zhou S, Liu Z, Wang Z, Young CJ, VandenBoer TC, Guo BB, Zhang J, Carslaw N, Kahan TF. Hydrogen Peroxide Emission and Fate Indoors during Non-bleach Cleaning: A Chamber and Modeling Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15643-15651. [PMID: 33258369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Activities such as household cleaning can greatly alter the composition of air in indoor environments. We continuously monitored hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from household non-bleach surface cleaning in a chamber designed to simulate a residential room. Mixing ratios of up to 610 ppbv gaseous H2O2 were observed following cleaning, orders of magnitude higher than background levels (sub-ppbv). Gaseous H2O2 levels decreased rapidly and irreversibly, with removal rate constants (kH2O2) 17-73 times larger than air change rate (ACR). Increasing the surface-area-to-volume ratio within the room caused peak H2O2 mixing ratios to decrease and kH2O2 to increase, suggesting that surface uptake dominated H2O2 loss. Volatile organic compound (VOC) levels increased rapidly after cleaning and then decreased with removal rate constants 1.2-7.2 times larger than ACR, indicating loss due to surface partitioning and/or chemical reactions. We predicted photochemical radical production rates and steady-state concentrations in the simulated room using a detailed chemical model for indoor air (the INDCM). Model results suggest that, following cleaning, H2O2 photolysis increased OH concentrations by 10-40% to 9.7 × 105 molec cm-3 and hydroperoxy radical (HO2) concentrations by 50-70% to 2.3 × 107 molec cm-3 depending on the cleaning method and lighting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Zhenlei Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Zixu Wang
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - B Beverly Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Jianshun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Kruza M, McFiggans G, Waring M, Wells J, Carslaw N. Indoor secondary organic aerosols: Towards an improved representation of their formation and composition in models. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT: X 2020; 240:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117784. [PMID: 33594348 PMCID: PMC7884095 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) indoors is one of the many consequences of the rich and complex chemistry that occurs therein. Given particulate matter has well documented health effects, we need to understand the mechanism for SOA formation indoors and its resulting composition. This study evaluates some uncertainties that exist in quantifying gas-to-particle partitioning of SOA-forming compounds using an indoor detailed chemical model. In particular, we investigate the impacts of using different methods to estimate compound vapour pressures as well as simulating the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM) via auto-oxidation on SOA formation indoors. Estimation of vapour pressures for 136 α-pinene oxidation species by six investigated methods led to standard deviations of 28-216%. Inclusion of HOM formation improved model performance across three of the six assessed vapour pressure estimation methods when comparing against experimental data, particularly when the NO2 concentration was relatively high. We also explored the predicted SOA composition using two product classification methods, the first assuming the molecule is dominated by one functionality according to its name, and the second accounting for the fractional weighting of each functional group within a molecule. The SOA composition was dominated by the HOM species when the NO2-to-α-terpineol ratio was high for both product classification methods, as these conditions promoted formation of the nitrate radical and hence formation of HOM monomers. As the NO2-to-α-terpineol ratio decreased, peroxides and acids dominated the simple classification, whereas for the fractional classification, carbonyl and alcohol groups became more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kruza
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - G. McFiggans
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M.S. Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J.R. Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - N. Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
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30
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Won Y, Lakey PSJ, Morrison G, Shiraiwa M, Rim D. Spatial distributions of ozonolysis products from human surfaces in ventilated rooms. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1229-1240. [PMID: 32478932 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone has adverse effects on human health. Skin oil on the human surface acts as an ozone sink indoors, producing oxidation products that can cause skin and respiratory irritations. Concentrations of ozone and oxidation products near human surfaces, including the breathing zone, can be modulated by indoor ventilation modes and human surface conditions. The objective of this study is to examine concentrations and spatial heterogeneity of ozone and ozonolysis products under representative ranges of indoor ventilation, clothing, and breathing conditions. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in conjunction with a chemical kinetic model, details of ozone reactions with the human surface and subsequent chemical reactions are examined. The results show that primary ozonolysis products are concentrated near the soiled clothing, while the secondary products are relatively well distributed throughout the room. Increasing indoor air mixing enhances the ozone deposition to the human surface, thereby resulting in higher emission rates of oxidation products in the room. Soiled clothing consumes more ozone than clean clothing and accordingly produces ~ 65% more primary products and ~15% more secondary products. The results also reveal that unsaturated hydrocarbons from the human breath, such as isoprene, contribute to only ~0.5% of ozone removal compared to ozone deposition to the human surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbo Won
- Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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31
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Laguerre A, George LA, Gall ET. High-Efficiency Air Cleaning Reduces Indoor Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Alters Indoor Air Chemistry in a Near-Roadway School. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11798-11808. [PMID: 32841011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Schools in proximity to roadways expose students to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). We investigate impacts of air-cleaning on indoor TRAP levels and indoor chemistry in a renovated school adjacent an interstate highway. We monitor air pollutants pre- and post-renovation and quantify efficiency of particle (MERV8 and 16 filters) and gas (functionalized activated carbon) air-cleaning. Time-resolved measurements show air-cleaning systems are effective, with in situ particle removal efficiency >94% across 10 nm to 10 μm. Activated carbon removed BTEX and NO2 with variability in removal efficiency. Over eight months of monitoring, NO2 removal efficiency was 96% initially and decreased to 61%; and BTEX removal efficiency was >80% or increased to >80%. Air-cleaning reduced indoor TRAP to below or near urban background. Air-cleaning systems suppressed indoor chemistry by reducing indoor levels of oxidants (NO2, O3) and reactive organics of indoor origin. When the air cleaning system was inactive, our data show that indoor SOA formation within the school was elevated. Loss rates of NO2 and O3 through the air-cleaning system were ∼1.5-2.4 h-1 and ∼2.3 h-1, respectively. Air-cleaning was 83% and 69% efficient, respectively, in removing monoterpenes and isoprene. By suppressing precursors, scaling calculations show air-cleaning prevented ∼3.4 mg/h of indoor SOA formation due to indoor ozone-monoterpene chemistry. For comparison, we estimate that filtration removed ∼130 mg/h of PM0.01-0.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Laguerre
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 SW 4th Avenue, Suite 400, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Linda A George
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Elliott T Gall
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 SW 4th Avenue, Suite 400, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
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32
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Teimouri Sendesi SM, Noh Y, Nuruddin M, Boor BE, Howarter JA, Youngblood JP, Jafvert CT, Whelton AJ. An emerging mobile air pollution source: outdoor plastic liner manufacturing sites discharge VOCs into urban and rural areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1828-1841. [PMID: 32852018 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The in situ manufacture of cured-in-place-pipe (CIPP) plastic liners in damaged sewer pipes is an emerging mobile source of anthropogenic air pollution. Evidence indicates volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be released before, during, and after manufacture. The chemical composition of a popular uncured styrene-based CIPP resin was examined, along with the VOCs that remained in the new cured composite. The roles of curing temperature and heating time in waste discharged into the air were examined. Uncured resin contained approximately 39 wt% VOCs. Multiple hazardous air pollutants were present, however, 61 wt% of the uncured resin was not chemically identified. A substantial mass of VOCs (8.87 wt%) was emitted into the air during manufacture, and all cured composites contained about 3 wt% VOCs. Some VOCs were created during manufacture. Curing temperature (65.5-93.3 °C) and heating time (25-100 min) did not cause different composite VOC loadings. High styrene air concentrations inhibited the detection of other VOCs in air. It is estimated that tens of tons of VOCs may be emitted at a single CIPP manufacturing site. Regulators should consider monitoring, and potentially regulating, these growing mobile air pollution and volatile chemical product sources as they are operating in urban and rural areas often in close proximity to residential and commercial buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907.
| | - Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, USA 47907-2045.
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907.
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, USA 47907-2045.
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, USA 47907-2045.
| | - Chad T Jafvert
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907.
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907.
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Yeoman AM, Shaw M, Carslaw N, Murrells T, Passant N, Lewis AC. Simplified speciation and atmospheric volatile organic compound emission rates from non-aerosol personal care products. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:459-472. [PMID: 32034823 PMCID: PMC7217173 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from personal care products (PCPs) can affect indoor air quality and outdoor air quality when ventilated. In this paper, we determine a set of simplified VOC species profiles and emission rates for a range of non-aerosol PCPs. These have been constructed from individual vapor analysis from 36 products available in the UK, using equilibrium headspace analysis with selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). A simplified speciation profile is created based on the observations, comprising four alcohols, two cyclic volatile siloxanes, and monoterpenes (grouped as limonene). Estimates are made for individual unit-of-activity VOC emissions for dose-usage of shampoos, shower gel, conditioner, liquid foundation, and moisturizer. We use these values as inputs to the INdoor air Detailed Chemical Model (INDCM) and compare results against real-world case-study experimental data. Activity-based emissions are then scaled based on plausible usage patterns to estimate the potential scale of annual per-person emissions for each product type (eg, 2 g limonene person-1 yr-1 from shower gels). Annual emissions from non-aerosol PCPs for the UK are then calculated (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 0.25 ktonne yr-1 and limonene 0.15 ktonne yr-1 ) and these compared with the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory estimates for non-aerosol cosmetics and toiletries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Yeoman
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Marvin Shaw
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and GeographyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Tim Murrells
- Ricardo Energy & Environment Gemini BuildingHarwellUK
| | - Neil Passant
- Ricardo Energy & Environment Gemini BuildingHarwellUK
| | - Alastair C. Lewis
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of YorkYorkUK
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Leppänen M, Peräniemi S, Koponen H, Sippula O, Pasanen P. The effect of the shoeless course on particle concentrations and dust composition in schools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136272. [PMID: 31926411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particles may effect on indoor air quality in schools. One significant particle source is outdoor dust and soil transported indoors on people's shoes, which may be resuspended, and further inhaled by pupils and teachers. In many Finnish schools, shoes are taken off by coat racks near the classrooms (shoe schools). The new course of action is to take shoes off right when entering the building (sock schools). In this study, particle mass and number concentrations, together with chemical composition of the dust were investigated in sock and shoe schools. According to results, PM10 and PM15 concentrations in corridors were significantly higher in shoe schools compared to sock schools (p < 0.05). The shoeless course did not affect on the particle number concentrations, but the increases in the number concentrations originated from diners. The elemental concentrations (Li, Al, Si, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba, Pb) in settled dust were also higher in shoe schools compared to sock schools, and the Zn concentrations differed significantly (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that by taking the shoes off when entering the school building you can enhance the indoor air quality by reducing the particle mass concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Leppänen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P. O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sirpa Peräniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, P. O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Koponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P. O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P. O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pertti Pasanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P. O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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35
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Salthammer T. Emerging indoor pollutants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cummings BE, Waring MS. Potted plants do not improve indoor air quality: a review and analysis of reported VOC removal efficiencies. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:253-261. [PMID: 31695112 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Potted plants have demonstrated abilities to remove airborne volatile organic compounds (VOC) in small, sealed chambers over timescales of many hours or days. Claims have subsequently been made suggesting that potted plants may reduce indoor VOC concentrations. These potted plant chamber studies reported outcomes using various metrics, often not directly applicable to contextualizing plants' impacts on indoor VOC loads. To assess potential impacts, 12 published studies of chamber experiments were reviewed, and 196 experimental results were translated into clean air delivery rates (CADR, m3/h), which is an air cleaner metric that can be normalized by volume to parameterize first-order loss indoors. The distribution of single-plant CADR spanned orders of magnitude, with a median of 0.023 m3/h, necessitating the placement of 10-1000 plants/m2 of a building's floor space for the combined VOC-removing ability by potted plants to achieve the same removal rate that outdoor-to-indoor air exchange already provides in typical buildings (~1 h-1). Future experiments should shift the focus from potted plants' (in)abilities to passively clean indoor air, and instead investigate VOC uptake mechanisms, alternative biofiltration technologies, biophilic productivity and well-being benefits, or negative impacts of other plant-sourced emissions, which must be assessed by rigorous field work accounting for important indoor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Cummings
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut, St. Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut, St. Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Abbatt JPD, Wang C. The atmospheric chemistry of indoor environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:25-48. [PMID: 31712796 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Through air inhalation, dust ingestion and dermal exposure, the indoor environment plays an important role in controlling human chemical exposure. Indoor emissions and chemistry can also have direct impacts on the quality of outdoor air. And so, it is important to have a strong fundamental knowledge of the chemical processes that occur in indoor environments. This review article summarizes our understanding of the indoor chemistry field. Using a molecular perspective, it addresses primarily the new advances that have occurred in the past decade or so and upon developments in our understanding of multiphase partitioning and reactions. A primary goal of the article is to contrast indoor chemistry to that which occurs outdoors, which we know to be a strongly gas-phase, oxidant-driven system in which substantial oxidative aging of gases and aerosol particles occurs. By contrast, indoor environments are dark, gas-phase oxidant concentrations are relatively low, and due to air exchange, only short times are available for reactive processing of gaseous and particle constituents. However, important gas-surface partitioning and reactive multiphase chemistry occur in the large surface reservoirs that prevail in all indoor environments. These interactions not only play a crucial role in controlling the composition of indoor surfaces but also the surrounding gases and aerosol particles, thus affecting human chemical exposure. There are rich research opportunities available if the advanced measurement and modeling tools of the outdoor atmospheric chemistry community continue to be brought indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Won Y, Waring M, Rim D. Understanding the Spatial Heterogeneity of Indoor OH and HO 2 due to Photolysis of HONO Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14470-14478. [PMID: 31693359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoor photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) generates hydroxyl radicals (OH), and since OH is fast reacting, it may be confined within the HONO-photolyzing indoor volume of light. This study investigated the HONO-photolysis-induced formation of indoor OH, the transformation of OH to hydroperoxy radicals (HO2), and resulting spatial distributions of those radicals and their oxidation products. To do so, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model framework was established to simulate HONO photolysis in a room and subsequent reactions associated with OH and HO2 under a typical range of indoor lighting and ventilation conditions. The results showed that OH and HO2 were essentially confined in the volume of HONO-photolyzing light, but oxidation products were relatively well distributed throughout the room. As the light volume increased, more total in-room OH was produced, thereby increasing oxidation product concentrations. Spatial distributions of OH and HO2 varied by the type of artificial light (e.g., fluorescent versus incandescent), due to differences in photon flux as a function of light source and the distance from the source. The HO2 generation rate and air change rate made notable impacts on product concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbo Won
- Department of Architectural Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Michael Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Department of Architectural Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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Price DJ, Day DA, Pagonis D, Stark H, Algrim LB, Handschy AV, Liu S, Krechmer JE, Miller SL, Hunter JF, de Gouw JA, Ziemann PJ, Jimenez JL. Budgets of Organic Carbon Composition and Oxidation in Indoor Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13053-13063. [PMID: 31652057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of indoor air at the University of Colorado, Boulder art museum was measured by a suite of gas- and particle-phase instruments. Over 80% of the total observed organic carbon (TOOC) mass (100 μg m-3) consisted of reduced compounds (carbon oxidation state, OSC < -0.5) with high volatility (log10 C* > 7) and low carbon number (nC < 6). The museum TOOC was compared to other indoor and outdoor locations, which increased according to the following trend: remote < rural ≤ urban < indoor ≤ megacity. The museum TOOC was comparable to a university classroom and 3× less than residential environments. Trends in the total reactive flux were remote < indoor < rural < urban < megacity. High volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations compensated low oxidant concentrations indoors to result in an appreciable reactive flux. Total hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3), nitrate radical (NO3), and chlorine atom (Cl) reactivities for each location followed a similar trend to TOOC. High human occupancy events increased all oxidant reactivities in the museum by 65-125%. The lifetimes of O3, NO3, OH, and Cl reactivities were 13 h, 15 h, 23 days, and 189 days, respectively, corresponding to over 88% of indoor VOC oxidant reactivity being consumed outdoors after ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Harald Stark
- Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Jordan E Krechmer
- Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | | | - James F Hunter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Klein F, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH, El Haddad I. Quantification of the impact of cooking processes on indoor concentrations of volatile organic species and primary and secondary organic aerosols. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:926-942. [PMID: 31449696 PMCID: PMC6856830 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cooking is recognized as an important source of particulate pollution in indoor and outdoor environments. We conducted more than 100 individual experiments to characterize the particulate and non-methane organic gas emissions from various cooking processes, their reaction rates, and their secondary organic aerosol yields. We used this emission data to develop a box model, for simulating the cooking emission concentrations in a typical European home and the indoor gas-phase reactions leading to secondary organic aerosol production. Our results suggest that about half of the indoor primary organic aerosol emission rates can be explained by cooking. Emission rates of larger and unsaturated aldehydes likely are dominated by cooking while the emission rates of terpenes are negligible. We found that cooking dominates the particulate and gas-phase air pollution in non-smoking European households exceeding 1000 μg m-3 . While frying processes are the main driver of aldehyde emissions, terpenes are mostly emitted due to the use of condiments. The secondary aerosol production is negligible with around 2 μg m-3 . Our results further show that ambient cooking organic aerosol concentrations can only be explained by super-polluters like restaurants. The model offers a comprehensive framework for identifying the main parameters controlling indoor gas- and particle-phase concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Present address:
Meteorologisches Observatorium HohenpeissenbergDeutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)HohenpeissenbergGermany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
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Cooking/Window Opening and Associated Increases of Indoor PM2.5 and NO2 Concentrations of Children’s Houses in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9204306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High concentrations of air pollutants and increased morbidity and mortality rates are found in industrial areas, especially for the susceptible group, children; however, most studies use atmospheric dispersion modeling to estimate household air pollutants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the indoor air quality, e.g., CO, CO2, NO2, SO2, O3, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and their influence factors in children’s homes in an industrial city. Children in the “general school”, “traffic school”, and “industrial school” were randomly and proportionally selected. Air pollutants were sampled for 24 h in the living rooms and on the balcony of their houses and questionnaires of time–microenvironment–activity-diary were recorded. The indoor CO concentration of the traffic area was significantly higher than that of the industrial area and the general area. In regard to the effects of window opening, household NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations during window opening periods were significantly higher than of the reference periods. For the influence of cooking, indoor CO2, NO2, and PM2.5 levels during the cooking periods were significantly higher than that of the reference periods. The indoor air quality of children in industrial cities were affected by residential areas and household activities.
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42
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Effective removal of methyl siloxane from water by sewage activated sludge microbes: biodegradation behavior and characteristics of microbial community. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Salonen H, Salthammer T, Morawska L. Human exposure to NO 2 in school and office indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104887. [PMID: 31195224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the most common air pollutants encountered indoors, and extensive literature has examined the link between NO2 exposure and duration causing adverse respiratory effects in susceptible populations, information about global and local exposure to NO2 in different indoor environments is limited. To synthesize the existing knowledge, this review analyzes the magnitude of and the trends in global and local exposure to NO2 in schools and offices, and the factors that control exposure. METHODS For the literature review, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched using 42 search terms and their combinations to identify manuscripts, reports, and directives published between 1971 and 2019. The search was then extended to the reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS The calculated median, as well as the mean, concentration of NO2 in school (median 21.1 μg/m3; mean 29.4 μg/m3) and office settings (median 22.7 μg/m3; mean 25.1 μg/m3) was well below the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 40 μg/m3 for the annual mean NO2 concentration. However, a large range of average concentrations of NO2 were reported, from 6.00 to 68.5 μg/m3 and from 3.40 to 56.5 μg/m3 for school and office environments, respectively, indicating situations where the WHO guidelines are exceeded. Outdoor levels of NO2 are a reliable predictor of indoor NO2 levels across seasons, with mean and median Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) ratios of 0.9 and 0.7 in school and 0.9 and 0.8 in office environments, respectively. The absence of major indoor NO2 emission sources and NO2 sinks, including chemical reactions and deposition, are the reasons for lower indoor NO2 concentrations. During the winter, outdoor NO2 concentrations are generally higher than during the summer. In addition, various building and indoor environment characteristics, such as type of ventilation, air exchange rates, airtightness of the envelope, furnishing and surface characteristics of the building, location of the building (urban versus suburban and proximity to traffic routes), as well as occupants' behavior (such as opening windows), have been statistically significantly associated with indoor NO2 levels in school and office environments. CONCLUSIONS Indoor exposure to NO2 from the infiltration of ambient air can be significant in urban areas, and in the case of high traffic volume. Although reducing transportation emissions is challenging, there are several easier means to reduce indoor NO2 concentrations, including a ventilation strategy with suitable filters; location planning of new schools, classrooms, and ventilating windows or intakes; traffic planning (location and density); and reducing the use of NO2-releasing indoor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Salonen
- Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, PO Box 12100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia.
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia; Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
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44
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Zhao H, Gall ET, Stephens B. Measuring the Building Envelope Penetration Factor for Ambient Nitrogen Oxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9695-9704. [PMID: 31322867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Much of human exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) of ambient origin occurs indoors. Reactions with materials inside building envelopes are expected to influence the amount of ambient NOx that infiltrates indoors. However, envelope penetration factors for ambient NOx constituents have never been measured. Here, we develop and apply methods to measure the penetration factor and indoor loss rates for ambient NOx constituents using time-resolved measurements in an unoccupied apartment unit. Multiple test methods and parameter estimation approaches were tested, including natural and artificial indoor NOx elevation with and without accounting for indoor oxidation reactions. Twelve of 16 tests yielded successful estimates of penetration factors and indoor loss rates. The penetration factor for NO was confirmed to be ∼1 and the mean (±s.d.) NO2 penetration factor was 0.72 ± 0.06 with a mean relative uncertainty of ∼15%. The mean (±s.d.) indoor NO2 loss rate was 0.27 ± 0.12 h-1, ranging 0.06-0.47 h-1, with strong correlations with indoor relative and absolute humidity. Indoor NO loss rates were strongly correlated with the estimated ozone concentration in infiltrating air. Results suggest that envelope penetration factors and loss rates for NOx constituents can be reasonably estimated across a wide range of conditions using these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhao
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , Illinois Institute of Technology , Alumni Memorial Hall 228E, 3201 South Dearborn Street , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Elliott T Gall
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering , Portland State University , Portland , Oregon 97201 , United States
| | - Brent Stephens
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering , Illinois Institute of Technology , Alumni Memorial Hall 228E, 3201 South Dearborn Street , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
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Carslaw N, Shaw D. Secondary product creation potential (SPCP): a metric for assessing the potential impact of indoor air pollution on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1313-1322. [PMID: 31140998 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air is subject to emissions of chemicals from numerous sources. Many of these emissions contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which react to form a wide range of secondary products, some with adverse health effects. However, at present we lack a robust, standardised approach to rank the potential for different VOCs to cause harm, which prevents effective action to improve indoor air quality and reduce impacts on human health. This paper uses a detailed chemical model to quantify the impact of 63 VOCs on indoor air quality. We define a novel method for ranking the VOCs in terms of potentially harmful product formation through a new metric, the Secondary Product Creation Potential (SPCP). We established SPCPs for a range of ventilation rates, different proportions of transmitted outdoor light, as well as for varying outdoor concentrations of ozone and nitrogen oxides. The species having the largest SPCPs are the alkenes, terpenes and aromatic VOCs. trans-2-Butene has the largest individual SPCP owing to the ratio of its rate coefficient for reaction with the hydroxy radical relative to ozone. Increasing the proportion of outdoor transmitted light increased most SPCPs markedly. This is because oxidant levels increased under these conditions and promoted more chemical processing, suggesting that there may be more harmful products closer to a window than further from the attenuated outdoor light. The SPCP is the first metric for assessing the impact of different VOCs on human health and will be an essential tool for guiding the composition of products commonly used indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.
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46
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Zhou S, Young CJ, VandenBoer TC, Kahan TF. Role of location, season, occupant activity, and chemistry in indoor ozone and nitrogen oxide mixing ratios. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1374-1383. [PMID: 31225544 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00129h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the oxidizing environment indoors is important for predicting indoor air quality and its impact on human health. We made continuous time-resolved measurements (30 s) of several oxidants and oxidant precursors (collectively referred to as oxidant*): ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), and NO2* - the sum of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrous acid (HONO). These species were measured in three indoor environments - an occupied residence, a chemistry laboratory, and an academic office - in Syracuse, New York, during two seasons in 2017 and 2018. Oxidant* levels differed greatly between the residence, the lab and the office. Indoor-to-outdoor ratios (I/O) of O3 were 0.03 and 0.67 in the residence and office; I/ONO (I/ONO2*) were 11.70 (1.26) in the residence and 0.13 (1.70) in the office. Little seasonal variability was observed in the lab and office, but O3 and NO2* levels in the residence were greater in spring than in winter, while NO levels were lower. Human activities such as cooking and opening patio doors resulted in large changes in oxidant* mixing ratios in the residence. In situ chamber experiments demonstrated that the increase in O3 and NO2* levels during door-open periods was due to a combination of physical mixing between indoor and outdoor air, gas-phase production of NO2 from O3-NO chemistry, and heterogeneous formation of HONO on indoor surfaces. Our results also highlight the importance of chemistry (with NO, alkenes, and surfaces) in O3 mixing ratios in the residence, especially during door-open periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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Young CJ, Zhou S, Siegel JA, Kahan TF. Illuminating the dark side of indoor oxidants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1229-1239. [PMID: 31173015 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of oxidants and their precursors (oxidants*) plays a central role in outdoor environments but its importance in indoor air remains poorly understood. Ozone (O3) chemistry is important in some indoor environments and, until recently, ozone was thought to be the dominant oxidant indoors. There is now evidence that formation of the hydroxyl radical by photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) may be important indoors. In the past few years, high time-resolution measurements of oxidants* indoors have become more common and the importance of event-based release of oxidants* during activities such as cleaning has been proposed. Here we review the current understanding of oxidants* indoors, including drivers of the formation and loss of oxidants*, levels of oxidants* in indoor environments, and important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Canada.
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Filetti V, Di Mizio G, Rendine M, Fortarezza P, Ricci P, Pomara C, Messina G, Riezzo I, Zammit C, Messina A, Salerno M, Sessa F. Volatile organic compounds: instrumental and canine detections link an individual to the crime scene. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Pagonis D, Price DJ, Algrim LB, Day DA, Handschy AV, Stark H, Miller SL, de Gouw J, Jimenez JL, Ziemann PJ. Time-Resolved Measurements of Indoor Chemical Emissions, Deposition, and Reactions in a University Art Museum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4794-4802. [PMID: 30990681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A 6-week study was conducted at the University of Colorado Art Museum, during which volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), other trace gases, and submicron aerosol were measured continuously. These measurements were then analyzed using a box model to quantify the rates of major processes that transformed the composition of the air. VOC emission factors were quantified for museum occupants and their activities. The deposition of VOCs to surfaces was quantified across a range of VOC saturation vapor concentrations ( C*) and Henry's Law constants ( H) and determined to be a major sink for VOCs with C* < 108 μg m-3 and H > 102 M atm-1. The reaction rates of VOCs with O3, OH radicals, and nitrate (NO3) radicals were quantified, with unsaturated and saturated VOCs having oxidation lifetimes of >5 and >15 h, making deposition to surfaces and ventilation the dominant VOC sinks in the museum. O3 loss rates were quantified inside a museum gallery, where reactions with surfaces, NO, occupants, and NO2 accounted for 62%, 31%, 5%, and 2% of the O3 sink. The measured concentrations of acetic acid, formic acid, NO2, O3, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and total VOCs were below the guidelines for museums.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Harald Stark
- Aerodyne Research, Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
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Modesti M, Baccelloni S, Brizzolara S, Aleandri MP, Bellincontro A, Mencarelli F, Tonutti P. Effects of treatments with ozonated water in the vineyard (cv Vermentino) on microbial population and fruit quality parameters. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191304011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is currently employed in wineries as a sanitizing agent and is used to control microbial growth and infection. This molecule decomposes spontaneously to oxygen upon application and the use of ozonated water can represent an alternative for the control of pathogens in the vineyard. Entire canopies of Vitis vinifera (cv Vermentino) plants have been sprayed throughout the vegetative growth with water saturated with O3 to assess the effects of these treatments in reducing the microorganism population, and to evaluate if and how the oxidative stress, induced in the plant by this strong oxidizing agent, affects fruit development, the activity of the cellular antioxidant system, and the production of aromas by the grape berries at ripening. Ozonated water treatments resulted in a partial control of microorganism population, especially considering fungi. Furthermore, the treatments induced a slight delay in the technological maturity of grapes, a significant increase in antioxidant capacity and changes of aroma profile of the grapes at harvest, with an accumulation of monoterpenes. In general, ozonized water treatments showed promising results and seem to be a feasible protocol to be applied in the vineyard in order to reduce the use of chemicals.
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